Certification Application - Vermont Department Of Health: Fill & Download for Free

Going to answer for the US.AlabamaMinors need consent from a parent for tattoos.AlaskaTattoos are prohibited on minors.ArizonaA parent must be present for tattooing minors.ArkansasA parent signature is required for tattooing minors; artists must be certified; shop must pay an annual feeCaliforniaSafety standards of The California Conference of Local Health Officers must be met; tattooing minors is a misdemeanor.ColoradoMinors may receive a tattoo with parental consent.ConnecticutTattooing must be completed under the supervision of a physician or registered nurse; minors require parent or guardian consent.D.C.Body artists must be licensed.DelawareMust meet specific safety standards; tattooing a minor without consent of a parent is illegalFloridaOnly those licensed to practice medicine or dentistry or under supervision of these individuals can tattoo; tattooing minors requires consent from a parent.GeorgiaTattooing an inch near the eyeball is outlawed; minors can only be tattooed by a licensed physician or osteopath or someone under their supervision.HawaiiTattooing minors requires consent; consent forms must be maintained for two years in a confidential manner.IdahoTattooing minors 14 and under is prohibited; minors from 14-18 require consent in the presence of the tattoo artist.IllinoisMust meet safety requirements of Tattoo and Body Piercing Establishment Registration Act; minors can only be tattooed by a physician; consent of a parent is required for minor to be at a tattoo parlorIndianaMust meet safety and sanitary operations requirements; tattoos require guardian present and written consentIowaMust obtain permits to operate tattoo parlor; minors are prohibited from being tattooed unless they are marriedKansasTattoo artists require a license; minors require written consent to get a tattoo and the consent must be kept for five years.KentuckyTattoo artists must be registered through the health department; consent is required for tattooing a minor.LouisianaRegistration is required for tattoo artists; minors require consent for tattoos.MaineTattooing a minor is illegal; tattoo artists must meet public health licensing requirementsMarylandTattooing is prohibited in salons.MassachusettsBoards of health create regulations; tattooing must be performed by a physician and a model code must be metMichiganMust meet licensure, insurance and application requirements; tattooing minors requires consentMinnesotaParental consent is required for tattoos.MississippiTattoo artists require a Certificate of Registration; tattoos are prohibited on minors.MissouriLicensure is required; tattoos on minors require parental consent and presenceMontanaTattoo artists must meet state regulations; consent of a guardian or parent is required for tattooing minors.NebraskaLaws for tattooing minors are found under body art legislation.NevadaTattooing isn't regulated by the state.New HampshireMust be licensed; minors need a parent present and written consent that must be on file for seven yearsNew JerseyMust meet state standardsNew MexicoLicensing requirements must be met.New YorkTattooing minors is unlawful.North CarolinaTattoo artists need a permit, unless a physician or working under a physician; tattooing minors is prohibited.North DakotaConsent and presence of a parent is required to tattoo a minor.OhioTattoos on minors require written consent.OklahomaLicensure is required by the State Department of Public Health for tattoo artists.OregonLicensing is required.PennsylvaniaMinors require parental or guardian consent to get a tattoo.Rhode IslandSterilization and sanitation requirements must be metSouth CarolinaTattoos are prohibited for those under 21 unless they have parental consent if over 18.South DakotaRegulations are set by Department of Health; signed consent is required for tattooing minors.TennesseeMinors 16 and up can be tattooed with consent.TexasLicensing is required; those under 18 and under aren't permitted to get tattoos unless it is to cover and existing obscene or offensive tattoo - parental consent is required in that circumstance.UtahTattoos on minors require written consent.VermontMinors may be tattooed with the consent of a parent.VirginiaTattoo parlors must follow local ordinances; tattooing someone under 18 requires consent unless done by a physician.WashingtonMust meet state guidelines for sanitation; tattooing those under 18 is illegalWest VirginiaMinors require written consent.WisconsinLicensing and regulations set by the health department; only physicians may tattoo minorsWyomingThere are age requirements for tattoo artists; minors require parental consent and verification of age.Internationally, age restrictions range from none at all in Ireland (though most shops won’t tattoo anyone under 16 at all) to a complete ban no matter what in Iran.

This is a select list of institutions that receive WES evaluation reports. It should not be construed as an endorsement by any organization.A.T. Still University (ATSU)AACOMASAACPMASAcademy of Art UniversityACOTRO-Assoc of Can. Occupational Therapy Reg OrgsAcsenda School of ManagementAdams State UniversityADEA-AADSASADEA-CAAPIDADEA-DHCASADEA-PASSAdelphi UniversityAdler UniversityAdler University (IL)Adventist University of Health SciencesAHCASAIB College of BusinessAims Community CollegeAlabama A & M UniversityAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAlbany State UniversityAlbert Einstein College of MedicineAlberta College of Occupational TherapistsAlberta College of Speech-Language PathologisAlberta Health and WellnessAlberta Institute of AgrologistsAlberta Real Estate AssociationAlcorn State UniversityAlexander CollegeAlgoma UniversityAlgonquin College of Applied Arts and TechnologyAmerican Board For Certification of Teacher ExcellAmerican Board of Medical MicrobiologyAmerican College of EducationAmerican College of Traditional Chinese MedicineAmerican InterContinental University (AIU Online)American Public University SystemAmerican Sentinel UniversityAmerican Training School for Medical ProfessionalsAmerican UniversityAmerican University of AntiguaAnabaptist Mennonite Biblical SeminaryAncilla CollegeAnderson University (SC)Andrews UniversityAnne Arundel Community CollegeAnoka-Ramsey Community CollegeAntioch University (CA)AOMA Graduate School of Integrative MedicineAPPA CASAppalachian State UniversityArab Community Centre of Toronto (ACCT)Arcadia UniversityArchCASArizona CollegeArizona School of Acupuncture & Oriental MedicineArizona State UniversityArkansas State UniversityArkansas Tech UniversityArt Academy of CincinnatiArt Institute of AtlantaArt Institute of California - HollywoodArt Institute of California - Los AngelesArt Institute of California - Orange CountyArt Institute of California - San FranciscoArt Institute of Fort LauderdaleArt Institute of HoustonArt Institute of IndianapolisArt Institute of JacksonvilleArt Institute of Las VegasArt Institute of MichiganArt Institute of MinnesotaArt Institute of PhiladelphiaArt Institute of PhoenixArt Institute of Pittsburgh - Online DivisionArt Institute of PortlandArt Institute of SeattleArt Institute of TucsonArt Institute of VancouverArt Institute of Virginia BeachArt Institute of WashingtonArt Institute of Washington - Northern VirginiaAsbury Theological SeminaryAsbury UniversityAshford University (CA)Asnuntuck Community CollegeAspen UniversityAsso of Professional Eng and Geos of Alberta APEGAAsso of Professional Eng and Geos of Saskat APEGSAssociation of Cert. Forensic Investigators of CanAssociation of Professional Geoscientists OntarioAssociation of Registered Nurses of PEI (ARNPEI)ATCASAthabasca UniversityAthens Technical CollegeAtlanta Technical CollegeAtlantic Cape Community CollegeAuburn UniversityAugsburg UniversityAugusta UniversityAurora UniversityAustin Peay State UniversityAverett UniversityAvila UniversityBabson CollegeBaker CollegeBakersfield CollegeBaldwin Wallace UniversityBall State UniversityBarnes-Jewish CollegeBarry UniversityBarton CollegeBastyr UniversityBaylor College of MedicineBaylor UniversityBecker CollegeBelhaven UniversityBellarmine UniversityBellevue UniversityBelmont Abbey CollegeBelmont UniversityBemidji State UniversityBenedict CollegeBenedictine CollegeBenedictine UniversityBennett CollegeBergen Community CollegeBerklee College of MusicBerkshire Community CollegeBerry CollegeBethany College (KS)Bethany College (WV)Bethel College (IN)Bethel College (KS)Bethel University (MN)Bethune-Cookman UniversityBioMedCASBismarck State CollegeBlack Hawk CollegeBlack Hills State UniversityBloomfield CollegeBlue Mountain CollegeBlue Ridge Community College (NC)Bob Jones UniversityBoise State UniversityBossier Parish Community CollegeBoston Architectural CollegeBoston CollegeBoston UniversityBoston University CASBow Valley CollegeBowie State UniversityBrampton Flight CentreBrandon UniversityBrenau UniversityBrescia UniversityBrewton-Parker CollegeBridgewater State UniversityBrigham Young UniversityBrightwood CollegeBritton Management Profiles Inc.Brock UniversityBrock University - OUACBrookdale Community CollegeBrooks InstituteBroward CollegeBrown Mackie College - Findlay OHBrown UniversityBryan CollegeBryant UniversityBucks County Community CollegeBusinessCASCabrini UniversityCairn UniversityCaldwell UniversityCalgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS)Calhoun Community CollegeCalifornia College of the ArtsCalifornia Institute of Integral StudiesCalifornia Institute of the Arts (CalArts)California Intercontinental UniversityCalifornia International Business UniversityCalifornia Lutheran UniversityCalifornia Miramar UniversityCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversityCalifornia Southern UniversityCalifornia State University - Bakersfield CACalifornia State University - Channel Islands CACalifornia State University - Dominguez Hills CACalifornia State University - Fullerton CACalifornia State University - Long Beach CACalifornia State University - Los Angeles CACalifornia State University - Maritime AcademyCalifornia State University - Monterey BayCalifornia State University - Pomona CACalifornia State University - Sacramento CACalifornia State University - San Marcos CACalifornia State University - Stanislaus CACalifornia University of Management and SciencesCalumet College of St. JosephCalvin CollegeCamden County CollegeCameron UniversityCampbell UniversityCampbellsville UniversityCanada CollegeCanada Immigration Partners / CIP ConsultingCanadian Alliance of Physiotherapy RegulatorsCanadian Career College of Innovative TechnologyCanadian College of Naturopathic MedicineCanadian Counselling and Psychotherapy AssociationCanadian Environmental Certification Approvals Bd.Canadian Institute of Dental Hygiene Inc.Canadian Memorial Chiropractic CollegeCanadian Provincial Nominee and Immigration SeviceCanadian Society for Medical Laboratory ScienceCanadim, Renaud Dery Avocat Inc.Canisius CollegeCape Breton UniversityCape Fear Community CollegeCapella UniversityCardinal Stritch UniversityCarle Illinois College of MedicineCarleton UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University - AustraliaCarson-Newman CollegeCarteret Community CollegeCASAACase Western Reserve UniversityCASPACatawba CollegeCatholic Distance UniversityCatholic University of AmericaCC Internet Immigration Services Inc.CDI CollegeCentennial CollegeCenter for International EducationCentral Christian College of KansasCentral CollegeCentral Connecticut State UniversityCentral Michigan University - Mount Pleasant MICentral Washington UniversityCentral Wyoming CollegeCentre for Education and TrainingCentre for Immigrant and Community Services (CICS)Chamberlain College of NursingChaminade UniversityChamplain CollegeCharles R. Drew University of Medicine & ScienceCharleston Southern UniversityCharter Oak State CollegeChartered Professional Accountants of AlbertaChartered Professional Accountants of OntarioChatham UniversityChicago School of Professional PsychologyChicago State UniversityChipola CollegeChristian Brothers UniversityChristian Theological SeminaryChristie's EducationCIPS - Canada's Association of IT ProfessionalsCity Vision CollegeCivis Immigration ConsultantClaflin UniversityClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremont Lincoln UniversityClark Atlanta UniversityClarkson UniversityClayton State UniversityClemson UniversityCleveland State UniversityCleveland University - Kansas CityCoastal Carolina Community CollegeCoastal Carolina UniversityCoe CollegeCoker CollegeCollege for Creative StudiesCollege of Audiologists & Speech-Language CASLPOCollege of Central FloridaCollege of CharlestonCollege of Coastal GeorgiaCollege of Dietitians of AlbertaCollege of Dietitians of British ColumbiaCollege of Dietitians of OntarioCollege of Early Childhood EducatorsCollege of Licensed Practical Nurses of NSCollege of Midwives of AlbertaCollege of Midwives of British ColumbiaCollege of Midwives of ManitobaCollege of Mount Saint VincentCollege of New RochelleCollege of Nurses of OntarioCollege of Occupational Therapists of OntarioCollege of Optometrists of OntarioCollege of Psychologists of New BrunswickCollege of Registered Nurses of British ColumbiaCollege of Registered Nurses of Nova ScotiaCollege of Registered Psychotherapists of OntarioCollege of Respiratory Therapists of OntarioCollege of Saint RoseCollege of San MateoCollege of Southern IdahoCollege of St. ElizabethCollege of St. ScholasticaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CTCMPAO)College of Western IdahoCollege of William & MaryColorado Christian UniversityColorado Mesa UniversityColorado State UniversityColorado Technical UniversityColumbia College (SC)Columbia College - Chicago ILColumbia International UniversityColumbia Southern UniversityColumbia UniversityColumbia University Teachers CollegeColumbus City SchoolsColumbus State Community CollegeColumbus State UniversityCommunity College of Baltimore CountyCommunity College of PhiladelphiaCommunity College of the Air Force (CCAF/DESS)Community College of VermontCommunity MicroSkills Development Centre EastCommunity MicroSkills Development Centre WestConcord UniversityConcordia College (NY)Concordia University ChicagoConcordia University IrvineConcordia University NebraskaConcordia University of EdmontonConcordia University PortlandConcordia University TexasConcordia University, St. PaulConestoga College ITALConfederation College of Applied Arts & TechnologyConnexion Canada Aide à la MobilitéConverse CollegeCooper UnionCorban UniversityCornell University - Ithaca NYCornell University - Manhattan NYCornerstone UniversityCOSTICOSTI - CITPTCOSTI Employment Services - VaughanCOSTI Employment Services for ITPTCOSTI-Immigrant ServicesCPA Atlantic School of BusinessCPA Examination Service/CPAES/NASBACPA Western School of Business (CPAWSB)CPHR AlbertaCrandall UniversityCreighton UniversityCreighton University Medical CenterCSDCASCTTAMCumberland UniversityCUNY Baruch CollegeCUNY Brooklyn CollegeCUNY LaGuardia Community CollegeCUNY Lehman CollegeCUNY School of Professional StudiesD'Youville CollegeDakota State UniversityDakota Wesleyan UniversityDalhousie UniversityDallas Baptist UniversityDallas Theological SeminaryDalton State CollegeDavidson County Community CollegeDavis & Elkins CollegeDefense Language Institute (DLIFLC)Delaware County Community CollegeDelaware State UniversityDelgado Community CollegeDelta CollegeDelta State UniversityDenturist Association of ManitobaDenver Public SchoolsDenver SeminaryDepartment of the Navy - Region EastDePaul UniversityDesign Institute of San DiegoDeVry UniversityDiscovery Community CollegeDivine Mercy UniversityDixie State UniversityDoane UniversityDodge City Community CollegeDominican CollegeDominican University of CaliforniaDorothea Hopfer School of NursingDorset CollegeDouglas CollegeDragon Rises College of Oriental MedicineDrexel International GatewayDrexel UniversityDrury UniversityDuquesne UniversityDurham College of Applied Arts and TechnologyDurham Region Unemployed Help CentreEast Carolina UniversityEast Georgia State CollegeEast Stroudsburg UniversityEast Tennessee State UniversityEastern Florida State CollegeEastern Kentucky UniversityEastern Mennonite UniversityEastern Michigan UniversityEastern New Mexico University - Portales NMEastern Oregon UniversityEastern School of Acupuncture & Traditional Med.Eastern UniversityEastern Virginia Medical SchoolEastern Washington UniversityEastman Law Office Professional CorporationECPI UniversityEdgewood CollegeEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaEducational Partners International, LLCEducationUSA, USEF-NepalElizabeth City State UniversityElizabethtown CollegeElmcrest College of Applied Health ScienceElmhurst CollegeEmbassy of Spain - MECEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University (AZ)Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (FL)Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - WorldwideEmerson CollegeEmily Griffith Technical CollegeEmmanuel College (MA)Emory UniversityEmperor's College of Traditional Oriental MedicineEngineeringCASEngineers & Geoscientists British ColumbiaEngineers & Geoscientists New BrunswickEngineers CanadaEngineers Geoscientists Manitoba APEGMEngineers Nova ScotiaEngineers PEIErskine CollegeEugene Lang College of Liberal ArtsEverglades UniversityEvergreen CollegeExcelsior CollegeFairfield UniversityFairleigh Dickinson University-VancouverFairmont State UniversityFanshawe CollegeFashion Institute of Design & MerchandisingFayetteville State UniversityFelician UniversityFielding Graduate UniversityFisk UniversityFitchburg State UniversityFlagler CollegeFleming CollegeFlorida Atlantic UniversityFlorida Coastal School of LawFlorida Gulf Coast UniversityFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida International UniversityFlorida Keys Community CollegeFlorida Memorial UniversityFlorida Polytechnic UniversityFlorida SouthWestern State CollegeFlorida State College at JacksonvilleFlorida State UniversityFOCUS Community Development CorporationFoothill CollegeFORAC Credentialing ServiceFordham UniversityFort Hays State UniversityFort Lewis CollegeFort Valley State UniversityFrancis Marion UniversityFranklin UniversityFresno Pacific UniversityFrostburg State UniversityFull Sail UniversityFuller Theological SeminaryFurman UniversityGallaudet UniversityGalveston CollegeGarden City Community CollegeGardner-Webb UniversityGarrett CollegeGaston CollegeGateway Community & Technical CollegeGateway Technical CollegeGemological Institute of AmericaGeneva CollegeGeorge Brown CollegeGeorge Mason University - Graduate AdmissionsGeorge Mason University - Office of the ProvostGeorge Mason University - School of LawGeorge Mason University - School of PolicyGeorge Mason University - Undergraduate AdmissionsGeorge Washington UniversityGeorgetown UniversityGeorgia Gwinnett CollegeGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Military CollegeGeorgia Piedmont Technical CollegeGeorgia Southern UniversityGeorgia Southwestern State UniversityGeorgia State UniversityGeorgian CollegeGeorgian Court UniversityGillette CollegeGISAC Global Immigration & Study Abroad ConsultantGlendale Community College (CA)Global Avenues Consulting, Inc.Global TalentGolden Gate UniversityGoldey-Beacom CollegeGolf Academy of AmericaGonzaga UniversityGoshen CollegeGovernment of British ColumbiaGovernment of Manitoba (MPNP)Government of New BrunswickGovernment of Newfoundland and LabradorGovernment of Prince Edward IslandGovernment of SaskatchewanGovernment of the Northwest TerritoriesGovernment of YukonGovernors State UniversityGraceland UniversityGradCASGraduate SchoolGrambling State UniversityGrand Canyon UniversityGrand Erie District School BoardGrand View UniversityGrande Prairie Regional CollegeGrantham UniversityGreensboro CollegeGreenville CollegeGreenville Technical CollegeGuilford CollegeGulf Coast State CollegeGwynedd Mercy UniversityHagerstown Community CollegeHalton Multicultural Council (HMC)HAMPCASHarcum CollegeHarris Institute for the ArtsHarrisburg Area Community College - Harrisburg, PAHarrisburg University of Science and TechnologyHarvard Business SchoolHarvard UniversityHastings CollegeHawaii Pacific UniversityHawkeye Community CollegeHealthfirst, Inc.Heidelberg UniversityHenderson State UniversityHenry Ford CollegeHerzing UniversityHigh Point UniversityHillsborough Community CollegeHinds Community CollegeHiram CollegeHodges UniversityHofstra UniversityHollins UniversityHoly Family UniversityHoly Names UniversityHondros CollegeHood CollegeHope International UniversityHorry-Georgetown Technical CollegeHouston Baptist UniversityHoward Community CollegeHoward UniversityHSC, SUNY Stony BrookHudson County Community CollegeHudson Valley Community CollegeHuman Resources Professionals Association (HRPA)Humber College Institute of Tech & Advanced LearnHusson UniversityICAN IncIdaho State UniversityIGlobal UniversityILAC International CollegeIllinois Central CollegeIllinois College of OptometryIllinois Institute of Art - ChicagoIllinois Institute of Art - SchaumburgIllinois Institute of TechnologyImmigrant Services Association of Nova ScotiaImmigration GroundsImmigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada(IRCC)Independence UniversityIndiana Institute of TechnologyIndiana State UniversityIndiana UniversityIndiana University of PennsylvaniaIndiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneIndiana Wesleyan UniversityInstitute of International EducationInterdenominational Theological CenterInternational College of the Cayman IslandsInternational Institute for Restorative PracticesInternational Institute of St. LouisInternational Technological UniversityIona CollegeIPAP-UNMCItawamba Community CollegeIvy Tech Community College - Indianapolis INJ. Richard Lage, Barrister & SolicitorJackson State UniversityJacksonville State UniversityJacksonville UniversityJames Madison UniversityJane Alliance Neighbourhood ServicesJefferson Community College (NY)Jefferson State Community CollegeJewish Family & Career ServicesJohn Brown UniversityJohn Carroll UniversityJohn F. Kennedy UniversityJohn Marshall Law School (IL)Johns Hopkins UniversityJohnson & Wales UniversityJohnson C. Smith UniversityJohnson University (TN)Johnston Community CollegeJoliet Junior CollegeJones County Junior CollegeJudson UniversityJumpstart - Refugee TalentJVS TorontoKalamazoo Valley Community CollegeKansas Christian CollegeKansas State Department of EducationKansas Wesleyan UniversityKaplan UniversityKean UniversityKeiser UniversityKeller Graduate School of ManagementKellogg Community CollegeKendall CollegeKennedy-King CollegeKennesaw State UniversityKentucky State UniversityKentucky Wesleyan CollegeKettering UniversityKing UniversityKing's University CollegeKutztown UniversityL3 CTS Airline AcademyLa Cité CollégialeLa Roche CollegeLa Salle University (PA)Lake Forest Graduate School of ManagementLake Superior State UniversityLake-Sumter State CollegeLakehead UniversityLakeview College of NursingLamar Community CollegeLander UniversityLansing Community CollegeLaurentian University/Universite LaurentienneLaurentian University/Universite Laurentienne-OUACLaw Office of Meleni DavidLaw Offices of Colin R. SingerLawrence Technological UniversityLawson State Community CollegeLDS Business CollegeLebanon Valley CollegeLee UniversityLehigh Carbon Community CollegeLehigh UniversityLenoir-Rhyne UniversityLesley University (MA)Lewis UniversityLiberty UniversityLife Chiropractic College WestLife UniversityLIM CollegeLincoln Memorial UniversityLincoln University (CA)Lincoln University (MO)Lincoln University (PA)Lindenwood UniversityLindsey Wilson CollegeLinfield CollegeLinn-Benton Community CollegeLipscomb UniversityLIU PostLock Haven UniversityLoma Linda UniversityLong Island UniversityLongwood UniversityLos Angeles College of Music (LACM)Louisiana State University at AlexandriaLouisiana State University in ShreveportLourdes UniversityLoyola Law School, Los AngelesLoyola Marymount UniversityLoyola University ChicagoLoyola University MarylandLoyola University New OrleansLynn UniversityLyon CollegeMacEwan UniversityMacomb Community CollegeMacropus Global LtdMadonna UniversityMalone UniversityManchester UniversityManhattan CollegeManhattan School of MusicManitoba Education and Training (PCU)Manitoba Institute of AgrologistsMannes School of MusicMarca CollegeMarian UniversityMarist CollegeMars Hill UniversityMarshall UniversityMaryland Institute College of Art (MICA)Maryland University of Integrative HealthMarymount Manhattan CollegeMarymount UniversityMaryville University of St. LouisMassachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health ScienceMassey UniversityMaxwin Immigration GroupMayville State UniversityMcDaniel CollegeMcMaster UniversityMcMaster University - OUACMcNeese State UniversityMcPherson CollegeMedicine Hat CollegeMeharry Medical CollegeMemorial University of NewfoundlandMenlo CollegeMercer County Community CollegeMercer UniversityMercy CollegeMercyhurst UniversityMeredith CollegeMerrimack CollegeMessiah CollegeMetalworks InstituteMethodist UniversityMetropolitan College of New YorkMFTCASMGH Institute of Health ProfessionsMiami International University of Art and DesignMichigan International Talent Solutions (MITS)Michigan Office of New Americans (MONA)Michigan Technological UniversityMiddle Georgia State UniversityMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMiddlesex County CollegeMidlands Technical CollegeMidstate CollegeMidway UniversityMidwestern State University - Wichita Falls TXMidwives College of UtahMillersville University of PennsylvaniaMilligan CollegeMills CollegeMinistry of Education - SaskatchewanMinnesota State Community and Technical CollegeMinnesota State University - Moorhead MNMinnesota State University, MankatoMinot State UniversityMisericordia UniversityMississippi CollegeMississippi State UniversityMississippi University for WomenMississippi Valley State UniversityMissouri Baptist UniversityMissouri Board of Law ExaminersMissouri Southern State UniversityMissouri State UniversityMissouri University of Science & TechnologyMissouri Valley CollegeMissouri Western State UniversityMohawk CollegeMolloy CollegeMonmouth CollegeMonmouth UniversityMontana State University - Bozeman MTMontana Tech of the University of MontanaMontclair State UniversityMontgomery College - Germantown MDMontgomery College - Rockville MDMontgomery College - Takoma Park MDMontgomery County Community CollegeMontreat CollegeMoody Bible InstituteMorehead State UniversityMorehouse CollegeMorgan State UniversityMOSAIC BCMount Allison UniversityMount Mary UniversityMount Royal UniversityMount Saint Mary CollegeMount Saint Vincent UniversityMount St. Mary's College, Los AngelesMount St. Mary's University, MarylandMount Wachusett Community CollegeMurray State UniversityNAFCASNapa Valley CollegeNational American University (MN)National American University (SD)National College of Natural Medicine (NCNM)National Dental Assisting Examining Board (NDAEB)National Dental Hygiene Certification BoardNational Louis UniversityNational UniversityNational University of Health SciencesNational University of Natural MedicineNazareth CollegeNCCAOMNDCASNebraska Methodist CollegeNEOMEDNeumann UniversityNevada State College at HendersonNew College of FloridaNew England College of OptometryNew Jersey City UniversityNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNew Mexico Highlands UniversityNew Mexico State UniversityNew Mexico TechNew Orleans Baptist Theological SeminaryNew York College of Health ProfessionsNew York Conservatory for Dramatic ArtsNew York Institute of Technology (NYIT)New York Medical College - ValhallaNew York School of Interior DesignNew York State Education DepartmentNew York UniversityNew York University ShanghaiNewberry CollegeNewcomer Women's Services TorontoNewfoundland and Labrador Psychology BoardNewman UniversityNewSchool of Architecture and DesignNiagara CollegeNiagara Falls Employment Help CentreNiagara UniversityNicholls State UniversityNipissing UniversityNoaisys Immigration, Inc.Nobel UniversityNorfolk State UniversityNormandale Community CollegeNorth American UniversityNorth Carolina A&T State UniversityNorth Carolina Central UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Dakota State College of ScienceNorth Dakota State UniversityNorth Greenville UniversityNorth Island CollegeNorth Park UniversityNorthampton Community CollegeNorthcentral UniversityNortheast Wisconsin Technical CollegeNortheastern Illinois UniversityNortheastern State UniversityNortheastern UniversityNorthern Alberta Institute of TechnologyNorthern Arizona University - Flagstaff AZNorthern Kentucky UniversityNorthern Michigan UniversityNorthern Ontario School of MedicineNorthern State UniversityNorthern Virginia Community CollegeNorthwest Christian UniversityNorthwest Florida State CollegeNorthwest Nazarene UniversityNorthwestern Health Sciences UniversityNorthwestern Polytechnic UniversityNorthwestern UniversityNotre Dame de Namur UniversityNova Scotia Board of Examiners in PsychologyNova Scotia Community CollegeNova Scotia Dietetic AssociationNova Scotia Office of ImmigrationNova Scotia Provincial GovernmentNova Southeastern UniversityNurses Association of New BrunswickNursingCASNyack CollegeNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOACETTOakland City UniversityOakland UniversityOakwood UniversityOCAD UniversityOcean County CollegeOhio Dominican UniversityOhio State UniversityOhio UniversityOhio Valley UniversityOklahoma Baptist UniversityOklahoma Christian UniversityOklahoma City Community CollegeOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma Wesleyan UniversityOlivet Nazarene UniversityOntario College of Social Workers & Social Serv.Ontario College of TeachersOntario College of TradesOntario Immigrant Nominee ProgramOntario Institute of AgrologistsOntario Tech UniversityThe Application Service for Ontario's Public CollegesOPCASOPRESCASOptomCASOral Roberts UniversityOrangeburg-Calhoun Technical CollegeOrdre des Ingénieurs du QuébecOREA Real Estate CollegeOregon Health & Science University (OHSU)Oregon Health and Science University CASOregon Institute of TechnologyOTCASOttawa Community Immigrant Services OrganizationOUAC - Ontario Law School Application ServiceOUAC - Ontario Medical School Application ServiceOUAC - Ontario Rehab Sciences Programs App SrvcsOur Lady of Lourdes School of NursingOur Lady of the Lake UniversityOwens Community CollegeOxford College of Arts, Business and TechnologyPace UniversityPacific College of Oriental Medicine (CA)Pacific Link CollegePacific Lutheran UniversityPacific Northwest College of ArtPacific Oaks CollegePacific States UniversityPacific UniversityPacifica Graduate InstitutePalm Beach Atlantic UniversityPalm Beach State CollegePalmer College of ChiropracticPark University (MO)Parkland College (SK)Parsons School of DesignPassaic County Community CollegePellissippi State Community CollegePennsylvania College of TechnologyPepperdine UniversityPeralta Community College DistrictPFA Pedorthic Footcare AssociationPharmCASPharmGradPharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School DistrictPhiladelphia UniversityPhoenix SeminaryPiedmont CollegePiedmont Technical CollegePillar CollegePinchot UniversityPitt Community CollegePittsburg State UniversityPlymouth State UniversityPoint Loma Nazarene UniversityPoint Park UniversityPoint UniversityPolycultural Immigrant and Community ServicesPolytechnic University in Puerto RicoPost UniversityPostBacCASPrairie View A&M UniversityPratt InstitutePresidio Graduate SchoolPrince George's Community CollegeProfessional Science Masters National Off (PSMCAS)Professional Standards BoardPSYCASPTCASPublic Service CommissionPurdue University NorthwestQatar UniversityQueen's UniversityQueen's University - OUACQueens University of CharlotteQuinnipiac UniversityRadford UniversityRadians CollegeRandall UniversityRedeemer University CollegeReformed Theological SeminaryRegent UniversityRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)Resurrection UniversityRice UniversityRider UniversityRivier UniversityRoane State Community CollegeRobert Morris UniversityRoberts Wesleyan CollegeRochester Institute of TechnologyRockford UniversityRocky Mountain CollegeRoger Williams UniversityRogers CommunicationsRogers State UniversityRollins CollegeRoosevelt UniversityRosalind Franklin University of Med and Sci CASRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceRosemont CollegeRoss University - EastRowan University GlassboroRoyal Roads UniversityRush UniversityRutgers Business School-Newark and New BrunswickRutgers University - CamdenRutgers University - NewarkRutgers University-Grad Admissions New BrunswickRyerson UniversitySacred Heart University - Fairfield CTSaint Francis Hospital (OK)Saint Joseph's UniversitySaint Leo University - 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Schools of Public Health Application SrvcSotheby's Institute of Arts-New YorkSouth Baylo UniversitySouth Carolina State UniversitySouth CollegeSouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologySouth Dakota State UniversitySouth University at Novi, MISouth University at Tampa, FLSouth University OnlineSoutheastern Louisiana UniversitySoutheastern Technical CollegeSouthern Adventist UniversitySouthern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT)Southern Arkansas UniversitySouthern California Institute of ArchitectureSouthern California University of Health SciencesSouthern Connecticut State UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySouthern Oregon UniversitySouthern University and A&M CollegeSouthern Utah UniversitySouthern Wesleyan UniversitySouthwest Baptist UniversitySouthwestern Assemblies of God UniversitySouthwestern Baptist Theological SeminarySouthwestern Christian UniversitySouthwestern Illinois CollegeSouthwestern Michigan CollegeSouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversitySouthwestern Oregon Community CollegeSP Law OfficeSpring Arbor UniversitySt. Ambrose UniversitySt. Andrews Presbyterian CollegeSt. Catherine UniversitySt. Cloud State UniversitySt. Edward's UniversitySt. Francis Medical CenterSt. Francis University (PA)St. George's UniversitySt. John Fisher CollegeSt. John's UniversitySt. Joseph's CollegeSt. Joseph's College (IN)St. Louis College of PharmacySt. Luke's CollegeSt. Mary's College of MarylandSt. Mary's University of TexasSt. Matthew's UniversitySt. Petersburg CollegeSt. Thomas Aquinas CollegeSt. Thomas University (FL)Stenberg CollegeSterling CollegeStetson UniversityStevens-Henager CollegeStockton UniversityStrayer UniversitySuffolk County Community CollegeSuffolk UniversitySullivan UniversitySUNY Alfred State CollegeSUNY Binghamton UniversitySUNY Broome Community CollegeSUNY Buffalo StateSUNY CantonSUNY Clinton Community CollegeSUNY College of Environmental Science & ForestrySUNY Columbia-Greene Community CollegeSUNY DelhiSUNY Empire State CollegeSUNY Farmingdale State CollegeSUNY Fashion Institute of TechnologySUNY Maritime CollegeSUNY Nassau Community CollegeSUNY New PaltzSUNY Old WestburySUNY OswegoSUNY PlattsburghSUNY Purchase CollegeSUNY Rockland Community CollegeSUNY Stony BrookSUNY Ulster County Community CollegeSUNY University at AlbanySUNY University at BuffaloSUNY Westchester Community CollegeSweet Briar CollegeSyracuse UniversityTalent Beyond BoundariesTallahassee Community CollegeTarleton State UniversityTarrant County College DistrictTaylor University - 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6Occupational Health and Safety Regulations and Recommendations Applicable to Nonhuman-Primate Research FacilitiesOnce a risk assessment has been completed, the final step before developing a risk management plan pertaining to OHS is understanding pertinent OHS standards. Leadership at institutions where nonhuman primates are used in research, teaching, or testing not only must be aware of workplace hazards and associated risks when developing their OHSP but also must be knowledgeable about and compliant with applicable regulations and guidelines. Those prerequisites can be a challenge in that multiple agencies or regulations may be applicable in a given institution. Regulation may be mandated at the federal and state levels and may depend on whether the nonhuman-primate work in question occurs in a federal facility or a federally funded institution. This chapter describes the important regulations and guidelines and provides contact information on organizations that can provide guidance and education on safety standards. Much of the information in this chapter can be found in Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 1996) and Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals (NRC 1997) and is restated here for ease of use.FEDERAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTSOccupational Safety and Health ActThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 mandates that all nongovernment employers provide a safe and healthful workplace for their employees. It also provided for the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The act directs OSHA to develop and issue standards through a public rule-making process. Employers must comply with those OHS standards as they would with any statutory requirement (Blosser 1992).The most important federal standards governing OHS are found in OSHA standard 29 CFR Part 1910 (www.osha.gov; Standards 29CFR). That document contains many sections that are pertinent to the work conducted in facilities where nonhuman primates are used in research, teaching, and testing. For example, the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) requires institutions to provide hepatitis B vaccinations to employees who handle blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with hepatitis B virus and to make a confidential medical evaluation available to the employee immediately after an exposure to animal tissues that are contaminated with a bloodborne pathogen. The OSHA standard on occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories (29 CFR 1910.1450) requires medical surveillance when monitoring reveals an exposure that routinely exceeds the action level for an OSHA-regulated substance, such as a time-weighted average of 0.75 ppm or a short-term exposure level of 2.0 ppm for formaldehyde (29 CFR 1910.1048). The OSHA standard regulating the use of compressed gases is 29 CFR 1910.101, personal protective equipment (PPE) standards are in 29 CFR 1910.132-1910.140, and electric systems requirements are in 29 CFR 1910. 301-1910.330 although other sections of 29 CFR 1910 might also be applicable.It is important to note that the OSHA standards are not all-inclusive. They do not directly address every hazard or risk present at every worksite. To address hazards not covered by a particular standard, OSHA may cite Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (also designated 29 USC § 654(a)(1)); this provision is called the general duty clause because it imposes on employers the general obligation of furnishing workplaces that are “free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm” (Blosser 1992).Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHA (www.osha.gov) is the federal agency charged with protecting the health of employees and preventing occupational injuries, disease, and death. Although OSHA and NIOSH were created by the same act of Congress, they are distinct agencies with separate responsibilities. OSHA is responsible for creating and enforcing workplace safety and health regulations. It establishes protective occupational standards and enforces them through inspection and monetary penalties. It also provides free on-site support to identify and correct hazards and provides assistance in setting up OHS programs.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)NIOSH (www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html) is the federal agency responsible for conducting research on and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related disease and injuries. NIOSH and OSHA often work together toward the goal of protecting worker safety and health.NIOSH can be an excellent source of information on OHS for institutions and individuals. It publishes hazard-specific guidance (“hazard IDs”) such as Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection Resulting from Ocular Exposure, which is available online at www.cdc.gov/niosh/ and provides a summary of key points, a description of the hazard, recommendations for preventing B virus infections, recommended actions, and references for additional information.Occupational Health and Safety in Federal FacilitiesThe Occupational Safety and Health Act in Section 19, also designated 29 USC 668, requires heads of federal agencies to establish and maintain comprehensive and effective OHS programs consistent with the standards set for nongovernment employers by OSHA (such as 29 CFR 1910), although no inspection oversight is detailed. Presidential Executive Order 12196, issued in 1980, further defines the responsibilities of federal agencies, including inspection requirements for federal OHS programs. The inspection requirements for federal agencies are listed in 29 CFR 1960; for example, inspectors must be safety or occupational health specialists or other persons with sufficient training or experience to recognize hazards and suggest general abatement procedures (29 CFR 1960.28(a)); and all agency workplaces must be inspected annually, and more frequent inspections must be conducted in workplaces where there is an increased risk of accident, injury, or illness (29 CFR 1960.25(c)). Furthermore, responsibility for oversight of federal OHS programs is assigned to the Office of Federal Agency Programs (OFAP), which functions as a “mini-OSHA” for federal employees. In essence, federal agencies must comply with the same OSHA standards as nongovernment employers; however, they are inspected by OFAP rather than OSHA, and they are not subject to monetary penalties.Occupational Health and Safety Requirements for Federally Funded InstitutionsThe Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (OLAW 2000) requires institutions that receive federal funds to have an OHS program as part of their overall animal care and use program. PHS Policy requires institutions to use the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 1996) as a basis of an institutional program for activities involving animals. The Guide includes OHS guidelines related to hazard identification and risk assessment; personnel training; personal hygiene; facilities, procedures, and monitoring; personal protection; and medical evaluation and preventive medicine for personnel. The Guide is discussed further later in this chapter.The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), in the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health (www.grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm), plays an important role in the implementation of PHS Policy. OLAW exercises compliance oversight of PHS Policy on research conducted or supported by any component of the PHS through approval of Animal Welfare Assurances. Each institution that receives federal funding must provide a written Assurance to OLAW. The Assurance Statement outlines how the institution will comply with PHS Policy, including how it will comply with the OHS guidelines outlined in the Guide. Once an Assurance Statement is accepted by OLAW, the institution is considered an “Assured” program. OLAW encourages programs to observe applicable industry standards, such as the National Research Council's Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals (NRC 1997).OLAW also requires the IACUCs of Assured programs to conduct semiannual program reviews and provides a suggested checklist to assist IACUCs in reviews. The OHS portion of the checklist, which is available online, is as follows (www.grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/sampledoc/chek1a.htm):Institutional program for a safe and healthy workplaceprogram is established and implementedcovers all personnel who work in laboratory animal facilitiesbased on hazard identification and risk assessmentpersonnel training (e.g., zoonoses, hazards, pregnancy/illness/ immunosuppression precautions)personal hygiene procedures (e.g., work clothing, eating/ drinking/smoking policies)procedures for use, storage & disposal of hazardous biologic, chemical, and physical agentsspecific procedures for personnel protection (e.g., shower/change facilities, injury preventionProgram for medical evaluation and preventive medicine for personnelpre-placement evaluation including health historyimmunizations (e.g,. rabies and tetanus) and tests as appropriatezoonosis surveillance as appropriate (e.g., Q-fever, tularemia, Hantavirus, plague)procedures for reporting and treating injuries, including bites, etc.Special precautions for personnel who work with primatestuberculosis screening includes all exposed personneltraining and implementation of procedures for bites & scratcheseducation regarding Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus)AAALAC International in its review of accredited institutions found the most common deficiencies in the OHSP were: 1) they were not based on hazard identification/risk assessment, and 2) there was inadequate personal protection and hygiene. Less common deficiencies were found in: 1) personnel training, 2) facilities, procedures, and monitoring, and 3) medical evaluation/preventive medicine (DeLong and others 2001). Aspects of the OHSP that are considered by AAALAC International in assessments of animal care and use programs can be found in the Program Description at HtmlResAnchor www.aaalac.org/download.htm.Federal Nonhuman-Primate Import and Quarantine Requirements and Worker Protection RecommendationsThe provisions of 42 CFR 71 seek to prevent the introduction, transmission, and spread of communicable disease from foreign countries into the states or possessions of the United States. Section 42 CFR 71.53 specifically addresses the importation of live nonhuman primates and restricts that activity to registered importers. Live nonhuman primates may be imported into the United States and sold, resold, or otherwise distributed only for bona fide scientific, educational, or exhibition purposes.The Division of Global Migration and Quarantine in the National Center for Infectious Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/) is responsible for preventing the importation and spread of zoonotic illness capable of causing serious outbreaks of communicable disease in humans (such as Marburg/Ebola, monkeypox, yellow fever, and tuberculosis). Its emphasis is on minimizing exposure to imported nonhuman primates during transit and during the mandatory 31-day quarantine period and vigilant surveillance for zoonotic illness.Nonhuman-primate importers must register with the CDC and certify that the nonhuman primates imported will be used for science, education, or exhibition as defined in the regulations. They must also implement disease-control measures and isolate the nonhuman primates for 31 days. The importers must report suspected zoonotic illness in the nonhuman primates or in workers and maintain records regarding nonhuman-primate distribution. As of this writing, the CDC program has 28 registered nonhuman-primate importers.CDC's import-quarantine program activities include development of recommendations for disease-control measures, inspection of quarantine facilities, monitoring of arriving shipments, assessment of disease-control measures, review of animal health records, and investigation of illness reports. Worker-protection measures advocated by CDC for activities in the importation and quarantine of nonhuman primates include:Limiting access to imported animals and tissues during transit and quarantineImplementation of an employee OHS program:Zoonotic-disease risk and prevention trainingTuberculosis skin-testingRespiratory protection program:Medical fitnessFit-testingTrainingUse of appropriate PPEWorker illness and injury surveillanceAdditional requirements and recommendations for registered nonhuman-primate import and quarantine activities pertain to facility design and operation, incorporation of disease-control measures into all standard operating procedures that present risk, engineering controls, waste-handling precautions, and PPE recommendations for all activities during quarantine beginning with the animals' entrance onto an aircraft.Requirements Related to Import and Export of Nonhuman-Primate MaterialNational Center for Import and ExportThe National Center For Import and Export (NCIE) of the US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has regulatory authority over the importation of human or nonhuman-primate material that is produced in tissue culture or is a potential or actual zoonotic pathogen. For more information regarding import and export requirements of APHIS, see www.aphis.usda.gov.US Public Health ServiceThe US Public Health Service (USPHS) has jurisdiction over all human and nonhuman-primate materials (USPHS 42 CFR - Part 71 Foreign Quarantine. Part 71.54 Etiologic agents, hosts, and vectors). Packages containing etiologic agents or vectors originating in foreign locations must have an importation permit issued by the United States Public Health Service. USPHS can be contacted at: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Office of Biosafety, Atlanta, GA 30333, or by telephone at 404-639-3883.US Department of TransportationThe Department of Transportation (DOT) has regulations regarding the transportation of hazardous materials, which include infected live animals or tissues. DOT can be reached at www.dot.gov; questions can be sent via e-mail to DOT information specialists at vog.tod [email protected] OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTSThe Occupational Safety and Health Act allows states to establish their own programs for issuing and enforcing OHS standards. These state programs are subject to certification by OSHA. States may also, subject to OSHA approval, assert jurisdiction over health and safety issues for which OSHA has no federal standard. State standards must be at least as stringent as the OSHA standards. When OSHA adopts a new standard, the state programs must issue corresponding rules. As of this writing, the following states (and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) have chosen to administer their own OSHA-approved programs:AlaskaArizonaCaliforniaConnecticutHawaiiIndianaIowaKentuckyMarylandMichiganMinnesotaNevadaNew MexicoNorth CarolinaOregonSouth CarolinaTennesseeUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWyoming