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“Guardians from Hell” is a term coined by Tablet Magazine regarding “The completely legal, utterly grotesque system for undermining the rights of the elderly.”Tablet Magazine caters to stories about Jewish life. For Jews, predatory guardianship, in which a person loses all of his or her civil rights, bank accounts, properties, and is placed in a nursing home against his or her will, is particularly scary — a reminder of what transpired in Nazi Germany.The latest Guardianship Nightmare story was published in The Tablet on June 21, 2018. Here it is: (I have written extensively about the guardianship nightmare. Please read my other posts about this topic.)******By Gretchen Rachel HammondAt 92-years-old,Virginia Jean Wahab hadn’t lost any of the vitality and health she maintained throughout her life. She raised two daughters as a single mom and made a home for them in the Detroit, Michigan suburb of Oak Park. Wahab worked on her feet and didn’t retire from her job at a local family restaurant until she was 88.Fiercely independent, Wahab was quite happy living at home after retirement. She had a healthy social life. She did her own grocery shopping and chores. She so rarely needed to pay a visit to a hospital that her health insurance was barely touched.Her eldest daughter Mimi Brun converted to Judaism at the age of 18. She went on to become a prolific Jewish artist, who sold her work all over the world. In 2010, she began to establish art schools for children under 12 in France and then Chicago. Although Brun was estranged from her younger sister, she and her mother were extremely close. Wahab was Catholic, but Brun noted that she had the fastidious nature of a Jewish mother.Wahab’s legal affairs were in order including a durable power of attorney she had signed in January, 2016 which named Brun as a patient advocate (the handler of her medical needs) as well as giving her daughter charge of her financial affairs should she ever become incapacitated. Wahab’s home was also registered in Brun’s name in a quit claim deed signed by Wahab on December 29, 2014.The two talked on the phone every day. Brun particularly relished visits with her mother during which she would gift her a piece of art. Wahab was an eager collector of Brun’s work.That was two years ago. Everything has changed since then.In 2016, after a fall at her home, Wahab was diagnosed with a slight cognitive problem but otherwise deemed healthy. Wahab’s doctor recommended that Brun find her a short-term rehab facility.“I looked for a Jewish one,” Brun said. “They were all full. I found Lourdes because it had a five-star reputation.”On February 23, that year, with the approval of her HMO, Wahab was admitted for short-term rehabilitation at Lourdes Senior Community in Waterford, Michigan—a nonprofit elder care facility founded by Dominican nuns in 1948. According to the organization’s 2016 I-990s, Lourdes listed end of year assets of $22,096,166.00. Expenses totaled $14,476,851.00Brun said she made her mother’s meals and went to each of her physical and occupational therapy sessions.“The insurance granted her up to 120 days,” Brun remembered. “She was excelling like a champ but the therapist at Lourdes started telling me she suspected Mom should not live alone. Mom and I decided that I was going to go back to France and Chicago, put my businesses on hold, rent out my homes and move my work and studio to Mom’s. It was what she had dreamed about—to spend the end of her life living with me.”Brun left for France, placing her aunt and sister in charge of caring for Wahab while she was in rehab.“I called Lourdes every day,” Brun said. “Then the insurance cut off.”Brun asserted that she spoke to Lourdes social worker Sara Van Acker and pledged that she would enter into a payment plan. Shortly thereafter, however, she received an email from a Lourdes administrator which stated “Your payment plan with Sara Van Acker was not approved by me. I cannot receive partial payment nor be patient for your payment plan time frame.”On June 6, Lourdes filed a petition for guardianship on the grounds of a $31,416.65 past-due bill. Brun said that the petition notice was sent to an address that was not hers. The petition shows that the address used to serve Brun belongs to an apartment complex in Harper Woods Michigan—one hour’s drive from Lourdes and 30 minutes from Oak Park. On the address, no apartment number is listed. It is also not the address listed on the Power of Attorney paperwork Brun says she provided to Lourdes.Brun rushed back to Michigan. On the morning of June 29, 2016, she attended a hearing presided over by Oakland County Probate Judge Linda Hallmark, one of four judges serving there. Hallmark vacated Wahab’s power of attorney and appointed a local attorney Jon Munger as Wahab’s guardian. According to Brun, neither she nor her mother ever requested Munger’s services.Also appointed by the court was a man named Matthew Jason Brown, another local lawyer. Brown was named as Wahab’s guardian ad litem (GAL)—a person entrusted with investigating what course of action is in the best interest of a person unable to care for themselves. The June 29 hearing was also attended by two representatives from Lourdes: Van Acker and Lisa Hibbert from the organization’s accounts receivable department.According to court transcripts from that morning, Van Acker stated that she had filed the petition for guardianship because “there’s a concern about the nursing home being paid.”Brown wanted to know if an application for Medicare benefits for Wahab had been made.“Not to my knowledge,” Van Acker replied.“Are you familiar with [Wahab’s] medical condition?” Brown wondered, to which Van Acker answered “slightly.”When Brown asked Brun if she had any objection to the petition, Brun replied “I am contesting this hearing because I was not served. I’ve had no time to get a lawyer.”“Well, you’re here Ma’am,” Hallmark replied, “and it’s a guardianship so there is some urgency about it, so we’re going to proceed.”When Brun protested that she had been appointed as Wahab’s guardian through a power of attorney, Hallmark quickly rebuked her.“That’s different than an appointment by the court,” Hallmark said. “Has any court appointed you guardian?”“No, but I haven’t applied for it yet,” Brun replied. “I’d like to petition for it, but I need time.”Hallmark did not respond to this request.In delivering his report to the court, Brown went on to state that he had visited Wahab at Lourdes only two days earlier. During that visit, he said, he “explained to Wahab her rights and gave her a copy of [the petition].”“She didn’t have any objection to the appointment of a public administrator at that time,” he added. “But I would note that she was not oriented to date, time, and place.”Brown also stated that he “went over [Wahab’s] medical condition with Ms. Van Acker and she went over with me sheets that said she was suffering from dementia, unspecified lack of coordination, osteoarthritis, two…type two diabetes, muscle weakness and hypertension.”Transcripts from that day indicate that Hallmark never asked for medical reports to prove Brown’s assertions.Brun told Hallmark that she had witnesses who would speak on her and Wahab’s behalf. Those witnesses, however, were never called.“My Mom needs love,” Brun went on to tell Hallmark. “No one loves my Mom more than me. When I asked my mom ‘what’s your greatest desire?’ she said ‘I want to go home. I want to go home with you.’”“I want to take her home,” Brun begged Hallmark.“I’m going to grant the petition,” Hallmark said. “I would like to appoint Mr. Munger [as guardian]. If he thinks that an independent medical or some other action is required that’s fine. I’m also going to appoint [Munger] as special fiduciary to make sure we have the Medicaid application on track. I’ll revoke the power of attorney today. If it’s appropriate that [Brun] should serve, if you want to get counsel and bring the matter in, we’ll consider that.”“She hasn’t lost any of her rights…” Hallmark added, speaking of Wahab. “She has a guardian and it’s Mr. Munger…”Brun made one last desperate plea. “Is there a reason why?”“Yes,” Hallmark replied. “Because she’s in need of a guardian and I’m appointing Mr. Munger. That’s why.”Hallmark never mentioned the grounds by which she was revoking the power of attorney.The court adjourned.Brun’s fight to have her mom released from Lourdes would eventually result in Hallmark issuing an injunction restraining her from entering Lourdes premises, denial of her visitation rights (even when chaperoned by a nun and a locally renowned, retired judge) and a bench warrant from Hallmark’s court for Brun’s arrest.Two days after Munger had been assigned, Brun received an email from his office which stated “It will be necessary to close [Wahab’s] bank accounts and locate all assets in order to apply for Medicaid. I understand that there is at least one account at ****** Bank with both of your names on it. It would be more efficient if you cooperate with the closing of the account(s). I will need proof of closure for the Medicaid application. I will then open a guardianship account at ******** for your mother, pay her bills, and apply for Medicaid.”Even though Wahab was originally admitted for a short-term rehab at Lourdes, on July 1, 2016, according to his own accounting, Munger completed a long-term medical assistance application that entitled Lourdes to three months of retroactive disbursement, faxing the application to Michigan State’s Department of Human Services. Five days later, Munger completed and mailed another admissions packet to Lourdes for Wahab.A July 17, 2016 affidavit, signed by Wahab and filed in court, read “I want to go home with my daughter Mimi.”On August 15, 2016 Brun’s then-attorney sent a letter to Lourdes CEO Sr. Maureen Comer stating “Ms. Brun has not and has never been opposed to negotiating the payment of the outstanding bill. Ms. Brun has made arrangements to take Ms. Wahab home and Ms. Wahab has even signed an affidavit stating she wants to return home.”Two days later, Brun, her attorney and Lourdes received an email from Munger which stated that he was clarifying “for both Lourdes and for yourself, that I am not authorizing either Mimi Brun or yourself to discuss, negotiate or otherwise become involved in any potential discharge plan nor payment.”Munger also went on to say “there have already been repeated complaints about your client’s behavior while at Lourdes facility. I have not yet taken full steps to curtail your client’s visitation, but we may need to revisit that issue.”In a subsequent series of emails Brun’s then-attorney called Munger’s actions “highly inappropriate. You are needlessly dragging on this litigation so you can keep billing and billing.”Munger replied “You and your client will cease any communication with Lourdes administration or management. Your failure to abide by this requirement will simply force me to place the matter before Judge Hallmark, where I will ask that both you and your client be sanctioned for this grossly unprofessional, abusive and threatening behavior. I simply will not allow either of you to interfere with Virginia’s care.”On August 18, 2016, Munger billed Wahab $245 for his drafting “of a petition to limit visitation.”An email that day from Munger to Brun’s attorney stated that it was “due to your attempts to pay Lourdes.” It makes no mention of any complaints about Brun’s behavior.Because he was Wahab’s guardian, Munger was legally permitted to bill his ward for any work on her behalf. A 2017 statement of other fees and services billed to Wahab by Munger and Associates shows that in little over a three-month span, Munger billed Wahab a total of $6,097.00 in fees and services.Brun filed an emergency petition to have Wahab released from Lourdes. In an October 5 hearing in Hallmark’s courtroom, Munger was represented by attorney Joseph Ehrlich.Munger billed Wahab $450 to “attend hearing on court motions and “[a] conference with judicial staff attorney.”Following the hearing, Ehrlich secured an order from Hallmark compelling Brun to pay $25,000 to Lourdes and gave her 25 days to come up with the cash.Brun told me that, because it did not include the provision for her mother to be released, she refused to pay it.A subsequent motion Brun filed to vacate the order stated that “upon review of the transcript of this hearing, at no point did Brun ever agree to pay $25,000 to Lourdes. It does not comport with the settlement placed on record.”Lourdes retained attorney Mary Lyneis to represent them.A November 2016 letter from Lyneis to Brun accused her of violating “Court Orders entered into the Probate Court.”While it did not mention which of those orders Brun was supposed to have violated, it went on to accuse her of “Threatening conduct toward the staff at Lourdes. In addition, you upset your mother with unfounded allegations the staff at Lourdes. As a result, you are hereby notified that you are no longer permitted on the premises. Should you attempt to enter the premises, appropriate law enforcement will be contacted.”The letter offered no evidence of any court order sanctioning a decision to bar Brun from the premises.In a February 2, 2017 email, Lyneis told Brun “We want to be paid. You cannot expect to show up to see your mother when you have not paid for the privilege and you have disappeared since November.”A subsequent email from Munger to Brun stated “If you want to visit your mother and or even remain in contact with her, you would be better served by complying with the existing court order than by continuing to harass everyone trying to see your mother. In particular, pay the $25,000.”Concerned about being able to pay her legal fees, Brun sold her and her mother’s home to Michigan banker Bradley Silverstein on the proviso that he draft a lease for her and Wahab to live there. A lease with that condition was drafted on February 28, 2017.Two days later on March 1, 2017, Ehrlich, Lyneis, and Munger appeared before Hallmark and asked for a series of ex parte orders against Brun.Ex parte orders are issued without the presence of or even notification of the parties it affects. Since due process is Constitutionally guaranteed, these orders are supposed to be temporary while allowing ample room for them to be contested.Brun was not present at the hearing when the ex parte orders were issued. At the time, with the support of her doctor and with his medical order in the court file, she had requested a two-month medical leave from the court.Hallmark also issued a permanent injunction against Brun restraining her from entering Lourdes premises, and a bench warrant for arrest alleging that her refusal to pay the $25,000.00 was in contempt of court.Regardless, Munger and Ehrlich requested that the house be transferred back to Wahab’s name “and then [to] permit Jon Munger to sell the house in order to pay for her care, so that [Wahab] would then qualify for needs-based benefits.” The court issued this order on June 28, 2016.Brun told me that, in the months that followed, Munger attempted to force his way into the house. On August 8, 2017, she filed a police report, complaining that Munger had attempted to enter the house on three separate occasions.When Brun replied that she had never received such an order, Munger wrote “A hearing was held on June 21 in front of Judge Linda Hallmark, and you received notice of that. I have every legal right to enter your mother’s home, and I have done so.”A June 30 email from Munger to Brun read “As you are aware, Judge Hallmark entered an order in the eviction case requiring you to vacate your mother’s home by Wednesday, June 28th 2017. I went to the home with several others on the following day, June 29th, and it was apparent that no one was residing in the home. Accordingly, we had the locks changed and the home secured. Upon our entry into the home, it was apparent that you had left a great deal of valuable personal property behind, including artwork. We deem this to be abandoned property under the law. For the time being, we are holding that personal property and artwork as security for repayment of the $25,000 you were ordered to pay on October 5.”Brun has filed criminal police reports for larceny home invasion and theft against Munger with the Oak Park Police. The police took no subsequent action.On August 30, Munger billed Wahab $245 for “a hearing to set aside deed” and $119 for calls to the real estate agent and the locksmith.Brun said she was not present at any such hearing.Brun’s attorney Phillip Strehle would later tell Hallmark “In October ’16 [Munger] filed a forwarding address card with the post office which has Mimi’s name on top and Munger’s address on it. So, he already knew, as of October ’16, that whatever mail he sent to the house, she would never get, because he sent it to himself. Mr. Ehrlich told me out in the hall that the order of August 30 was entered because it was uncontested. There’s a reason why it was uncontested; because Ms. Brun was not properly served.”Brun finally got a break in October 2017 when attorney Lisa Orlando became Wahab’s new Guardian ad Litem.In two reports Orlando submitted to Hallmark in 2018, she wrote “I visited [Wahab] at Lourdes Senior Community first on November 16, 2017 and then again more recently, on February 28, 2018, at which time I again served her a copy of the petition, notice of hearing and the order appointing a Guardian ad Litem. I don’t believe that Virginia was able to understand the information being presented, however she did clearly say that she did not want to go to court. I then asked her if she wanted Mimi to be her guardian and she said ‘of course!’”“In the opinion of this GAL, it is Virginia Wahab a 94-year-old woman, who is paying the price of these ongoing legal disputes and suffering harm by not being able to see her daughter for more than 17 months,” Orlando added. “To isolate and prohibit an aging Mother from seeing her daughter is heartbreaking to this GAL. Mimi Brun has priority under the statute and is Virginia’s choice to be her Guardian.”An affidavit signed by Wahab’s sister Sr. Helen Essa reads “Mimi is a devoted daughter and attended to every detail of her mother’s care not ever putting her own needs first. I know how desperate my sister is to go home with Mimi and have Mimi care for her. I pray, as we all do, that my sister will not die in a nursing home.”In concluding her report, Orlando cited Michigan statutes.“Under MCL 700.5313(3)(b), [Brun] has priority over a professional guardian,” she wrote. “’If suitable and willing to serve as guardian, the court shall appoint, an adult child of the legally incapacitated individual.’” Under MCL 700.5313(2)(b), [Brun] is Virginia’s choice to serve as her guardian. I discovered no clear and convincing evidence why the Petition should not be granted.”Yet, Munger still remains as the sole guardian for Wahab who is still at Lourdes. Despite her best hopes, Brun has yet to see her and bring her homeThe question remains as to why the Oakland County Probate Court effectively became a debt collector for a nursing facility and why the now 95-year-old Wahab is still held there despite her own Guardian ad Litem opinion that Brun replace Munger as guardian and family members’ pleas to Hallmark that Wahab be allowed to go home with her daughter.On May 25, 2018 Hallmark vacated the order to pay $25,000.00. Hallmark also found Brun not guilty of contempt of court.Brun does not believe the petitions she filed in October to have Munger removed as guardian will even be heard until July.“I have been offering to pay Lourdes the money to let my mother go but Munger refuses to accept my working with the facility,” she said. “I promised Mom that her last chapter would be her best. But I think my mom will die before Munger ever lets her go.”Strehle, who has been Brun’s attorney since October, 2017, told me that he felt the entire case against Brun was “bizarre.”“The transcript of June 29, 2016 does not comply with the statute or the court rules,” he said. “There’s not a single bit of evidence to support even the creation of a guardianship; not one iota of evidence.”He added that for a nursing home to present a petition for guardianship based on a past-due bill is something “I’ve never seen in all my years of doing probate. Ever.”In the [June 29, 2016] transcript, the guardian ad litem [Brown] is the one that’s asking the questions,” he added. “Not Munger. Not an attorney for Lourdes. That’s even more bizarre. Usually, the person asking the questions is the petitioner not the guardian at litem. The court grated it because of an overdue bill. That’s not a basis for getting even a limited guardianship.”Strehle also addressed the March 1, 2017 subsequent bench warrant and injunction issued against Brun.“In my view, the bench warrant against Mimi was entered improperly because of the $25,000 provision which the court recently vacated,” he said in an interview with me. “In her petition Lyneis was seeking a restraining order against Mimi. A restraining order lapses on its own in 14 days. That’s not what she got. The court granted her a broad injunction. Lyneis had a huge burden of proof to get the restraining order. After that, she was supposed to notify us of a hearing within 14 days. She didn’t do that. It was based on no evidence whatsoever.”“After all this time, I still have not seen any evidence to support [Munger’s] guardianship,” he concluded. “I have emails from Lourdes saying ‘we don’t want [Wahab] here.’”“Twice on the record now in open court Ehrlich has said he wants to get the house to pay fees,” [referring to both his and Munger’s legal fees]. “I don’t see how that’s a basis for keeping this poor woman in this location, isolated, with no visitation. I’ve never seen it before in 31 years of doing this.”I reached out to both Lourdes CEO Sr. Maureen Comer and Lyneis. In a series of email responses, Lyneis requested my “credentials” in the form of a “CV”. When I refused to provide her with a resume, Lyneis declined to confirm or deny any of the emails or statements on court transcripts made by her or Lourdes staff members. She also refused to answer a long list of questions pertaining to everything from Wahab’s initial medical diagnosis to why a petition for guardianship was filed over a past-due bill.I also reached out to Hallmark via email and telephone and was told by a staff member in her office that, since she had not responded to my email, it was an indication that she had no comment.An Oakland County Probate Court Administrator later replied, “In the interest of fairness to those involved, it is this court’s policy not to comment on pending litigation.”Wahab’s first GAL, Brown, however, did respond. “As I stated in my report, Ms. Wahab consented to the guardianship,” he wrote. “I also felt, after interviewing Ms. Wahab, that she needed a guardian to be appointed. The information regarding the medicals was given to me by the nursing home regarding Ms. Wahab’s medical condition and are consistent with my report and testimony.”This is not a story drawn from a dystopian fantasy. It is happening today all over America, where Probate Courts employ an exponentially growing network of professional, for-profit guardians.I talked at length to six other families—in Michigan, Arizona, New York and Illinois respectively about their experiences with predatory guardians; some are court appointed professionals, others are family members granted leave by Probate Courts to cut their siblings out of a ward’s life.The tapestry of each story was as complicated as it was heartbreaking. Each narrator pulled on the memory of each thread of that tapestry and found tears, despair, rage and frustration behind it.In October, 2017 WXYZ television in Lansing, Michigan launched an investigation into the Oakland County Probate Court and its court appointed guardians Barbara Andruccioli and Thomas Brennan Frasier whom a family member accused of neglecting and financially exploiting her parents Lorrie and Sandy Kapp.Andruccioli and Brennan have yet to respond to these allegations.The Oakland County Probate Court judge in the case, Daniel A. O’Brien, issued an ex parte order denying WXYZ the ability to show the Kapp’s faces.Andruccioli was subsequently fired as a public administrator and has become part of a still ongoing criminal investigation by both the Oakland County Prosecutor’s Office and the Sherriff’s office yet she still remains conservator and guardian for cases at the Oakland County Probate Court.According to court documents from the Michigan Court of Appeals, in 2011, Hallmark appointed Munger as guardian to Angela M. Robinson who had been declared legally incapacitated. In 2012, her parents Remo and Marie Marzella petitioned Hallmark to remove Munger as guardian and transfer her to their care. They claimed Munger “had not investigated Angela’s best interests or made proper decisions regarding her future care.”Following an evidentiary hearing, Hallmark denied the petition.“I am not going to remove Mr. Munger at this point,” she said. “I don’t find that Mr. Munger did anything wrong.”In a subsequent 2014 lawsuit, the Marzellas accused Munger of committing legal malpractice. Among the complaint’s allegations, Munger “failed to investigate and ascertain Angela’s best interests with respect to her living arrangements, advocated for Angela to live in an institution instead of with her family” and “failed to foster Angela’s family relationships and family involvement in her care and life.”“Angela and her special needs trust were subsequently shorted and she and her family suffered economic and non-economic damages,” the complaint added.Munger claimed that, because Hallmark had already ruled he “did nothing wrong” during the petition for his removal, the Marzellas were barred by “collateral estoppel” (preventing an issue from being relitigated.)In 2016, the Michigan Court of Appeals found that “no discovery was even conducted before [the evidentiary] hearing. Simply stated, the probate court’s decision not to remove Munger as Angela’s guardian was not tantamount to a finding that Munger did not commit legal malpractice or breach fiduciary duties owed to Angela.”It concluded that the Marzellas “never had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues underlying their claims.”The same court dealt with the 2007 case of Brenda Cupp—who suffered head injuries after a car accident. According to court documents, her sister Dana Browning had been appointed as guardian. After Cupp’s attorney contested the case, Munger was appointed co-guardian and co-conservator of Cupp’s special needs trust.Five weeks later, Munger petitioned the probate court for Browning’s removal as co-conservator “on the basis that she acted erratically during Cupp’s independent medical examination [IME] and Munger heard second-hand that Browning intended that the money in Cupp’s estate would not be used to pay legal fees.”The petition was granted.In 2010, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled “the IME incident was not sufficient good cause to remove Browning from her co-conservatorship position a mere five weeks after her appointment” and that “the probate court abused its discretion in finding that good cause existed to remove Browning as co-conservator.”In 2002, Joseph Ehrlich, was sanctioned over $113,000 by a Michigan Court for “pursuing frivolous litigation” in a case disputing the estate of John J. Fannon, Jr.Ehrlich appealed in 2005 and, in denying that appeal, the court stated that “The record reflects that, when they joined the case, Ehrlich and his firm continued to file pleadings and documents that lacked factual and legal support. The record clearly reflects that Ehrlich failed to make reasonable inquiry into the factual and legal merit of the claims he asserted on behalf of plaintiff when he knew or should have known that they lacked such support.”On his website, Munger claims to be an Oakland County Public Administrator although an email from State Public Administrator Michael Moody reads “Mr. Munger’s appointment as an Oakland County Public Administrator was terminated on October 6, 2017.” Munger is also not among the Oakland County Probate Court’s list of Public Administrators.Between June 29, 2016 and September 19, 2017 Munger’s statement of fees and services billed for his guardianship of Wahab totaled $12,282.I reached out to Munger by email and telephone and was told by his office secretary that he had no comment.I reached out to Ehrlich via email and telephone. His office secretary responded that Ehrlich had never received the email. When I asked to speak to him in person, she concluded the conversation.There are also a number of cases involving Holocaust survivors.Al Katz barely escaped numerous Nazi camps, including Dachau, only to become the ward of guardians in Florida at the age of 89, as court documents show.“My father came to the United States in 1946,” his daughter, Dr. Beverly Newman, told me.“His mommy, daddy, little brother, older sister, her husband and their one-month-old baby had all been murdered. He was a walking skeleton with no money, no job and didn’t know the English language. He felt very alone.”Nevertheless, Newman remembered that her father never lost a wonderful sense of humor while he lived by the motto “Never forget, never forgive and never be bitter.”It was at a Purim ball in Indianapolis that Katz met Sophia Passo.“He was stricken with love,” Newman laughed. “He asked her over and over again to marry him. She just would not do it.”Katz started to work in bakery and then a packing house where he was injured twice. It was when Sophia was visiting him in the hospital that she relented.He and Sophia were married in 1947. Katz began a successful insurance career. The couple had two children, Newman and her younger brother, and were inseparable for over thirty years until Sophia passed away in 1977.The devastation Katz felt remained with him the rest of his life.After retirement, Newman said that her father became a snowbird, spending winters in Florida.In 2009, concerned for his health, one of Katz’s doctors contacted a public guardian.That individual was M. Ashley Butler who worked in the Office of Public Guardian for three Florida counties since 2006 together with a partner, Jo Eisch, under the business name Aging Safely, Inc.Newman maintained that the first she heard about it was when she was told by Katz’s Indianapolis attorney that “there are people poking around about putting your father into guardianship. That was August of 2009.Newman added that hospital records she obtained from the time include numerous orders made by the guardians not to inform her of any medical decisions or procedures.“On Rosh Hashanah, September 18, [Butler and Eisch] filed papers to put my dad into Emergency Temporary Guardianship,” Newman said, adding that neither guardian had ever met her father. “They didn’t even know him. I have the transcripts of the hearing. The judge knew that I had not been contacted and went ahead and approved it anyway. Things then moved very quickly.”A 2011 Florida Supreme Court complaint filed by Newman and her husband noted that Bradenton attorney Ernie Lisch was appointed by the court to act as Al’s counsel.“Despite many irregularities at the hearing, Lisch took no steps to advocate for or protect the rights of his client,” the complaint reads. Lisch contested these allegations, and the Florida Appellate Court ruled in his favor.Newman discovered that Katz had been placed in Casa Mora Nursing Home in Bradenton.In 2015, the Bradenton Herald reported that the facility was one of three on a Florida watch list “due to prior problems or deficiencies.”The Herald noted, among those deficiencies, “A 58-year-old Casa Mora resident and the resident’s representative had requested in a resuscitate order that the resident receive CPR if she was ever found unresponsive. This procedure was not followed when she fell unresponsive. She was pronounced deceased after not receiving CPR.”According to the article, these deficiencies have since been corrected.Casa Mora is no longer on the state’s watch list.Newman and her husband Larry immediately drove from their home in Indianapolis down to Florida.She asserted that, shortly before they arrived on September 20, Butler utilized the Florida Baker Act—which allows for involuntary commitment—in order to place Katz in Manatee Memorial Hospital.“They said that he had taken his walker and bumped it into someone at the nursing home,” Newman said. “But my Dad was barely able to use a walker. He was in very poor physical condition and not a danger to anyone else. They never told him anything. Not what was going on, nothing. We arrived while daddy was in the Manatee Hospital emergency room. It was horrifying. My dad just wanted to go home. A psychiatrist chosen by Butler and Eisch made a No-Contact order. The hospital kept my daddy in an underground unit, like a dungeon. There were armed guards and these huge electronic doors. A nurse told us he was pacing the halls like a caged animal. It was traumatizing.”She added that Katz was there for three weeks.Newman remembered Katz calling Butler and Eisch “Nazis” to their faces.Meanwhile, like the family members in Michigan, Newman launched a fight to have Butler’s guardianship removed and her father returned to her care, as court documents show.Opposed by Lisch, the case was heard on October 26, 28, and 30, 2009 in Florida’s Twelfth Judicial Circuit Court.“In the intervening three weeks, Katz was repeatedly hospitalized and near death,” the 2011 complaint noted.“Guardianship in Florida is a very lucrative industry,” Newman said. “People who go into guardianship lose every cent they ever had. Their families are wrecked.”She stated that the guardians even took control over her father’s Holocaust Survivor Compensation checks as part of their oversight of her father’s assets.I attempted to track down Butler. The telephone numbers for Aging Safely have been disconnected. Email addresses for Butler have been shut down. The last I-990 tax return filed by the organization in 2014 listed bet assets of $1,767.00.As of publication, Eisch had not returned phone calls or email requests for comment.In Newman’s case, Florida Circuit Court Judge Paul E. Logan (now retired) restricted visits to her father to only three hours-per-day. “He said I could never tell my daddy that I was fighting in court to get him home or that he was under guardianship,” Newman asserted. “If I did, I would lose visitation completely. Daddy was crying and saying, ‘Take me home!’ ‘Why do you have to leave me?’ ‘Why can’t I go home with you?’ and I was prohibited by court order from telling him the truth.”On November 23, 2009 Newman won her petition for guardianship of her father but not his property.“I didn’t care,” she said. “I just wanted to get daddy out of the nursing home and hospitals and give him a real life. It was such a relief that I couldn’t stop crying.”However, by then, Katz was extremely ill and in the hospital.“I spent Thanksgiving that year with my daddy and in the hospital,” Newman said. “In some ways, that as the best and worst Thanksgiving of my life. At least I could shower him with love and attention.”By the time Newman and her husband got Katz home, it was Hannukah.“He was finally smiling,” she said. “By New Year’s Eve, he was able to eat and talk. We took him to a restaurant that he liked. We got him all dressed up. He wanted us to take pictures of us celebrating New Year’s Eve. It was a happy time.”Their time was all too short. Katz passed away on July 11, 2010.“He had no catheters or feeding tubes in him,” Newman said. “He was just as normal as you could be at 90-years-old.”In January that same year, Lisch filed a petition for $24,354.15 in attorney’s fees and expenses.“For doing essentially nothing,” Newman asserted.She opposed it and took the case all the way to Florida’s and then the United States Supreme Court, the latter of which declined to hear the case. Ultimately, Lisch prevailed in his original petition.Even nine-years after her father’s death, Newman said she is still subjected to verbal abuse and numerous accusations from those with a vested interest in a system against which she has actively taken a stand. Meanwhile, she continues to fight in Indianapolis to settle her father’s estate and to remove liens on Katz’s properties.In 2006, in the case of Marshall v. Marshall, the USSC determined that issues dealing with Probate Courts are “reserved to state probate courts” and “also precludes federal courts from disposing of property that is in the custody of a state probate court.”In memory of her father, the Newmans founded the Al Katz Center for Holocaust Survivors and Jewish Learning in Bradenton.“We serve many hundreds of persons every year through advocacy and programming open to the entire community,” the Center’s website reads, “and we are life-sustaining and life-saving to elders in peril and trauma.”On the opposite side of the country, the probate and guardianship system created another activist and family advocate out of an individual who found herself opposing those who have successfully exploited it.The Bradenton police department wouldn’t help Newman. Brun said that the police in her case were similarly unable to act, unless it was to prevent her from entering Lourdes to see her mother.[T}here is an organization that advocates for those working in the profession.The National Guardianship Association (NGA) was formed during a national conference in Chicago in 1988—one year after the AP’s article was released.In the 30 years that followed, the NGA’s membership increased to over 1,000.Sally Hurme is an attorney and member of the NGAs Board of Directors. She said that, while she is not and has never been a guardian, she has been involved in developing guardianship policy for decades.“NGA does not have any mechanism by which to do anything other than to keep developing standards of practice and educating individuals who want to provide excellence in guardianship,” she said.According to the NGA’s website, those standards of practice have increased from the original seven to their present number of 25. In 1997, the NGA voted to create an entirely separate entity, the Center for Guardianship Certification (CGC) on whose board Hurme has also served.It states its vision as one in which “every professional guardian will obtain and maintain CGC certification.”“The CGC is the only national certifying body for guardians,” Hurme said. “Any guardian; professional, family, public or volunteer is welcome and encouraged to become certified.”Among the five pillars Hurme listed as necessary to obtain certification is an examination.To become a Nationally Certified Guardian (NCG), the $375 exam is scored on core competencies including professional practices, knowledge of person under guardianship, application of surrogate decision making, medical decision making and personal and financial management.The competencies listed in the $525 examination to be certified as a National Master Guardian (NMG) are basically the same with the addition of “professional practices of a master guardian” and knowledge of the guardianship planning process.Hurme stated that, at present, there are approximately 1,500 certified guardians.“There is an agreement to a disciplinary process which receives grievances, determines whether there is probable cause to go forward with a professional review board,” she stated.Ironically, according to Hurme, the professional review board is one in which “due process” is afforded to a certified guardian while a determination is made as to whether or not they have violated standards of practice.“The professional review board has a range of sanctions from a letter of concern, to suspension, dismissal to decertification,” Hurme said. “The one problem with the CGC process is that we can only hear grievances if the individual is certified. If we receive a complaint about a guardian that is not certified, our hands are tied. There’s nothing the CHC can do.”The CGC’s list of disciplined guardians posted on its website numbers 12 and includes April Parks alongside guardians from Oregon, Texas, Utah, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon and Michigan.The CGC lists 12 States that ask for mandatory CGC certification for its guardians or have their own State-specific licensing requirements. In the case of California, it’s a combination of the two. Michigan is not among them. Since 2016, Florida has employed The Office of Public and Professional Guardians (OPPG) to regulate “more than 550 professional guardians statewide, which includes investigating and, if deemed appropriate, the discipline of guardians in violation of the law.“NGA and many of the other organizations such as those that are members of the National Guardianship Network are continually striving to make guardianship work better for those individuals who will need it,” Hurme said.As an example of those efforts, Hurme noted the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act (UGCOPAA). The over 150-page document was drafted, over the course of two years, by a committee consisting of multiple stakeholders including representatives from the American Bar Association (ABA) and was approved and recommended for enactment in all US States at a July, 2017 meeting of the National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws.Hurme stated that members of the NGA, herself included acted as technical advisors to the commission “in making sure that the new model; law addresses many of the issues that are floating around in guardianship; perhaps that there are too many guardianships and that there needs to be more emphasis in limiting the authority of the guardian, better recognition of the due process rights of the individual and a more person-centered focus of the individual in the hearing process that limits the authority of the guardian.”American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Senior Legislative Representative Diana Noel was part of the drafting committee.“I felt as if it was a very thorough process that was very public,” she said. “There were a lot of people in the room. One of the things that is very important; that the drafting committee really wanted to come across, which is why the name is so long, is to recognize that guardianship was a system that was really not including the individual that it was about. One of the things the act did was to update terminology. Instead of using the term ‘ward’, it’s ‘individual’ so that the focus is on the individual and so that they have a say in their care.”A Uniform Law Commission document encouraging States to adopt the UGCPOAA, declares that, under the act, “Each guardianship and conservatorship will have an individualized plan that considers the person’s preferences and values. Courts will monitor guardians and conservators to ensure compliance and approve updates to the plan in response to changing circumstances.”It adds that “Without a court order, a guardian under UGCOPAA may not restrict a person under guardianship from receiving visits or communications from family and friends for more than seven days, or from anyone for more than sixty day” and that the act “prohibits courts from issuing guardianship or conservatorship orders when a less-restrictive alternative is available.”These provisions and others in the UGCOPAA could have protected Brun and her mother had the act been adopted in Michigan.It hasn’t.As of the time of publication only Maine has adopted it. The New Mexico State Legislature introduced it this year and opened it up for public comment.Hurme pledged that the NGA would direct its advocacy efforts to assisting States in understanding the importance of what she called “a forward-thinking law.”“This isn’t a partisan issue,” [Noel] asserted. “This isn’t a caregiving and an aging issue. I don’t want you to think that, because States haven’t adopted it, that means that they are not looking at it. They may be looking at it. These things take time. They look at their current laws, they see what’s working and what’s not working and how things like the Uniform Act could help fix what’s not working or enhance what is.”“As long as I’ve been here, I’ve been working on this issue,” she said. “States have been working on and updating their statutes because they are pretty outdated. They’ve been around for a very long time. It’s a very complicated system. What we’re doing and what states are doing is making sure that policy and practice meet and complement each other.”The Elder Abuse and Prevention Act passed by the senate and signed into law by President Trump in 2017, charged the Department of Justice with establishing “best practices for data collection on elder abuse” and “in coordination with the Elder Justice Coordinating Council, [to] provide information, training, and technical assistance to help states and local governments investigate, prosecute, prevent, and mitigate the impact of elder abuse, exploitation, and neglect.”“We have a real long history in combatting abuse and exploitation and ensuring that State laws address and prevent abuse by a guardian or a neighbor or whoever,” Noel said. “We’ve really been engaged in working not just with State legislators but State courts.”Wondering about the laws in a State like Michigan and how far they extended in the protection of wards and their families from predatory guardians and the probate courts which employ them, I reached out to probate attorneys across the State.Nathan R. Piwowarski is a highly respected lawyer and share-holder at the firm of McCurdy Wotila & Porteous, PC in Cadillac. He has been practicing trust, estate and elder law for ten years.Ronald Dixon has practiced law since 1975 and served as a hearing panelist for Michigan’s Attorney Discipline Committee for approximately 25 years.Neither Dixon nor Piwowarski were asked to comment on or given the details about any case pending or decided in Michigan Probate Courts.“The problem is that when a person needs a guardian or conservator, frequently the family members are not worked with by the court or by the guardian appointed,” Dixon said. “The families are concerned, always, about the living conditions for the ward.”He added that a conflict between a conservator and the family can be easily avoided with a durable power of attorney that specifically names a family member and an alternative as guardian and conservator “and none other.”However, if judges arbitrarily strike down a durable power of attorney in favor of a court-appointed guardian, Dixon noted that “they should not do that. They should follow the family wishes. If that happens, it should be immediately appealed.”He added that a judge needs to demonstrate sufficient grounds as to why a power of attorney listing a family member can be discarded.“The record should be complete,” he said. “Showing the reasons why this person is not qualified or cannot maintain their position.”Piwowarski noted that the issue “can get a little bit complicated” depending on whether the power of attorney is generic and related to financial transactions or whether it concerns healthcare and placement issues (a patient advocate designation.)“In the case of the latter, unless the court specifically invalidates that document and removes the patient advocate, it remains in place,” he said. “The law presumes that the patient advocate would continue serving. That document should stay around unless there was some problem with it like there were not an adequate number of witnesses when it was signed. There are also situations where there is a valid document, but the patient advocate is not doing their job or honoring the person’s preferences.”In terms of the Constitutional rights a participant in Michigan’s Probate Courts can expect, Piwowarski cited Michigan Compiled Law (MCL) 700.5304 (4) through (6) which addresses the rights of the individual who is allegedly incapacitated.“They include the right to a jury trial [or] a closed hearing, if they request it, the right to be present at a hearing, the right to obtain an independent medical examination,” Piwowarski said. “There are other procedural rights and protections that are supposed to be afforded the individual who is the subject of a guardianship petition. For example, they’re entitled to personal notice in advance of the hearing. The minimum personal notice requirement is seven days. They are supposed to be given a visit by the Guardian ad Litem who is then supposed to report back to the court, in a timely manner, about whether that individual desires to contest any aspect of the petition or exercise any procedural rights such as the right to request something less intrusive than a full guardianship.”According to Piwowarski, different rights are afforded to those who have an interest in the subject’s welfare.“There are certain rights that they just don’t have,” he said. “They can’t demand a jury trial. But if there is a durable power of attorney, all of those individuals are entitled to notice and entitled to participate in the proceeding.”“In terms of who should be serving as a guardian, the nominated patient advocate is right near the top of the list,” he added. “So, the court should be looking to the patient advocate before almost anyone else. The way the statute should work and the way that it’s written is that the court can only intervene in a person’s affairs if that person is legally incapacitated and if there’s an actual need for the court to intervene. The court should evaluate, on the record, why a patient advocate is inadequate. There are express provisions in the Estates and Protected Individuals Code that tell the petitioner and the judge that they have to identify why the court has to actually intervene alternatives short of guardianship can’t be used.”The question of how much power a professional guardian in Michigan has Piwowarski noted both a statutory and political dynamic.“In terms of the statue, a guardian has the right to set appropriate access and limit access for a protected individual,” he acknowledged. “That said, the guardian is specifically required by statute to do everything they can to have as full of a life and as high of a level of function as possible. In terms of financial transactions, the court can issue protective orders to remediate situations where a vulnerable person made a property transfer when they didn’t understand it or were under inappropriate influence. A conservator is not able to do something like that without a court order and there should be pretty significant showing before a court would reverse a transaction like that.”“In my experience the court is typically appreciative of the willingness of a public fiduciary [guardian] to serve,” Piwowarski added. “There is such a need right now for a variety of reasons; families are smaller and more spread out. The public fiduciaries typically are overworked so I can certainly see a situation where a court adopts an overly deferential attitude because of the role that they serve in keeping the local legal system functioning.”“Oakland County is the wealthiest county in Michigan bar none,” Dixon said. “Frequently estates are incredibly large. Public administrators can err on the side of greediness for him or herself. Frequently, because the judge trusts them to carry out their tasks properly and in good order and rely on them for accurate information.”On a national level, the sheer power that has been extended by Probate Courts over wards and family members raises the question as to what the point is of making any kind of will when it can be rendered meaningless.******Gretchen Rachel Hammond is an award-winning journalist and a full-time writer for Tablet MagazineGuardians from Hell - Tablet Magazine

Sadly, there’s no good simple answer to this. A somewhat more generalized answer could be given if we knew where the incident happened, so that reference to the laws, court structure, and procedural provisions applicable could be made.In the United States and other “common-law” countries,¹ assault (placing someone in fear for their safety) and battery² (actually hitting them) were, in addition to criminal offenses, torts (from a Law French word meaning “wrong”, and ultimately from Latin tortum “twisted”). They are usually called “intentional torts” now, to distinguish from negligence, a concept that developed in the nineteenth century.A tort is an affront to the body or property of another, and at common law the victim of an intentional tort could demand recompense from the offender in lieu of formal prosecution. The measure of damages can be “actual” or in rare cases “punitive.” Actual damages in turn may be non-economic (“pain and suffering” or “emotional distress” if the jurisdiction’s law allows this claim) or economic (damaged property, loss of work, medical bills, &c). Punitive damages are assessed against a tortfeasor whose conduct is egregiously bad and wanton and are designed to “teach a lesson.”³If you live in such a jurisdiction, you might be able to articulate a civil claim for the assault and/or battery, if you could show that you suffered harm as a “proximate” result of it. (“Proximate cause” is often thought of as “but for this event, the harm would not have occurred.)Since the question refers to “a bully” who is acting “on school grounds”, it raises the issue of whether we are suing a minor. Minors are not categorically immune to suit. A rather famous case, that many American law students will encounter in Torts class, involved a toddler sued for riding a tricycle into the plaintiff.⁴ The court will not impose liability if it finds the child too young to know better. However, this is a case-by-case inquiry. A guardian ad litem will need to be appointed for the defendant (assuming they are a minor), or their parents might appear on their behalf.Whether or not there are enough legal damages to make the suit worthwhile is not apparent. If there were no lasting injury for the battery (or no battery at all), the court may be constrained to allow only “nominal damages.” For instance, in another law school example, the trespasser who cuts across his neighbour’s land without actually doing anything would be liable for a penny in damages (although under the “English Rule” used in the U.K. and Canada, that nominal judgment might include attorney’s fees, in the U.S. it usually does not and is thus not worthwhile).Winning a monetary judgment doesn’t mean you will ever see any money. A judgment is really only good to the extent that the judgment debtor has means to pay it. A judgment against a minor, especially, is highly unlikely to be paid—minors have little or no property of their own—although sometimes if people have homeowners’ or renter’s insurance, the insurance policy will provide a certain amount to cover personal liability for injuries caused by the residents. For this reason civil lawsuits relating to school bullying (at least against the bullies themselves) are very rare.Some states and provinces might allow injunctive relief in the nature of a PFA petition—ordering the bully to stay away from the victim. These actions are statutory in origin, so there is no real uniformity to these provisions. Almost all jurisdictions have some provision for this type of order in a domestic violence situation, but typically there is a requirement that the parties have a specified pre-existing relationship, and whether this would count as one cannot be generalized. (It wouldn’t, here in Pennsylvania.)You could solicit a criminal prosecution (which would likely end up being heard in juvenile court) for this conduct, which is likely covered as “simple assault” or something similar in the criminal code.⁵ In that event, the offender might be fined and/or put on probation, but you’ll have no control over the litigation; that is entirely up to the local prosecutor.Occasionally you’ll see a lawsuit against a school (a party who has either better insurance or the wherewithal as a government unit to pay) for this sort of incident. The school is not directly liable for the bully’s voluntary conduct, so such suits are not always successful. However, when they are brought they are couched in negligence.⁶ Negligence is the breach of a legal duty of care against a known or foreseeable hazard. It requires a legal duty, breach of the duty, injury to the plaintiff, and proximate cause. In this case the foreseeable hazard would be kids causing injuries to fellow students by bullying and the breach of the duty would be the teachers or other school personnel not stepping in sooner to put a stop to it, or to deprive the bully of the opportunity to commit the offence in the first place. Legal duties are subject to a reasonableness requirement—in other words, the school won’t be held liable for failing to do any conceivable thing as long as they have a reasonable policy in effect to generally try to keep problems from occurring. In some places, negligence is obviated by third parties’ voluntary conduct unless the negligent defendant had the authority and ability to supervise the third party.Assuming that in light of all of this, you have a cause of action worth pursuing, “how” you file a suit is usually to take a complaint (which describes why you are suing) to a court with jurisdiction (a local court of general jurisdiction such as a state trial court is probably the appropriate one), and file the paper with the court’s clerk. There is probably going to be a filing fee associated with that. A copy of the complaint must be served on the defendant (and/or their guardian) in accordance with the court rules. For most places in the U.S., initial service must be done by personal service by a party other than the plaintiff themself. The sheriff of the jurisdiction is usually empowered to make service (for another fee), or in some places private process servers are authorized. The service must be “returned”—whoever makes it files a report to that effect with the court and/or service is acknowledged by the defendant or their representative. The defendant may then file an answer, counterclaim, and/or demurrer.⁷ If the latter is filed, the court will need to resolve that before anything else happens on the case, but assuming the complaint (and any counterclaim filed) have sufficient legal merit to be heard, a trial might eventually be scheduled for the matter to be decided.For an actual answer that you could use for a specific case, as well as legal advice (which can’t be dispensed via Quora anyway), you should take the facts of your matter to a lawyer licensed in the location where this happened and generally familiar with the mechanics of civil litigation there.Notes:¹ I am not sufficiently acquainted with either the Napoleonic or German “civil code” jurisidictions to suggest a rule, though I understand that sometimes parents are liable for the acts of their children in these systems. Even in common law systems, statutes trump common law, and in some states, the parents might be held liable for certain damages caused by their children per statute, but this is not uniform.² I talk a little about these words in John Gragson's answer to What is the past tense of the criminal offense called "battery?"³ A famous (and famously misunderstood) case involving punitive damages would be Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants. The McDonald's Coffee Cup Case: Separating McFacts From McFiction. When punitive damages are assessed, they can take into account the defendant’s assets and ability to pay, so as a procedural matter, punitive damages might assessed by a proceeding separate from liability, since the defendant’s net worth and income are relevant to punitive damage awards but not to general liability in the first place.⁴ See Van Camp v. MacAfoos, 156 N.W.2d 878 (Ia. 1968). In a 2010 New York civil action, a judge held that a child aged not quite five might at least potentially be liable for her actions. Menagh v. Breitman, 2010 N.Y. Slip.Op. 32892-U.⁵ See, e.g., 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a) (subdivision (3) is “assault”; subdivisions (1) and (2) are “battery”).⁶ Interesting factoid: Negligence law is usually said to originate with cases brought against railway operators by people injured by trains. Common-law principles would have had the railways liable for almost all injuries, as intent to injure isn’t per se part of an intentional tort; mere intentional acting in the first place is. The courts were reluctant to pass all of these costs of injuries on to the railways, and eventually the “take reasonable care under the circumstances” principle emerged as a compromise.⁷ A demurrer, also sometimes called a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, is an averment that “even if everything in this complaint is true, there is no liability.” John Gragson's answer to How can a case be thrown out of court? What are some examples of it?

LAWS-There are four different types of law, criminal, civil, common and statuate. In this first task I will explain briefly each one. Task 1 There are four different types of law, criminal, civil, common and statuate.ACTS-Name of the ActYearAct No.Bengal Indigo Contracts Act183610The Bengal Districts Act, 1836183621Madras Public Property Malversation Act183736The Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act, 183818385The Coasting Vessels Act, 1838183819Madras Rent and Revenue Sales Act18397Indian Registration of Ships Act, 1841184110Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act184112Revenue, Bombay184213Revenue Commissioners, Bombay184217Indian Slavery (Abolition) Act1843Sales of land for Revenue Arrears18451Boundary-marks, Bombay18463Boundaries18471Bengal Alluvion and Diluvion Act18479Bengal Land Holders' Attendance Act184820Madras Revenue Commissioner Act184910Indian Registration of Ships Act (1841) Amendment Act, 1850185011Public Accountants' Defaults Act, 1850185012Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850185018Apprentices' Act, 1850185019Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850185021Calcutta Land-revenue Act185023Forfeited Deposits Act, 1850185025Improvements in Towns185026Public Servants (Inquiries) Act, 18501850371851–1875[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.1851I1851II1851III1851IV1851V1851VI1851VIIThe Indian Tolls Act, 18511851VIII1851X1851IX1851X1851XIThe Madras City Land-Revenue Act, 18511851XII1851XIII1851XIV1851XV1851XVISheriffs' Fees Act18528Bombay Rent-free Estates Act185211Rent Recovery Act18536Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act185311Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act18545Police, Agra185416Legal Representatives' Suits Act185512Fatal Accidents Act185513Usury Laws Repeal Act185528Bengal Embankment Act185532Sonthal Parganas Act185537Indian Bills of Lading Act18569Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act1856Calcutta Land-revenue Act185618Bengal Chaukidari Act185620Tobacco Duty (Town of Bombay) Act18574Oriental Gas Company18575Madras Uncovenated Officers' Act18577Sonthal Parganas Act185710Howrah Offences Act185721Madras Compulsory Labour Act18581Bengal Ghatwali Lands Act18595Bengal Rent Act185910Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act185911Calcutta Pilots Act185912Madras District Police Act185924Societies' Registration Act186021Indian Penal Code186045Indian Police Act18615Stage-Carriages Act186116Government Seal Act18623Excise (Spirits) Act186316Partition of Revenue-paying Estates186319Religious Endowments Act186320Waste-Lands (Claims) Act186323Indian Tolls Act186415Carriers Act18653Converts’ Marriage Dissolution Act186621Oudh Sub-settlement Act186626Ganges Tolls18671Public Gambling Act18673Oriental Gas Company186711Sarais Act186722Press and Registration of Books Act186725Oudh Estates Act18691Indian Divorce Act18694Bombay Civil Courts Act186914Court-fees Act18707Oudh Taluqdars' Relief Act187024Cattle-trespass Act18711Coroners Act18714Dehra Dun187121Pensions Act187123Indian Evidence Act18721Punjab Laws Act18724Indian Contract Act, 187218729Indian Christian Marriage Act187215Madras Civil Courts Act18733Government Savings Banks Act18735Northern India Canal and Drainage Act18738North-Eastern Provinces Village and Road Police Act187316Married Women's Property Act18743Foreign Recruiting Act18744Laws Local Extent Act187415Majority Act18759Indian Law Reports Act187518Central Provinces Laws Act1875201876–1900[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Current statusChota Nagpur Encumbered Estates Act18766Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act187610Bombay Municipal Debentures Act187615Oudh Laws Act187618Dramatic Performances Act187619Broach and Kaira Incumbered Estates Act18786Northern India Ferries Act187817Elephants' Preservation Act18796Hackney-carriage Act187914Dekkhan Agriculturists Relief Act187917Legal Practitioners Act187918Raipur and Khattra Laws Act187919Religious Societies Act18801Kazis Act188012Municipal Taxation Act188111Fort William Act188113Obstructions in Fairways Act188116Central Provinces Land-revenue Act188118Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881188126Indian Trusts Act18822Transfer of Property Act18824Indian Easements Act18825Powers-of-Attorney Act18827Presidency Small Cause Courts Act188215Madras Forest (Validation) Act188221Bikrama Singh's Estates Act188310Land Improvement Loans Act188319Punjab District Boards Act188320Explosives Act18844Agriculturists' Loans Act188412Bengal Tenancy Act18858Indian Telegraph Act188513Land Acquisition (Mines) Act188518Mirzapur Stone Mahal Act18865Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act18866Indian Tramways Act188611Oudh Wasikas Act188621Suits Valuation Act18877Provincial Small Cause Courts Act18879Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act188712Punjab Tenancy Act188716Punjab Land Revenue Act188717King of Oudh's Estate Act188719Indian Police Act18883Indian Reserve Forces Act18884Indian Tolls Act18888City of Bombay Municipal (Supplementary) Act188812King of Oudh's Estate Act188814Metal Tokens Act18891Revenue Recovery Act18901Charitable Endowments Act18906Guardians and Wards Act (GAWA)18908Excise (Malt Liquors) Act189013United Provinces Act189020Easements (Extending Act 5 of 1882)18918Murshidabad Act189115Colonial Courts of Admiralty (India) Act189116Bankers' Books Evidence Act189118Marriages Validation Act18922Bengal Military Police Act18925Madras City Civil Court Act18927Government Management of Private Estates Act189210Porahat Estate Act18932Partition Act18934Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit18936Land Acquisition Act18941Prisons Act18949Government Grants Act189515Epidemic Diseases Act18973Indian Fisheries Act18974Repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 2015[5]Amending Act18975Reformatory Schools Act18978General Clauses Act189710Indian Short Titles Act189714Lepers Act18983Indian Post Office Act18986Live-stock Importation Act18989Central Provinces Tenancy Act189811Indian Stamp Act18992Government Buildings Act18994Glanders and Farcy Act189913Church of Scotland Kirk Sessions Act189923Central Provinces Court of Wards Act189924Prisoners Act190031901–1925[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act19012Amending Act190111Indian Tramways Act19024Amending Act19031Works of Defence Act19037Victoria Memorial Act190310Ancient Monuments Preservation Act19047Indian Railway Board Act19054The Indian Coinage Act, 190619063Code of Civil Procedure19085Explosive Substances Act19086Central Provinces Financial Commissioner’s Act190813Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act190814Indian Ports Act190815Registration Act190816Presidency-towns Insolvency Act19093Anand Marriage Act19097Dourine Act19105Indian Museum Act191010Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act191110Co-operative Societies Act19122Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam Laws Act19127Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act19128Delhi Laws Act191213Official Trustees Act19132White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act19135Mussalman Wakf Validating Act19136Destructive Insects and Pests Act19142Local Authorities Loans Act19149Delhi Laws Act19157Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Baronetcy Act191510Banaras Hindu University Act191516Indian Medical Degrees Act19167Hindu Disposition of Property Act191615Inland Vessels Act19171Destruction of Records Act19175King of Oudh's Estate Validation Act191712Post Office Cash Certificates Act191718Cinematograph Act19182Usurious Loans Act191810Bronze Coin (Legal Tender) Act191822Local Authorities Pensions and Gratuities Act19191Poisons Act191912Calcutta High Court (Jurisdictional Limits) Act191915Provincial Insolvency Act19205Indian Securities Act192010Charitable and Religious Trusts Act192014Indian Red Cross Society Act192015Indian Rifles Act192023Identification of Prisoners Act192033Passport (Entry into India) Act192034Aligarh Muslim University Act192040Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act192118Delhi University Act19228Police (Incitement to Disaffection) Act192222Indian Boilers Act19235Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act19236Indian Naval Armament Act19237Workmen's Compensation Act19238Official Secrets Act192319Legal Practitioners (Women) Act192323Mussalman Wakf Act192342Cantonments Act19242Bengal Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act19250Indian Soldiers (Litigation) Act19254Provident Funds Act192519Sikh Gurdwaras (Supplementary) Act192524Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act192526Madras, Bengal and Bombay Children (Supplementary) Act192535Indian Succession Act1925391926–1950[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Trade Unions Act192616Legal Practitioners (Fees) Act192621Indian Bar Councils Act192638Indian Forest Act192716Light House Act192717Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act192812Child Marriage Restraint Act192919Transfer of Property (Amendment) Supplementary Act192921Trade Disputes Act1929Sale of Goods Act19303Hindu Gains of Learning Act193030Mussalman Wakf Validating Act193032Provisional Collection of Taxes Act193116Sheriff of Calcutta (Power of Custody) Act193120Indian Partnership Act19329Public Suits Validation Act193211Criminal Law Amendment Act193223Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages (Supplementary) Act193224Children (Pledging of Labour) Act19332Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act193317Murshidabad Estate Administration Act193323Reserve Bank of India Act19342Sugar-cane Act193415Aircraft Act193422Assam Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act193427Petroleum Act193430Jubbalpore and Chhattisgarh Divisions (Divorce Proceedings Validation) Act193513Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act19363Payment of Wages Act19364Decrees and Orders Validating Act19365Bangalore Marriages Validating Act193616Red Cross Society (Allocation of Property) Act193618Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act19371Arya Marriage Validation Act193719Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act193726Insurance Act19384Manoeuvres, Field Firing and Artillery Practice Act19385Cutchi Memons Act193810Criminal Law Amendment Act193820Employers' Liability Act193824Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act19398Registration of Foreigners Act193916Commercial Documents Evidence Act193930Drugs and Cosmetics Act194023Agricultural Produce Cess Act194027Berar Laws Act19414Assam Rifles Act19415Delhi Restriction of Uses of Land Act194112Railways (Local Authorities' Taxation) Act194125Coffee Act19427Weekly Holidays Act194218Reciprocity Act19439War Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act194323Central Excise Act19441Public Debt Act194418International Monetary Fund and Bank Act19450Drugs and Cosmetics Rules194567Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act194620Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act194622Delhi Special Police Establishment Act194625Foreigners Act194631Industrial Disputes Act194714Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act194715Trading with the Enemy (Continuance of Emergency Provisions) Act194716Rubber Act194724United Nations (Security Council) Act194743United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act194746Foreign Jurisdiction Act194747Indian Nursing Council Act194748Pharmacy Act19488Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act19489Minimum Wages Act194811Rehabilitation Finance Administration Act194812Damodar Valley Corporation Act194814Dentists Act194816Junagarh Administration (Property) Act194826National Cadet Corps Act194831Calcutta Port (Pilotage) Act194833Employees' State Insurance Act194834Census Act194837Continuance of Legal Proceedings Act194838Indian Matrimonial Causes (War Marriages) Act194840Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act194841Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act194846Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act194851Bombay Public Security Measures (Delhi Amendment) Act194852Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act194853Territorial Army Act194856Exchange of Prisoners Act194858Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act194860Central Silk Board Act194861Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act194862Factories Act194863Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara Land Development Act194866Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property) Act19492Scheduled Securities (Hyderabad) Act19497Seaward Artillery Practice Act19498Banking Regulation Act194910West Godavari District (Assimilation of Laws on Federal Subjects) Act194920Delhi Hotels (Control of Accommodation) Act194924Chartered Accountants Act194938Requisitioned Land (Apportionment of Compensation) Act194951Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act194954Merged States (Laws) Act194959Professions Tax Limitation (Amendment and Validation) Act194961Police Act194964Central Reserve Police Force Act194966High Courts (Seals) Act19507Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act195010Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act195012Special Criminal Courts (Jurisdiction) Act195018Drugs Control Act195026Transfer of Prisoners Act195029Union Territories (Laws) Act195030Opium and Revenue Laws (Extension of Application) Act195033Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act195040Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records Act195042Representation of the People Act[6]195043Air Force Act195045Army Act195046Contingency Fund of India Act195049Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act 19501950Road Transport Corporations Act195064Cooch-Behar (Assimilation of Laws) Act195067Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act195074Khaddar (Protection of Name) Act1950781951–1975[edit]Companies act 1956Name of the ActYearAct No.Part B States (Laws) Act19513Supreme Court Advocates (Practice in High Courts) Act195118Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act195125Visva-Bharati Act195129President's Emoluments and Pension Act195130Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195133Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act195137Marking of Heavy Packages Act195139Rajghat Samadhi Act195141Representation of the People Act195143Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act195147Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act195151Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act195154All India Services Act, 1951195161State Financial Corporations Act195163Evacuee Interest (Separation) Act195164Industries (Development and Regulation) Act195165Part C States Miscellaneous Laws (Repealing) Act195166Plantations Labour Act195169Displaced Persons (Debts Adjustment) Act195170Part B States Marriages Validating Act19521Indian Independence Pakistan Courts (Pending Proceedings) Act19529Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act195219Inflammable Substances Act195220Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act195230Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act195231Mines Act195235Cinematograph Act195237Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act195238Notaries Act195253Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act195258Commissions of Inquiry Act195260Reserve and Auxiliary Air Forces Act195262State Armed Police Forces (Extension of Laws) Act195263Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act195274Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act195316Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act195320Tea Act195329Andhra State Act[7]195330Collection of Statistics Act195332Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act195341Coir Industry Act195345Salt Cess Act195349Reserve Bank of India (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195354Transfer of Evacuee Deposits Act195415Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act195418Absorbed Areas (Laws) Act195420Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act195421State Acquisition of Lands for Union Purposes (Validation) Act195423Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act195427High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act195428Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act195430Shillong (Rifle Range and Umlong) Cantonments Assimilation of Laws Act195431Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act195432Chandernagore (Merger) Act195436Prevention of Food Adulteration Act195437Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act195441Special Marriage Act195443Essential Commodities Act195510Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act195516Commanders-in-Chief (Change in Designation) Act195519Protection of Civil Rights Act195522State Bank of India Act195523Hindu Marriage Act195525Prisoners (Attendance in Courts) Act195532Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act195536Spirituous Preparation (Inter-State Trade and Commerce) Control Act195539Prize Competitions Act195542Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act195545Manipur (Courts) Act195556Citizenship Act195557Companies Act19561University Grants Commission Act19563Bar Councils (Validation of State Laws) Act19564Sales Tax Laws Validation Act19567All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act195625Hindu Succession Act195630Life Insurance Corporation Act195631Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act195632Interstate River Water Disputes Act195633Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195636States Reorganisation Act195637Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act195640Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act195642Newspaper (Price and Page) Act195645National Highways Act195648River Boards Act195649Lok Sahayak Sena Act195653Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act195655Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act195661Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act195662Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act195663Terminal Tax on Railway Passengers Act195669Central Sales Tax Act195674Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (HAMA)195678State Bank of Hyderabad Act195679Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act195680Representation of the People (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195688Faridabad Development Corporation Act195690Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act195693Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act195696Indian Medical Council Act1956102Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act1956104Women's and Children's Institutions (Licensing) Act1956105Copyright Act195714Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act195720Railway Protection Force Act195723Wealth-Tax Act195727Legislative Councils Act195737Inter-State Corporation Act195738Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act195742Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act195744Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act195746Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act195758Delhi Development Act195761Navy Act195762Delhi Municipal Corporation Act195766Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act195767Gift-tax Act195818Probation of Offenders Act195820Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act195824Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act195828Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act195829Manipur and Tripura (Repeal of Laws) Act195835Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act195841International Finance Corporation (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act195842Merchant Shipping Act195844Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Constitution and Proceedings) Validation Act195856Orissa Weights and Measures (Delhi Repeal) Act195857Delhi Rent Control Act195859Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act195910Cost and Works Accountants Act195923Public Wakfs (Extension of Limitation) Act195929Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act195931State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act195938Travancore-Cochin Vehicles Taxation (Amendment and Validation) Act195942Government Savings Certificates Act195946Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act195947Miscellaneous Personal Laws (Extension) Act195948Arms Act195954Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act195956Indian Statistical Institute Act195957Married Women's Property (Extension) Act195961Geneva Conventions Act19606Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act196010Bombay Reorganisation Act196011Hindu Marriages (Validation of Proceedings) Act196019Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act196024International Development Association (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act196032Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act196033Central Excises (Conversion to Metric Units) Act196038Delhi Primary Education Act196039Customs Duties and Cesses (Conversion to Metric Units) Act196040Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act196043Mahendra Pratap Singh Estate (Repeal) Act196048British Statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act196057Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960196059Preference Shares (Regulation of Dividend) Act196063Acquired Territories (Merger) Act196064Criminal Law Amendment Act196123Advocates Act196125Salar Jung Museum Act196126Motor Transport Workers Act196127Dowry Prohibition Act196128Delhi (Urban Areas) Tenants' Relief Act196130Union Territories (Stamp and Court-fees Laws) Act196133Dadra and Nagar Haveli Act196135Newspaper (Price and Page Continuance) Act196136Income-tax Act196143Voluntary Surrender of Salaries (Exemption from Taxation) Act196146Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act196147Assam Municipal (Manipur Amendment) Act196149Apprentices Act196152Maternity Benefit Act196153Sugar (Regulation of Production) Act196155Institutes of Technology Act196159Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act19621Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Act196213National Co-operative Development Corporation Act196226State of Nagaland Act196227Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act196231Atomic Energy Act196233Extradition Act196234Foreigners Law (Application and Amendment) Act196242Pondicherry (Administration) Act196249Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act196250Customs Act196252Manipur (Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act196255State Associated Banks (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act196256Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation Act196257Warehousing Corporations Act196258Marine Insurance Act196311Official Languages Act196319Government of Union Territories Act196320Compulsory Deposit Scheme Act196321Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act196322Limitation Act196336Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act196337Major Port Trusts Act196338Textiles Committee Act196341Administrators-General Act196345Specifice Relief Act196347Unit Trust of India Act196352Central Boards of Revenue Act196354Companies (Profits) Surtax Act19647Taxation Laws (Continuation and Validation of Recovery Proceedings) Act196411Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Act196414Delhi Delegation of Powers Act196423Legal Tender (Inscribed Notes) Act196428Food Corporation of India Act[8]196437Warehousing Corporations (Supplementary) Act196520Payment of Bonus Act196521Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act196523Goa, Daman and Diu (Extension of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Arbitration Act) Act196530Railways Employment of Members of the Armed Forces Act196540Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act196541Cardamom Act196542Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act196549Goa, Daman and Diu (Absorbed Employees) Act196550Seamen's Provident Fund Act19664Produce Cess Act196615Asian Development Bank Act196618Delhi High Court Act196626Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act196629Punjab Reorganisation Act196631Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act196632Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act196633Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Act196651Jawaharlal Nehru University Act196653Seeds Act196654Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act196713Passports Act196715Anti-Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act196716Standards of Weights and Measures (Extension to Kohima and Mokokchung Districts) Act196725Court-fees (Delhi Amendment) Act196728Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act196737Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People (Supplementary) Act19683Public Provident Fund Act196823Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act196824Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act196825Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act196826Civil Defence Act196827Enemy Property Act196834Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act.[9]196836The Gold (Control) Act, 1968196845Insecticides Act196846Border Security Force Act196847Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control (Nasirabad Cantonment Repeal) Act196849Central Industrial Security Force Act196850Judges (Inquiry) Act196851State Agricultural Credit Corporation Act196860Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Change in Representation) Act196861President (Discharge of Functions) Act196916Registration of Births and Deaths Act196918Union Territories (Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions) Act196919Central Sales Tax (Amendment) Act196928Foreign Marriage Act196933Criminal and Election Laws Amendment Act196935Bihar Land Reforms Laws (Regulating Mines and Minerals) Validation Act196942Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act196943Oaths Act196944Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act196946Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act196954Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act196955Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act19705Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act197016Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act197028Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act197037Patents Act197039Indian Medicine Central Council Act197048Central Labour Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act197051State of Himachal Pradesh Act197053Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) (Delhi Validation of Appointments and Proceedings) Act197120Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act197134Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act197140Small Coins (Offences) Act197152Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Amendment and Validation Act197154Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act197156Naval and Aircraft Prize Act197159Jayanti Shipping Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act197163Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act197164Asian Refractories Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197165Uttar Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act197168Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act197169Contempt of Courts Act197170Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act197171Manipur (Hill Areas District Council) Act197176North-Eastern Area (Reorganisation) Act197181Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act197182North-Eastern Council Act197184Marine Products Export Development Authority Act197213Departmental Inquiries (Enforcement of Attendance of Witnesses and Production of Documents) Act197218Architects Act197220Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act197225National Service Act197228Delhi Lands (Restriction on Transfer) Act197230Delhi Co-operative Societies Act197235Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act197236Payment of Gratuity Act197239Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act197243Antiquities and Art Treasures Act197252Wild Life (Protection) Act197253General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act197257Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act197258Former Secretary of State Service Officers (Conditions of Service) Act197259Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act197262Carriage by Air Act197269Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act197272Richardson and Cruddas Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197278Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act19732Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act197315Capital of Punjab Development and Regulation (Chandigarh Amendment) Act197317Delhi School Education Act197318North-Eastern Hill University Act197324Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act197326Authoritative Texts (Central Laws) Act197350Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197356Homoeopathy Central Council Act197359Konkan Passenger Ships (Acquisition) Act197362Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 197319741Code of Criminal Procedure, 197319742Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act19744Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act19746Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act197412Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act197428Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act197437University of Hyderabad Act197439Interest-tax Act197445Oil Industry (Development) Act197447Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act197452East-Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Extension to Chandigarh) Act197454Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act197457Tobacco Board Act19754All-India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act197519Tokyo Convention Act197520Rampur Raza Library Act197522Tobacco Cess Act197526Delhi Sales Tax Act197543Cigarettes (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act197549Customs Tariff Act1975511976–2000[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Burmah Shell (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act19762Election Laws (Extension to Sikkim) Act197610Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act197611Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act197613Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act197619Regional Rural Banks Act197621Assam Sillimanite Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Refractory Plant) Act197622Equal Remuneration Act197625Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Repeal Act197628Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act197631Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act197633Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act197649Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act197655Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act197656High Court at Patna (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act197657Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act197659Standards of Weights and Measures Act197660Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act197661Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act197662Betwa River Board Act197663Life Insurance Corporation (Modification of Settlement) Act197672National Library of India Act197676Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act197677Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act197680Delhi Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act197687Indian Iron and Steel Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act197689Delhi Sales Tax (Amendment and Validation) Act197691Braithwaite and Company (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197696Burn Company and Indian Standard Wagon Company (Nationalisation) Act197697Laxmirattan and Atherton West Cotton Mills (Taking Over of Management) Act197698Metal Corporation (Nationalisation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act1976100Untouchability (Offences) Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision Act1976106Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act1976108Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Act197715Disputed Elections (Prime Minister and Speaker) Act197716Caltex (Acquisition of Shares of Caltex Oil Refining (India) Limited and of the Undertakings in India of Caltex (India) Limited) Act197717Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act197733Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Acquisition and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act197734Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act197736Smith, Stainstreet and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197741Gresham and Craven of India (Private) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197742The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978197811Hindustan Tractors Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197813Interest Act197814Public Sector Iron and Steel Companies (Restructuring) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act197816Deposit Insurance Corporation (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act197821Coast Guard Act197830Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978197833Delhi Police Act197834Press Council Act197837Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles) Act197840Britannia Engineering Company Limited (Mokameh Unit) and the Arthur Butler and Company (Muzaffarpore) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197841Bolani Ores Limited (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act197842Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act197843Sugar Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act197849Coconut Development Board Act19795Punjab Excise (Delhi Amendment) Act197912Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Act197924Kosangas Company (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197928Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act197930Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act197931Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act external source[permanent dead link]19807Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act198037Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198040Essential Services Maintenance (Assam) Act198041National Company (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198042Brahmaputra Board Act198046Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Act198052Hotel-Receipts Tax Act198054Company Secretaries Act198056Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198058Jute Companies (Nationalisation) Act198062Maruti Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198064National Security Act198065Bird and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings and Other Properties) Act198067Forest (Conservation) Act198069Hind Cycles Limited and Sen-Raleigh Limited (Nationalisation) Act198070Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act198114High Court and Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and Diu) Act198126Export-Import Bank of India Act198128British India Corporation Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act198129Cine-Workers Welfare Cess Act198130Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198131Cine-Workers Welfare Fund Act198133Burmah Oil Company (Acquisition of Shares of Oil India Limited and of the Undertakings in India of Assam Oil Company Limited and the Burmah Oil Company (India Trading) Limited) Act198141Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act198142Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act198148Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act198150National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act198161African Development Fund Act19821Sugar Cess Act19823Sugar Development Fund Act19824Chaparmukh Silghat Railway Line and the Katakhal Lalabazar Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act198236Chit Funds Act198240The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1982198241Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act198243National Waterway (Allahabad-Haldia Stretch of the Ganges-Bhagirathi, Hooghly River) Act198249Amritsar Oil Works (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198250State Bank of Sikkim (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act198262Anti-Hijacking Act198265Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act198266Andhra Scientific Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198271African Development Bank Act198313Jute Manufacturers Development Council Act198327Jute Manufactures Cess Act198328National Oil Seeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board Act198329Emigration Act198331Punjab Disturbed Areas Act198332Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act198333Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act198334Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act198335Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act198339Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act198340Transformer and Switchgear Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198341Public Financial Institutions (Obligation as to Fidelity and Secrecy) Act198348Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act19843Asiatic Society Act19845Ganesh Flour Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198416Inchek Tyres Limited and National Rubber Manufacturers Limited (Nationalisation) Act198417Mogul Line Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act198433Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act198436Aluminium Corporation of India Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Aluminium Undertaking) Act198443Indian Veterinary Council Act198452Hooghly Docking and Engineering Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings and Transfer) Act198455Bengal Immunity Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198457Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act198461Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act198462Family Courts Act198466National Capital Region Planning Board Act19852General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act19853Calcutta Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Temporary Provisions Act198510Administrative Tribunals Act198513Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act198521Handlooms (Reservation of Articles for Production) Act198522Tea Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Sick Tea Units) Act198537Indira Gandhi National Open University Act198550Pondicherry University Act198553Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act198554Intelligence Organisations (Restriction on Rights) Act198558Judges (Protection) Act198559Railway Protection Force (Amendment) Act198560Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act198561Central Excises and Salt (Amendment) Act198579Customs (Amendment) Act198580Banking Laws (Amendment) Act198581Inland Waterways Authority of India Act198582Futwah-Islampur Light Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act198583Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 Rep. by Act 1 of 04 (w.e.f.- - )19861Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 198519862Central Excise Tariff Act, 198519865Spices Board Act198610Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act198619Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act198625Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund (Repeal) Act198627Environment (Protection) Act198629Swadeshi Cotton Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198630Research and Development Cess Act198632Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act198633State of Mizoram Act198634Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act198646National Security Guard Act198647Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act198654Delhi Fire Prevention and Fire Safety Act198656Delhi Apartment Ownership Act198658Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act198660Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act198661Bureau of Indian Standards Act198663Shipping Development Fund Committee (Abolition) Act198666Consumer Protection Act198668State of Arunachal Pradesh Act198669Cotton Copra and Vegetable Oils Cess (Abolition) Act19874Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act198710Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act198713Mental Health Act198714Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act198716Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act followed by Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987198718Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act198722Expenditure-tax Act198735Brentford Electric (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198736National Dairy Development Board Act198737Legal Services Authorities Act198739Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act198747All India Council for Technical Education Act198752National Housing Bank Act198753Railway Claims Tribunal Act198754Chandigarh (Delegation of Powers) Act, 198719882Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 198719883Tamil Nadu Agricultural Service Co-operative Societies (Appointment of Special Officers) Amendment Act198822Companies (Amendment) Act198831Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act198833Special Protection Group Act198834National Waterway (Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch of the Brahmaputra River) Act198840Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act198841Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (Determination of Conditions of Service of Employees) Act198844Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988198845Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act198846Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988198849Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by certain Establishments) Act198851Auroville Foundation Act198854Jamia Millia Islamia Act198858Motor Vehicles Act198859National Highways Authority of India Act198868Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 198819892Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act19893Representation of the People (Amendment) Act198921Assam University Act198923Railways Act198924Employees' State Insurance (Amendment) Act198929Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989198933Nagaland University Act198935Small Industries Development Bank of India Act198939National Commission for Women Act199020Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act199021Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act199025Public Liability Insurance Act19916Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act199111Remittances of Foreign Exchange and Investment in Foreign Exchange Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act199141Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act199142Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act199144Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 199119921Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act199212Securities and Exchange Board of India Act199215Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act199216National Commission for Minorities Act199219Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act199222National Waterway (Kollam-Kottapuram Stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara and Udyogmandal Canals) Act199225Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act199227Rehabilitation Council of India Act199234Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act199235Central Agricultural University Act199240Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act199241Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act199323National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, the National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Limited and the North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission Systems) Act199324Gold Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act199325National Commission for Backward Classes Act199327Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act199328Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act Repealed by Act 27 of 2006 (w.e.f. date to be notified)199332Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act199333SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act199336Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Amendment Act199341Central Laws (Extension to Arunachal Pradesh) Act199344Tezpur University Act199345Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act199346Betwa River Board (Amendment) Act199349Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act199351National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act199364Oil and Natural Gas Commission (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act199365Public Records Act199369National Council for Teacher Education Act199373Kalakshetra Foundation Act, 199319946Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993199410Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act199413Manipur Panchayati Raj Act199426Punjab Gram Panchayat, Samities and Zilla Parishad (Chandigarh Repeal) Act199427Transplantation of Human Organs Act199442Manipur Municipalities Act199443New Delhi Municipal Council Act199444Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act199445Airports Authority of India Act199455Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission System) Act199456Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act199457Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act199458Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act19957National Environment Tribunal Act199527Delhi Rent Act199533Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act199539Wakf Act199543Technology Development Board Act199544Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 199519961Depositories Act199622Arbitration and Conciliation Act199626Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act199627Building and Other Construction Workers' Welfare Cess Act199628Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act[10]199640Maulana Azad National Urdu University Act, 199619972Mahatama Gandhi Antarashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Act, 199619973Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act19977Lalitkala Akademi (Taking Over of Management) Act199717National Environment Appellate Authority Act199722Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act199724Vice-President's Pension Act199730Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act199731National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act199813Lotteries (Regulation) Act199817Leaders of Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 199819995Delhi Development Authority (Validation of Disciplinary Powers) Act, 199819996Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act199915Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment and Validation) Act199940Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act199941Foreign Exchange Management Act199942National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act199944Trade Marks Act199947Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act199948Mizoram University Act20008Designs Act200016Direct-Tax Laws (Miscellaneous) Repeal Act200020Information Technology Act200021Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act200028Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act200029Bihar Reorganisation Act200030Chemical Weapons Convention Act200034Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act200037Coal India (Regulation of Transfer and Validation) Act200045Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act200052Central Road Fund Act200054Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act2000562001 – 2010[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 200120019Indian Council of World Affairs Act200129Advocates’ Welfare Fund Act200145Energy Conservation Act200152Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001200153Delimitation Act200233Haj Committee Act200235Foreign Aircraft (Exemption from Taxes and Duties on Fuel and Lubricants) Act200236Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act200239Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act200254Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act200258Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act200260Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act200262Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act200269Competition Act, 2002200312Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2002200313Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002200315Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002200317Biological Diversity Act, 2002200318Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003200334Electricity Act, 2003200336Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act200339Central Vigilance Commission Act200345Repatriation of Prisoners Act200349Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act200353Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003200401Customs and Central Excise Laws (Repeal) Act200425Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Act200426National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004200502Parel Investments and Trading Private Limited and Domestic Gas Private Limited (Taking over of Management) Repeal Act200514Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005200521Right to Information Act200522Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act200524University of Allahabad Act200526Bihar Value Added Tax Act200527Special Economic Zones Act200528Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act200529Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act200530National Rural Employment Guarantee Act200542Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005200543National Tax Tribunal Act200549State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005200550Disaster Management Act200553Manipur University Act200554Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act,2005200601Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005200604Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act200619Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act,2006200622Cess Laws (Repealing and Amending) Act,2006200624Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act,2006200627National Institute of Fashion Technology Act,2006200628Union Duties of Excise (Electricity) Distribution Repeal Act,2006200630Spirituous Preparations (Inter-State Trade And Commerce) Control (Repeal) Act, 2006200632Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006200634Actuaries Act, 2006200635Government Securities Act, 2006200638Cantonments Act, 2006200641Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006200644Produce Cess Laws (Abolition) Act, 2006200646Assam Rifles Act, 2006200647Uttaranchal (Alteration Of Name) Act, 2006200652Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 200620072Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 200620073Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 200620075Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 200620076English and Foreign Languages University Act, 200620077Rajiv Gandhi University Act, 200620078Tripura University Act, 200620079Sikkim University Act, 2006200710Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing With Prasar Bharati) Act, 2007200711National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007200729Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2007200737Carriage by Road Act, 2007200741Tyre Corporation of India Limited (Disinvestment Of Ownership) Act, 2007200750Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007200751Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007200752Sashastra Seema Bal Act, 2007200753Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Act, 2007200754Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry Act, 2008200819Indian Maritime University Act, 2008200822National Waterway (Talcher-Dhamra Stretch Of Rivers, Geonkhali-Charbatia Stretch of East Coast Canal, Charbatia-Dhamra Stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta Rivers) Act, 2008200823National Waterway (Kakinada-Puducherry Stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam-Rajahmundry Stretch of River Godavari And Wazirabad-Vijayawada Stretch of River Krishna) Act, 2008200824Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Of India Act, 2008200827Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008200833Gram Nyayalayas Act, 200820094Limited Liability Partnership Act, 200820096Collection of Statistics Act, 200820097South Asian University Act, 200820098Science and Engineering Research Board Act, 200820099Central Universities Act, 2009200925Prevention and Control Of Infectious And Contagious Diseases In Animals Act, 2009200927Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009200935Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 20092009Legal Metrology Act, 200920101Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act, 2010201016National Green Tribunal Act, 2010201019Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010201023Land Ports Authority of India Act, 2010201031Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2010201035Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010201038Nalanda University Act, 2010201039Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 20102010422011 – present[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Coinage Act, 2011201111Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011201115Factoring Regulation Act, 2011201212Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act, 2011201213Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012201232Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Act, 2012201235National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore Act, 2012201238Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013201314Companies Act 2013 .201318National Food Security Act, 2013201320National Pension Scheme201323Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013201325Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University Act, 2013201326Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013201330Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 201320141Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 201420146Street Vendors Act, 201420147Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Act, 2014201410Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 2014201416Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014201427The School of Planning and Architecture Act, 2014201437[11]Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011201417Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2015201536Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015201522Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016201631Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016201649Mental Healthcare Act, 2017201710Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[12]201712Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[13]201713Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[14]201714Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017201715Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017201716Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017201726Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017201727The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Act, 2017[15]20183See also[edit]List of amendments of the Constitution of IndiaLawmaking procedure in IndiaReferences[edit]Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts - 1851" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1851. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts - 1852" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1852. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1853. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Parliament story". Frontline. January 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2015.Jump up^ http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/Act%2017%20of%202015.pdfJump up^ "The Representation of the Peoples Act, 1950" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2014.Jump up^ "Andhra state act 1953". Retrieved 15 October 2013.Jump up^ THE FOOD CORPORATIONS ACT, 1964 Archived 9 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.Jump up^ "Andhra Pradesh And Mysore (Transfer Of Territory) Act, 1968". Retrieved 1 November2013.Jump up^ Ministry of Panchayati Raj-PESA ,Government of IndiaJump up^ http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SPAact2014.pdfJump up^ "Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2017.Jump up^ "Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2017.Jump up^ "Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September2017.Jump up^ "Extraordinary Gazette entry; The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Act, 2017. Vishakapatnam, Andra Pradesh" (PDF).External links[edit]List of Central ActsLaw Ministry - Text of Central Acts (1851-2011)India Code Information SystemhidevteIndian legislationConstitution of India (amendments)Indian Penal CodeCode of Criminal Procedure, 1973Acts of the ParliamentOrdinanceIn ForceConsumerReal Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016Consumer Protection Act, 1986Essential Commodities ActEssential Services Maintenance ActCorruptionBenami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011CriminalArmed Forces (Special Powers) ActArmed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007Arms Act, 1959Army Act, 1950Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products ActIndian Evidence ActJuvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015National Security Act (India)Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989EducationIndian Institutes of Management Act, 2017Institutes of Technology Act, 1961National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009University Grants Commission Act, 1956EnvironmentAir (Prevention and Control of Pollution) ActBiological Diversity Act, 2002CAMPA billEnvironment Protection Act, 1986Indian Forest Act, 1927National Green Tribunal ActPrevention of Cruelty to Animals ActProtection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001Wildlife Protection Act, 1972FinancialAadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016Banking Regulation Act, 1949Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities ActDepositories ActThe Electricity Act, 2003Expenditure Tax Act, 1987Finance Act (India)Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010Foreign Exchange Management ActGeographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999Government Securities Act, 2006Indian Contract Act, 1872Indian Stamp Act, 1899Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016Insurance Act, 1938Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002The Competition Act, 2002The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978The Income-tax Act, 1961Transfer of Property Act 1882Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976HealthcareCentral Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010Dentist ActDrugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954Indian Medical Council ActMental Health Act, 1987Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985Mental Health Care Act, 2017LabourBonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976Factories Act,1948, IndiaIndustrial Disputes Act, 1947Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017Minimum Wages Act 1948National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008PersonalHindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)Majority Act (India)Hindu Minority and Guardianship ActHindu Succession Act, 1956Special Marriage Act, 1954The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986SocialRights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) ActIndecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) ActNational Food Security Act, 2013Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006Street Vendors Act, 2014State LawsAnti-Superstition and Black Magic ActThe Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime ActThe Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities ActState ReorganisationAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966States Reorganisation Act, 1956Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000TerrorismUnlawful Activities (Prevention) ActTransportAircraft ActMotor Vehicles Act, 1988National Waterways Act, 2016Inland Vessels ActMetro Railways Act, 1978Metro Railway Act, 2002Organisation / BodyChartered Accountants Act, 1949Companies Act 2013Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008Indian Trusts Act, 1882Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934The Indian Partnership Act, 1932Societies Registration Act, 1860The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008RepealRepealing and Amending Act, 2015Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015Repealing and Amending Act, 2016Repealing and Amending Act, 2017Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017OtherAll India Services Act, 1951Delimitation ActEnemy Property Act, 1968Information Technology Act, 2000Nuclear Liability ActOfficial Secrets Act (India)Representation of the People Act, 1951Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013Right to Information Act, 2005State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005The Foreigners Act, 1946RepealedPre-IndependenceAge of Consent Act, 1891Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850Criminal Tribes ActHindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856English Education Act 1835Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907Post-IndependenceAnti-Copying Act, 1992Foreign Exchange Regulation ActGift Tax Act, 1958Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983Interest Tax Act, 1974Maintenance of Internal Security ActPrevention of Terrorism Act, 2002Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) ActThe Gold (Control) Act, 1968Wealth Tax Act, 1957BillsProposedForeign Education Providers Bill, 2013Geospatial Information Regulation BillGujarat Control of Organised Crime ActMarriage Laws Amendment BillRoad Transport and Safety BillUniform civil codeLapsedJudges Assets BillWomen's Reservation BillTo answer your question, at present there are, 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98 amendments in the Indian Constitution. As compared to when it was written it had, 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement. Although, the others have already answered about the number