Form 129 Order 73 Rule 3 In The Federal Court Of: Fill & Download for Free

This is a super long answer that will take you on a photo tour of history.1.Charming Einstein. CNN article, Einstein and sandals.2.In 1974, a child who first heard a sound with a hearing aid.3.In 1920, U.S. border inspectors stopped refugees from fleeing to Mexico.4.On Sweden's first day of changing traffic rules to right in 1967, all drivers were at a loss what to drive.5.In 1920, a tramp asked King George V of England for money.6.Slimming machines in the 1930s in the United States.7.In 1956, 3.75MB hard disk was removed from Pan Am aircraft.8.In 1955, a father prepared a surprise for the child.9.Austrian children receiving new shoes during World War II.10.One of the earliest photos of the Sphinx in Egypt, taken in 1880.11.In 1944, 18-year-old Norma Jane Mortensen worked in a California factory. Later, she changed her name to "Marilyn Monroe".12.In 1979, Obama took photos with other basketball team members at his alma mater.13.In 1969, Hillary Rodham, who had just graduated from college, changed her name to Hillary Clinton after she got married.14.1958: Elvis Presley in the army.15.In 1944, British distilleries used fighter planes to transport barreled beer to officers and soldiers on the front line.16.In 1975, Vietnam War Orphans were shipped to Los Angeles.17.In 1998, Sudan's civil war killed at least 100 people a day. In MSF's camp, the scrawny boy lines up to get his food, but at this moment is snatched by another man, then strides away…18.In 1932, construction workers rested on steel beams during construction of RCA buildings in New York City.At that time, in the era of the great depression, the unemployment rate was very high, many college students became construction workers, and even six Harvard graduates interviewed for an elevator operator position.19.Hitchcock served tea for the MGM lion. Yes, the one who often appeared at the beginning of a movie.20.On June 17, 1991, a small truck fled from the foot of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. This is the second largest eruption in the 20th century.21.Soldiers share bananas with lambs during the war, 194422.Tomb of women and husbands of different religions, 1888.23.French little girl kisses American soldiers on Valentine's day, 1945.24.In 1992, Michael vs. Michael. Michael Jordan and Michael Jackson.25.In 1990, Michael Jackson was invited to attend an opening ceremony. The owner who invited him became president of the United States 26 years later. His name is Donald Trump.26.In 1955, customers at the London record store auditioned for records in a soundproof room.27.In 1911, the diving suit developed weighed 250 kg, which was the ancestor of diving suit later.28.In 1994, Bill Gates sat on 330000 pieces of paper with a CD in his hand and told the world:The CD can record more than 330000 pieces of paper.29.Little girl with penguin in zoo, 1937.30.Blind women swimming with guide dogs, 196631.Black kitten waiting for milk, 195432.In 1964, a hotel owner poured sulfuric acid into a swimming pool because he could not tolerate black people swimming in a "clean" pool.33.The last kiss of World War II soldiers before going to sea.34.In 1956, Grace Kelly and Audrey Hepburn were backstage at the Oscars.35.In September 1960, Chiang Kai Shek, who had always been serious in front of the media, put out his tongue to make a face.36.Courts of the Qing Dynasty in China.37.In 1923, the British tested the new bulletproof vest.38.In 1958, elephants were surfing.39.Nuns and children dancing.40.On May 29, 1974, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai finally shook hands and said goodbye, and Zhou was admitted to the hospital that night.41.A group photo of Mei Lanfang, a master of art in the East, and Chaplin, a master of art in the West.42.In the winter of the late Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi enjoyed the snow.43.Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, was being renovated at the Fushun war criminals Management Institute and was sewing his own clothes.44.Girls on the streets of Kabul, Afghanistan in the 1970s45.During the cold war, a West Berlin man kicked the East Berlin police46.The statue of liberty in 1970s47.Former US President Ford, playing traditional games with Japanese Geisha in Tokyo.48.A soldiers of the Royal Guard fainted during a review by Queen Elizabeth II.49.Princess Elizabeth, who served in the army in World War II, later the queen of England.50.The imperial garden of the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century -- Yuanmingyuan.It will soon be destroyed by the British and French invaders.51.In 1944, in order to prevent Hitler from running away in disguise, the Allied forces released this set of pictures of "Hitler's possible disguise".52.Iran, 1960, women in fashion. It's very different from today.53.In 1960, ruby bridges was the first African American to enter a white primary school in the south of the United States.54.In 1947, the 23-year-old woman jumped from the 86th floor of the Empire State Building and smashed into the roof of a car on the street. Strangely, she didn't suffer too much shock. Her death was quiet and elegant, just like sleeping.55.In 1952, the paramount theater in Hollywood, the first color 3D film in history, Bwana devil.56.It was on April 18, 1955, when Einstein left the office with the table set, he died that night.57.In the early 1990s, when AIDS was spreading, a father was comforting his dying son in his hospital bed. The photo, published in the November issue of life in 1990, is widely believed to have changed public awareness of AIDS.58.In Arlington, Texas, in 1991, then President H.W. Bush kicked off for major league baseball.59.In 1963, Arnold Schwarzenegger was in his first bodybuilding competition when he was just 16 years old.60.In 1945, after the capture of Berlin, a Soviet soldier held a statue of Hitler.61.During the first World War, a British photographer shot a trench battle. What was on the night sky was not fireworks, but the light track formed by the mutual firing of mortars.62.Anthony Biddle, a famous Colonel, is a master of unarmed combat. In this picture, he ordered his trainees to stab him with bayonets, but they never did, because he was able to disarm them by himself.63.Many people forget the impact of war on nature and human beings. In this photo, a Russian Reindeer is watching as Hurricane fighters bombard a hillside in Murmansk.64.A group photo of the legendary fighter Ali and the Beatles.65.This photo was taken by Fortune magazine in 1981 and is being discussed by two technology leaders. What are they talking about? Maybe it's the future of technology.66.Titanic before sinking, 705th survivor photographed by RMS Carpathia photographer on board.67.Mark Zuckerberg started Facebook in his dorm when he was a sophomore at Harvard. He looks like he's drunk, and no one knows that the social software will bring him tens of billions of dollars.68.The picture of 1862 shows for the first time the actual operation of the metro train at edgewell Road Station in London. It is only composed of wooden train carriages.69.Stalin made funny moves between the documentary.70.American astronaut Buzz Aldrin may not be the first man to land on the moon, but he is the best self portrait ever taken. Completed the selfie at the Gemini space ship in 1966.Although the length of this answer will be too long, I will continue to add some historical photos, you can choose to continue reading~71.Dubai 22 years transformation.72.1912, test football helmets.73.In 1940, after the London air raid, a young man read in the ruins, the title of the book is "the history of London". Churchill and Rufus were in chatterwell in 1950.74.On August 23, 1989, two million Lithuanians,Latvians and Estonians joined hands to form an adult wall to protest peacefully against Soviet rule.75.1981 LEGO ad.76.In 1965, Hawking married Jane Wilde.76.In 1885, the statue of Liberty was completed in Paris.77.In 1961, Fritz, a TV star bulldog.78.On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. made a speech on "I have a dream". it looked at the Washington Monument from the Lincoln Memorial.79.The B-29 bomber flew over Mount Fuji.80.The 14-year-old signed for Manchester United.81.In the 1960s, London, the classic red double decker bus, the little boy crossing the street and his "mini double decker bus".82.In November 1963, de Gaulle attended Kennedy's funeral.83.In 1966, George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the US Nazi party, gave a speech in Lafite square near the White House to support the US Army in Vietnam.84.In 1946, the cemetery of Henry chapel in Belgium, where 7992 American soldiers died in World War II were buried.85.In 1968, IGBO soldiers in Nigeria's civil war.86.On May 1, 1919, Lenin gave a speech on International Labor Day in red square.87.In 1918, in front of Grand Central Station in New York, a pyramid was made of helmets of German soldiers.88.In 1965, the man skated in New York Central Park.89.In 1948, the redecorated White House.90.In 1942, the Ukrainian city of Kerch was slaughtered by the Nazis.91.In 1972, Americans were in Vietnam.92.On April 29, 1945, American soldiers found a boxcar full of corpses in DAHAO concentration camp.93.In 1970, old Truman was in his hometown,independence city.94.When Nixon visited China in 1972, he was thinking about how to use chopsticks.95.On September 12, 1953, the Kennedy couple married.96.In 1957, in Berkshire, Elizabeth II drove by herself, carrying Prince Charles and Princess Anne on the road.97.In 1960, the Sydney Opera House was under construction.98.In 1965, the pageos balloon satellite was tested in a airship hangar in North Carolina. It looks like an alien spaceship or a product of the future, with a strong sense of technology.99.In 1971, the men of the Corleone family.The welcome of this answer surprised me!At the same time, a photo causes controversy, and I will replace it.The choice of these photos is random. You can see that they can be "big" or "small". You may find that a picture of a person who influences the world is a life scene. This is what I think of as history - these people, regardless of their influence, are part of history. They will all live in the memory of some people.I am willing to share those most precious memories, and I choose to continue this answer and finally complete it.100.The little actors in the movie Harry Potter, Emma and Rupert.101.The Empire State Building after it was hit by B-25 on July 28, 1945.102.Theodore Roosevelt, the US president who took part in boxing at Harvard.103.In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution.104.In 1992, when the "Rodney king" uprising in Losangeles, South Koreans were defending their homes.105.In 1944, the Royal Albert Hall in London, "a salute to the Red Army".106.Goering in the Nuremberg trial.107.Halloween, 1925.108.In September 1997, outside Kensington Palace, people gave flowers to Princess Diana.109.John browning and his m1917 water-cooled machine gun.110.Kennedy and Johnson were at Cape Canaveral Air Base during the Cuban missile crisis.111.In the spring of Prague in 1968, Soviet tanks entered Czechoslovakia.112.Fidel Castro and the world's first astronaut Yuri Gagarin warmly embraced.113.Castro laid a wreath for Lincoln in Washington.114.In 1980, Spielberg examined the model at the scene of the shooting of "the Raider.".115.Star Wars, Millennium Falcon cockpit.116.Hitler examined the 800mm Gustav super heavy rail gun.117.On the wedding day of Joseph Goebbels, Hitler was his best man. Hitler walked behind the bride and groom in his coat and hat.118.The first picture in space, 1946 after World War II, was taken by some soldiers and scientists with a German V2 rocket equipped with a camera.119.Henry Ford.(Ford founder), Edison(phonograph, camera, light bulb inventor), Warren Harding(29th president of the United States) and Harvey Firestone (founder of Firestone)chat together.120.During World War II, the B-29 super fortress bomber, the "little boy", was hurled over Hiroshima.121.The quagga, a subspecies of the common zebra, died out in the late 19th century. It is the only live burro photographed, London Zoo, 1870.122.This is the cover photo of the Beatles' famous album Abbey Road, right? No, this is a picture of them coming back to the opposite side of the street in the opposite direction.123.In 1962, F1 pilots launched at ultra-low altitude. The pilots survived but suffered multiple fractures.124.Manhattan, 1908.125.On April 12, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested in Birmingham for an unauthorized demonstration.126.Before NASA had PowerPoint.127.Fallen man, World Trade Center, 9.11, 2001.128.In 1945, Mona Lisa returned to the Louvre after World War II.129.Memphis, Tennessee, the first Piggly wiggly, opened in 1916, which is the first truly self selected supermarket.130.Around 1930, Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Party headquarters.131.At the end of World War II, the Soviet sniper Lyudmila pavrichenko, who had killed 309 enemies, was the most capable female sniper in history.132.In 1963, John Lennon was at Abbey Road studio.133.In 1943, German soldiers took a break and played with a kitten.134.Staff canteen of Disneyland in 1961.135.The first McDonald's uncle, Willard Scott.136.A steamboat on the Mississippi River in 1907.137.On September 11, 2001, there was no airliner over the United States. They landed at the airport nearby. Many small airports have a lot of large wide bodied airliners parked, and they are waiting for instructions to resume.138.A Japanese plane that was killed in the battle of Saipan in 1944.139.In 1909, Tolstoy told his granddaughter a story.140.California loggers cut redwoods.141.Japanese samurai probably photographed between 1860 and 1880.142.Osama bin Laden, 14, second from the right.143.In 1999, Google employees.144.Churchill went swimming.144.In 1868, a Native American looked down on the newly built first transcontinental railway. Build the statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro.145.1911 Times Square, New York.146.Che Guevara.147.1944, London, Ronald Dahl and Hemingway.148.1870s, Fiji mountain warrior.149.In 1942, Erwin Rommel, known as "Fox of the desert", was in the western desert of the North African battlefield.150.On April 22, 1970, the first World Earth Day, more than 7000 people gathered in Philadelphia's Independence Square.continue151.In 1947, when the prisoners of war returned to Vienna, a mother was asking for information about her son.152.A worker lies on the arm of a mercury statue at Grand Central Station in New York.153.In 1891, the old Bismarck and his two dogs.154.1940 anti war protesters in Washington, D.C.155.In 1974, a Chinese martial arts delegation visited the United States. Kissinger shook hands with a young man. He later became a Chinese martial arts superstar, Jet Li.156.The crew of the Soviet cruiser "red Caucasus" and its pet bear.157.On May 3, 1963, in Birmingham, the United States, these children were arrested for violating the apartheid law.158.On November 1, 1952, the first nuclear fusion weapon, "Ivy Mack".159.March may 1871, roadblocks in the Paris Commune Movement.160.On July 21, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Marina ginesta, a 17-year-old girl who is a member of the Youth Federation of the Communist Party of Spain, overlooks the chaotic Barcelona.161.On New Year's Eve in 1977, Shah of Iran and Jimmy Carter met. Shortly afterwards, a revolution broke out in Iran.162.In 1911, East London police disguised themselves as dockmen in an investigation into drug smuggling.163.Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Federation of fascists, East London, October 4, 1936.164.In 1925, stuntmen Gladys Roy and Ivan Unger played tennis on a flying plane.165.In 1963, Shi Guangde burned himself in South Vietnam to protest against the religious oppression of the South Vietnamese government and the United States.166.In 1914, Brooklyn bridge builders.167.In April 1954, the West Germans released balloons full of propaganda materials to the East.168.In 1935, “big” cats and “small” cat at the zoo in Tacoma, Washington.169.In October 1927, the fifth Solvay conference was held in Brussels, Belgium. This is the most complete photo of the world's heavyweight scientists.the photo includ:The Nobel Prize winners in physics are Lorentz 1902, Curie 1903, Bragg 1915, Planck 1918, Einstein 1921, Bohr 1922, Compton 1927, Heisenberg 1932, Schrodinger 1933, Dirac 1933, Pauli 1945, born 1954. The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Madame Curie in 1911 and Debye in 1936.170.The three giants of Yalta: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.171.Life magazine published on December 2, 1957 has a humorous animal column. At that time, the picture title was "high-income Alpaca in big cities". The note is "Alpaca Linda is driving home on Broadway. She just finished filming a TV show on ABC New York, and now she can relax and stretch her neck to enjoy the lights on the most famous street in the world. "172.It's hard to imagine Soviet soldiers and American soldiers doing so well. After the anti fascist victory in 1945, the Soviet Union and the US army got together.173.In 1985, the guerrillas attacked the Ministry of justice of Bogot á, and even the tanks entered!174.Moscow, 1977. The lights on the tall building make up the "CCCP", which is very spectacular.175.Soviet fashion women in the 1970s.176.In 1961, ham, the first chimpanzee in space, returned to earth.177.Kennedy played "Princess and Prince" with his daughter.178.Around 1935, Ferdinand Porsche showed Hitler the Volkswagen Beetle.179.During the London bombing, St Paul's Cathedral remained intact after an air raid.180.During the 1973 oil crisis, people had a picnic on the highway.181.In 1939, people entered the temporary air raid shelter in Chongqing.182.In 1958, a car theater in the United States broadcast "Ten Commandments".183.In 1943, native people in the Pacific Ocean appreciated the F4U pirate fighter.184.1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall.185.In 1963, American pilots watched a napalm bomb attack from the cockpit in Vietnam.186.In 1990, when Eastern Europe was in chaos, a 106 year old Armenian man defended her house with a gun.187.Windows 95 is available.188."The Last Jew of Vinica," Ukraine, 1942.189.One of the best representatives of the great depression was "wandering mother" in Oklahoma in 1936. Florence Owen Thompson, 32, has seven children.190.In 1945, two Soviet soldiers held up the Soviet flag on the roof of the German parliament building in Berlin.191.In the Nanjing Massacre, which began in 1937, Japanese soldiers killed 300000 people by cruel means.192.In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Chinese soldiers rescued a child from the ruins. This famous picture is called "unite as one, hold up life".193.The opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is known as the grandest opening ceremony in history.194.In 1956, an apartheid ice cream shop in Alabama.195.On July 16, 1969, the rocket carrying Apollo 11 broke through the sound barrier.196.In 1945, allied soldiers jeered at Hitler's Nazi gestures on the balcony of the German Chancellor's office.197.In the 1950s, Soviet soldiers fed polar bears in armored vehicles.198.1970s, Los Angeles, the bus to the beach.199.In 1938, Tibetan noble soldiers drinking tea in Suozi armour.200.In 1950, a steam engine passed the Detroit highway.This picture gives us the illusion that two times are combined.201.At the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, the Hindenburg airship flew over the main venue.202.In 1916, Diana Manas, 24, was called "the beauty of the century".203.In 1924, Lenin and Stalin.204.The cover of Time, May 19, 1980.205.On August 1, 1971, Apollo 15 members placed an aluminum sculpture "fallen astronauts" on the moon in memory of 14 American and Soviet astronauts who died in space flight or training.206.In 1944, the Soviet Union took action in baghlakion.207.On December 7, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, New York citizens snapped up newspapers.208.In 1957, the first computer of Norwich City government was transported to the office of the financial department.209.In 1972, IRA fighters opened fire on British troops in Northern Ireland.210.In 1965, a civil rights activist was arrested during a protest in front of the Los Angeles government building.211.In the 1950s and 1960s, American real estate companies began to advertise nuclear bomb hole.212.The Kalinan diamond (star of Africa), discovered in South Africa on January 26, 1905, is the largest natural diamond raw stone to date.Top: raw stone;middle: 9 diamonds after cutting;bottom: glass imitation.213.On December 15, 1941, a week after the Pearl Harbor incident, Ruth Lee, a waitress in a Chinese restaurant, planted the flag of the Republic of China on the beach in Miami to avoid being recognized as a Japanese.214.In 1994, in Rwanda, more than 1.5 million people died in the Holocaust in three months.215.Khmer Rouge, an organized "self extinction".216.Chernobyl in 1981, the most serious nuclear accident in history. Soviet helicopters are throwing sand to bury radioactive dust.217.Tagore, an Indian poet, was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for literature.218.Nehru and Gandhi.219.In 1994, friends began broadcasting.220.In January 2007, the first generation of iPhone was released, which opened the "Apple mobile era".221.On July 8, 2011, during the sts-135 mission, the space shuttle Atlantis lifted off, marking the end of the space shuttle era, which lasted for 31 years.222.It's the first picture ever taken in France in 1825. It took eight hours to exposure.end

When I looked at your article, it seemed to have roughly equal numbers from both parties. So I wrote a quick program to count them up. You are correct that there are only 57 Democrats compared to 64 Republicans (all listed below).But I’m not convinced of your pattern. For one thing the list is not complete. For another, there’s a huge variation in charges. The first Republican entry, for example is 11 days in jail for DWI, while the first Democratic one is 3 and a half years in prison for bribery. I think a complete list, weighted for severity, would show about equal for both parties.I did a word count on the lists to get some crude idea of any differences between the parties. Here are the most common words excluding common English words that don’t convey much information, along with how often the words showed up for each party.Campaign violations seem equal, as does fraud. But Republicans seem much more likely to perjure and obstruct, while Democrats conspire. Republicans seems to get lighter penalties, more fines, jail, probation, resignation and suspended sentences; less prison and sentenced. Depending on your partisanship, you can assume Democrats commit worse crimes, or Republicans get lighter treatment from courts. There is a huge gender gap in federal crimes, but the Democrats are more equal than the Republicans.One surprise is only two from each party were pardoned, I had an idea that federal officials convicted of crimes had good chances of pardons. Also, four Democrats but no Republicans were re-elected.DemocratsAlbert Bustamante (D-Texas) was convicted of accepting bribes and sentenced to three and one-half years in prison. (1993) [69]Alcee Hastings (D), Federal District court judge impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate of soliciting a bribe (1989).[166] Subsequently, elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1992)Andrew J. May (D-Kentucky) Convicted of accepting bribes in 1947 from a war munitions manufacturer. Was sentenced to 9 months in prison, after which he was pardoned by Truman (D) in 1952.[143]Anthony Weiner (D-NY)[3] was convicted of sending sexually explicit photos of himself to a 15-year-old girl and was made to sign the sexual offenders register. (2017)[4]Austin Murphy (D-PA) was convicted of one count of voter fraud for filling out absentee ballots for members of a nursing home. (1999) [55]Bertram Podell (D-New York), pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest. He was fined $5,000 and served four months in prison. (1974)[123]Carl C. Perkins (D-Kentucky) pleaded guilty to a check kiting scheme involving several financial institutions (including the House Bank).[58]Carroll Hubbard (D-Kentucky) was convicted of illegally funneling money to his wife's 1992 campaign to succeed him in congress.[59]Chaka Fattah (D-PA) was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering, fraud, and other corruption charges. (2016)[10]Charles Diggs (D-Michigan), convicted on 29 charges of mail fraud and filing false payroll forms which formed a kickback scheme with his staff. Sentenced to 3 years (1978) [110]Cornelius Gallagher (D-New Jersey) pleaded guilty to tax evasion, and served two years in prison.[130]Corrine Brown (D-FL) was convicted on 18 felony counts of wire and tax fraud, conspiracy, lying to federal investigators, and other corruption charges. (2017)[5]Dan Flood (D-PA) censured for bribery. After a trial ended in a deadlocked jury, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a year's probation.[103][104]Dan Rostenkowski (D-IL) was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison, in 1995.[63]Daniel Brewster (D-Maryland) pleaded no contest to accepting "an unlawful gratuity without corrupt intent."[134]Darleen A. Druyun (D), Principal Deputy United States Under Secretary of the Air Force.[46] She pleaded guilty to inflating the price of contracts to favor her future employer, Boeing. In October 2004, she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service.(2005).[47] CBS News called it "the biggest Pentagon scandal in 20 years" and said that she pleaded guilty to a felony.[48]Frank Ballance (D-NC) admitted to federal charges of money laundering and mail fraud in October 2005 and was sentenced to four years in prison. (2005)[40]Frank Boykin (D-Alabama) Was placed on probation and fined $40,000 following conviction in a case involving a conflict of interest and conspiracy to defraud the government. He was pardoned by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964.[137]Frank Brasco (D-New York) Sentenced to three months in jail and fined $10,000 for conspiracy to accept bribes from a reputed Mafia figure who sought truck leasing contracts from the Post Office and loans to buy trucks.[105]Frank M. Clark (D-Pennsylvania) pleaded guilty to mail fraud and tax evasion on June 12, 1979 and sentenced to two years in prison.[112]Frank Thompson (D-NJ) Sentenced to 3 years.[94]Frank W. Boykin (D-AL) was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest in July 1963.[135]Fred Richmond (D-New York) – Convicted of tax fraud and possession of marijuana. Served 9 months in prison. Charges of soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy were dropped after he submitted to counseling. (1978) [109]Frederick W. Richmond (D-NY), Convicted of tax evasion and possession of marijuana. Served 9 months (1982) [102]Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) Convicted on 9 counts of bribery and conspiracy. Sentenced to 3 years in prison.[89]Harry Claiborne (D), Federal District court Judge was tried and convicted of federal tax evasion; he served over one year in prison (1983). He was later impeached by the House, convicted by the Senate and removed from office (1986).[169]James M. Curley (D-Massachusetts) fined $1,000 and served six-months for fraud before Harry S. Truman commuted the rest of his sentence.[144]Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D-IL) pleaded guilty February 20, 2013, to one count of wire and mail fraud in connection with his misuse of $750,000 in campaign funds. Jackson was sentenced to two and one-half years' imprisonment. (2013)[18]Jim Traficant (D-OH) was found guilty on ten felony counts of financial corruption, sentenced to eight years in prison and expelled from the House of Representatives. (2002) [42]Joe Kolter (D-Pennsylvania) pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy and sentenced to 6 months in prison.(1996)[64][65]John H. Hoeppel (D-CA) convicted in 1936 of selling an appointment to the West Point Military Academy. He was fined $1,000 and sentenced to 4–12 months in jail.[145]John Jenrette (D-SC) sentenced to two years in prison for bribery and conspiracy.[90]John M. Murphy (D-NY) Served 20 months of a 3-year sentence.[95]John V. Dowdy (D-Texas), Allegedly tried to stop a federal investigation of a construction firm. He served 6 months in prison for perjury. (1973) [121][122]Joshua Eilberg (D-PA) pleaded guilty to conflict-of-interest charges. In addition, he convinced president Carter to fire the U.S. Attorney investigating his case.[105]Laura Richardson (D-CA) was found guilty on seven counts of violating US House rules by improperly using her staff to campaign for her, destroying the evidence and tampering with witness testimony. The House Ethics Committee ordered Richardson to pay a fine of $10,000. (2012)[19][20]Lieutenant General Michael Flynn (D) National Security Advisor. Pled guilty to lying to the FBI. (2017)[1]Mario Biaggi (D-NY) Convicted of obstruction of justice and accepting illegal gratuities he was sentenced to 2½ years in prison and fined $500K. (1987)[97]Mary Rose Oakar (D-Ohio) pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor campaign finance charge not related to the House Bank.[60]Matthew Lyon (Democratic Republican-Kentucky). First Congressman to be recommended for censure after spitting on Roger Griswold (Federalist-Connecticut). The censure failed to pass.[158] Separately, found guilty of violating Alien and Sedition Acts and sentenced to four months in jail, during which time he was re-elected (1798) [159]Mel Reynolds (D-IL) was convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography. (1997) He was later convicted of 12 counts of bank fraud. (1999) Reynolds served his entire sentence stemming from the first conviction and served 42 months in prison for the bank fraud conviction at which point his sentence was commuted by President Bill Clinton.[49] As a result, Reynolds was released from prison and served his remaining time in a halfway house.[50][51]Michael Myers (D-PA) Accepted $50K saying, "...money talks and bullshit walks." Sentenced to 3 years and was expelled from the House.[93]Michael Myers (D-Pennsylvania) Received suspended six-month jail term after pleading no contest to disorderly conduct charged stemming from an incident at a Virginia bar in which he allegedly attacked a hotel security guard and a cashier.[111]Nicholas Mavroules (D-Massachusetts) was convicted of extortion, accepting illegal gifts and failing to report them on congressional disclosure and income tax forms. Mavroules pleaded guilty to fifteen counts in April 1993 and was sentenced to a fifteen-month prison term. (1993) [67][68]Raymond Lederer (D-PA) "I can give you me" he said after accepting $50K. Sentenced to 3 years.[92]Richard T. Hanna (D-CA), convicted in an influence-buying scandal. (1974)[124]Richard Tonry (D-Louisiana) pleaded guilty to receiving illegal campaign contributions.[113]Robert Frederick Collins (D), Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, was convicted of bribery and sentenced to six years, ten months. (1991)[167]Robert Garcia (D-NY) sentenced to 2½ years.[98]Ted Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) US Senator, drove his car into the channel between Chappaquiddick Island and Martha's Vineyard, killing passenger Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and received a suspended sentence of two months (1969)[129]Thomas F. Johnson (D-Maryland) was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest regarding the receipt of illegal gratuities.[136]Thomas J. Lane (D-Massachusetts) convicted for evading taxes on his congressional income. Served 4 months in prison, but was re-elected three more times.[138] before his 1962 defeat due to re-districting. (1956) [139]Thomas Porteous (D), Federal Judge of the U.S. Eastern District of Louisiana was impeached, convicted and removed from office December 8, 2010, on charges of bribery and lying to Congress. (2010)[160][161]Wade Sanders (D), Deputy Assistant United States Secretary of the Navy, for Reserve Affairs, was sentenced to 37 months in prison on one charge of possession of child pornography. (2009)[43][44][45]Walter Fauntroy (D-District of Columbia) was convicted of filing false disclosure forms to hide unauthorized income.[61]Walter Nixon (D) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi was impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate for perjury November 3, 1989.[168]William J. Jefferson (D-LA) was charged in August 2005 after the FBI seized $90,000 in cash from his home freezer. He was re-elected to the House in 2006, but lost in 2008. He was convicted November 13, 2009, of 11 counts of bribery and sentenced to 13 years in prison. (2009)[36] Jefferson's Chief of Staff Brett Pfeffer, was sentenced to 84 months for bribery. (2006) [37]RepublicansFrank Horton (New York politician) (R-NY) Pleaded guilty to Driving While Intoxicated (arrested at 105 mph) served 11 days jail(1976)[116][117]Albert Fall (R) Secretary of the Interior who was bribed by Harry F. Sinclair for control of the Teapot Dome federal oil reserves in Wyoming. He was the first U.S. cabinet member to ever be convicted; he served two years in prison. (1922) [150]Andrew J. Hinshaw (R-CA) US Representative was convicted of accepting bribes. He served one year in prison. (1977)[114][115]Bill Janklow (R-SD) was convicted of second-degree manslaughter for running a stop sign and killing a motorcyclist. Resigned from the House and given 100 days in the county jail and three years probation. (2003)[41]Bob Ney (R-OH) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements as a result of his receiving trips from Abramoff in exchange for legislative favors. Ney received 30 months in prison. (2007)[38]Bob Packwood (R-OR), 19 women accused him of sexual misconduct. He fought the allegations, but eventually, the US Senate Ethics Committee found him guilty of a "pattern of abuse of his position of power and authority” and recommended that he be expelled from the Senate. He resigned on Sept. 7, 1995.[52]Buz Lukens (R-Ohio) convicted of bribery and conspiracy.[57]Catalina Vasquez Villalpando, (R) Treasurer of the United States, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice and tax evasion. (1992)[66]Charles Colson (R) Special Counsel to the President for Public Liaison, convicted of obstruction of justice. Served 7 months.Claude Allen (R) Director of the Domestic Policy Council, was arrested for a series of felony thefts in retail stores. (2006) He was convicted on one count and resigned soon after.[35]David Durenberger Senator (R-Minnesota) denounced by Senate for unethical financial transactions and then disbarred (1990). He pleaded guilty to misuse of public funds and given one year probation (1995) [70]David Safavian (R) Administrator for the Office of Management and Budget[27] where he set purchasing policy for the entire government.[28][29] He was found guilty of blocking justice and lying,[30] and sentenced to 18 months. (2008)[31][32]Dennis Hastert (R-IL) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives pleaded guilty in court for illegally structuring bank transactions related to payment of $3.5 million to quash allegations of sexual misconduct with a student when he was a high school teacher and coach decades ago.[11] (2016)Duke Cunningham (R-CA) pleaded guilty November 28, 2005, to charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion in what came to be called the Cunningham scandal and was sentenced to over eight years in prison. (2005)[39]Dwight Chapin (R) Secretary to the President of the United States, convicted of perjury.Earl Butz (R) United States Secretary of Agriculture. He was charged with failing to report more than $148,000 in 1978. Butz pleaded guilty to the tax evasion charge and was sentenced to 30 days in jail and five years of probation and was ordered to make restitution. He served 25 days behind bars before his release.[118][119]Edwin Reinecke (R-CA) convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months in prison as part of the Watergate investigation.Egil Krogh (R) United States Undersecretary of Transportation, sentenced to six months.Elliott Abrams (R) Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, convicted of withholding evidence. Given 2 years probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush.[86]Ernest K. Bramblett (R-California) Received a suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine in 1955 for making false statements in connection with payroll padding and kickbacks from congressional employees.[140]General David Petraeus (R)[8] Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. On April 23, 2015, a federal judge sentenced Petraeus to two years’ probation plus a fine of $100,000 for providing classified information to Lieutenant Colonel Paula Broadwell.(2015)[9]George V. Hansen (R-ID) censured for failing to fill out disclosure forms. Spent 15 months in prison.[101]George V. Hansen (R-ID) US Representative, first member of Congress to be convicted of violating a new 1971 campaign law requiring disclosure of financial contributions(1974)[132][133]Greg Gianforte (R-MT) pled guilty to charge of assault. (2017)[6][7]H. R. Haldeman (R) White House Chief of Staff, convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. Served 18 months in prison.Harry E. Rowbottom, (R-IN) was convicted in Federal court of accepting bribes from persons who sought post office appointments. He served one year in Leavenworth.(1931)[147]Henry B. Cassel (R-Pennsylvania) was convicted of fraud related to the construction of the Pennsylvania State Capitol (1909).[153][154]J. Herbert Burke (R-FL) pleaded guilty to disorderly intoxication, resisting arrest, and nolo contendere to an additional charge of witness tampering. He was sentenced to three months plus fines.(1978)[108]J. Irving Whalley (R-Pennsylvania) Received suspended three-year sentence and fined $11,000 in 1973 for using mails to deposit staff salary kickbacks and threatening an employee to prevent her from giving information to the FBI.[105]J. Parnell Thomas (R-New Jersey): a member of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), was convicted of salary fraud and given an 18-month sentence and a fine, resigning from Congress in 1950. He was imprisoned in Danbury Prison with two of the Hollywood Ten he had helped put there. After serving his 18 months he was pardoned by Truman (D) in 1952.[142]James F. Hastings (R-New York), convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud, he also took money from his employees for personal use. Served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary. (1976) [120]James Fred Hastings (R-NY) Resigned on January 20, 1976 after being convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud. He served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary (1976).[120]James G. Watt (R) United States Secretary of the Interior 1981–1983, was charged with 25 counts of perjury and obstruction of justice. Sentenced to five years probation, fined $5,000 and 500 hours of community service[84]Jay Kim (R-CA) accepted $250,000 in illegal 1992 campaign contributions and was sentenced to two months house arrest. (1992)[71][72][73][74]John Dean (R) White House Counsel, convicted of obstruction of justice, later reduced to felony offenses and served 4 months.John Ehrlichman (R) former White House Counsel, convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury. Served 18 months in prison.John Hicklin Hall (R) US District Attorney for Oregon appointed by President McKinley, convicted of not prosecuting suspects and then blackmailing them later during the Oregon land fraud scandal(1903)[157][81]John Hipple Mitchell Senator (R-Oregon) was involved with the Oregon land fraud scandal, for which he was indicted and convicted while a sitting U.S. Senator. (1905) [155]John N. Mitchell (R) former United States Attorney General, convicted of perjury.[126]John W. Langley (R-KY) Resigned from the US Congress in January 1926, after losing an appeal to set aside his conviction of violating the Volstead Act (Prohibition). He had also been caught trying to bribe a Prohibition officer. He was sentenced to two years, after which his wife Katherine G. Langley ran for Congress in his place and won two full terms.[148][149]Jon Hinson (R-MS) was arrested for having homosexual oral sex in the House of Representatives’ bathroom with a government staffer. Hinson, who was married, later received a 30-day jail sentence, and a year's probation, on condition that he get counseling and treatment. At the time, homosexual acts were criminalized, even between consenting adults. He then resigned his seat and began working as a gay rights advocate.(1981) [106][107]Joseph R. Burton Senator (R-Kansas) was convicted of accepting a $2500 bribe in 1904.[156]Lester Crawford (R) Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, resigned after 2 months. Pleaded guilty to conflict of interest and received 3 years suspended sentence and fined $90,000. (2006) [34]Lewis Libby (R) Chief of Staff to Vice President Dick Cheney (R). 'Scooter' was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the Plame Affair on March 6, 2007 and was sentenced to 30 months in prison and fined $250,000. His sentence was commuted by George W. Bush (R) on July 1, 2007. (2007)[33]Mark E. Fuller (R) U.S. District Judge was found guilty of domestic violence and sentenced to 24 weeks of family and domestic training and forced to resign his position. (2015)[21][22][23]Martin B. McKneally (R-New York) Placed on one-year probation and fined $5,000 in 1971 for failing to file income tax return. He had not paid taxes for many years prior.[131]Maurice Stans (R) United States Secretary of Commerce, pleaded guilty to three counts of violating the reporting sections of the Federal Election Campaign Act and two counts of accepting illegal campaign contributions and was fined $5,000.(1975)[128]Michael Deaver (R) White House Deputy Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan 1981–85, pleaded guilty to perjury related to lobbying activities and was sentenced to 3 years probation and fined $100,000 [87]Michael Grimm (R-NY) pleaded guilty of felony tax evasion. This was the fourth count in a 20-count indictment brought against him for improper use of campaign funds. The guilty plea had a maximum sentence of three years; he was sentenced to eight months in prison. (2015)[12][13]Michael J. Hogan (R-NY) was convicted of bribery and sentenced to a year and a day in a Federal Penitentiary.(1935)[146]Pat Swindall (R-GA) convicted of 6 counts of perjury. (1989) [99][100]Richard Kelly (R-FL) Accepted $25K and then claimed he was conducting his own investigation into corruption. Served 13 months.[91]Richard Kleindienst (R) United States Attorney General, convicted of "refusing to answer questions" given one month in jail.Rick Renzi (R-AZ) was found guilty on 17 of 32 counts against him June 12, 2013, including wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, money laundering and making false statements to insurance regulators. (2013)[17]Robert Archbald (R) U.S. Commerce Court Judge of Pennsylvania, was convicted of corruption in 1912.[152]Samuel B. Kent (R), Federal District Judge of the Galveston Division of the U.S. Southern District of Texas, was sentenced May 11, 2009, to 33 months in prison for having lied about sexually harassing two female employees. (2009) [165]Scott Bloch (R) United States Special Counsel. pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of Congress for "willfully and unlawfully withholding pertinent information from a House Committee investigating his decision to have several government computers wiped ..."[24][25] On June 24, 2013, U. S. District Judge Robert L. Wilkins sentenced Bloch to one day in jail and two years' probation, and also ordered him to pay a $5000 fine and perform 200 hours of community service.(2010) [26]Senior Federal U.S. District Court Judge Jack Camp (R) was arrested in an undercover drug bust while trying to purchase cocaine from an FBI agent. Judge Jack T. Camp resigned his position after pleading guilty to three criminal charges. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail, 400 community service hours and fined. (2010)[162][163][164]Spiro Agnew (R) Former Vice President of the United States, convicted of income-tax evasion.[127]Steve Stockman (R-TX) was convicted of fraud. (2018)[2]Trey Radel (R-FL) was convicted of possession of cocaine in November 2013. As a first-time offender, he was sentenced to one year probation and fined $250. Radel announced he would take a leave of absence, but did not resign. Later, under pressure from a number of Republican leaders, he announced through a spokesperson that he would resign. (2013)[14][15][16]Walter E. Brehm (R-Ohio) convicted of accepting contributions illegally from one of his employees. Received a 15-month suspended sentence and a $5,000 fine.[141]Wes Cooley (R-OR), was convicted of having lied on the 1994 voter information pamphlet about his service in the Army. He was fined and sentenced to two years probation (1997)[53] After leaving office, Cooley was convicted of income tax fraud connected to an investment scheme. He was sentenced to one year in prison and to pay restitution of $3.5 million to investors and $138,000 to the IRS.[54]William Lorimer Senator (R-IL), The 'blond boss of Chicago' was found guilty of accepting bribes in 1912.[151]

Locating Original Videha and its Capitals : Part-11. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Wisdom Library’s page Videha, Videhā: 17 definitions:(Info-1) Videha is the name of a country pertaining to the Oḍramāgadhī local usage (pravṛtti) according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 14. (Natyasastra Glossary)[Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra](Info-2) Videha is another name of Emperor Nimi. (Purana Glossary)(Info-3) Videha is the Kingdom of Mithila. (Purana Glossary)(Info-4) This country (Videha) lay on the north east part of Ancient India (Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha/ Aryavarta) and was ruled by Kshatriya kings of the dynasty of Videha. (Purana Glossary)(Info-5) Bhimasena had conquered Videha during his eastern regional conquest. (mbh-sabhaparva-ch. 29)(Info-6) Sita is the native of country of Videha. (Purana Glossary)(Info-7) The hermitage of Parasurama was on the north Videha. (mbh-vanaparva-ch.130-sl.32)(Info-8) The army of Videha attacked Arjuna in the battle of Bharata. (mbh-bhismaparva-ch.117-sl.32)(Info-9) Karna defeated the Kshatriya princes of the country of Janaka. (mbh-dronaparva-ch.4-sl.6)(Info-10) Parasurama cut the Kshatriyas of Videha into pieces with his sharp arrows. (mbh-dronaparva-ch.70-sl.11)(Info-11) Videha had been giving tribute to Karna. (mbh-karnaparva-ch.9-sl.33)[Source: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine: Puranic Encyclopaedia](Info-12) Yadus migrated to Videha. (Purana Glossary)(Info-13) During the sieze of Gomanta, the King of Videha was stationed at the western gate by Jarasandha. (Purana Glossary)(Info-14) The capital of the Kingdom of Videha went by the same name. (Purana Glossary)(Info-15) In Videha lived the prostitute Pingala. (Purana Glossary)(Info-16) Videha was an eastern country. (Purana Glossary)(Info-17) Parigha and Hari were viceroys over Videha. (Purana Glossary)(Info-18) Videha was a name of Janaka who had realized the Yoga power of Hari. (Purana Glossary)(Info-19) Videhas were a eastern tribe. (Purana Glossary)(Info-20) Videha was the kingdom of Janaka. (Purana Glossary)[Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index](Info-21) Videha (विदेह) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. II.26.4, II.27.12, V.72.15, VI.10.55, VI.112.108) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places.[Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places](Info-22) Videha is the name a locality mentioned in Rājaśekhara’s 10th-century Kāvyamīmāṃsā. (Kavya Glossary)[Source: Shodhganga: The Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara]General definition (in Hinduism)Videha in Hinduism glossary... « previous · [V] · next »(Info-23) During the late Vedic period (c.850-500 BCE), Videha became a dominant political and cultural center of South Asia. The capital of Videha was Mithila. (Hinduism Glossary)(Info-24) Late Vedic literature such as the Shatapatha Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad both mention Janaka (c. 7th century BCE) as a great philosopher-king of Videha, renowned for his patronage of Vedic culture and philosophy, and whose court was an intellectual center for Brahmin sages such as Yajnavalkya. (Hinduism Glossary)[Source: WikiPedia: Hinduism](Info-25) Videha was the kingdom of Mithilā in Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha/ Aryavarta ruled by King Nimi. (Hinduism Glossary)[Source: ISKCON Press: Glossary]In BuddhismTheravada (major branch of Buddhism)Videha in Theravada glossary... « previous · [V] · next »(Info-26) Videha was a setthi in the time of Padumuttara Buddha. He was a previous birth of Maha Kassapa. His wife was Bhadda Kapilani in this age. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-27) Videha was a country and its people. At the time of the Buddha, Videha formed one of the two important principalities of the Vajjian confederacy. Its capital was Mithila. The kingdom bordered on the Ganges, on one side of which was Magadha and on the other Videha (See, e.g., M.i.225; MA.i.448). Adjacent to it were Kasi and Kosala. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-28) In the Gandhara Jataka (J.iii.365; iv. 316) the kingdom of Videha is said to have been three hundred leagues in extent, with sixteen thousand villages, well filled storehouses and sixteen thousand dancing girls. Videha was a great trade centre, and mention is made (PvA.227) of merchants coming from Savatthi to sell their wares in Videha. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-29) The Suruci Jataka seems to show that a close connection existed between Videha and Varanasi. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-30) In the Buddhas time, one of Bimbisaras queens was probably from Videha (see Vedehiputta). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-31) Mention is also made (MA.i.534) of a friendship existing between the kings of Gandhara and Videha. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-32) In earlier times Videha was evidently a kingdom, its best known kings being Mahajanaka and Nimi. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-33) But in the Buddhas time it was a republic, part of the Vajjian federation. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-34) According to the Mahagovinda Sutta (D.ii.235), it was King Renu who, with the help of Mahagovinda Jotipala, founded the Videha kingdom. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-35) The Commentaries (E.g., DA.ii.482; MA.i.184) state that Videha was colonized by the inhabitants, who were brought from Pubbavideha by King Mandhata. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-36) The Satapatha Brahmana (I.iv.1), however, ascribes the kingdom to Mathava the Videgha, and gives as its boundaries Kausiki in the east, the Ganges to the south, the Sadarura in the west, and the Himalaya in the north. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-37) In the centre of Videha was Pabbatarattha, in which was the city Dhammakonda, the residence of Dhaniya. (SNA.i.26). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-38) The strainer used by the Buddha was honoured, after his death, by the people of Videha (Bu.xxviii.11). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-39) Uruvela Kassapa was, in a previous birth, king of Videha (Ap.ii.483). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-40) Videha was the name of a king of Videha, the father of the Bodhisatta in the Vinilaka Jataka (q.v.). v.l. Vedeha. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-41) Videha was a king of Videha who later became an ascetic. For his story see the Gandhara Jataka. He is identified with Ananda. v.l. Vedeha. J.iii.369. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-42) Videha was also known as Vedeha. (Theravada Glossary)[Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names](Info-43) Videha was one of the seven regions (kṣetras) of Jambūdvīpa according to Jaina cosmology. Jambūdvīpa sits at the centre of madhyaloka (‘middle world’) is the most important of all continents and it is here where human beings reside. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-44) In Videha flows the twin rivers Sitā and Sitodā. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-45) Videha refers to a class of piśāca deities according to the Śvetāmbara tradition of Jainism, while Digambara does not recognize this class. The piśācas refer to a category of vyantaras gods which represents one of the four classes of celestial beings (devas).The deities such as the Videhas are defined in ancient Jain cosmological texts such as the Saṃgrahaṇīratna in the Śvetāmbara tradition or the Tiloyapaṇṇati by Yativṛṣabha (5th century) in the Digambara tradition. (Jainism Glossary)[Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism] [Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī Mahāvīra](Info-46) Videha or Videhavarṣa refers to a region of Jambūdvīpa, the first continent of the Madhya-loka (middle-world), according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 3.10. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-47) The human beings from this region can attain the realm of siddha (without body or videha). Hence it is called Videhakṣetra. It is possible as the region always has the time of 4th time epoch existent. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-48) The mountain chain Niṣadha separates the Harivarṣa and Videha regions. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-49) The mountain chain Nīla separates the Videha and Ramyaka regions. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-50) Sītā and Sītodā rivers divide Videha-kṣetra. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-51) Bharata, Airāvata and Videha, except Uttarakuru and Devakuru, are the regions of work, life and salvation. There are 15 regions of work and life in the two and half continents (dhāi-dvīpa) namely; five in Bharata, five in Airāvata and five in Videha regions. The region where the inhabitants engage themselves in the six activities /occupations are called region of work and life. The human beings living in the regions of work and life are called inhabitants of Karmabhumi (region of work and life). (Jainism Glossary)(Info-52) Jambūdvīpa (containing the Videha region) is in the centre of all continents and oceans; all continents and oceans are concentric circles with Jambūdvīpa in the centre. Like the navel is in the centre of the body, Jambūdvīpa is in the centre of all continents and oceans. Sumeru Mount is in the centre of Jambūdvīpa. It is also called Mount Sudarśana. (Jainism Glossary)[Source: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 3: The Lower and middle worlds](Info-53) Videha is the name of an ancient country situated in Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India (Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha/ Aryavarta), as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of Ancient India/ Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha/ Aryavarta as it was known in to Early Buddhism). (India History Glossary)(Info-54) At the time of the Buddha the Videha country was one of the eight constituent principalities of the Vajjian confederacy. Of these eight principalities, the Licchavis of Vesālī and the Videhas of Mithilā were, however, the most important. (India History Glossary)(Info-55) In one of the Jātakas we read that the kingdom of Videha had 15,000 villages, 16,000 storehouses filled, and 16,000 dancing girls. (India History Glossary)(Info-56) It is clear from Dhammapāla’s Paramatthadīpanī on the Theragāthā (pp. 277 278) that at the time of the Buddha, Videha was a centre of trade. (India History Glossary)(Info-57) We are told of people coming from Sāvatthī to Videha to sell their wares. It is also stated that the route passed through a desert. (India History Glossary)(Info-58) According to the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, Videha was so named after Māthava the Videgha who colonized it. (India History Glossary)(Info-59) Videha was bounded by the Kausikī in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Sadānīrā in the west and the Himalayas in the north. (India History Glossary)[Source: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early Buddhism]2. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Wisdom Library’s page “Purva Videha” - Purvavideha, Pūrvavideha, Purva-videha: 3 definitions:(Info-60) Pūrvavideha refers to one of the mythical regions which the Bhikṣus visited when a famine broke out, according to the notes at Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter XXIV). Accordingly, “One day when the Buddha was at Rājagṛha, a famine broke out. The Bhikṣus who had magical powers went to various mythical regions, Jambudvīpa, Pūrvavideha, Aparagodāna, Uttarakuru, the Trāyastriṃśa heaven, to gather the marvelous foods and fruits which these regions produced and distributed them to the community”. (Mahayana Glossary)[Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra](Info-61) Pūrvavideha in the east refers to one of the “four continents” (dvīpa) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 120). The Dharma-samgraha is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (eg., pūrva-videha). The work is attributed to Nagarjuna who lived around the 2nd century A.D. (Buddhism Glossary)[Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-samgraha](Info-62) Pūrvavideha is one of the four Buddhist continents (dvipa). (Sanskrit Glossary)(Info-63) Pūrvavideha is also known as Prāgvideha.[Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary]3. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Wisdom Library’s page “Videha Varsha” - https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/videhavarsha :(Info-64) Videhavarṣa or simply Videha refers to a region of Jambūdvīpa: the first continent of the Madhya-loka (middle-world), according to the 2nd-century Tattvārthasūtra 3.10. The human beings from this region can attain the realm of siddha (without body or videha). Hence it is called Videhakṣetra. It is possible as the region always has the time of 4th time epoch existent. (Jainism glossary)(Info-65) The mountain chain Niṣadha separates the Harivarṣa and Videha regions. The mountain chain Nīla separates the Videha and Ramyaka regions. Sītā and Sītodā rivers divide Videha-kṣetra. (Jainism glossary)(Info-66) Bharata, Airāvata and Videha, except Uttarakuru and Devakuru, are the regions of labour i.e. where spiritual effort is possible also. There are 15 regions of labour in the Two-and-half continents (dhāi-dvīpa) namely; five in Bharata, five in Airāvata and five in Videha regions. The region where the inhabitants engage themselves in the six activities /occupations are called region of labour. The Human beings living in the regions of labour are called inhabitants of the region of labour (karmabhūmija). (Jainism glossary)(Info-67) Jambūdvīpa (containing the Videha-varṣa region) is in the centre of all continents and oceans; all continents and oceans are concentric circles with Jambūdvīpa in the centre. Like the navel is in the centre of the body, Jambūdvīpa is in the centre of all continents and oceans. Sumeru Mount is in the centre of Jambūdvīpa. It is also called Mount Sudarśana. (Jainism glossary)4. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Wisdom Library’s page “Videhapura” - https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/videhapura:(Info-68) Videhapura is the name of a village mentioned in the Buddhacarita 4.15.Accordingly, “in Videhapura there were two Brahmans. One was called Mahāyus, and the other was called Brahmāyus. [The Buddha] subdued them in a debate and caused them to enter the Right Law”. (Buddhism glossary)Source: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai: Buddhacarita5. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Wisdom Library’s page “Mithila” https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mithila:(Info-69) Mithila was another name for Janaka (son of Nimi, who was the son of Ikṣvāku). Because he was born from the churning of his father's material body, he was known as Mithila. (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9.6.4) (Purana glossary)(Info-70) Mithilā was a city constructed by king Mithila (another name for Janaka, son of Nimi, who was the son of Ikṣvāku). (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9.6.4) (Purana glossary)Source: Wisdom Library: Bhagavata Purana(Info-71) The city of Mithilā was called after Mithi. Nemi was a son of Ikṣvāku. He became “Videha” due to the curse of Vasiṣṭha. The son of Nemi was Mithi. He was born through the churning of araṇī (araṇyāṃ mathyamānāyāṃ) and hence his name Mithi. He was also called Janaka because of his janana. The city of Mithilā was called after his name. (Purana glossary)Source: Google Books: Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna(Info-72) Mithilā was a celebrated country of ancient Bhārata. This is situated on the north-eastern side of Bhārata. Mithilā was ruled by the renowned Janaka Kings. See under Mithi to know how the country got the name Mithilā. (See full article at Story of Mithilā from the Puranic encyclopaedia by Vettam Mani)Source: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine: Puranic Encyclopaedia(Info-73) Mithilā was founded by Janaka-Vaideha.(Info-74) Mithila was the capital of the Videhas whose king was Janaka.(Info-75) In Mithila, Śatadhanvan lost his horse and ran on foot afraid of Kṛṣṇa.(Info-76) Balarāma visited Mithila and lived there for some time.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index(Info-77) Mithilā is the name of a Śāktapīṭha mentioned in the Kulārṇavatantra. The Kulārṇava-tantra is an important 11th century work for the Kaula school of Śāktism. It refers to eighteen such Śākta-pīṭhas (eg. Mithilā) which is defined as a sacred sanctuary of Devī located here on earth. According to legend, there are in total fifty-one such sanctuaries (pīṭha) on earth, created from the corresponding parts of Devī’s body.Source: Wisdom Library: Śāktism(Info-78) Mithila was the capital of the Videha country. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-79) Mithila City was very ancient, and, according to the Mahagovinda Sutta (D.ii.235), was founded by Mahagovinda, steward of King Renu. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-80) It was also the capital of Makhadeva (M.ii.72f; MT.129; see also Dpv.iii.9, 29, 35) and eighty four thousand of his descendants, and of various other kings mentioned in the Jatakas- e.g., Angati (vi. 220), Aritthajanaka (vi. 30), Nimi (iii.378), Videha (ii.39), Vedeha (vi.330), Mahajanaka (vi. 30f.), Sadhina (iv. 355), and Suruci (ii.333). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-81) The size of Mithila City is frequently given (E.g., J.iii.365) as seven leagues in circumference, and the Mahajanaka Jataka (http://J.vi.46f) contains a description of it.There was a road leading from Campa to Mithila, a distance of sixty leagues (http://J.vi.32). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-82) According to the Mahaummagga Jataka (http://J.vi.330f) there were four market towns at the four gates of Mithila, each being known by the name of Yavamajjhaka. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-83) The Buddha is mentioned as having stayed in Mithila and having preached there the Makhadeva Sutta (M.ii.74) and the Brahmayu Sutta (M.ii.133). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-84) It was also in Mithila that the Theri Vasetthi (Thig. vs. 135; see also Dvy., p. 60) first met the Buddha and entered the Order, after having heard him preach. (Theravada Glossary)(Info-85) After the Buddha’s death, the Videhas of Mithila claimed a part of his relics and obtained them (Bu.xxviii.11). (Theravada Glossary)(Info-86) In the time of Konagamana Buddha, Mithila was the capital of King Pabbata, and the Buddha preached there on his visit to the city (BuA. 215). Padumuttara Buddha preached his first sermon to his cousins, Devala and Sujata, in the park of Mithila, (Bu.xi.23; BuA.159) and later to King Ananda and his retinue in the same spot (BuA.160). (Theravada Glossary)Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names(Info-88) The kingdom of Videha is now known as Tirabhūkti. Here was a flourishing town called Mithilā which is now known by the name of Jagatī. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-89) Not far from it lies Kanakapura. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-90) Mallinātha and Neminātha were not only initiated here (at Mithila) but attained supreme knowledge. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-91) This is the birth-place of Akampita. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-92) The confluence of the Gaṅgā and the Gaṇḍakī has made this town (Mithila) sacred. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-93) Mahāvīra lived and wandered about here. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-94) Here is a famous big banyan tree. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-95) It is the birth-place of Jānakī. (Jainism Glossary)Source: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine: Sum Jaina Canonical Sutras (vividhatirthakalpa)(Info-96) Mithilā is the name of a village visited by Mahāvīra during his eleventh year of spiritual-exertion. Moving from Vraja village to Ālambhiyā, Śvetāmbikā, Sāvatthī, Kauśāmbī, Rājagṛha, Vārāṇasī, Mithilā, etc, the Lord arrived at Vaiśālī. Outside the city at the Baladeva temple in the Samara garden, accepting four-months fast, he became meditative and completed the rainy season halt there. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-97) Mithilā was also visited by Mahāvīra during his 15th Year as Kevalī. Leaving Meḍhiyāgrāma, the Lord reached Mithilā and completed rainy season halt there. In that very year, Jamāli monk had an argument with the Lord and the female-monk Sudarśanā, having being awakened by the potter ḍhaṃka, re-joined the Lord’s congregation. Completing the rainy season halt in Mithilā, the Lord went to Hastināpura.At that time, Gautama, along with a few monks, arrived at the Koṣṭhaka garden in Śrāvastī. (Jainism Glossary)(Info-98) Mithilā was also visited by Mahāvīra during his 24th Year as Kevalī. Leaving Sāketa, the Lord went to Kampilapura in Pāṃcāla region. From there, wandering through Sūrasena, Mathurā, Naṃdīpura, etc, he came to Videha and spent the rainy season in Mithilā. (Jainism Glossary)Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī Mahāvīra(Info-99) Mithilā (मिथिला) is the name of an ancient locality situated in Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of ancient India as it was known in to Early Buddhism).—Mithilā was the capital of the Videhas and is celebrated in the Epics as the land of King Janaka. At the time of the Buddha the Videha country was one of the eight constituent principalities of the Vajjian confederacy. Of these eight principalities the Licchavis of Vesālī and the Videhas of Mithilā were, however, the most important. (India History Glossary)(Info-100) It is stated in one of the Jātakas that the city of Mithilā, the capital of the Videhas, was seven leagues and the kingdom of Videha, three hundred leagues in extent.In the Mahājanaka Jātaka the distance between Mithilā and Campā is given as sixty leagues.In one of the Jātakas we read that the kingdom of Videha had 15,000 villages, 16,000 storehouses filled, and 16,000 dancing girls. (India History Glossary)(Info-101) According to the Rāmāyaṇa, Mithilā was the name of the capital as well as of the country itself. (India History Glossary)Source: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early Buddhism6. We come across the following information with respect to Videha/ Mithila upon Ancient Voice’s page “Videha” - Videha - AncientVoice(Info-102) Videha was the kingdom of the royal sage Seeradhwaja Janaka. He is the father of Sita the wife of Raghava Rama. Rama's brothers married the sisters of Sita. Thus, Videha Kingdom was closely allied to Kosala Kingdom. Mithila was the capital of Videha. … The rulers of Videha were called Janakas and they were all great scholars.(Info-103) Devatithi married Videha Princess : Ayutanayi took for a wife Kama, the daughter of Prithusravas. And by her was born a son named Akrodhana, who took to wife Karambha, the daughter of the king of Kalinga. And of her was born Devatithi, and Devatithi took for his wife Maryada, the princess of Videha. And of her was born a son named Arihan.[Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 95 / Extract from the lineage of kings in the Lunar Dynasty](Info-104) Janamejaya's son married Videha Princess: Parikshit married Madravati, thy mother, O king, and thou art born to her, O Janamejaya! Thou hast also begotten two sons on thy wife Vapushtama, named Satanika and Sankukarna. And Satanika also hath begotten one son named Aswamedhadatta upon the princess of Videha.[Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 95 /Extract from the lineage of kings in the Lunar Dynasty](Info-105) Pandu's Military Campaign: Pandu then marched into Mithila and subjugated the Videhas. And then Pandu led his army against Kasi, Sumbha, and Pundra, and by the strength and prowess of his arms spread the fame of the Kurus. [Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 113](Info-106) Bhima's Military Campaign: Vaisampayana said, in the meantime, Bhimasena also endued with great energy, having obtained the assent of Yudhishthira the just marched towards the eastern direction. … Bhima, going first into the great country of the Panchalas, began by various means to conciliate that tribe. Then that hero, within a short time, vanquished the Gandakas and the Videhas. That exalted one then subjugated the Dasarnas. The hero next vanquished, by policy alone, the Sarmakas and the Varmakas. He then defeated with comparative ease, Janaka the king of the Videhas. And the hero then subjugated strategically the Sakas and the barbarians living in that part of the country. And the son of Pandu, sending forth expeditions from Videha, conquered the seven kings of the Kiratas living about the Indra mountain. [Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 28](Info-107) Karna's Military Campaign: Many kings, amongst whom Nagnajit was the foremost as also the Amvashthas, the Videhas, and the Gandharvas, were all vanquished by Karna while staying in Girivraja. [Mahabharata, Book 7, Chapter 4](Info-108) Panchali's Self Choice (svayamvara) Event: Then those princes viz. Karna/ Duryodhana/ Salwa/ Salya/ Aswatthaman/ Kratha/ Sunitha/ Vakra and the rulers of Kalinga and Banga, Pandya, Paundra, the ruler of Videha, the chief of the Yavanas, and many other sons and grandsons of kings, sovereigns of territories, one after another began to exhibit prowess for winning that maiden of unrivalled beauty (Panchali). [Mahabharata, Book 1, Chapter 189](Info-109) The Gate of Videha: Yonder is the gate of the Manasasarovara. In the midst of this mountain, a gap hath been opened by Rama. And here is the well-known region of Vatikhanda, which, although adjacent to the gate of Videha, lieth on the north of it. [Mahabharata, Book 3, Chapter 130](Info-110) Dasaratha had four sons conversant with morality and profit known by the names, respectively, of Rama, Lakshmana, Satrughna and the mighty BharataAnd Rama had for his mother Kausalya, and Bharata had for his mother Kaikeyi, while those scourge of their enemies Lakshmana and Satrughna were the sons of Sumitra. And Janaka was the king of Videha, and Sita was his daughter. [Ramayana inside Mahabharata/ Mahabharata, Book 3, Chapter 272](Info-111) Bhima to Panchali:- Thou mayst have heard that Janaka’s daughter Sita, the princess of Videha, followed her lord while living in dense woods. [Ramayana inside Mahabharata/ Mahabharata, Book 5, Chapter 117](Info-112) The 18 Wicked Kings mentioned by Bhima included Hayagriva among the Videhas. [Mahabharata, Book 5, Chapter 74](Info-113) The List of Provinces of Bharata Varsha: Videha is listed along with many other kingdoms like the Mallarashtras, Keralas, Varatrasyas, Apavahas, Chakras, Vakratapas, Sakas, Magadhas, Swakshas, Malayas, Vijayas, Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Yakrillomans etc as a kingdom of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha). [Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 9](Info-114) Videhas in Kurukshetra War: Hearing these words of Duryodhana with bow in hand, many mighty combatants, excited with rage, belonging to the Videhas, the Kalingas, and the diverse tribes of the Daserkas, fell upon Arjuna. [Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 118]7. Thus we have here quite a few threads of information on Videha and Mithila. Can these be blended coherently to build up a historicity that could project the true terrestrial location of Original/ Ancient Videha-Mithila?It is quite a difficult thing unless we conceive and be convinced of the following anthropological elements, hitherto unknown and to some extent unknowable, with respect to Ancient India:(1) Modern India may be taken as the Voluminous/ Peripheral India with respect to Ancient India which was minuscule is size and which represents the later-time expansion of the original civilization.(2) The splendid landscape and labyrinthine topography of the minuscule Ancient India has been caged in every page of every purana in every detail unmistakably.(3) Since such a landscape with such topography is with no parallel within the borders of Modern India, it wouldn’t be very difficult to locate Ancient India, hadn’t there been few unlikely deterrents.(4) Apart from the unmistakable nature of the landscape and topography of Ancient India, the social-cultural-racial-linguistic-historical overtones and undertones are aplenty to facilitate locating it.(5) One such deterrent that thwarts the detection of Ancient India/ Aryavarta is the very mode of puranic expression which happens to be mostly mythical and metaphorical and which need ingenious decoding for their correct interpretation.(6) The other deterrent is the very nature of puranic narratives which seem to be hasty, disconnected and incoherent compilations in which components seem to have been imported over the compulsion of having to cross a or a series of script barriers. That is to say, the Devanagari Puranas seem to be compilations comprising of sporadic imports from scattered and hardly-known Brahmi Texts.(7) Thus, mythification and cross-script hurdles seem to be the two major mystifying agents that have rendered the puranas fractured and unintelligible.(8) Apart from the linguistic and semantic problems inherent in the puranic narratives, there are historical mysteries to deter the possibility of even a semblance of interpretation. One such historical mystery with respect to Ancient India seem to have occurred some time in distant past in the form of what we may call Historical Big Bang that would have caused Name Migration. Historical Big Bang would refer to a catastrophic event, viz. widespread disastrous and cruel warfare, causing endless socio-political instability over the whole realm entailing simultaneous toppling of all collateral monarchies and mass migration.Name Migration would refer to fleeing of the proper names from original land to peripheries following largescale political and demographic displacements. The consequence would be later-time emergence of “historical name twins” about cities, provinces, countries, rivers, lakes, mountains etc, each twin comprising of the proto-entity (the original entity) and the pop-entity (the newly-emerged popular form of the entity).(9) Thus, the puranic proper names would be mistaken for the currently prevalent pop-names having identity with them. The end result would be shuffling and progressive contamination of puranic historicity till Ancient India goes beyond recognition and recovery.(10) As the remedial first step, we propose here Odisha Central as the Purana-held Ancient India. By Odisha Central, we mean a circle with Cuttack Island City of Modern Odisha as the center and of a radius not exceeding 200-kms.(11) The following puranic characteristics will bring about the long-awaited “great superposition” of Odisha Central over Puranic Ancient India:(11.1) The Samudra/ Sindhu/ Sagara etc of Purana is primarily and originally the belly of Ganga, a large waterbody, often referred to as a “great lake” in the names of Bindu Saras, Manasarovara, Brahma Saras, Varuna Hrada etc. Indeed, the term “Samudra” was too used with “great lake” in mind. The other names of the Samudra were Kuru Samudra, Kshira Samudra etc. This puranic special meaning of Samudra needs to be borne in mind while trying to understand Puranas.(11.2) Puranic Ganga’s belly portion (the great lake portion) witnesses emergence of a great number of distributaries which would soon split into more and more rivers and rivulets. But purana sees all these rivers and rivulets (distributaries) as wives of the Samudra into which they flow and mingle. This “inverted view” needs to be taken note of while trying to understand Puranas.(11.3) Mahanadi of Odisha is the Puranic Ganga when Odisha Central, which primarily is the Delta of this great river, cradles Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha/ Aryavarta/ Ancient India that comprised of sixteen mahajanapadas, fourteen of them forming two east-west tracts viz. Madhyadesha and Dakshinapatha. The former i.e. Madhyadesha seems to have been laid along the southern side of Mahanadi Main, covering both sides of Kathajodi-Devi, when Dakshinapatha would mostly refer to the southside of Kathajodi-Devi and further south. Two other mahajanapadas, viz. Gandhara and Kamboja, would form the east-west tract of Uttarapatha, laid along the northside of Mahanadi Main.(11.4) All the numerous puranic rivers were distributaries of Ganga or connected waterbodies. Mahanadi satisfies this puranic requirement insofar as it breaks down into and connected to over 50 rivers and rivulets, after it enters into the plains at Naraja where its delta begins.(11.5) All the puranic places, provinces, countries, cities, mountains, forests, tracts, lakes etc were accommodated in a geographical grid that we see today as Odisha Central.(11.6) We need to differentiate between the proto-sites of puranas and the modern pop-sites of same name before looking for the former in the Odisha Central Model. Almost all geographical/ topographical elements of fame contributing to the making of Ancient India/ Aryavarta/ Bharata Varsha/ Jambudvipa have echoes. Each of the arche-names would have been severally repeated in differential geographical entities.Videha and Mithila are no exceptions. There are Historical Videha/ Mithila Twins, one in popular form in Peripheral/ Voluminous India (example: that of Bihar) and the other in original form in Ancient India which has been located in Odisha Central.8. We present here the following pictures of Odisha Central to begin the “great superposition” while rolling out the context of Videha and Mithila.[Figure-1 : The Odisha Central Topological Grid serving as a Model of Ancient India/ Aryavarta/ Jambudvipa/ Bharatavarsha : The Dhamara-Paradeep-Puri Odishan Promontory as the outer rim of Jambudvipa][Figure-2 : A close-up][Figure-3 : A close up]9. It is about time to begin to correlate the numerous information we have gathered from various sources on proto-Videha and proto-Mithila in order to gather clues for their correct geographical placement.While correlating the information, we shall come out with tentative suggestions which would be continually adjusted/ amended with new orientation of existing information and with emergence of new information.(9.1) Interpretation of Info-67:[info-67: Jambūdvīpa (containing the Videha-varṣa region) is in the centre of all continents and oceans; all continents and oceans are concentric circles with Jambūdvīpa in the centre. Like the navel is in the centre of the body, Jambūdvīpa is in the centre of all continents and oceans. Sumeru Mount is in the centre of Jambūdvīpa. It is also called Mount Sudarśana.]Jaina literature sees Jambudvipa as the navel of the Ancient Land. The landmarks that characterize Jambudvipa are:(a) the Mount Sumeru or Sudarsana located at the center of the dvipa (dvipa = a territory with natural boundaries such as river, mountains etc)(b) a series of concentric rivers surrounding it.[refer to fig-1-2-3]Tentatively, at one extreme, Jambudvipa could be identified with the whole of Chandaka Highland that has Bhubaneswar Tableland at its center (vide fig-1-2) and Mount Sumeru could be identified with the Chandaka Mountains situated on the southern side of Mahanadi Ganga and on the western side of Modern Bhubaneswar City (fig-1-2).On the milder side, Jambudvipa would be the Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar Peninsula (fig-2-3) projecting into and bounded by Mahanadi-Kathajodi-Kuakhai-Daya Riverline. Now Mount Sumeru/ Sudarsana would be the strategically and centrally located Sikharchandi Hill (the spot between legends “patia” and “chandaka” of fig-2) which happens to have the highest elevation in this portion of Bhubaneswar Tableland/ Chandaka Highland.(9. 2) Interpretation of Info-64:[Info-64: Videhavarṣa or simply Videha refers to a region of Jambūdvīpa: the first continent of the Madhya-loka (middle-world) …]Here Jambudvipa has been taken as the first continent of the Madhya-loka.“Continent” would mean “dvipa” which is a territory of natural boundaries, especially with rivers as its frontiers in the present context.Madhya-loka would mean Madhyadesa which would be the east-west tract running along the Mahanadi Ganga as it entered the plains at Naraja (fig-2-3).Referring to fig-2-3, you can see there that Madhyadesa, which is deemed here to have had Jambudvipa as the first dvipa-constituent, would be the sum of a string of dvipas comprising such ones as Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar Dvipa (deemed to be the Jambudvipa), Cuttack City Dvipa, Urali-Sankataras Dvipa, Jhinkiria-Erancha Dvipa, Arilo-Adhanga Dvipa and so on until we meet the seaboard.The ancient observation that Jambudvipa was the first dvipa of the Madhyadesa corroborates following speculations:(a) The western end of Madhyadesa begins around Chandaka-Damapada Mountains and stretches towards the Eastern Sea in an east-west direction.(b) Madhyadesa would have comprised of all dvipas lying on the east side of Naraja, along distributaries of Mahanadi Ganga.(c) Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar dvipa being the very first one from the western end of Madhyadesa, it indeed is the Jambudvipa according to info-64.(d) Madhyadesa could be a non-political description of a geographical tract and as such, could be made up of quite a few mahajanapadas. Indeed, we are aware of its having been constituted of fourteen mahajanapadas at times.According to info-64, Videha Varsa was a region of Jambudvipa. That is to say, according to info-64, Videha was a part of the Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar Peninsula which, according to the same piece of information, was the Jambudvipa.(9.3) Interpretation of info-65:[Info-65: The mountain chain Niṣadha separates the Harivarṣa and Videha regions. The mountain chain Nīla separates the Videha and Ramyaka regions. Sītā and Sītodā rivers divide Videha-kṣetra.]If Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar Dvipa is to be taken as the Jambudvipa and if Videha happens to be a part of it, where could we place this mahajanapada upon the dvipa? Since two rivers Sita and Sitoda divide the Videha, it certainly would have been a riverside territory. Thus, it could be tentatively placed on the northern end of the dvipa. We may thus allot the Mundali-Naraja-Trisulia-Ramachandi area to Videha (vide fig-2-3) currently (and change our position with emerging new information).This would lead to the following speculations. Could portions of Mahanadi-Kathajodi-Kuakhai running beside Mundali, Naraja, Trisulia be Sita and Sitoda? Could the hill ranges on either side of Mahanadi’s Naraj Bottleneck, be the Nila Range, beyond which on its north would be the Ramyaka Varsa? Could the Chandaka-Damapada Mountains lying southwest of Naraj be the Nisadha Range on whose south was the Hari Varsa?We have been told that the two rivers, Sita and Sitoda, divide the land of Videha. Does it mean that a portion of Videha would be lying on the northern bank of Mahanadi Ganga? Does it mean that Sita and Sitoda could be referring to Mahanadi-Kathajoid-Kuakhai Riverline and Videha could have stretching across this river-line to include a portion of Urali Peninsula?(9.4) Interpretation of Info-72:[Info-72: Mithilā was a celebrated country of ancient Bhārata. This is situated on the north-eastern side of Bhārata. …]Jambudvipa, as the first dvipa upon Madhyadesa, would most likely include Bharata Varsa. According to this information, Mithila Country would be on the northeast end of the Mundali-Baranga-Bhubaneswar Peninsula. This coincides with the previous observation, the derivative of Info-65.(9.5) Interpretation of Info-100:[Info-100: … In the Mahājanaka Jātaka the distance between Mithilā and Campā is given as sixty leagues. …]Champa was a city situated on the bank of Ganga.Read this at Wisdom Library’s page on Champa viz. https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/champa:(Info-115) “Champā was a city on the banks of the Ganges river where Karna found as a babe by Adhiratha and Rādhā.” (Hinduism Glossary)Source: WikiPedia: HinduismProximity between Champa and Mithila and their locations on the banks of Ganga are consistent with the Mahanadi Model of Ganga and Odisha Central Model of Jambudvipa/ Aryavarta.(9.6) Interpretation of Info-102:[Info-102: … Videha was the kingdom of the royal sage Seeradhwaja Janaka. He is the father of Sita the wife of Raghava Rama. Rama's brothers married the sisters of Sita. Thus, Videha Kingdom was closely allied to Kosala Kingdom. …]It is known beyond doubt (vide our previous and forthcoming treatises on “Koshala”) that Koshala Country/ Mahajanapada was right on the southern bank of Mahanadi Ganga, with Kuakhai alias Sarayu flowing through it or forming its eastern frontier.This along with other previous observations on Videha’s location make Videha Country/ Mahajanapada share the southern bank of Mahanadi Ganga while being either on the western or eastern side of Kuakhai Sarayu (see fig-2-3).It may be recalled that both Videha and Koshala were two of the sixteen mahajanapadas that formed a contiguous cluster.(9.7) Interpretation of Info-103:[Info-103: … And by her was born a son named Akrodhana, who took to wife Karambha, the daughter of the king of Kalinga. And of her was born Devatithi, and Devatithi took for his wife Maryada, the princess of Videha. …]The possibility of marriages between royal houses of Kalinga and Videha is indicative of the proximity between respective countries/ mahajanapadas. If Videha was on the southern bank of Mahanadi Ganga, Kalinga would be then on the south side of the great river a few scores of kilometers away.It may be recalled that both Videha and Kalinga were two of the sixteen mahajanapadas that formed a contiguous cluster.(9.8) Interpretation of Info-104:[Info-104: … And Satanika (in the lineage of Parikshit and Janamejaya) also hath begotten one son named Aswamedhadatta upon the princess of Videha. …]The possibility of marriages between royal houses of Kuru and Videha is indicative of the proximity between the respective countries. If Videha was on the southern bank of Mahanadi Ganga, Kuru stretched across the great river with its base at Cuttack Island/ Peninsula and its annexed extensions along the tract along Kuakhai River upto the Dhauli Hills on the southern side of Mahanadi Ganga. This stretch was famous as Kuru-Jangala Country that included the Kurukshetra.You may refer to our previous and forthcoming articles to be clarified on this issue.It may be recalled that both Videha and Kuru were two of the sixteen mahajanapadas that formed a contiguous cluster.(9.9) Interpretation of Info-105:[Info-105: Pandu then marched into Mithila and subjugated the Videhas. And then Pandu led his army against Kasi, Sumbha, and Pundra, and by the strength and prowess of his arms spread the fame of the Kurus.]Look at fig-3. Place the Kuru Country of Pandu’s time upon the Cuttack Island/ Peninsula with its Kuru-Jangala offshoot on the southern bank of Mahanadi Ganga upon Mundali-Naraj-Trisulia- Barang Peninsula along the Kuakhai Distributary. Kauakhai is a distributary of Mahanadi, true, but to be specific, it emerges out of Mahanadi’s southern bough, called Kathajodi. Thus, the Naraj-Trisulia riverine stretch is on the southern bank of Kathajodi when the Trisulia-Barang stretch (and beyond) lies on the Kuakhai’s western bank.Now we shall try to place Hastinapura correctly in this landscape. We know that Hastinapura was shifted and rebuilt after it was destroyed by a great flood. This story implies that Hastinapura was originally upon the Cuttack Island/ Peninsula, which was prone to repeated high floods. The shifting could have put it on the southern side of Mahanadi Ganga i.e. on the southern side of Kathajodi and western side of Kuakhai.In this regard, the ruins of Chudanga Garh has enough potential to qualify for a Hastinapura (or an Ayodhya or an Asura-bhavana or even an Indraprastha). And that isn’t the sole instance of ancient ruins in those tracts.So, we now have two possible seats of Hastinapura, from where Pandu could have started his war march. It is either Cuttack or Chudanga Garh (near Barang).The Cuttack perspective of Pandu’s mission, makes either Urali-Sankataras Peninsula or the Jhinkiria-Eranch Island the Videha Country which had Mithila for its Capital City. Any of these two island/ peninsula would be lying across a river as seen from the side of Pandu’s seat of rule. This would make the other one the Kasi Country. Sumbha and Pundra would be around the corner.The Barang perspective of Pandu’s march would make the Urali-Sankataras Peninsula the Videha Country. Kasi, Sumha and Pundra would be around the corner.Such a scenario is quite consistent with the Odisha Central Model of Aryavarta and Mahanadi Model of Ganga.(9.10) Interpretation of Info-106:[Info-106: … Bhimasena also endued with great energy, having obtained the assent of Yudhishthira the just marched towards the eastern direction. … Bhima, going first into the great country of the Panchalas, began by various means to conciliate that tribe. Then that hero, within a short time, vanquished the Gandakas and the Videhas. That exalted one then subjugated the Dasarnas. The hero next vanquished, by policy alone, the Sarmakas and the Varmakas. He then defeated with comparative ease, Janaka the king of the Videhas. And the hero then subjugated strategically the Sakas and the barbarians living in that part of the country. And the son of Pandu, sending forth expeditions from Videha, conquered the seven kings of the Kiratas living about the Indra mountain.]Bhima’s this expedition belongs to the times of Yudhishthira’s kingship at Indraprastha, the newly constructed capital by the Maya, the great Asura architect. And Bhima’s was the eastern expedition when Arjuna’s contemporary expedition from the same site was the northern expedition. The mention of Arjuna’s northern expedition is of good importance as its analysis would serve to reveal the nature of Bhima’s eastern expedition with respect to fixing of Videha’s location. Since Videha was in Bhima’s range and since both ranges of the their expeditions would be adjacent and contiguous, the description of Arjuna’s range would certainly have a bearing on the task of locating Videha.Let’s extend the story to Arjuna.Read this passage from Jijith Nadumuri-created AncientVoice’s page http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/src-mbh-02:section-27 (Mahabharata-Sabha Parva-Section 27):(Info-116) “Vaisampayana said, that heroic and foremost of the Pandavas endued with great energy, crossing the White Mountains, subjugated the country of the Kimpurushas ruled by Durmaputra, after a collision involving a great slaughter of Kshatriyas, and brought the region under his complete sway.Having reduced that country, the son of Indra - Arjuna - with a collected mind marched at the head of his troops to the country called Harataka, ruled by the Guhakas. Subjugating them by a policy of conciliation, the Kuru prince beheld in that region that excellent of lakes called Manasa and various other lakes and tanks sacred to the Rishis.And the exalted prince having arrived at the lake Manasa conquered the regions ruled by the Gandharvas that lay around the Harataka territories. Here the conqueror took, as tribute from the country, numerous excellent horses called Tittiri, Kalmasha, Manduka.At last the son of the slayer of Paka, arriving in the country of North Harivarsha desired to conquer it. Thereupon certain frontier-guards of huge bodies and endued with great strength and energy, coming to him with gallant hearts, said, ‘O son of Pritha, this country can be never conquered by thee. If thou seekest thy good, return hence. He that entereth this region, if human, is sure to perish. We have been gratified with thee; O hero, thy conquests have been enough. Nor is anything to be seen here, O Arjuna, that may be conquered by thee. The Northern Kurus live here. There cannot be war here. Even if thou enterest it, thou will not be able to behold anything, for with human eyes nothing can be seen here. If, however thou seekest anything else, O Bharata tell us, O tiger among men, so that we may do thy bidding.’Thus, addressed by them, Arjuna smilingly addressing them, said, ‘I desire the acquisition of the imperial dignity by Yudhishthira the just, of great intelligence. If your land is shut against human beings, I shall not enter it. Let something be paid unto Yudhishthira by ye as tribute.’Hearing these words of Arjuna, they gave him as tribute many clothes and ornaments of celestial make, silks of celestial texture and skins of celestial origin.It was thus that tiger among men subjugated the countries that lay to the North, having fought numberless battles with both Kshatriya and robber tribes. And having vanquished the chiefs and brought them under his sway he exacted from them much wealth, various gems and jewels, the horses of the species called Tittiri and Kalmasha, as also those of the colour of the parrot's wings and those that were like the peacocks in hue and all endued with the speed of the wind.And surrounded, O king, by a large army consisting of the four kinds of forces, the hero came back to the excellent city of Sakraprastha.”We have mentioned earlier the importance of Chudanga Garh (see fig-3-2) which lie next to Dadhapatna and at a short distance from Barang. This spot holding enormous ancient ruins has the potential of being the Ancient Ayodhya, Ancient New Hastinapura, Ancient Saketa, Ancient Asura Bhavana, Ancient Indraprastha etc. The walled palace area is as large as measuring 1200 sq. acres.Let’s follow Arjuna’s story. He returns finally to Sakraprastha, which is the other name of Indraprastha. Since, the Pandavas had already left the Kuru Main Land and had proceeded to Khandavaprastha of Kuru-Jangala Tract lying on the other side i.e. southern side of Mahanadi Ganga (the Kathajodi Distributary of Mahanadi) for building up of their future and fortune, Chudanga Garh Ruins remind us of the great possibility of its being the Indraprastha/ Sakraprastha. It would have been/ will be abundantly clear from our previous and forthcoming articles on Kuru-Jangala/ Kurukshetra that it would be primarily the tract along the the Kuakhai River (fig-3), the south-flowing distributary of Mahanadi Ganga, flowing by Trisulia, Barang etc.Taken Dadhapatana (Chudanga Garh) as the base i.e. Indraprastha/ Sakraprastha, first part of Arjuna’s northern expedition would range over Dadhapatana-Ramachandi-Mundali-Naraj-Sandhapur Area. So, the hills of this area would include what have been referred to as the White Mountains. This area would also include the Kimpurusha-varsha, the country of the Kimpurushas, ruled by Durmaputra.The Ramachandi-Mundali-Naraj-Trisulia Track would include the Harataka Country, which was ruled by the Guhakas. The story that Rama and Bharata had been helped by Guha, the Nishad King, while crossing the Ganga around there (over Mahanadi Ganga’s Mundali-Naraj Bottleneck) in the Ayodhya Epoch is corroborative of the Guhaka-Harataka-component of Arjuna’s story.Then comes further confirmation of our surmise over the geography and topography associated with this Mahabharata-time story. We know from our previous and forthcoming treatises that Lake Manasa is a portion of the great waterbody that surrounds the Cuttack Island/ Peninsula. Presumably, it is the western portion of the great waterbody. That “the Kuru Prince (Arjuna) beheld in that region that excellent of lakes called Manasa and various other lakes and tanks sacred to the Rishis” complies fully with the fact that Harataka lay on the southern side/ bank of the Mahanadi Ganga which happens to be a chain of lakes in this region. We will give the benefit of doubt to Mundali Lake (lake upon Mahanadi created by its Mundali Elbow) which could have been alternatively the Lake Manasa.Conquest of the northern side of the “watery dumbbell”, formed with Lakes of Mundali and Cuttack as the weighty ends and Mundali-Naraj River Bottleneck as the joining bar (fig-2), was the second part of Arjuna’s norther expedition.It is obvious from that narrative that Gandharva Land surrounded the Harataka Country. That is to say, at least the northern bank of Mundali-Naraj segment of Mahanadi Ganga belonged to the Gandharvas. Our previous and forthcoming treatises identify this region as a part of the Kashmira-Gandhara-Kamboja Belt of the same or a different epoch or era. The coincidence is corroborated by the fact that this newly conquered land was a land of horses. Kamboja and Gandhara are known to be the ancient lands of horses.North Harivarsha would be around the corner, certainly on the northern side of Mahanadi Ganga, where the conquest of Harataka Country and the Gandharva Land had led Arjuna to. The tract of Uttara Kuru was a part of it. The narrative implies that it wasn’t as populated as the southern side of Mahanadi Ganga; it was rather a desolate land. The mighty frontier guards of Uttara Kuru had informed Arjuna about this in these words: “Nor is anything to be seen here”, “Even if thou enterest it, thou will not be able to behold anything, for with human eyes nothing can be seen here”. Was it a reminder on how thoroughly the region, full of mountains and forests, was protected by the intrepid Santhali Army? Was it a reminder of the unsurpassable might of the Daitya’s? Did the mighty frontier guards of Uttara Kuru belong to that race? Was it a reminder of the prowess of a country that had Choudvara as its Capital? Was Choudvara the Capital City of Uttara Kuru? Was Naraj Range of Hills the North Harivarsha? Or, was it the Kapilas Range of Mountains?North side of Mahanadi Ganga in this region belonged to a people of different culture. These people have been referred to an non-Manushyas when the inhabitants of the southside of Mahanadi viz. the inhabitants of Mundali-Naraj-Trisulia-Barang Belt were referred to as Manushyas. The latter region was presumably the Manu Land when the former wasn’t. However, it is surprising and interesting to note that the Manu Culture which is supposed to be the Vedic Culture or Aryan Culture was put at a lower rung compared to the Uttara Kuru Culture. What was the Uttara Kuru Culture then? Was it the Daitya Culture with its origin in Buddhism?Though the Uttara Kuru paid some tribute to Arjuna, but it is apparent from the narrative that the tribute was rather Uttara Kuru’s generous gesture, a consolation towards Arjuna’s political egotism.Look at these esteemed statements of Uttara Kuru’s “gallant-hearted” frontier guards: “O son of Pritha, this country can be never conquered by thee. If thou seekest thy good, return hence. He that entereth this region, if human, is sure to perish.”The objective of these details over Arjuna’s northern expedition is to place more accurately Bhimasena’s eastern expedition whose range included invasion and conquest of Mithila and Videha. Let’s turn towards the account on Bhimasena’s mission.Bhimasena moves towards east from Indraprastha/ Sakraprastha which presumably coincides with Chudanga Garh Ruins located near Dadhapatana (fig-2-3) and vanquishes Panchalas, Gandakas and Videhas. This puts all the three nations upon the Peninsula of Urali-Sankataras and the Island of Jhinkiria-Eranch. We may have to await further information before we reckon the order of their placement. The other subsequently conquered people viz. Dasarnas, Sarmakas and Varmakas would be around the corner, not far away, lying to the east of Kuakhai River and south of Kathajodi-Devi Distributary of Mahanadi. The Sakas and the barbarian tribes defeated by Bhimasena in that sequence too would be around there.After consolidating his position in Videha, he attacked and conquered the seven Kirata Kings living Indra Mountains. It is likely that the Indra Mountains would belong to Indraprastha and the seven Kirata Kingdoms could have been in the Sandhapur-Dadhapatana-Barang-Belgachhia Belt, the residual region adjacent to the aforesaid Arjuna-conquered Dadhapatana-Ramachandi-Mundali-Naraj-Sandhapur Belt. This region had been home to similar tribes viz. Guhakas and Gandharvas anyway.So, where was Videha and its capital Mithila?It is probable that Videha was contiguous with Panchala and Kuru-Jangala (comprising Khandavaprastha and Khandava Vana) and it would belong to either the Urali-Sankataras Peninsula or the Jhinkiria-Eranch Island (Bayalisa Mauza Island), according to this treatise.(9.11) Interpretation of Info-92:[Info-92: The confluence of the Gaṅgā and the Gaṇḍakī has made this town (Mithila) sacred.]Narration of Bhimasena’s eastern martial expedition tells us that Videha and Gandakas were in the vicinity of one another. Now we know that the Videha was protected by two rivers, viz. Ganga and Gandaki. Naturally, Gandakas would be living on the bank of Gandaki.Taking Videha to be potentially either of Urali-Sankataras Peninsula and Jhinkiria-Eranch Island, Gandaki could be one of these three streams lying between Cuttack Peninsula and Bhubaneswar Highland viz. the Kuakhai, the southern branch of Devi, the northern branch of Devi, the latter two having the potential of being referred to as Ganga.[end of part-1 / to be concluded]