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Currently I use:MS Excel & Powerpoint - for obvious reasonsEvernote - taking notes, making to-do lists and also even for syncing with our deal tracker system, more on this belowCapital IQ - as an ex-banker, I'm still stubbornly reliant on this for pulling public market information, comparable valuation data and for the useful Excel plug-in that lets you automate a lot of the financial analysis work. It has its own Excel ribbon with the accompanying shortcuts, and god knows I love Excel shortcuts.Crunchbase - sometimes inaccurate vs. CapIQ because they take figures from public news/blogs, not SEC filings, but still useful for getting a snapshot of # of funding rounds, existing investors, exec team namesAngelList - mostly I use this to keep track of companies in themes that I already find interesting, such as online lending or maybe mobile language education - easy way to identify most of the companies in a certain space so I can focus my research and outreachLinkedin - beyond tracking connections, I often use the "get an intro" feature to look for mutual contacts. Usually then I email that person directly - I find the Linkedin intro request form a bit strange and overly formal to use.Sevanta Dealflow - we use this as our deal log system; it's not the prettiest system but it was written by an ex-VC, solely for VCs, so it has many investor-focused feature sets (such as a pre-built funnel scoring system, reporting, financial position summaries and coolest of all, the ability to email in notes and autogenerate new deal entries simply by learning 1-2 pieces of syntax). We worked with the founder to also allow Evernote entries to be sent in and either created as new company names OR synced with existing entries. Our issue with existing CRM vendors was that our investment team tends to take either email or Evernote notes, and doesn't want to be bothered with data entry, esp. on a system that didn't already fit into our regular workflows. The ease of entering new deals/companies into the system via emails means that we actually record 100% of our new meetings without creating a ton of new work or disrupting existing behaviors of the team.Rapportive / RelateIQ - I bucket these together because I use them to the same end: guessing email addresses. Although I strongly prefer to get intros to companies, sometimes when I feel timing pressure, or when there isn't a low resistance way to get an intro, I guess the CEO/founder/exec's email address using one of these; you basically start composing the recipient address in gmail and test out different iterations until Rapportive or RelateIQ recognizes that person and pulls up a profileeMarketer & Euromonitor - both are great for market sizing data, esp. around ecommerce, mobile commerce, mobile/internet penetration by country, digital advertising spend globally and other commerce or advertising-focused metrics. Both will periodically publish articles or presentations where you can find some interesting data without necessarily having to buy it.Surveymonkey - we like to run extensive customer surveys for the consumer-focused companies we diligence, and this gets the job done, plus it auto-generates Excel graphs so I don't have to make themWechat - because half of our team is based in China, the entire investment team ended up converging on Wechat as an easy communication platform. I love being able to create voice recordings, make wifi-based audio or video calls and send all kinds of dancing emojis/stickers.LogMeIn/Join.me - I manage a few remote interns, and this is a great way to cheaply run screenshare meetings. I know many people prefer to use Google Hangouts, but I've always found this much easier to use. All I have to do is send out an email link (instead of adding contacts, trying to figure out who's in what circles, etc.)Weave - a mobile app that is kind of like Tinder for business networking, which sounds atrocious but isn't! You can basically put up a professional bio, sync your Linkedin and say yes/no to people you want to meet. You can choose to only be in a few specific rooms, such as for "fundraising" or "looking for a co-founder" if you want to be more targeted. I have met some very interesting founders, execs and other investors this way. I've tried out a few other attempts at this model, but it's usually hard to get a large enough network of people for you to consistently see quality results. I've definitely set up high quality meetings from this app.Noun Project - I don't usually make an art project of my presentations, but sometimes I find it supremely stress-relieving to make pretty slides. (Obviously I'm the life of the party.) This site has beautiful, easy to download/buy vector icons that look great, esp. when you're trying to explain how a certain product works and want to cut down on words.Product Hunt - maybe once a week I'll look at this to stay up to date on new products, but the volume of new companies/products is huge, and the filter is understandably more focused on "cool products" than on "investable companies," so I don't use it for sourcing much. However, if we are already talking to a company, I'll always peruse their Product Hunt feedback just like I would their app store reviews, Yelp rating and Glassdoor pageA few others that I know investors like to use:Clara Labs and x.ai are both AI-based virtual assistants that help you schedule meetings automatically. I've had VC friends set up meetings with me using both (you can tell because they are cc'ing either Clara or Amy, the placeholder names for the bots). I do enjoy writing very personalized responses to emails, even for scheduling, because earlier in my career I resented receiving the "you can talk to my assistant" brush-off, but I definitely foresee myself using one of these more often in the futureYesware/Toutapp - both are perhaps better suited for salespeople or demand gen people as they help you send out email templates at scale, then help you track open rates, response rates and even links clicked to test which messages have the highest conversion rates. VCs aren't really going to send out spam templates and A/B test them, but they WILL appreciate knowing when their emails have been read, so they can decide when or whether they should follow upA product that I wish existed:A tool that gives me an email alert every time a Linkedin connection with a certain title (founder, CEO, VP of Sales, VP of Engineering, iOS Engineer) leaves his/her company. Recruiting is obviously a key value-add that VCs are expected to bring, and it's always good to know when people might be open to conversations (or at least might want to catch up and tell me about his/her next company!)

Dylan is not wearing a ski mask or sitting in the dark, yet no one can see who he is. He is not hiding in a corner or obscured behind a screen, but no one knows where he came from, what he’s doing or where he’s going. He is a ghost. Well, at least on the Internet, he is.Dylan and I are lounging in a hazy apartment decorated with tapestries and Tibetan prayer flags. He nudges me with his elbow, the glow from his laptop reflecting off his glasses.“See? It’s that easy,” he tells me, hovering over the “add to cart” button with his cursor. A few grams of ketamine, among other hard drugs, are what’s for sale.Dylan will remain as anonymous in this article, as he is on the Internet. I have changed his name, and the names of everyone else I interviewed, in the interest of privacy. What I will tell you, though, is that he is a well-groomed, intelligent neuroscience student and aspiring psychopharmacologist who has taken some time out of his day to show me around the deep web – or the dark net, as some like to call it. He was an experienced shopper on “The Silk Road” – an enormous black marketplace hidden in the deep web – up until October 2013 when the site was seized by the FBI.The deep web isn’t as mysterious as it sounds. It accounts for over 99 percent of all data on the internet (7,500 terabytes compared to the 19 terabytes contained in the surface web). Contrary to popular understanding of the deep web – informed by scary headlines about black market places, terrorist chat rooms and pornography – not all of this web space is sinister. Ever bought anything on the internet? That page where you type in your credit card information is deep web. Ever posted anything on Blackboard? That’s also deep web. Your Facebook newsfeed? Deep web. Basically, any web page that can’t be found by a search engine is considered “deep web”.“The way a search engine like Google works is it basically finds links, searches that link for other links and then makes a huge list of links,” says Zach, a computer science student also in the room with me and Dylan. “If there is no actual link to the page, then there is no way for Google, or anyone else, to find it.”Think of it this way: there are websites that exist in digital space in total isolation; there are no bridges that connect them to other digital islands and you can only be teleported to them by another website that has the URL embedded in its programming. Those virtual islands are deep web. But as I mentioned earlier, the deep web is very, very deep, and your Facebook newsfeed and Blackboard posts are just barely below the surface; you’ll have to dig a little deeper to buy ketamine.Dylan and I are browsing a deep website called “Sheep,” one of the many hydra-style heads that grew in place of the severed Silk Road. He scrolls down the site’s inventory; everything from drugs to guns to instructions on how to make C4 to stolen jewelry to fake IDs are for sale. The illicit nature of this site’s business necessitates anonymity; without it, the vendors would all be in jail and customers would all be scared of going to jail. The deep web is a great place for such unlawful trading because it facilitates anonymity, but Internet browsers such as Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, and Firefox don’t have the means to freely access this hidden section of the web. For that you need a special kind of browser – a Tor browser.The Tor network (Tor being an acronym for “The Onion Router”) was designed and implemented by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory for the purposes of creating a completely secure avenue for government communications. It has since entered the public domain and can be downloaded for free, and completely legally, on the Tor Project’s website. It comes with a Mozilla Firefox plug-in, so the Tor browser looks identical to a Firefox browser. You can even download it to your iPhone if you want. Because it is so accessible, the general public uses it for all sorts of reasons. The Tor network keeps personal information secret, protecting people from identity thieves and irresponsible corporations. People use it to protect their children online. For people who live in countries with repressive governments, the Tor network allows them to research censored topics, publish their opinions, and file stories with non-state controlled media. Law enforcement uses the Tor network to conduct online surveillance of the surface web, to coordinate undercover operations and to facilitate truly anonymous tip lines. The Tor network also aids activists in whistleblowing, Edward Snowden being the most recent high profile example.Despite the Tor network’s usability, the science behind it is highly sophisticated and tremendously complicated, so I contacted an expert to break it down for me.Lucy is a web developer at a small digital media firm where she spends most of her time in the office building and launching websites for corporate clients. She sent me an email detailing the structure of the internet, above and below the surface.“Under normal circumstances, computer A requests website data from server B. Then server B returns the data to computer A. Both parties are aware of each other and their IP address (location) information.”The surface web, otherwise known as the clear net, is based on a simple system of direct, two way traffic. The Tor network, however, mixes things up a little.“When using the Tor network, the user at computer A is still requesting the same information from the same server B, but this time computer A’s request is passed from server C, D, J, M, I and then to Server B. This way, server B is only aware of server I and has no way of knowing where the request originally came from. Then server B returns the requested data to server I which then passes the data on through another random selection of servers (H to Y to E to X) until it returns to computer A. This way, computer A is only aware of server X and can’t possibly know where the data is coming from.”Lucy made it sound simple by labeling the routers as letters, of which there are only 26. The Tor network, however, has over four thousand routers to relay the information. This means that the number of different routes a request could take is astronomical and therefore fully untraceable. But if it’s so untraceable and all the sites exist as isolated virtual islands, how do you find anything at all? Well, all you need is the URL.Dylan minimizes his Tor browser and opens up Google Chrome. He goes to the front page of the internet, a huge message-board site so popular that it calls itself “the front page of the internet”. He searches for “Sheep,” scrolls down to find Sheep’s sub-reddit page and then points to the numerous URLs listed on the right side of the screen. The URLs (which look something like czdiryebjjayhmdh.onion) change frequently because the website is constantly moving around in cyberspace.Dylan started buying drugs off the deep web during his freshman year of college. Since then, he has spent over a thousand dollars on drugs like marijuana, MDMA, hashish, ketamine and cocaine.“I don’t think the deep web is responsible for me doing drugs,” he says. “I would do them anyway. Websites like Sheep just make it easier and a whole lot safer for me to buy and experiment with drugs.”Dylan makes an interesting point about the deep web being safer. In real life, when you go to buy drugs you have to deal with a drug dealer, which, in most instances, is sketchy and unpleasant. On top of that you can’t really know how safe the product you are buying is; the pill that is supposed to be pure MDMA could be cut with all sorts of shit. When you buy online, however, there is an entire community of fellow shoppers who will vouch for the dealers (known as “vendors”) and their products.“Here, look at this guy,” Dylan says, clicking on vendor 0241.6o7’s profile page. “This guy is pretty big time, he’s sold probably thousands of products. The reason he’s been able to sell so much is because of this…”Good s—. No hangover next day. Cleaner than anything you get on the street. Highly recommend.Wow. Just wow. Best acid I ever dropped.No problems with payment or delivery. Good product too.Dylan continues to scroll past thousands of comments, all of which laud the quality of the vendor’s products and recommend doing business with him.The fact of the matter is that this vendor is not one guy, but likely a small ring of savvy businessmen who employ high-level organic chemists to cook extremely complicated synthetic drugs like LSD, MDMA and ketamine. Simpler drugs like cocaine and meth are sold by equally savvy businessmen, but with seedier and more violent origins, while marijuana generally comes from pot farmers on the west coast.“And you know the stuff will be good because it’s coming from the Netherlands,” Dylan elaborates. A lot of synthetic drugs come from first world countries with liberal drug policies like the Netherlands, or countries with lax regulation, like China, where expensive organic chemistry laboratories can go largely unnoticed. Before internet black markets, the only way to make a profit selling drugs internationally was to smuggle them in large quantities, but now distributors can profitably move drugs across borders in smaller amounts, thus avoiding the far riskier endeavor of a big shipment.By now these vendors are extraordinarily wealthy. The Silk Road was a one-billion-dollar business before it got shut down, and many vendors like 0241.6o7 sell thousands of dollars worth of product every day. Actually, scratch that. Vendors like 0241.6o7 sell thousands of Bitcoins worth of product every day.Bitcoins might be the most fascinating aspect of this whole operation. Anonymity is great and all, but how are you going to buy something if you have no idea who to send the money to? Enter Bitcoin, a completely digital but very real currency. It is totally legal and anyone who wants to acquire, spend or trade Bitcoins can do so at will. While the currency is still in its infancy, the value of all Bitcoins in circulation exceeds US$1.5 billion, and millions of dollars worth of Bitcoins are traded every day. All sorts of businesses, ranging from restaurants to hotels to car dealerships accept Bitcoins as a form of payment. Although it is not yet recognized as a functional currency by larger financial institutions, the Bitcoin is traded in the same way as the U.S. dollar, the British pound and the Euro; the only difference is that it isn’t actually printed on paper. The exchange rate fluctuates frequently and with the recent surge in Bitcoin trading the value is skyrocketing; the day I talked to Dylan, one Bitcoin was worth about US$165, and the next day one Bitcoin was worth US$180. It is based on highly technical and sophisticated economic policies and, according to Zach, his university is even planning on offering courses on the finance of Bitcoin.Bitcoin is a brand new invention with a mysterious history. It was introduced in a paper published pseudonymously in 2008 on an internet-based cryptography mailing list, so no one actually knows who created it. The economic and financial underpinnings behind Bitcoin are far beyond the scope of this article and require a comprehensive knowledge of economics and finance to understand. But getting Bitcoins is easy. Dylan shows me his Bitcoin wallet, which is linked up to the Bitcoin trading website, Mt Gox.“To get Bitcoins, all I have to do is tell Mt Gox how much I want, and then they give me an address for a nearby bank, usually the one down the street. I then go to that bank, give the teller cash money and the bitcoins are usually in my wallet by the time I get back home.” Dylan essentially just makes a deposit into Mt Gox’s bank account. Once Mt Gox sees that Dylan has given them money, they give him bitcoins in exchange. The process for using them on the Tor network is only slightly more involved. “If I want to buy something on Sheep, I just make a new wallet on the Sheep website. Then I transfer as many Bitcoins as I want to my Sheep wallet. Then Sheep takes all my Bitcoins and mixes them up with all the other Bitcoins on the site, so that the flow of Bitcoins is untraceable. Once I’m ready to buy something, I press buy and my Bitcoins go into this thing called an escrow system. So the money is taken out of my account, but the vendor doesn’t have it yet; it’s being held in this system until I confirm that I’ve received the drugs.”This sounds perfectly efficient, but altercations surely arise when products aren’t delivered, or if products are delivered but the buyer lies and says nothing ever arrived.“All of these websites have administrators, who are basically staffed by the website to mediate these problems,” Dylan explains. The Tor network also has a messaging system known as Tor mail, which allows a user to talk to other people on the Tor network anonymously. This means that the customer service on websites like Sheep is totally personable. “Every time I’ve had to interact with vendors, or administrators, or just other buyers, whether it’s just to ask about a product or to clear up a payment issue, they’ve all been friendly and professional. They view themselves as serious businessmen and you as a legitimate customer. It’s all very civil.”Regardless of the formality of the operation, it is still illegal, and with that comes the risk of getting caught. Dylan says he never worries about it. “These vendors have discreet shipping down to a science,” he says. That certainly must be the case if some of them are able to move vast quantities of drugs around the world.After purchasing the drugs, Dylan sends his address to the vendor in an encrypted file that can only be decoded by the vendor. This, he says, is not incriminating because even if the vendor turned out to be an undercover cop, in theory anyone could have submitted the address. It is then delivered by conventional mail, oftentimes by the U.S. Postal Service, hidden in things like tubes of lipstick or jars of peanut butter. There is only one golden rule: never sign for a package. The worst case scenario, as far as he is concerned, is that his drugs get intercepted and immediately destroyed. This has happened to him on a couple of occasions, but it is on the vendor to either send another package or forfeit the Bitcoins.The confidence with which Dylan and thousands of others buy drugs does not make their activity any less criminal, but at this stage, legality is hardly the issue. The point is that the Internet has made black market trafficking so easy, so secure and so sophisticated that it simply can’t be stopped. According to Lucy, there is no effective way to police the deep web as it is now. Law enforcement might be able to shut down a few offenders every now and then as they did with The Silk Road, but that seizure had nothing to do with cracking the Tor network; the FBI caught the site’s owner soliciting a hit man and only then was it able to shut the site down at its source. This implies that anonymous activity is inherent to the Internet, and even when law enforcement eventually finds a way to pull the deep web out of the shadows, people will simply find another way to hide in cyberspace. And this is a very scary implication because drugs are the very least of law enforcement’s concerns.Remember all the legitimate uses for the Tor network that I mentioned earlier? Well, the Tor network and the anonymity it facilitates are tools. As tools, they can be used in the same ways as a hammer, a car, or a gun. Good people use hammers to build houses, bad people use hammers to break windows. Good people use cars to get to work, bad people use cars to flee the scene of a crime. You get the idea. The Internet is no different, and neither are Bitcoins, the Tor network, nor, more abstractly, anonymity.That being said, if you choose to go diving in the deep web you will eventually find yourself entering circles of digital hell that are home to the most insidious things known to man; child pornography and slave trading of all kinds among them. Hackers, terrorists and criminals of all sorts congregate and collude in the shadows of the deep web. Videos of people being beaten, raped and tortured are also sure to be found in the deeper recesses of the Tor network. But that doesn’t make the Internet, the Tor network or anonymity inherently evil. Humans, monkeys that we are, will use tools to get what we want, as virtuous or depraved as those desires may be. Our primitive hammers have evolved into very sophisticated, incredibly powerful tools. We’ve created an entirely new dimension of reality, for crying out loud.“In theory, the Internet is infinite,” offers Zach as he sprawls out on his bed. “If you can imagine it, it exists online.”Dylan closes his laptop and heads to the kitchen for a snack. His virtual ghost lays dormant while he does so. Meanwhile, I fall back into the couch and think about cavemen. Did any of our ancestors consider throwing water on the first-ever fire? For all they knew it could have burned the entire world to a crisp. Good thing they trusted each other enough to keep the flame alight.Answer Modified:Guys I have recently read an article on wired, Pleaee refer this linkhttp://www.wired.com/2015/06/dark-web-know-myth/

What Is A Browser Engine?A browser engine can be thought of as the heart of a browser, it helps to present the content of a website after you hit the URL of the web address you wish to visit. It does so by understanding the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript written on your web page. Sounds pretty simple, isn’t it? Well, not really, because browser engines are uniquely designed for every browser. Which is why each browser engine has its own way of interpreting the web, leading to cross browser compatibility issues (https://www.lambdatest.com/blog/fixing-javascript-cross-browser-compatibility-issues/?utm_source=Quora&utm_medium=Ans&utm_campaign=RJ-05092019-5&utm_term=Rahul).What comprises a browser engine?Now, a browser engine should not be confused by a rendering engine. A browser engine is responsible for everything from the text you see in the HTML code to the graphical presentation of that code on the browser. With the help of Javascript engine and rendering engine, it is able to do its job. Meaning, a browser engine comprises of 2 more engines:Rendering EngineJavaScript EngineHow JavaScript & Rendering Engine Came Into The Picture?The first time the internet came into the world, very few people had access to it. The user and the developer both were very few in number and the websites that were developed were static and simple. It was not like what it is today. Nobody knew about the dynamic functionality of the website. Actually, how would have they? Javascript was not born and was not required as such at that time. The invention of the browser engines started when Netscape and Microsoft started competing with each other for the popularity of their browsers.Initially, to compete with Microsoft, Netscape developers decided to implement few functionalities keeping in mind the user experience and finalized Scheme language as their language category to move ahead. The goal was to modify the coding experience and introduce flexibility into the website world. Remember, that this was a time when the internet had just gotten started and as Jack Ma once said that when he introduced the internet to his friends, it took 20 minutes to load a page. Just as Netscape was to start the project, Netscape collaborated with Sun Microsystem to use their more static language, Java, along with their idea of scheme language. This gave birth to Javascript.Javascript opened endless opportunities for web developers to use on their website since it was more than just styling or putting tags on the web. This put down huge responsibility on the shoulders of the browser engine because it was not converting just tags to visual elements. It has to work in the backend too. The work that browser engine was doing previously was divided into new engines called Rendering engine and JavaScript engine.Since that time, Javascript, websites and browser engines all have been evolving at an enormous rate. These two components are dependent on each other and need each other to work. The browser will collapse to render a website if even one of them falls.How Do They Differ? Rendering Engine And JavaScript EngineEarlier everything was done by browser engines only but the modern web continues to develop at a pace where it became troublesome for the browser engine to handle it alone. As a result, it introduced 2 types of engine JavaScript Engine and Rendering Engine. Let us understand how these Engines contributes to the overall rendering experience of a browser.1. Rendering EngineA rendering engine is often used interchangeably with browser engines. It is responsible for the layout of your website on your audience’s screen. You are able to read this font in grey color because of the rendering engine. A rendering engine is responsible for the paint, and animations used on your website. It creates the visuals on the screen or brightens the pixels exactly how they are meant to be to give the feel of the website like how it was made to be. So when we say the page is rendered correctly on the screen, we are actually appreciating the rendering engine capabilities. Here is a list of rendering engines produced by major web browser vendors.Blink – Used in Google Chrome, and Opera browsers.WebKit – Used in Safari browsers.Gecko – Used in Mozilla Firefox browsers.Trident – Used in Internet Explorer browsers.EdgeHTML – Used in Edge browsers.Presto – Legacy rendering engine for Opera.2. JavaScript EngineJavaScript engine as the name suggests helps to interpret JavaScript code of your website before rendering it in front of your audience. JavaScript Engines were introduced with the purpose of serving themselves as an interpreter.However, every modern browser engine uses them as a compiler to drive faster results with improved performance. Here is a list of JavaScript engines produced by major web browser vendors.V8 – Used with BlinkNitro – Used with WebkitSpiderMonkey – Used with GeckoChakra – Used with Trident & EdgeHTMLNote: The primary difference between a Rendering engine and a JavaScript engine lies around the dependency with browser. The rendering engine is tightly coupled with browser engine, on the other hand, a JavaScript engine can be worked upon even without a browser.The major browser engines comprises WebKit used in Apple’s Safari, Gecko used in Mozilla Firefox, and Blink used in Chrome, Opera. EdgeHTML for Microsoft Edge, Trident for Internet Explorer. However, Microsoft Edge is coming up with a Chromium-based version.Here is an image to help you understand different pairs of Rendering engines & JavaScript engines for major modern web browsers. You will find the Rendering engines on the left & JavaScript engines on the right.Why Should You Care About Browser Engines?A browser engine is much more than just translating the text and running it on the display with the help of rendering section. Let’s see the features of browser engine:Handles Browser Features: Different browsers contain different features. That is how they make space in a user’s heart. For someone who is non-technical, these features attract him into installation and become a loyal user to the browser. Some browsers show the popup and the perform tag management differently and some contains a few features to attract the audience. The feature that the user sees in the browser works because of the browser engine. No matter how small or how big that feature is, if it is in your browser, it is working by browser engine only. Browser engines have codes that enables these features that makes the user like the browser.The Rendering Problem: If you have set up a cross browser testing environment, then you would understand the complexity, a different browsers brings due to incompatibility with your website’s source code. As I stated earlier, a browser engine will render your website in a unique manner than any other browser engine. You could see different rendering issues if your code is incompatible to any browser rendering engine. You could see discrepancies in your website’s CTAs, Sign Up forms, images, typography, etc.Your audience would be using different browsers, because we are not living in an ideal world where all the users are using a single browser for accessing the internet. Which is why, It is now essential to perform cross browser testing on your website as some browser’s functionality might not work on another. We do realize that Chrome is the most popular web browser but it is not the only one. Curious to know about the second most preferred browser based on different geographies?Read our blog on: Which Browsers Are Important For Your Cross Browser Testing?Security of the browser: Browsers are something that are used to access the internet on your machine. Browsers are the most common software that expose someone to the complete world. Since this communication contains your personal information (like what websites are you accessing), these software needs to be secured. The more secure the browser, the better it is for the user. This responsibility is on the shoulders of browser engines. Browser engines protects and perform actions through which the communication between the user and the server remains secured. Browser engines make sure that the browser is safe to surf because ultimately the reputation of the browser depends on the security. Who will use if this browser can leak the information. Along with the communication part, other features of the security are also handled by browser engines.Speed : Speed is what most of us are looking forward to while choosing a browser. If I ask a person about the top features he likes in the browser, one of them will be speed. Even though almost all the major browsers today presents similar speed, still the user includes it in his list of favourites. Speed in technical terms would mean how fast you see a website on your browser after pressing enter. This would mean how fast the instruction execution takes place inside a browser and this part is taken care of by the browser engine. The better the browser engine is, the faster the speed of the browser is. Speed is also one of the factors responsible for the death of IE.Read More: Death Of IE; Its Aftermath On Cross Browser CompatibilityHyperlinks and Web Forms: Hyperlinks are the links that are embedded onto a word, pressing on which, redirects you to another website. A web form is the form that you fill on a website over the internet. The form and the hyperlink contains sensitive information and should be secure to prevent any breach of data about anyone. Hyperlinks and web forms are handled completely by the browser engines.Conversion to DOM for JS Engine: Javascript engine executes and displays all the javascript code. If you have coded a script in JavaScript that will change the text on which you click, this functionality will be made possible by the JavaScript engine. But, JavaScript can work only when the HTML page and its elements on the page have been converted to DOM. JavaScript can do wonders only if the structure it receives is in DOM. DOM or Document Object Model will be designed by browser engines after receiving the text of the page. It is one of the many things browser engine is responsible for.So, you must have guessed how important a browser engine is. It is the heart of any browser. Since we have now understood what is browser engine and how important it is for a browser, it is worth knowing how it started in the first place. Through the next section, we will see the history of the browser engines.How Do Browser Rendering Engines Work?The primary function of a browser rendering engine is to visualize the content requested by users in an interactive view. For instance, if a user requests an HTML script content, the rendering engine’s job is to parse the CSS and HTML. Henceforth, the content is displayed after being parsed through a rendering engine. The scalable dimension-based format ensures a rendered display significantly restoring an original page layout interpreted from its original form, while indulging scaling and panning features of the web content in real-time environment. The interaction between the end-user through an interface & the rendering engine is facilitated by the browser engines. It facilitates with a high-level interface between the User Interface and Rendering engine.A network layer tenders the browser rendering engine with the requested document by the user. The contents available in such document is then transferred in parts of sizes of 8 kilobyte each. In this order, the below points are furthered to accomplish this process as mentioned below :The HTML elements are parsed and then converted into DOM nodes once after the formation of a content tree is ensued. Data styled in both internal and external CSS is also parsed and utilization of visual information along with styling indulges the formation of render tree.Rectangles arranged with specific colours are manageably sorted inside the rendered tree.After the creation of a rendered tree, a layout process is followed where nodes are defined by a precise set of coordinates, which leads them to be visualized on the user-screen.Considering ‘painting’ the final stage in the process, each node of the render tree is defined as per the code written in the backend layer of the user interface.Browser engine is responsible to start loading of a URL and considering care of processes of reloading, backing and forward browsing actions.When a user is supposed to insert a URL in the address space, UI takes the address to the browser engine where it search the domain name out of the URL and confirms its existence in browser and OS caches. If the domain name is not found in both browser and OS caches, then it requests to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) to extract the IP address from Domain Name System (DNS). Hereby, the website receives a request from the browser to retrieve its content.Click Browser Engines for more information