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I hope no one has eaten polar bear! As you’ll see from this article, it’s not a good idea.The perils of eating polar bearAuthor: Michael EngelhardUpdated: February 5, 2017Published February 5, 2017Would-be connoisseurs of polar bear meat should keep in mind the possibility of negative side effects, particularly hypervitaminosis A, an excess of the vitamin that can be contracted from eating its liver. (Josh Haner / The New York Times)Throughout 8,000 years of shared history, humans have regarded the polar bear with wonder, terror and fascination. It has been spirit guide and fanged enemy, trade good and moral metaphor, symbol of ecological crisis and food source. The bear's meat itself is rich with associations that speak of the fraught relationships between our two species.Paraphrasing the French analyst of totemism, Claude Lévi-Strauss, one could claim that the North's Native peoples are taken with polar bears not only because they are spiritually potent — "good to think" — but also because they are physically potent — "good to eat."Throughout Arctic history the bear has served as food, though in most indigenous societies, whales, walrus, seals, caribou or reindeer provided the bulk of the diet. Unfamiliar dishes or ingredients like bear meat strike Western palates as surreal or exotic and, in the case of endangered species, might also be seen as politically incorrect — but from our births onward, the culture that surrounds us shapes our food preferences and what we consider normal or acceptable.Food can be a marker of belonging, contributing to a group's self-image and coherence. Food taken directly from one's surroundings is symbolic of place, forming a link with a people's history. This is why even in countries that banned polar bear hunting, such as the United States, Native groups with a tradition of hunting polar bears are permitted to keep hunting them — and other animals covered by the Marine Mammal Protection Act.Inupiaq hunter and polar bear, circa 1924. (This photo actually shows the re-enactment of a traditional hunt for a silent movie like Robert J. Flaherty’s “Nanook of the North” but was filmed in Nome, Alaska.) Courtesy of Library of Congress.Together with the bear's humanlike appearance, the richness of bear meat and its rarity in modern diets seem to account for non-Native people's rejection of it. But our culinary preferences have changed. In 19th-century North America, bear meat (though not that of polar bears) was standard fare. Settlers also used bear fat to fry other foods, preferring it to butter.Unlike medieval royalty who kept polar bears in menageries — or later, zoos — which pampered rare collectibles, explorers and whalers, always near starvation, treated the white bears as survival rations.For months, "bear-beef" was often the only course on these men's menu. The meat is much greasier, however, than beef. Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen's captain, Otto Sverdrup, called it a "royal dish" and the explorer himself judged breast of polar bear cub to be delicious. Of course, hunger always has been the best sauce and could have swayed culinary opinions."Heaven had sent us succor at a time of utter distress," one castaway recalled of a polar bear windfall, "and our gratitude for this miraculous gift was apparent in our overflowing happiness."Having run out of provisions on one of the numerous searches the British launched after Sir John Franklin went missing in the Arctic, Dr. Elisha Kent Kane ate raw, frozen meat from a polar bear head that he had saved as a specimen and called it a godsend. He described the meat of lean bears as "the most palatable food" and "rather sweet and tender," but he warned against well-fed bears, which were made nearly inedible by "the impregnation of fatty oil throughout the cellular tissue."Would-be connoisseurs should keep in mind the possibility of negative side effects."I did not care to try how it tasted," the English explorer and scientist William Scoresby wrote, "for I was afraid that my hair would turn grey before its time, for the seamen are of opinion that if they eat of it, it makes their hair grey."More serious is hypervitaminosis A, an excess of the vitamin that can be contracted from eating the liver of polar bears, seals and walrus. Affecting the central nervous system, it can cause hair loss, extreme peeling of the skin, birth defects, liver problems, vomiting, blurred vision and even death. One officer swore never again to eat bear liver, no matter how much it might tempt him, after his crew showed symptoms akin to carbon monoxide poisoning. Native peoples have long been aware of this danger, as have explorers, though some felt no worse after eating the liver.Warning against eating polar bear liver, from a U.S. Navy survival manual, “The Naval Arctic Operations Handbook,” 1949. The organ has concentrations of vitamin A that can be toxic for humans. (Courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.)Research has shown that a healthy adult person can tolerate 10,000 units of vitamin A. Trouble, if it comes, comes between 25,000 and 33,000 units. One pound of polar bear liver — a fist-sized chunk and barely a meal — can contain 9 million units of vitamin A. The occasional lack of liver toxicity that some explorers reported can be explained by differences in the age, hibernation and feeding habits of the bear.Equally bad is trichinosis, a parasitic disease contracted by eating the raw or undercooked flesh of pigs or wild game, including bear. Symptoms can include fever, muscle pain and fatigue, as well as inflammation of the heart muscle, lungs or brain, which have led to a few deaths.Native peoples avoided polar bear liver because of its vitamin A concentration, and, like explorers and whalers, fed it only to their dogs. Modern Inuit and Inupiat value the flavor nuances of different bears or parts of a bear. Some prefer den polar bears, instead of bears caught in the open, because they taste better. The Cree consider the front and back paws (tukiq) the best eating.For many Inupiat, polar bear meat remains a favorite meal and a prestigious gift. Nowadays, when a polar bear has been killed, a call goes out on a village radio channel, asking people to get some. The hunter normally keeps the skin, a trophy and commodity. The rest of a bear still is widely shared, a token of group identity and solidarity, a kind of Arctic communion. Unlike the whalers and explorers, who saw it as staple or last resort, indigenous peoples have always considered eating polar bear a reaffirmation of community as much as an act of physical nourishment.Like the widespread idea that animal parts such as the blood, heart or testicles give power to those who ingest them, the human craving for novelty and the desire to understand the unknown by tasting it have shaped human culinary exploration from the beginning. It is not surprising that, in a world of potentially lethal pufferfish entrées and coffee ennobled in civet intestines, polar bear meat has found a place in fine dining.The Norwegian restaurateur André Grytbakk, manager of the upscale Huset in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, occasionally dishes out polar bear steaks with potatoes or a slice of roast in red wine sauce. He also offers a bear meat snack with lingonberry pickle. As it's "a rough kind of meat," the chef recommends a heavy wine with it, such as full-bodied Bordeaux, from the Huset's 1,200-bottle cave.The Radisson in Longyearbyen, which bills itself as the northernmost hotel in the world, even issues certificates to diners who have "eaten a (sic) polar bear entirely at their own risk." These certificates also serve as liability releases for the hotel. According to one guest, the bear meat there is boiled for six hours and fried another two, to kill parasites.Arctic gourmet cooking remains an exception, but holidays matter up north. On Alaska's Little Diomede Island, a stormy Bering Strait outcrop near the international date line, turkeys are hard to find. Undaunted by this, the islanders celebrate Thanksgiving by serving common local fare in the village school. Like many in Alaska, these Inupiat still largely depend on the sea's bounty — blue crab and bowhead whale, seal, walrus and polar bear, which they can legally hunt. Butchered properly, a polar bear yields up to 500 pounds of meat, enough food for dozens of guests.It is hard to anticipate how food preferences will change. In some future day, as a Montreal Gazette column from the 1950s surmised, southern Canadian cooks might be appraising polar bear cuts for steaks or bearburgers.In that case, or if you ever find yourself at Grytbakk's Huset, don't hesitate. Bon appetit! Nigiñaqsiruq! Dig in!Source: The perils of eating polar bearThank you for the question !

I like to share this real life story:'My Story: An Autobiography', by Lim Goh Tong, founder of the Genting Group, Malaysia;In fact, I have had the wonderful opportunity to review it on Amazon seven years ago.Here's an excerpt of my review:"Imagine you are enjoying the cool breeze while sipping tea with your good friends on a 1,500m mountain-top facility, which is some four to five hours drive away from where you are living.Next, imagine there is a similar mountain, even higher at 1,800m, located about 58km away from where you are living.Now, picture yourself as a hard-working contractor, but you are now in your 50s, with some money from your previous building projects.Next, think about conceptualising and building a beautiful holiday resort on the mountain-top.Experts from the Public Works Department confirms in writing that it would take 15 years just to build the access road to the mountain-top, because the mountain is surrounded with dense virgin jungle and inaccessible rugged terrain.One more thing: you have got to go back to the sixties, where construction machinery and equipment were not what they are built today. Worst still, you speak no English.Can you do it?In reality, many Malaysian entrepreneurs could only see total madness and extreme foolery in undertaking such a risky endeavour, but one simple man, already in his 50s, eventually took on the arduous initiative of executing his dream project during the late sixties.Cheating death six times along the way, and functioning as project manager, engineer, financial controller, labourer and trouble shooter, all rolled into one, he almost single-handedly built the access road to the mountain-top facility (on Gunung Ulu Kali, Genting Sempah) in less than four years, with all his own money, and without any financial aid from the Malaysian Government, except for their nod of official approval. The first phase of the project with the hotel was eventually completed in the early seventies.Today, the mountain-top facility is Genting Highlands, Asia's Best International Casino Resort.The man who took on the almost insurmountable challenge during the lates sixties was the late Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong, founder of the diversified Genting Group, which today has a combined market capitalisation of US$14 billion as of 30th September 2008.For me, his acumen was beautifully exemplified in his acute power of observation as well as his keen nose for smelling good opportunities. These are often the critical attributes of successful creators or entrepreneurs.This book, which I am now actually re-reading (I have read it four years ago when it was first released; I have chosen to re-read it because I needed to verify some facts, while reviewing another book by a Malaysian author), has captured Tan Sri's humble journey, starting with only US$175 in his pocket while coming to Malaysia as a young man from Anxi, China.Written in the form of an autobiography, in a straight-forward, succinct and yet refreshingly original way, this book has documented:- his early struggles during the Japanese occupation;- his early business ventures during the post-war years;- his friendships & relationships with people he cared about;- his successful attainment and brilliant execution of government building & construction contracts;- his perilous endeavour in building the Genting Highlands from scratch;- his responsiveness, decisiveness & ingenuity in problem solving, at both strategic and tactical level, over the years;- all the way to his diversifying of the group into other businesses during the later years, e.g. Star Cruises;- until his final handing over of the controlling reins to his second son, Kok Thay, in late 2002;In a nut shell, this book offers many valuable entrepreneurship lessons, not so much from the 'high-tech/IQ' perspectives, which one would normally find in other books, but a lot from the 'high-touch/EQ' perspectives, which are more akin to Chinese entrepreneurs.There is an ostensibly clear emphasis on building 'guanxi' (relationship), which is typical of most if not all Chinese entrepreneurs.In fact, another useful entrepreneurial trait from Tan Sri is what the Chinese calls 'dan da xin xi', be bold but cautious. In fact, his pragmatism and steadiness were often seen by his peers as liabilities.Another powerful trait is the power of conviction. Tan Sri said it best:"When I make a decision and believe strongly that it is the right one, I will go head on with it, no matter what odds I am up against . . . Once a decision is made with sound reasoning, the rest is hard work, determination and perseverance to see it through to fruition."You just got to read this book to get to know all about the author's entrepreneurship insights from the university of hard knocks.Nevertheless, for the benefit of readers, I definitely like to pull out one last one from his book, which said it all, truly reflecting his power of vision:"The Genting project basically fitted my idea of an ideal business: no one was interested in it, which meant no competition".As Tun Dr Mahathir, former Malaysian Prime Minister, has confirmed in his Foreword:"Tan Sri's struggle can be considered part and parcel of Malaysia's (economic) development experience."I fully concur.Tan Sri's story is a very inspiring one for all of us: beginning with nothing to his name, turning adversities into opportunities, maximising his brain-power, taking calculated risks and confronting naysayers and skeptics through sheer audacity, tenacity, perseverance and more importantly, simplicity and humility.I salute you, Tan Sri![This book was released in 2004 to coincide with the 40th birthday of the Genting Group. This book is still available in local bookstores. Otherwise, try Amazon.]..."

Legal Obligations and Conditions of ContractStudent Id:Date:Table of ContentsAnswer 1. 3(a) 3(b) 4(c) 4Answer 2. 5(a) 5(b) 5(i) 5(ii) 7(iii) 7Answer 3. 7(a) 7(b) 8(c) 9(d) 9(e) 9Answer 4. 10(a) 10(i) 10(ii) 11References. 13Answer 1: Tort Law(a)Tom to Rowena in connection with the smell from the pigs and the noise from the cockerels:The incident that is mentioned in the questions stands for the case to be legally understood and well explained with every angle being properly looked into with all the necessary details. This entire case study is based on the law of tort, which deals with such civil issues and make proper arrangements that provide for resolutions during the arising time of disputes. There has been a severe consideration that has to be made to understand the part that could be related at this point (Blanco and Pontin, 2017). The law aims to substantially procure and protect people from the rights that they have regarding the health and safety of their enterprise, a proper control and presentation of a cleaner environment and adjoining assets and structures like the property, economic standards and the goodwill that is possessed by them. These issues if triggered and called upon to question, the first party can drag the second party or parties into court for the breach in this law. Being a highly concerning and a complete civil law it is way more distant to the civil case than any other segment (Yue, 2016). The issues that are present on this record for this time is the one where there has been a breach in the law of the obligations which has in turn caused the system to malfunction. Some disturbance issues just happen at times, and it may not generally be workable for a natural wellbeing official to observe it. As mentioned by Palombo in 2019 Some neighborhood specialists may think that it’s hard to manage annoyance issues as completely as they may like on account of staff deficiencies. In the event that in any way, shape or form they don't feel ready to make a move, you can make a move yourself through the Magistrates Court under Section 82 of the EPA.In this case though, there is the need to make proper arrangements by Rowena though, as it has been mentioned that in the true spirit of being a neighbor, Tom had revealed everything to her and in this aspect of full disclosure and like the case mentions, ‘Rowena who knew all about the farm’. This statement further goes on to show that Rowena in her full consent with the living conditions and the state that she is going to be in, had purchased the place. SO, by the course of the trot law, she cannot make an appeal regarding the damage that is absolutely psychological. The work in these cases is specifically done considering the fact that the first party who is involved in the process, already knew about the problems that is on their cover to be faced or not (Taylor, A. and Elphick, 2019). The idea can be seen in motion in the Alton Towers case where the entire judgement stood on these principles and made the point clear regarding the approaches that they must take in this reason (Wright, 2017). It would definitely not prove to be fruitful, if Rowena decided to go up to the forefront with her case and make arrangements to take legal actions against these facts. The substantial arguments, that she has is thin and thus, it is not only dismissible by the court but Tom can in turn file a harassment case against her in retaliation to her pushing forward with the case.(b)Rowena to Tom and Stella in connection with the firework partiesIn this case however there would be two liabilities that are being talked about or rather enquired about. In the first case and if the trot law is looked into very deeply, it can be noticed that civil cases can be filed in relation to neighbors violating the environmental laws and thus causing huge problems for the parties. The issue with the environmental concerns being kept in mind, there are the presence of provisions in the law that permits Tom to take Rowena to court with this case and deal with her there. There can be charges made against the causing of air and noise pollution which is the case here for Rowena. In the case with Stella, though, she cannot in any way look up to filling the case of trot against Rowena as she doesn’t live there and occasionally visits the place. Both the cases were looked at the various dimensions in the case of Carnegie v Raleigh, this system of a tit for tat situation had already been addressed (Halpin, 2020). The promise of both the parties to deal with these situations can be talked about while the judge imposes a fine on Rowena for causing distress to the environment.(c)Bert to Tom in connection with his inaccurate adviceThe situation that have been raised in the case, is linked to the various different allotments that can be done in this situations. Keywords and approaches form the most important segment when dealing with a case of law and analyzing a situation to check for its legal viability. There are, in this case, present certain solid keywords and the presence of some pretty hard evidenced proofs that make the case solid for Bert wherein it is properly mentioned that Bert did not charge a consideration for the job that he performed. He worked on the exchange of request and in the absolute good faith. Consideration has a very important segment reserved for itself when it comes to law and here too, it is the reword that is going to turn things around for Bert. The availability of consideration in any transaction talks about the exchanges that can be made in the case of a contract being signed. Whenever there is an agreement that takes place between two parties, they in the presence of cash or kind exchange products for the job that is at hand. These cash and kind that are getting transferred throughout the system for the availability and the viability of the transaction that are taking place is known as the consideration. In this case however, Bert performed the action entirely in good faith and after several requests that were made to him on the behalf of getting the assignment completed by Tom. The work that was done, since it involved no presence of any transfer or exchange, there can be no way in which Bret can move out of his line to help with the various factors that he has already done.Another important keyword that can exempt Bret from any sort of legal grind is the case accepting the fact that the problem happened not on a deliberate basis but due to the fact that Bret was inexperienced and this was a genuine mistake that he caused for this process. These issues will force Tom not to approach the legal outlooks and take the matters to the court. According to Tromans, et al. in 2020, the case that was held in 1997 for the Smoldon v Whitworth & Nolan, the court ruled that as the matter involved considerations, the things could go south and if that was not involved the party was clear.Answer 2(a)The contract in this case needs to be referred to when looking upon to analyze the situation that is placed at hand. The contract law in this situation states that in order for a contract to be accepted finally and for the contract to be brought into full force, there must be the presence of a proper acceptance and the people who are involved in the matter knowing about accepting their contract and being an active part in it. The issues for that matter that are being discussed in this situation deals with the solution that is to be found in this problem. The issue with Alli is that for the matter, Alli has reverted back in time but did not take the initiative to follow through on the acceptance. There has been no contract that existed among the people involved in the system even though, the contract had been announced and accepted in time by Alli, which is very relevant to the case of Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] (Campbell, Mulcahy and Wheeler, 2017). The case with these situation and the validity of the approach is not considered to be in favor of Alli and the law would state the fact that it is Kane who is the winner in this case and he does not have to work for Alli for the contract that was placed under the scrutiny of the law.(b)(i)The contractual cases in this state is pretty important and worth scrutinizing to their entire state, the issues that are present and the solutions that can be formulated out of it. The results for the case turns out to be pretty solid with the proper stages of defining the factors being coinstant. An improve meaning of an agreement can be 'a legitimately official understanding between two gatherings'. Essentially, Contract Act 1950 was overseeing the legally binding exchanges in Malaysia. In the event that there are a few cases which the law of agreement incapable to managed adequately, the English law can be applied. There are heaps of agreement is being offered, acknowledged or even dismissed day by day around the world. Every one of these agreements are made orally or in the composed structure. As the models for orally made agreement, for example, purchasing espresso at a shop, purchasing a reload coupon for cell phone. While contracts in composed structure, for example, purchasing a house or an agreement of purchasing a vehicle. Agreement is a composed or spoken understanding between at least two gatherings, planned to be enforceable by law (Smits, 2017). Agreements are basic to business life. All together that the business network may respect contracts with a serious extent of certainty, it is significant guarantee that the agreements are very much managed, and sure in structure and impact. The use in this case to make a proper impact involves the use of these system in the best possible outcome. The contract between Dave and Eric does not seem to exist in the normal stages of the contract as the provision for the acceptance that has been provided by Eric is absolutely impractical (Howells, 2017). There needs to be a proper agreement which as important in a contract as the presence of the consideration and the fact that the term that was provided in the contract was of ‘not communicating’ that implied the acceptance of the contract, it was paradoxical in all accounts. The representation and the problems that have been presented in the system are highly significant.An agreement is shaped when two gatherings with the right mental purpose, under the right conditions, inside the limits of the law, and with some inconvenience to every one of them consent to do certain demonstrations in return for unique demonstrations. This development requires the nearness of every one of these components; the absence of one components or nearness of an issue, for example, lawlessness, can discredit the agreement.There fundamental components or pre-necessities of a substantial agreement are offer, acknowledgment, thought, expectation to make lawful relations, conviction and limit. The offer is the initial segment of an agreement. The individual who makes the offer is known as the person making the offer, and the individual to whom the offer is makes is known as the person making the offer. Offer is a proposition offered by the person making the offer and offeree. In area 2(a) when one individual implies to another his eagerness to do or to swear off busy, with the end goal of acquiring the consent of that other to the demonstration or its restraint, he is said to make a proposition (Matulionyte, 2019). Hence, a proposition or offer is something, which is equipped for being changed over into an understanding by its acknowledgment.In the case that could be made for Fez it is absolutely abysmal for Dave to even think that a contract has risen between Dave and Fez as the information of the acceptance has not yet reached Fez, which implies that the time for acceptance given by Fez has passed and he is in no way liable for rejecting the job. If we consider the case with George, whom Dave had out rightly rejected based on rumors that he heard in the market and thus did not even care to look into his letter, there is no issue of a contract arising as there was no clause present and Dave had not sent an acceptance draft.(ii)If that would have been the case wherein he would have successfully stated the fact about the lowest tender getting the deal, the prices of the contracts would be more sensible and competitive. The issue with the situation would also be such that the people involved in the process, which in this case is Eric, Fez and George, would ensure that the prices are submitted and in time while Dave would lose the power of control over the contract as now he would have to choose the one that offered the least rates, irrespective of his view for them and the opinion reviews that the market presented. As mentioned by Pargendler in 2018 in the case, PSGB v Boots (1953), the court ruled that when an open offer was made, the one to fulfil it the best gets the contract.(iii)Dave did act lawfully when he chose not to even read the order that was made. He made this decision, like the case tells us on the basis of various market information that was collected by him and observations and calls were made on this regard. The issue however was such that this was an act that was not conducted in good faith, as the primary act would involve Dave at least going through the offer before shunning George down based on the rumors of the market. The work was unethical and does not shed a very vibrant light and even though George would lose if he took Dave to court for disregarding his offer, the Judge would definitely put in a fine for Dave for this matter as was in the case with Partridge v Crittenden in 1968 (Siliquini-Cinelli and Hutchison, 2019). The breach in this case was high and had to be taken action upon.Answer 3(a)The issue that was being looked at in this case was the problems that arose with the contract that was signed among Harry and Sue. Harry signed the contract and took upon the job of retiling the entire bathroom and complete the job at a certain fixed date. The issue arose in the situation when Harry left the work of retiling after completing three of the four walls of the Bathroom and thus keeping the contract wide open with the issues still at large and the conditions having not been fulfilled. The work has not been fulfilled and hence the offer has stayed invalid and incomplete for all these times. The impact is that Sue is now out of all responsibilities to provide for the consideration to be given to Harry. Since the assignment was not completed by Harry and he left the work unattended, if he went forward to file a case against Sue, it would not stand in any UK Court of Law. The issues that are present in this same pattern is highly problematic and hence would not be entertained by any judge. In the case with reat Britain v Boots Cash Chemists Ltd (1953), the company was unable to provide for the services that it projected and hence there were cases that were registered against them that went on to prove that the firm was unable to deliver on the contract and thus receiving nor remuneration for the work that they did (Cartwright, 2016). In fact in the case with Harry, the one thing that he did not do was refer to the work directly following all the regular norms of the contract. There can be an argument made in this regard that deals with these issues and makes it ample clear that the factors that promoted this happening could have been avoided if the work was completed.(b)An agreement may likewise be ended by execution of the gatherings' commitments. Release of an agreement thusly happens when execution of the agreement is finished and accurate, regarding the provisions of the agreement. In any case, release may likewise put where the agreement is separable; is fit for being satisfied by considerable execution; the other party has forestalled execution; or where halfway execution hosts been acknowledged by the other gathering. An agreement can be ended when something unforeseeable happens that keeps the gatherings from finishing the agreement. This circumstance is alluded to as "difficulty of execution." For instance, gatherings can consent to the offer of a house starting with one gathering then onto the next gathering (Beale, 2019). From that point, the house burns to the ground. Subsequently, the gatherings can't proceed with the land exchange contained in the agreement and in this manner, the agreement is ended.Furthermore, the work that is done in this regard by the various additional sources of the curve shows how the problems in these sections are so relevant with the issues that have been raised in regard to the work that was done by Jack. Sue and Jack had both agreed on a contract where Sue was promised by Jack to properly supply and install windows in the place. The final result that was found in this case showed that the work done was very mediocre and there had been various issues that are glaring in the case with the installation. The work has been very carelessly done and as one window shows a tint and does not close the other one not closing due to the lack of a proper fit. These are the breach of the contract in the case with installation and the entire fee that was allocated for the said purpose must be cancelled.(c)Sue must actually look to ask for the damages that Stan had caused to here, while totally disregarding the contract that was signed with her. The work was supposed to be the painting up of the room for 500 pounds and in some way Stan managed to make a problem by switching the colors and to make things worse, these paints cannot be teared down but taken back and the only way to actually treat the problem is to rework on it. SO, to claim the damage that has been done by Stan to the contract of Sue, he needs to pay the amount that will be required by Sue to repaint and reconstruct the entire thing from the scratch. Like in the case with Butler Machine Tool v Ex-Cell-O Corporation in the year of 1979, this is a basic breach of contract on the basis of the work not being done according to the agreement (Poole, 2016). There are penalties involved in the breach and in a court of law, not only will he be asked to pay the additional expense but also take care of the fines that come additionally.(d)Sue can legally file a case against Diego for the breach pf the contract that is at hand as even though Diego had agreed to end the work as of 7th of the month, he suddenly decided to leave the work and move out of the contract which is basically breaching it in every way. Diego has breached the contract and like every other contract there is must be liable for the charges that are to be drawn on him in this regard.(e)The issue with Tommy was that the contract that was presented to him in this case defined the work to be very deep and in line with the necessary sentiments that are involved in the case. When there was a state of crisis in the life of Sue with her mother being sick and admitted to the Healthcare facilities. In order to speed things up and get over the entire process, she urged Tommy to complete the work faster and if he would do the same, she would pay him and additional thousand pounds to substantiate the work environment and enable the functioning of the entire system. Now, this contract was verbal and it was fulfilled by Tommy when he took it upon himself to work through the situation and hence come through for Sue. He completed the work by the date that was mentioned by Sue in order to complete the order that was given by her in which she promised a consideration of a 1000 pounds. This enabled him to be eligible for the money and thus Sue must pay him this sum in the earliest. As mentioned by Andenas and Della Negra in the case with GNR v Witham, in the year 1873, if this matter would have been taken to the courts, Tommy as he was in the acceptance and the fulfilment of the contract would have been granted the entire sum.Answer 4(a)Before plunging into the details let’s just understand the act first, Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 are almost identical and has been in effect since the 6th of April 2008. The Corporate Manslaughter and the Corporate Homicide Act refers to the laws that allows the court to punish a corporation or business organization that leads to a person’s death or is responsible for its employee’s death by amounting to a gross breach of relevant duty if care owed by the organization to the deceased (Clarkson and C.M.V, 2016). While the Bribery Act 2010 came into force on 1st July 2011. This act also includes the principal offences of bribing and individual, being bribed and bribing a foreign public official (LeBaron and Rühmkorf, 2017). The penalty for committing the law is a maximum of 10 years imprisonment along with severe fine and confiscation of property under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and the disqualification of directors under the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986.(i)Companies can, in principle be held responsible in criminal law for causing the death of their employees of the death of the public. The risk of fatal injuries to employees is greater in some industries. For example, at a construction site or a building site the risk for fatal injuries is higher than the national average. This law will operate alongside the existing health and safety at work legislation. The fatal accident of the employee and disaster causing the death of the public can lead to the criminal liability on a company (Abd Rahman, et al, 2016). For example, a construction site worker working on a top floor of a building falls down the floor and that results in a death of the employee than the company could be taken up for a trail as because there wasn’t any risk assessment and there were breaches in the Health and Safety Act. Had the worker been tied up to some rope or some machinery or some proper risk assessment measured was sought up, the employee would have been alive. In cases such as these, a convicted organization faces an unlimited fine, as well as potentially facing remedial and publicity orders asking for modification of the practices that caused breach of the act in the first place and can also be taken for a trial.While the corporate manslaughter and corporate homicide is applicable only to fatal accidents that take place, the Offences Act potentially applies to all accidents. It increases the penalties for offences charged under the Health and Safety at work, 1974 and this effect is in addition to the corporate manslaughter legislation (Hadjikyprianou, 2016). In case of a fatality a company might find itself being investigated for both health and safety breaches and corporate manslaughter (Williams, Hamid and Misnan, 2017). For example, a construction site worker who is managing the loading and unloading of raw materials by a truck which is old and probably not kept at a proper maintenance and one fine day while working at the site the brakes of the truck doesn’t apply and the driver of the truck receives non-fatal injuries then the company is liable to pay for the medical injuries of the victim and receives a hefty amount of money as a compensation.(ii)For example a company ABC limited is an international business. And they want to set up their franchise stores in other parts of the country but due to some rules and regulations they weren’t able to set up their store in that country. An employee named Ron from the sales department who is a senior manager , is authorizing an agent who is based abroad working on behalf of the company to make dealings or payments to certain powerful people to try get business for ABC in that country and henry, who is a client liaison manager, is acting in breach of the Bribery Act. The corporate hospitality that he offers his clients, includes taking them to five-star hotels for a dine in or giving them food or wine hampers during Christmas. All of this was out of the clear knowledge of the company head who just received a letter from one of their employees under the whistleblowing procedure of the company. Ron and henry were doing these dealings in secrecy to get the company the deal probably ask for a promotion in their role by breaching the Bribery Act 2010. Under s7(1) of the Bribery Act 2010, a company is found guilty of an offence if a person associated with the company bribes another person to obtain favors (Trautman and Kimbell, 2018). While under s7(2) there is a statutory defense if a company can show that it had tried means and ways and taken severe ways to stop or prevent the bribery from occurring. An individual accepting the bribe also commits an offence under Act.2. There is a separate offence under the Act of bribing a foreign official to retain a business advantage. Unlike the above-mentioned Acts. This Act doesn’t require an evidence of intention on the part of the person bribing to induce punishment but only that the person bribing intends to influence the official acting in their capacity. It is possible for a company and the senior managers to be found guilty in any of the general offences of bribing and in such cases the only defense available to the organization is that it had taken adequate measure and steps in preventing the bribery from occurring (Salbu and S.R., 2018). This is thoroughly assessed on the following key principles:1.Proportionate procedures: there should be adequate procedures and measure in the process of preventing the bribery.2.Top level commitment: the senior managers should be committed in preventing the bribery and a senior person should be in charge of the overall responsibility of the programme.3.Risk assessment: the organization should perform a period check on the external exposure to bribery and act accordingly.4.Due diligence: this is kind of a chain wherein checks are to be performed on persons performing services for the organization and those persons should perform similar checks on the person they deal with.5.Communication: policies of preventing bribery should be communicated internally and externally.6.Monitoring and reviewing: there should be a regular check on the risks and procedures and these should be reviewed and monitored on a daily basisThe penalty that might be faced by an individual who has been convicted with any of these general offences under the Bribery Act 2010 is a maximum of 10 years imprisonment and/or unlimited fine. 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