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He Did his on his own without any formal Coaching! He started his prep in his final year of his college!Candidate ProfileQ.DetailsNameDebotosh ChatterjeeRank in CSE-2015406Roll No.0047140Age24Total attempts in CSE (including this one)1Optional SubjectPolitical Science and International RelationsSchooling MediumEnglishCollege mediumEnglishMedium chosen for Mains answersEnglishMedium chosen for InterviewEnglishHome town/cityDurgapur (West Bengal)Work-experience if anyHave been working as a blogger and freelance writer for the last 5 years.Details of other competitive exams, including success/failuresCAT 2014 – 96 percentile (English – 99 percentile)Cleared SSC CGL 2015Missed cut off in RBI Grade B 2015 Prelims by 3.5 marks.Missed cut off in Phase 1 of IRDA JO Recruitment 2016 by 1 mark.Details of coaching, mock tests, postal material for any competitive exam (if used)No formal classroom coaching. Took GS Test Series from Vision IAS and Political Science Test Series from Trademark IAS (Kolkata). With the present format of the exam, it is way more peaceful and useful to opt for self preparation.Service preferences (Top-5)IAS > IFS > IRS (IT) > IRS (CCE) > IAASstate cadre preference (Top-5)Rajasthan > MP > AGMUT > Maharashtra > HaryanaEducation% in class 1090% in class 1275.6Graduation course and %Chemical Engineering (67.78 %)Name of college, city, passing out yearJadavpur University, Kolkata, Batch of 2015Post-graduationNopesAny other professional coursesNopesHobbies & Extracurricular achievementsCrazy about a couple of things – Writing and Cricket. The last 6 years of my life literally revolved around these two!IntroductionQ. Tell us something about yourself, your family, when and why did you enter in this field of competitive exams?Like so many UPSC CSE fanatics, my tryst with Civil Service started during my school days. Even though I belong to a middle class family with no civil service in the pedigree, I used to hear a lot about “IAS” in my childhood from my father and some close relatives. A few of my favourite teachers also used to talk encouragingly about the Civil Services, every now and then. This slowly led to my growing interest in this field as I started reading magazines like Competition Success Review and local newspapers even before Class 10 exams. After failure in IITJEE for two consecutive years (2010,2011), I became convinced that I really do not have much taste in these technical fields. However, hard pressed for options, I had to go for Chemical Engineering at JU since I really had nothing else to do back then. By that time, though, I had already made up my mind about CSE. It had to be my numero uno priority in life from thereon! Started blogging and writing professionally, besides reading 3 to 4 newspapers rigorously on daily basis. It all started in early 2011 when I was yet to get into college, and almost 5 years later I have tasted the fruits of my dedication and determination. So strong was my ambition that I outright opted out of the college placement process in final year.Electronic Vs Paper materialQ. In recent times, there is spur in electronic material- blogs, sites, pdfs, RSS-feeds. Many aspirants feel bogged down by this information overload. So, how much do you rely on electronic material and how much on the paper material (Books, newspapers)? If possible, narrate a typical day in your studylife. What is your style of preparation (e.g. I continue making notes no matter what I’m reading, I just read multiple times but don’t maintain notes, I make mindmaps on computer …or xyz style)I feel that for success in UPSC, the key lies NOT in selecting many sources. Rather, it is all about separating the chaff from the grain and prioritizing only what is necessary.The whole idea of reading using electronic material does not fit into my strategy beyond a certain point. Hence, despite so much electronic material available, I mostly used books, newspapers and hard copies of PDF files. However, to save time and make the preparation more efficient, I used to make notes on One Note.Tackling information overload : I always restricted myself to a few trusted websites. Some of them are Mrunal, Unacademy, IDSA, RSTV Youtube Channel, etc. Once these information sources are narrowed down, it becomes very easy to maintain discipline and follow them. However, even from these websites I used to be very selective at times. E.g. I did not follow RSTV discussions on political issues which had no bearing on my UPSC preparation. I could never revise from PDF files or make effective use of RSS feeds, so avoided those things. Mostly hard copies and a few trusted websites – that’s good enough.Daily Routine : I did not have a tight routine. Rather I used to fix daily/weekly targets and tried to achieve as much as possible. This I used to do throughout the 12 months of preparation to keep myself on track for finishing the syllabus in quick time and revision subsequently. However, I must say that aspirants should try and avoid the “night bird life”. I changed my nocturnal routine to a diurnal one very early during the preparation, and my efficiency and health improved quite a lot.Note making : Made notes only for things which were NOT STATIC or were TOO BIG to be read as a whole every time.Where I made notes – Daily newspapers, RSTV Debates, IDSA articles, 12thFive Year Plan, Economic Survey, Optional Subject.Where I DID NOT MAKE notes – NCERTs, Textbooks like Laxmikanth, Bipin Chandra, etc.Tempo and styleQ. People know what books and syllabus points are to be prepared. But most of them lack consistency in their preparation. So, how do you keep study momentum going on? How do you fight against the mood swings and distractions?About 3 months into the preparation, I realized this problem of mood swings as I lost almost 15 days trying to get past some annoying issues. I also realized that I can not let such mood swings damage my preparation after this. So I decided to take it light whenever such periods of limbo crept in. One can not study like a macho for 12 months and not do anything else! So I always used to set aside 1 or 2 days in a week or two for good Hollywood movies. I am a movie buff, and good movies always managed to bring me back on track. During the off-days, atleast newspaper reading should be done. Occasionally taking a day-long break is absolutely NECESSARY. Besides, listening to songs during times of mental turbulence helps calm things down. I preferred Hindi songs of the 70s an 80s, along with Rabindrasangeet.Working professionalIf you’re a working professional, share some tips on how to manage studies with jobNot applicable (Though I was a professional freelancer, the job rarely took up more than 2 hours in day and still gave me enough pocket money).Prelims (CSAT) General studiesTopicstrategy/booklist/commentHistory AncientMACGRAWHILL GS ManualHistory MedievalMACGRAWHILL GS ManualHistory Modern (Freedom Struggle)Started with Bipin Chandra. After completing it in 7-8 days, switched to Spectrum for all purposes in the exam. Spectrum is a brilliant book for easy revision in both Pre and Mains.Culture and societyMACGRAWHILL GS Manual + NCERT Fine Arts Cl 11 (v selective, but could not retain much)Polity (theory + current)NCERT Cls 11 + LaxmikanthEconomy (theory + current)Mrunal videos (Wow!) + Economic Survey + NCERT Cls 12 (Macro only) + NCERT Cls 11 + Sanjeev Verma and Ramesh Singh (selectively). First 3 are most important. Focus on KEYWORDS in whatever you read for Prelims.Science (theory + current)Very haphazard. Lucent + Unacademy + Mrunal. Had background in Science so not much of an issue with the basics. Humanities people should read NCERTs (Cls 6-10 if necessary) for strong basics. Vision IAS Current Affairs necessary for latest scientific developments.Environment (theory + current)Shankar IAS + Unacademy + Vision IAS Current Affairs.geography physicalG C Leong + NCERT Cls 11/12geography IndiaNCERT Cls 11/12 (NCERTs are of critical importance in Geography, especially the climate and ocean portions. Master those well!)geography worldG C Leong + NCERT Cls 11/12other national/international current affairsVision IAS Current Affairs (v comprehensive) + The HinduSchemes, Policy & Filler StuffNew Vishal’s India At A Glance 2015 (a compressed version of IYB). In Prelims these days, 2 or 3 questions are always from IYB. So, if there is time, this filtered version of the book can be very useful.Q. Any observation / comments / tips about GS prelim 2015 paper?The paper reinforced the idea that nobody can second guess UPSC w.r.t. pattern of the GS Prelims paper. In 2013, 2014, 2015 we have seen 3 entirely different brands of question papers. So, I would request aspirants to fortify their basics in ALL the GS subjects. Otherwise tackling such diversified and unpredictable papers can be tough. And yes, please focus on keywords in Current Affairs too. It can save or ruin your day!Q. Now that Aptitude paper has become qualifying, obvious more attention needs to be paid on the GS paper so apart from the books that you already have gone through, what else would you have tried for CSE-2016 (if you were going to appear)?I would try and be more diversified in my approach, i.e. not try and expect anything from the paper. In 2015, I was expecting either a factual or a conceptual paper, and UPSC surprised us with a paper loaded with Current Affairs. So, for future aspirants, DO NOT try to guess what the paper can be. Instead try and plug as many loopholes in your preparation as you can. That means Factual, Conceptual, Current Affairs, etc! The completion is very intense, and any laxity in preparation can be a cause of missed cut offs. Leave nothing to FATE or UPSC. Practice more MCQs, revise more, whatever it takes. It is essential to stick with 1 or 2 books per subject and revision them 5 to 10 times before going to the battleground.Prelims (CSAT) AptitudeTopicstrategy / booklistMathsNothingreasoningNothingcomprehensionNothingDecision MakingNothingQ. Any observation / comments / tips about GS Aptitude 2015 paper.It is not much of a headache now for even the die-hard CSAT haters, with qualification at just 66 marks! This year’s paper was quite normal, and I expect it to be so next year also.Prelim accuracyQ1. Did you attend any ‘mock tests’? Do you think they’re necessary for success?Yes I did attend a few of those. But never spent a dime subscribing for the costly Test series of coaching centres. Took tests which were available free of cost every now and then (E.g. Vision IAS Open Tests) and gauged my preparation. Just a few tests are enough, if one has practiced enough MCQs and has mastered the art of making “calculated guesses” (70% of Prelims GS paper has questions with NO direct answer!).Q2. Approximate no. of attempted answers vs. correct answers. in CSAT-2015attempted Q.correct (Expected)Official scoreGS9165113.34aptitudeDon’t rememberDon’t remember149.37Mains: Compulsory language paperCompulsory language paperYour preparation strategy / booklist?English paperNothingyour regional languagePractised a couple of essays a week before the exam. Familiarized myself with the question pattern using last 5 years papers.Q. other observations / tips / comments on the length / difficulty level of compulsory language papers in CSE-2015The regional language papers have become very dicey these days. There was a sudden change in the pattern of Grammar questions this year, and that meant I could not even touch 20 marks grammar in the paper. Translations have become a tad too tricky and difficult with every passing year. The paper CAN NOT be taken lightly at any cost. However, some simple revision of things learnt at school, in the last couple of weeks before Mains can suffice.Mains: EssayQ1. How did you prepare for the essay paper?I have been writing almost 600 to 800 words on an average every day for the last 5 years, courtesy my freelancing job. So I always had a natural flair for writing. Hence no preparation needed. However, my strategy for Essay was to choose topics for which a lot of current information and well accepted analysis is already available. PLANNING the essay before writing it is extremely crucial, and I spent close to 35 minutes in the exam hall planning the two essays.Q2. Which two essays did you write and What key points did you include in it?1: “Dreams which should not let Indian sleep”.Whenever I write on such broad issues, I mentally divide them into “Political” “Economic” “Environmental” “International” “Ethical” sections, just the way I have divided my ONE NOTE file. Here also I categorised India’s dreams into such sections and added lots of facts, figures (Econ Survey, 12thFYP, etc) and current examples to substantiate my points. For getting above average marks in Essay, EXAMPLES and RELEVANT facts are CRUCIAL. So, always keep such stuff ready at hand (e.g. literacy rate, latest govt. committees on sensitive issues, health indicators, etc).2: “Education without values ….. man more clever devil”.This topic had immense relevance with Ethics and Political Science. Besides, the statement is clearly stated and not much controversial stance needs to be taken. Here again, I started with examples from Ancient Greece and followed a timeline from Industrial Revolution and British exploitation in India to cyber crimes and scams of present. Substantiated using quotes of thinkers and practical arguments (e.g. wrote about how UPSC itself had added Ethics paper to emphasize on education laced with values).In both essays, I made lot of paragraphs which facilitates easy reading and gave headings and sub headings wherever necessary.General Studies (Mains) paper 1TopicHow did you prepare?CultureNCERT Cls 11 Ancient History + Nitin Singhania NotesIndian historySpectrumworld historyNorman Lewis. Used a Vision IAS pdf for revision purposes, as it expertly compressed the whole 600 pg book into a 200 pg document. Very essential for saving time, or else World History can take ages to complete. It’s very interesting, though.post-independence IndiaBipin Chandra, NCERT India After IndependenceIndian societyNCERT Sociology Cls 11, 12. But UPSC questions are mostly based on common sense. So can be skipped.role of women, poverty etc.NCERT Sociology Cls 11, 12globalization on Indian societyVision IAScommunalism, regionalism, secularismNCERT Indian After Independence, Bipin Chandraworld geo physicalG C Leong, NCERT, Mrunal videos (selective)resource distributionOne stop solution – Mrunalfactors for industrial locationMrunalearthquake tsunami etcVision IAS, NCERT Cls 11, 12impact on flora-faunaNothingGeneral studies (Mains) paper 2TopicHow Did You Prepare?Indian Constitution, devolution, dispute redressal etc.Laxmikanthcomparing Constitution with worldVision IAS (more or less skipped)parliament, state LegislaturesLaxmikanth (Static stuff not important)executive-judiciaryLaxmikanth (Static stuff not important)ministries departmentsLaxmikanth (Static stuff not important)pressure group, informal asso.Vision IAS Material + Current AffairsRepresentation of people’s actVision IAS Material (very static, so look for connected issues in current affairs – e.g. Anti Defection Law)various bodies: Constitutional, statutory..LaxmikanthNGO, SHG etc12thFYP, Vision IAS Material + Current Affairswelfare schemes, bodies12thFYP Notes (self made) + Vision Currentsocial sector, health, edu, HRD12thFYP Notes (self made) + Vision Currentgovernance, transparency, accountabilityVision IAS Material + Common Sensee-governanceVision IAS Material + Common Senserole of civil serviceVision IAS Material + Common SenseIndia & neighborsIncluded in optional subject. No separate prep. Focus should be very much on Current Affairsbilateral/global groupingIncluded in optional subject. No separate prep. Focus should be very much on Current Affairseffect of foreign country policies on Indian interestIncluded in optional subject. No separate prep. Focus should be very much on Current AffairsDiasporaVision IAS Material (4,5 pgs) + Current Affairsinternational bodies- structure mandateNothing special. Avoided the static stuff as much as possible, and focused on relevant issues in news. (E.g. I focussed on India’s entry into UNSC, and there was a Mains question on that too!)General studies (Mains) Paper 3TopicHow Did You Prepare?Indian economy, resource mobilizationNCERT Cls 12 Macro + Ramesh Singh + Mrunal Videosinclusive growth12thFYP Notes (self made) + MrunalBudgetingVision IAS (ignore static and factual content if time is at a premium).major crops, irrigationNothing special. Focussed on recent issues – e.g. fluctuating prices of Pulses; MSP issues, etc etc.agro produce – storage, marketingEconomic Survey, Vision IAS Materiale-technology for famersEconomic Survey, Vision IAS Materialfarm subsidies, MSPEconomic Survey, Vision IAS MaterialPDS, buffer, food securityEconomic Survey, Vision IAS Materialtechnology missionVision IAS Material (mostly static content, so had to rely on Current Affairs).animal rearing economicsVision IAS Materialfood processingVision IAS Materialland reformsBipin Chandra + Mrunal (very good analysis)LiberalizationMrunal Videos + Common SenseInfra12thFYP Notes (self made)investment modelsVision IAS + Current Affairs (2 new models were in news last year) + Mrunal Revision videosscience-tech day to day lifeVision IAS S&T document released in November 2015. But UPSC questions were not mainstream factual ones. Seems like the stress on opinion-based questions is going to be the trend from here-on, as far as GS III S&T is concerned.Indian achievements in sci-techSkipped. Only current affairs.awareness in IT, space, biotech, nano, IPRSkipped. Only current affairs.environmental impact assessmentShankar IAS. Static content not essential, in my opinion.Disaster ManagementVision IAS, MHA Document.non state actors, internal securityIDSA (very good website if used selectively as per syllabus). I used a pdf document available there, authored by Namrata Goswami (“India’s Internal Security Situation”)internal security – role of media, social networking siteVision IAS Material + IDSA + Current Affairscyber securityIDSA pdf + Vision IASmoney launderingIDSA pdf + Vision IASborder ManagementMHA Document + Vision IASorganized crime, terrorismFocus on Current Affairs. No need to memorize What? Who? When? Type of GK stuff. Form opinions on recent issues like money laundering.security agencies- structure mandateMore or less skipped. Only current issues needed. E.g. I focused on AFSPA as it was in news last year, and there was a question on that!General Studies 4: Ethics, Integrity, aptitudeTopicHow Did You Prepare?ethics and interface, family, society and all the hathodaa topicsLexicon + Mrunalattitude, moral influence etc.Lexicon + Mrunalcivil service: integrity, impartiality, tolerance to weak etcLexicon + Mrunalemotional intelligence, its use in governanceLexicon + Mrunalmoral thinkers of India and worldPart of Political Science (optional syllabus). No separate prep.ethics in MyP, accountability, laws, rules etc.Lexicon + Mrunalcorporate governanceLexicon + Mrunalprobity in governance, work cultureLexicon + Mrunalcitizen charter, ethics code, work culture etc.Lexicon + Mrunalchallenges of corruptionLexicon + Mrunalcase studies on above topicsLexicon + MrunalQ. Many candidates found Mains-2015 Ethics paper very peculiar and “out of the book”. What are your observations and tips for future aspirants regarding preparation of this paper?Yes, there were some awkward case studies (Dalit cook in school), and weird questions in the first part which made the paper very lengthy this time. However, I feel that good answer writing abilities can help you get “safe” marks even if the paper is not as per expectations. Besides, attempting the whole paper is also helpful in papers like 2015 Ethics, where one cannot exactly know the high scoring and low scoring answers. As I have always believed, it is better to go into the exam hall thinking that the question paper can have ANYTHING! Because it is UPSC, after all!Mains answer-writing?Please tell us how many marks worth attempt did you give? along with comments if any, in the following cells:PaperBest attemptedAverage qualitynamesake answerTotal attemptGS11082AllGS21044AllGS31361AllGS4Case StudiesThe Rest of the PaperNo ideaAllOpt-P1AllAllOpt-P2150 marks100 marks (in Section A), due to too much time spent in Section BCould not complete the last sentence in the last question! Rest fully attempted.Q. What was your approach in the exam (I wrote all, I only focused on the questions where I could answer perfectly, I just not to high quality points to reach the word limit etc.) Because the UPSC aspirant Community is divided over what counts as a ‘good’ paper. Some experts claim you should attempt all- even if it involves “making up” an answer with filler lines, some claim attempt only those questions you know perfectly. Where do you stand on this? [Based on your experience and of your seniors/buddies]I always knew that the fight for a place in the ULTIMATE PDF always happens over a narrow range of marks. Since the interview is absolutely unpredictable, Mains in all that we have to mop up the marks. And for this, EVERY SINGLE MARK must be fought for. Besides, this was my First Attempt and I did not want to leave any stone unturned. So attempting ALL questions was Priority No. 1. However, there were 3,4 questions in every paper which I used to attempt in the last 10 or 15 minutes, whereas the best ones I attempted first. I had a 6,7,7 or 7,6,7 hour-wise breakdown plan for attempting the GS papers. The wrist watch is a real game changer in the Mains exam!Q. How was your experience with the ‘fixed space’ answer sheet?Good enough. Helped me keep my answers within “reasonable limits” despite overshooting the 200 or 150 word limit.Q. Did you write answers in bullet points or in paragraphs? Some players (who cleared mains and got interview call letter) were claiming that they wrote entire paper in bullet points, so it doesn’t matter….whether examiner is asking ‘examine, comment, discuss or xyz’….simply write in bullets and points.I wrote almost 99% of the GS answers in bullet points with small intro and conclusion for most of them. However, into and conclusion is not always possible due to paucity of time. Bullet points format helped me think quicker than usual and produce answers faster.For Optional, I used the Paragraph format since Political Science is a humanities subject and answers are supposed to be written from the point of view of a specialist.Q. Did you follow the “introduction-body-conclusion” format? because some mains-qualified candidates claim they simply wrote the points they could recall within the time, instead of bothering with proper introduction and conclusion.Followed it in most of the questions in GS. Missed it when hard pressed for time. Happens when the wrist watch indicates that I am struggling to keep my hour-wise breakdown intact.Q5. Did you use highlighters / sketchpens in your answers?Nopes.Q6. Did you draw any diagram in any paper? (e.g. in GS1 Geography)Just a few here and there. Mainly in Geography (GS I). Did not have time to innovate and create diagrams elsewhere.Q7. If yes, Did you draw diagrams with pencil or pen?Pen.Q8. Did you use ruler to draw the lines in diagram? Or did you just make it by hand?By Hand. Time is very cruel to those who try fancy things.Q9. You wrote the answer in blue pen or black pen?Blue. Pilot V5. Absolutely fantastic pen, with an awesome speed.Mains Optional SubjectQ. What’s your optional subject and why did you chose it and not something else?Political Science and International Relations (PSIR). Loved International Relations since before I joined college, and was also confident about the Constitution and Indian National Movement part because a strong foundation was built during school days. Plus, I had a flair for writing and PSIR is known to be very kind to people who are creative with words and language.Q. If a new player wants to pick this subject, would you advice for it or against it? (e.g. every senior player in Public Administration seems to be advising against MyP)I would, ONLY if they are INTERESTED in it. If you go by “popularity” or “scoring potential” or “success rate” of PSIR, it might doom you to ridiculous failure. I have heard of people getting marks in 20s and 30s after attempting 250 marks paper in PSIR. So, interest and love for the subject count the MOST.Q. First the essential book/resource list. (Also mention which one is the “Base book” for covering the theory? + Whatever comments you’ve for a particular book e.g. “my seniors said read xyz book but I found that ABC book was better”. “xyz topic not given properly in this book, so prepare from xyz website or book…” OR and so on.)Paper 1 Section A – Completely static part of the syllabus. Multiple revisions of given resources helped. Besides, I DID NOT refer to too many books, to save time. Spend adequate time and you can master this section well enough.Political Ideologies (Theoretical stuff) – O.P Gauba (good for basics, but some might find the language to be a bit convoluted) + Shubhra Ranjan Madam NotesIndian Political Thought – V R Mehta + Shubhra Ranjan Madam NotesWestern Political Thought – Brian Nelson (excellent book) + Shubhra Ranjan Madam NotesPaper 1 Section B – More or less overlapped with GS I and II, but had to be read with the flavor of optional. Good command over Current Affairs can give you the edge over others in the Polity section.Indian National Movement – Bipin Chandra + Spectrum (excellent for revision) + Shubhra Ranjan Madam NotesIndian Polity – B. L. Fadia (Very selective) + Shubhra Ranjan Madam Notes + Laxmikanth (this book is anyways read by everyone for basics).Paper 2 Section A – Dynamic as well as static in some sections. Need time to fully grasp the concepts, as they can get a bit confusing at times.Comparative Politics – IGNOU MA Notes + Shubhra Ranjan Madam Notes + Andrew HeywoodSelective study from Internet for some top priority topics (E.g. WTO, UN, etc).Paper 2 Section B – More or less ALL about current affairs, with some links to static stuff. Some basic books for foundation building should be reading.Challenges and Strategies – Rajiv SikriCan the Elephant Dance? – David MaloneShubhra Ranjan Madam Notes (If you feel necessary, otherwise can be skipped for this part).RSTV Videos (India’s World)Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) websiteVision IAS Current AffairsSelective study of certain editions of World Focus magazineQ. How much of internet-research / current affairs is necessary for this optional? OR can one simply rely on the books and be done with this subject?Necessary mostly for Paper 2 (International Relations and Comparative Politics). IR is something that takes a different colour every other day. So, books and coaching notes may be useful for getting familiarity with the subject, but rigorous focus and analysis of current affairs in international arena is necessary to score good marks in this.Q. How many months did it take to finish the core optional syllabus?Not Sure. I did a part of the syllabus way before Prelims 2015, and a part of it afterwards. Besides, there is a lot of overlap between GS and PSIR syllabus. However, I think 2 to 3 months of focused study is necessary for completing the first round of the syllabus. Marks and performance, however, shall depend on how well and how many times you revise thereafter (I did 3 to 4 revisions of the whole syllabus before going for Mains. With every successive revision, the speed improves for the next one!)Q. How many days/ weeks before the exam, you started answer writing practice?Writing has been my part time profession for quite some time. Hence, was not worried about my writing abilities despite 2015 being my 1stattempt. However, it is essential to get into the Mains answer writing mode atleast 2 months in advance. I started taking Mock Tests 2 days after Prelims results were declared, i.e. from 15thOctober, 2015 onwards.Q. Do you maintain self-notes for revision of optional? In which format- electronic or paper?Mostly SR madam notes. But added some of my own handwritten notes to it. For those parts of the syllabus which were overlapping with GS, I used consolidated notes in my One Note file (e.g. International Relations).Q. Your observation about the difficultly level of 2015 mains vs previous papers. And what precautions / rectifications are necessary in the future strategy for given optional subject?It was easier than the previous years. However, the marking and the scaling seems to have been proportionately stricter. And the PSIR average performance in 2015 has not been good enough. However, marks in most optional subjects have seen some dip this year.Before the interviewQ1. How did you prepare for the interview? – for college grad, hobbies, place of origin, current affairs at national and international level?Never took much stress since I believed that cramming too much information into my head before the interview can be a recipe for stress. Hence had some light dosage of current affairs (especially international relations), hobbies (when? Why? How? Type of questions) and brushed up basic knowledge related to home town, state, school, etc. More or less skipped the college graduation subject since I did not want to waste time reading something I hardly bothered to understand in the last 4 years. And this paid off since the interview board did not grill me on Chemical Engineering (my nemesis!).Q2. Did you attend any mock interviews by coaching classes? How were they similar / different than official interview? Do you believe it is necessary to attend such mock interviews?Yes. I attended 2 mock interviews in Kolkata. It is important to get a feel of how things are going to be during the actual interview, and a couple of mocks are helpful in that case. However, quality of questions and state of mind are highly different in mocks and UPSC interview. There is no need to take more than 3 mocks, if your interview date is very early after Mains results.Q3. Where did you stay for the interview? (Hotel / friend’s home …) and what books/material did you bring for the ‘revision before interview’?Damodar Valley Corporation Guest House near Safdarjung Hospital. On the night before the interview it is important to stay cool and not think too much about the ominous ‘tomorrow’. I watched the ICC World T20 which was going on at that time. Stress reliever! And as far as revision is concerned, just googled a few cricket related terms (chinaman, reverse swing, etc) since my DAF was loaded with Cricket.Q4. Any words of wisdom about Medical checkup?You cannot have food in the morning that day. Always carry a packet of biscuits or some dry foodstuff which you can eat immediately after some of the first few tests. Otherwise, you might have to go hungry for 8 hours at a stretch until the check up is complete! And yes, wear glasses and carry the prescription if you have any near/far eyesight issues.Q5. Describe the formal-dress worn by you in interview.Light blue shirt (full sleeve), formal trousers. NO TIE; NO SUIT. You can radiate enough confidence in even the simplest of formal attire.During the interviewQ1. Who was the chairman of you interview board?Mr. D.K. DeewanQ2. How long was the interview?Around 30 to 35 minutes (may not be precise).Q3. Why do you want to join civil service? Why don’t you continue in your graduation field? Social service can be done from private sector too. [Since I don’t know whether they ask you this question or not. But if they had asked- what will be your reply?]This question was not asked. I was never interested in my graduation field, to be honest. And hence had no hesitation while going for UPSC right after graduation. The charm of civil services was inescapable, right since my school days.Q4. Please narrate your entire interview- what questions did they ask and what did you reply and other pleasant or uncomfortable experiences during the interview. (Earlier some toppers only tell me their question but not their answer. I would appreciate if you give both Question + your original answers)Date – 17.03.2016Board Chairman – Mr D K DeewanChairman1. What is the distance between Kolkata and Delhi? (Answered approximately, but said not sure)2. What would you do if you have to find the distance between Kolkata and Delhi, sitting in this room?Ans – 1. I would check the ticket. He says, no you dont have it here.2. I would check the internet. He says, no you dont have internet also.3. Try and find distance between the two cities and some known points and then add them together. He says, it is v difficult sitting in this room.4. I would try and ask you, since you might be having the answer. Chairman blushed, smiled and said, no you have to answer by thinking. You can not ask the other person in the room.I said Sorry Sir, can't think of anything else. He says use Dist = Speed * Time formula. I said i was not sure about average speed. He says You should know the speed of Indian Railways. (I was a little surprised!)3. Asked about 'Why India had missions abroad?' I answered from the context of diplomatic missions, but i think he was also looking for peacekeeping missions, may be. I missed that.Switched to second member. (M1)1. Questions on geopolitics – answered.2. Why USA and Australia do not have same global clout despite similar geographies? I said Resources, Population, Leadership and Evolution through the years were highly different. So, he asks me whether USA and Russia (dont remember whether he said Russia or USSR) are comparable. I said, Yes they were comparable at some point of time, but Russia lost out in the race due to wrong choices and rigidity in governance.3. Questions on multiculturalism – 3 countries which are multicultural; 3 which are not. Answered. (He seemed satisfied)Next member (M2)(For some very unfortunate reason, I had to drop the plan of wearing a tie at the last moment)1. Why are you not wearing a tie? Everyone seems to be wearing it.I was expecting this, and replied by saying that I have never used a tie, and have also not worked anywhere in any capacity that would have necessitated my using it. So, i decided to keep it simple and not take a risk with something that i am not accustomed with on the BIG day.2. What would you say if someone walks into the room wearing a 'lungi'? (I had in mind the 'lungi' that rural folk in Bengal wear as informal dress, and so said that it would not be appropriate).He says, “Why? .. P.Chidambaram wears it everywhere”. I was a bit surprised and pointed out that for South Indians, lungi is a formal dress and a part of their tradition. He asked another question on Lungi, but i said “Sorry Sir, I have not met or interacted with anyone wearing a lungi, so i am unable to comment on the various dimensions of the dress”. He gets startled and says "Oh! You have never been to South India!" Then M3 points out "He is very young. How old are you exactly?" Then the Lungi tirade finally stopped.3. Questions about St.Francis Xavier(school related question). Which Church? What is the difference between Catholic and Protestant Church. Answered correctly.4. Some vague question on how industrial revolution in England and France were differentiated by choice of Church! He quoted Max Weber here. I said Sorry Sir, unable to comment.5. How much do you know about Chemical Engg? I said i know some basics, but not entirely confident about it. M3 suddenly asks, with a smile, "But JU is a world class university". I also smiled, and was about to reply to this, when suddenly M1 started with next question.6. What is Charles Law, Boyle's Law? What is Absolute Zero and its significance. (Answered more or less correctly, even though could not properly explain the significance part).M31. You write letters to newspapers(DAF). Why and on what issues? Explained well and said that i have been doing this since a very young age.2. Are you worried about the student agitation in JU? I said no, its mostly the chaos created by the fringe elements that gets portrayed as something being endorsed by everyone. In reality, the atmosphere in the college is constructive and democratic with enough scope for free flow of ideas and information. He smiles and says "So, you are saying Golden Mean is the Golden Rule"(something of that nature). I smiled and said Yes.Suddenly Chairman intervenes1. Why did you not write those letters directly to concerned department? ( I had earlier mentioned that one of my letters was centered on a 18-hour long power cut in a district hospital).I answered, i was very young back then, and did not have the proper resources to report such issues directly to the concerned department. But that i do try and take that route for certain issues at present. I was about to explain the context of that particular letter on Power Cut, when M4 starts out of nowhere.M41. Which is the worst Chem Engg disaster in India? (Answered Bhopal Gas Tragedy)2. Do u think the victims have got the justice they deserve? (I said No)He then starts with a very long lecture on how our courts have a habit of letting accused go scot free, and asks me whether this is 'inbuilt' in our judiciary. I pointed out that there are certain problems in our judicial system (pointed out the obvious ones) and that aberrations are there, but nothing like that is 'inbuilt' in the system.3. What improvements are needed in judiciary. Points out that collegium system is not working.Answer – Need more transparency in appointments, the way it is for Civil Services, where even a common man can understand the recruitment process and see the credentials of those being recruited. Judicial appointments are opaque and can be improved upon. Also pointed out problems with lower courts, and how Supreme Court alone can not handle everything. Also mentioned that critical review of judgments delivered by courts (atleast the higher judiciary) is needed, just the way there is Law Review in USA.Here Chairman intervenes, and asks should we blindly copy anything which appears good somewhere? I said, No but we can use such ideas and make sure that they are appropriately adjusted for our specific context. He nods and says 'Yes, we should see the bigger picture'.There was another question from Chairman, but i don't remember when exactly he had asked it. Question – What is Yellow Journalism? (answered)The End. (approx 30-35 minutes, but may have been longer or shorter)Even though i was stumped on a couple of occasions, I felt good during the interview, and had a smile on my face. Never felt stressed out.Q5. Was your interview on the expected lines of what you had prepared or did they ask you totally unexpected questions? Was it a stress interview, did they ask any uncomfortable questions? If yes, how did you handle it?It was not a stress interview, but as people say, Mr Deewan’s board always comes up with strange interviews. Mine too was a bit weird at times, as can be made out from the transcript. A soothing smile on the face and steadiness in body language can help ward off uncomfortable situations.Q6. Any side details about technicalities like “make sure you bring xyz document or do xyz thing, or you’ll face problem”?All details will be given along with Interview call letter. Nothing to worry, UPSC is very lenient in some of these things too.Q7. Any word of wisdom / observations about medical checkup?Check your weight 2 to 3 weeks before the D Day. Shed some weight if you have to. If they mark you overweight (calculated using BMI figures), then a hectic process of re-examination can really get frustrating. I was not overweight, but still shed around 4 kilos before check up to stay in the ‘Normal BMI’ range. A gazette notification states all the Tests that are to be done during Medical. Look for it on the internet. There is a good post in Mrunal too, about the medical check up.CSE-2015 MarksheetQ1. Please attach both prelim and final marksheetCSE 2015 mark sheet-Prelims mark sheet-SubjectMarks obtainedPaper 1113.34Paper 2149.37Mains mark sheet-SubjectMarks obtainedEssay – Paper-1135General Studies – Paper 283General Studies – Paper 381General Studies – Paper 4107General Studies – Paper 589Optional Paper – Paper-1122Optional Paper – Paper-2112Written total729Personality Test160Final Total889Q2. After looking at the marksheet, suppose you had to prepare again next time, what changes will you make in your studies?Better preparation for Optional Paper 2 (I was not thorough with Comparative Politics section this time).More answer writing practice, and better coverage of static syllabus in GS I.More comprehensive GS prep for Prelims is needed to beat the heat of ever increasing competition.May be, use a tie/suit in the next interview!Career BackupQ1. If you were not selected, what was your career backup plan?Some peaceful job in banking/insurance sector or SSC CGL. Was confident about clearing some decent exam very soon.Q2. When were you going to “execute” that backup plan? (e.g. after __ failed attempts/ after I cross __ age/after dad retires/ after girlfriend dumps me etc.)Anytime. I had already appeared for a selected few exams like CGL and RBI Gr B in 2015 and IRDA JO, LIC AAO in 2016. Was going to write NABARD, GIC and UIIC prelims in May-June 2016 if UPSC results were not positive. Almighty God, however, had different plans for me. I feel that if one is comfortable with UPSC syllabus after 1 or 2 attempts, he/she should take a light job and continue preparing. This reduces the constant headache of being unemployed.Views on UPSC reformsQ. Optional subjects should be removed altogether. The present stalemate is helping no-one, except coaching-owners, book publishers.YES. ABSOLUTELY. Gives a lot of advantage to people with backgrounds in those subjects. Also, not all graduation subjects in India are there in the Optional list. So, these 2 papers should be scrapped and some useful addition can be made to the GS syllabus, like the way it was done in 2013. This can make the exam open to all.Q. Your views on the decision to make CSAT paper 33% qualifying?Not desirable. Atleast some weightage should be attached to the CSAT paper like GS : CSAT = 60:40. Besides, as the results indicate, this move has not helped the CSAT haters qualification chances to any extent.Q. Despite what UPSC has done in recent years, it has failed to curb the nuisance of Delhi’s coaching factories. In fact it’s increased under the new Mains-syllabus in 2015. Let’s face it, most candidates who gave Mains-2015 have relied on (authentic OR Xeroxed) coaching notes because there was hardly any time left to prepare so many topics in such short time. This system work against an individual preparing from far-away area, without any financial resources, high-speed internet or contacts in Delhi.I personally prepared at home, which is in a small town named Durgapur, almost 1600 kms from Delhi! And I did not rely on coaching notes for GS papers in any way. However, for Optional subjects the coaching notes become necessary (and those were indeed very helpful in my case!). Hence I suggested the complete removal of optional. However, the availability of Internet has created a better atmosphere for aspirants from far off regions, who no longer need to feel isolated. Besides, there are awesome people like you who help aspirants better than any coaching institute ever can!Q. Half-merger of IFoS with CSE is a bad move because it has raised the cutoffs for players who’re solely dedicated to IFoS only (and not to IAS/IPS). Adding salt to the wounds, many who had applied for both jobs, cleared the prelims- they did not even bother to appear in all the papers of Mains-IFoS. (atleast that was the scene in 2013).Yes this should not happen. Some people who are interested only in CSE apply for IFoS just for fun. The two Prelims exams should be clearly demarcated, as their structures differ considerably.Q. UPSC should disclose official prelim answer key and cutoffs, immediately after prelim is over, instead of postponing it till interview phase is over.YES, absolutely. No point creating a situation where even the serious aspirants lose so much time choosing among answer keys of different coaching institutes (which are rarely 100% accurate).Q. UPSC should be conducted online like IBPS and CAT exam to shorten the duration of exam.Prelims may be conducted online, but I do not think there is any scope of doing that for Mains. The paper format of Prelims, however, is pretty smooth for now.Q. If you are made the UPSC chairman, what other reforms would you initiate for the civil service exam?(1) Remove optional.(2) Make Interview marking more rational by using atleast 2 boards.(3) Slightly reduce the weightage of interview in total marks.(4) Release Prelims answer keys a few days after the exam.(5) Shortening the whole exam process as much as rationally possible.Insecurity about profileQ. Many candidates prepare sincerely but constantly live under fear about ‘profile insecurity’. I’m not from a big college, I’m not from English medium, and I don’t have work-experience. What if they ask some stressful questions in the interview about this? Did you suffer from such insecurities? What is your message to these candidates?I had pathetic scores in Class 12 Board and Graduation. This was despite the fact that I used to be a topper at school. However, it was my firm belief that the best things in my life can happen irrespective of any ‘marks/profile’. I am a fresh graduate with ZERO work experience and do not have the luxury of having an IIT or DU ‘tag’ in my education history. And yet, I qualified in my 1stattempt. That’s because I believed I could.In UPSC, especially, things like marks and profile mean almost nothing. For those who know about Kung Fu Panda – “There is no special ingredient. It’s just YOU”.WisdomQ. Through this struggle and success, what have your learned? What is the wisdom of life and competition? What is your message to the new aspirants?Fear is a good thing at times (ask Bruce Wayne, aka Batman). However, anxiety is not good. Spend as much time as you want before you jump into the UPSC fray. Plan, think, extrapolate, etc to see whether you can find the right balance between risks and rewards in appearing for this exam. I took almost 2 months to come to this decision. However, once decided, be ready to face the uncertain world of UPSC. Have the hunger to succeed, but do not be too scared of failure. Give your best, but be prepared to face the worst. And yes, even though it is UPSC, try and leave nothing to FATE or LUCK. Smart and hard work is helpful in negotiating these two elements.Q. Many hardworking candidates have failed in Mains/Interview of CSE-2015. They’re feeling cynical, hopeless and depressed- what is your message to them?I know a thing or two about failure, having failed in too many things (exams, friendships, relationships, etc) in the last 6 years. Try reading quality books (e.g. The Goal by E. Goldratt) or watch some brilliant movies (The Pursuit of Happyness) to keep your chin up. I used to watch inspirational Youtube videos every now and then. The saying goes like this – “The toughest man to beat is one who can laugh at his own mistakes”.My failures in the last few years strengthened to me an extent that I crossed the UPSC hurdle in my 1stattempt, while preparing at home. See, failures do help you succeed later on. Keep going!Credit: Friends/familyQ. Behind every topper are many people who stood by during those uncertain times when he/she was merely an ‘aspirant’. Would you like to tell the world, who were those people in your case? Any specific incidence that you would like to share with the readers?My parents. My younger brother. A few close relatives. A couple of friends. The rest of the world did not even know what I was doing since graduation (‘Lagta hai isko koi naukri nahi mila’, they believed!).BOGUS Marketing PropagandaQ. You are well aware of the sacred rule of conducting toppers interview- the last question must be about self-marketing. So, Did you use http://Mrunal.org for your preparation and if yes, how did it help you? And you can even reply “No”. I’ll still publish your answer without tempering.Youtube lectures on Economy are absolutely WONDERFUL. Such free stuff is very precious to us who are doing self preparation. Besides, I took the baby steps in the formal preparation for CSE, way back in December 2014, by exploring Mrunal’s website. I am lucky that I had come across your work even before I started prep. Made a LOT of difference to my LIFE. Just keep going. Do not stop. It’s a brilliant site.

Applications of artificial intelligenceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(March 2016)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Artificial intelligenceMajor goalsKnowledge reasoningPlanningMachine learningNatural language processingComputer visionRoboticsArtificial general intelligenceApproachesSymbolicDeep learningBayesian networksEvolutionary algorithmsPhilosophyEthicsExistential riskTuring testChinese roomFriendly AIHistoryTimelineProgressAI winterTechnologyApplicationsProjectsProgramming languagesGlossaryGlossaryvteArtificial intelligence, defined as intelligence exhibited by machines, has many applications in today's society. More specifically, it is Weak AI, the form of A.I. where programs are developed to perform specific tasks, that is being utilized for a wide range of activities including medical diagnosis, electronic trading, robot control, and remote sensing. AI has been used to develop and advance numerous fields and industries, including finance, healthcare, education, transportation, and more.Contents1AI for Good2Aviation3Computer science4Education5Finance5.1Algorithmic trading5.2Market analysis and data mining5.3Personal finance5.4Portfolio management5.5Underwriting6Job Search7Heavy industry8Hospitals and medicine9Human resources and recruiting10Marketing11Media12Music13News, publishing and writing14Online and telephone customer service15Sensors16Telecommunications maintenance17Toys and games18Transportation19Other20List of applications21See also22Notes23References24External linksAI for Good[edit]AI for Good is a movement in which institutions are employing AI to tackle some of the world's greatest economic and social challenges. For example, the University of Southern California launched the Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, with the goal of using AI to address socially relevant problems such as homelessness. At Stanford, researchers are using AI to analyze satellite images to identify which areas have the highest poverty levels.[1]Aviation[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(November 2016)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)The Air Operations Division (AOD) uses AI for the rule based expert systems. The AOD has use for artificial intelligence for surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission management aids, support systems for tactical decision making, and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries.[2]The use of artificial intelligence in simulators is proving to be very useful for the AOD. Airplane simulators are using artificial intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated flights. Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up with the best success scenarios in these situations. The computers can also create strategies based on the placement, size, speed and strength of the forces and counter forces. Pilots may be given assistance in the air during combat by computers. The artificial intelligent programs can sort the information and provide the pilot with the best possible maneuvers, not to mention getting rid of certain maneuvers that would be impossible for a human being to perform. Multiple aircraft are needed to get good approximations for some calculations so computer simulated pilots are used to gather data.[3]These computer simulated pilots are also used to train future air traffic controllers.The system used by the AOD in order to measure performance was the Interactive Fault Diagnosis and Isolation System, or IFDIS. It is a rule based expert system put together by collecting information from TF-30 documents and the expert advice from mechanics that work on the TF-30. This system was designed to be used for the development of the TF-30 for the RAAF F-111C. The performance system was also used to replace specialized workers. The system allowed the regular workers to communicate with the system and avoid mistakes, miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized workers.The AOD also uses artificial intelligence in speech recognition software. The air traffic controllers are giving directions to the artificial pilots and the AOD wants to the pilots to respond to the ATC's with simple responses. The programs that incorporate the speech software must be trained, which means they use neural networks. The program used, the Verbex 7000, is still a very early program that has plenty of room for improvement. The improvements are imperative because ATCs use very specific dialog and the software needs to be able to communicate correctly and promptly every time.The Artificial Intelligence supported Design of Aircraft,[4]or AIDA, is used to help designers in the process of creating conceptual designs of aircraft. This program allows the designers to focus more on the design itself and less on the design process. The software also allows the user to focus less on the software tools. The AIDA uses rule based systems to compute its data. This is a diagram of the arrangement of the AIDA modules. Although simple, the program is proving effective.In 2003, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, and many other companies, created software that could enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a safe landing zone can be reached.[5]The software compensates for all the damaged components by relying on the undamaged components. The neural network used in the software proved to be effective and marked a triumph for artificial intelligence.The Integrated Vehicle Health Management system, also used by NASA, on board an aircraft must process and interpret data taken from the various sensors on the aircraft. The system needs to be able to determine the structural integrity of the aircraft. The system also needs to implement protocols in case of any damage taken the vehicle.[6]Haitham Baomar and Peter Bentley are leading a team from the University College of London to develop an artificial intelligence based Intelligent Autopilot System (IAS) designed to teach an autopilot system to behave like a highly experienced pilot who is faced with an emergency situation such as severe weather, turbulence, or system failure.[7]Educating the autopilot relies on the concept of supervised machine learning “which treats the young autopilot as a human apprentice going to a flying school”.[7]The autopilot records the actions of the human pilot generating learning models using artificial neural networks.[7]The autopilot is then given full control and observed by the pilot as it executes the training exercise.[7]The Intelligent Autopilot System combines the principles of Apprenticeship Learning and Behavioral Cloning whereby the autopilot observes the low-level actions required to maneuver the airplane and high-level strategy used to apply those actions.[8]IAS implementation employs three phases; pilot data collection, training, and autonomous control.[8]Baomar and Bentley’s goal is to create a more autonomous autopilot to assist pilots in responding to emergency situations.[8]Computer science[edit]AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered a part of AI. (See AI effect.) According to Russell & Norvig (2003, p. 15), all of the following were originally developed in AI laboratories: time sharing,interactive interpreters, graphical user interfaces and the computer mouse, rapid development environments, the linked list data structure, automatic storage management, symbolic programming, functional programming, dynamic programming and object-oriented programming.AI can be used to potentially determine the developer of anonymous binaries.[citation needed]AI can be used to create other AI. For example, around November 2017, Google's AutoML project to evolve new neural net topologies created NASNet, a system optimized for ImageNet and COCO. According to Google, NASNet's performance exceeded all previously published ImageNet performance.[9]Education[edit]There are a number of companies that create robots to teach subjects to children ranging from biology to computer science, though such tools have not become widespread yet. There have also been a rise of intelligent tutoring systems, or ITS, in higher education. For example, an ITS called SHERLOCK teaches Air Force technicians to diagnose electrical systems problems in aircraft. Another example is DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which used AI to develop a digital tutor to train its Navy recruits in technical skills in a shorter amount of time.[1]Universities have been slow in adopting AI technologies due to either a lack of funding or skepticism of the effectiveness of these tools, but in the coming years more classrooms will be utilizing technologies such as ITS to complement teachers.Advancements in natural language processing, combined with machine learning, have also enabled automatic grading of assignments as well as a data-driven understanding of individual students’ learning needs. This led to an explosion in popularity of MOOCs, or Massive Open Online Courses, which allows students from around the world to take classes online. Data sets collected from these large scale online learning systems have also enabled learning analytics, which will be used to improve the quality of learning at scale. Examples of how learning analytics can be used to improve the quality of learning include predicting which students are at risk of failure and analyzing student engagement.[10]Finance[edit]Algorithmic trading[edit]Algorithmic trading involves the use of complex AI systems to make trading decisions at speeds several orders of magnitudes greater than any human is capable of, often making millions of trades in a day without any human intervention. Automated trading systems are typically used by large institutional investors.[11]Market analysis and data mining[edit]Several large financial institutions have invested in AI engines to assist with their investment practices. BlackRock’s AI engine, Aladdin, is used both within the company and to clients to help with investment decisions. Its wide range of functionalities includes the use of natural language processing to read text such as news, broker reports, and social media feeds. It then gauges the sentiment on the companies mentioned and assigns a score. Banks such as UBS and Deutsche Bank use an AI engine called Sqreem (Sequential Quantum Reduction and Extraction Model) which can mine data to develop consumer profiles and match them with the wealth management products they’d most likely want.[12]Goldman Sachs uses Kensho, a market analytics platform that combines statistical computing with big data and natural language processing. Its machine learning systems mine through hoards of data on the web and assess correlations between world events and their impact on asset prices.[13]Information Extraction, part of artificial intelligence, is used to extract information from live news feed and to assist with investment decisions.[14]Personal finance[edit]Several products are emerging that utilize AI to assist people with their personal finances. For example, Digit is an app powered by artificial intelligence that automatically helps consumers optimize their spending and savings based on their own personal habits and goals. The app can analyze factors such as monthly income, current balance, and spending habits, then make its own decisions and transfer money to the savings account.[15]wallet.AI, an upcoming startup in San Francisco, builds agents that analyze data that a consumer would leave behind, from Smartphone check-ins to tweets, to inform the consumer about their spending behavior.[16]Portfolio management[edit]Robo-advisors are becoming more widely used in the investment management industry. Robo-advisors provide financial advice and portfolio management with minimal human intervention. This class of financial advisers work based on algorithms built to automatically develop a financial portfolio according to the investment goals and risk tolerance of the clients. It can adjust to real-time changes in the market and accordingly calibrate the portfolio.[17]Underwriting[edit]An online lender, Upstart, analyze vast amounts of consumer data and utilizes machine learning algorithms to develop credit risk models that predict a consumer’s likelihood of default. Their technology will be licensed to banks for them to leverage for their underwriting processes as well.[18]ZestFinance developed their Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML) Platform specifically for credit underwriting as well. This platform utilizes machine learning to analyze tens of thousands traditional and nontraditional variables (from purchase transactions to how a customer fills out a form) used in the credit industry to score borrowers. The platform is particularly useful to assign credit scores to those with limited credit histories, such as millennials.[19]Job Search[edit]The job market has seen a notable change due to Artificial intelligence implementation. It has simplified the process for both recruiters and job seekers (i.e., Google for Jobs and applying online). According to Raj Mukherjee from Job Search | Indeed, 65% of people launch a job search again within 91 days of being hired. AI-powered engine streamlines the complexity of job hunting by operating information on job skills, salaries, and user tendencies, matching people to the most relevant positions. Machine intelligence calculates what wages would be appropriate for a particular job, pulls and highlights resume information for recruiters using natural language processing, which extracts relevant words and phrases from text using specialized software. Another application is an AI resume builder which requires 5 minutes to compile a CV as opposed to spending hours doing the same job. In the AI age chatbots assist website visitors and solve daily workflows. Revolutionary AI tools complement people’s skills and allow HR managers to focus on tasks of higher priority. However, Artificial Intelligence impact on jobs research suggests that by 2030 intelligent agents and robots can eliminate 30% of the world’s human labor. Moreover, the research proves automation will displace between 400 and 800 million employees. Glassdoor`s research report states that recruiting and HR are expected to see much broader adoption of AI in job market 2018 and beyond.[20][21][22]Heavy industry[edit]Robots have become common in many industries and are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading.In 2014, China, Japan, the United States, the Republic of Korea and Germany together amounted to 70% of the total sales volume of robots. In the automotive industry, a sector with particularly high degree of automation, Japan had the highest density of industrial robots in the world: 1,414 per 10,000 employees.[23]Hospitals and medicine[edit]X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by a computer software.Main article: Artificial intelligence in healthcareArtificial neural networks are used as clinical decision support systems for medical diagnosis, such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software.Other tasks in medicine that can potentially be performed by artificial intelligence and are beginning to be developed include:Computer-aided interpretation of medical images. Such systems help scan digital images, e.g. from computed tomography, for typical appearances and to highlight conspicuous sections, such as possible diseases. A typical application is the detection of a tumor.Heart sound analysis[24]Companion robots for the care of the elderly[25]Mining medical records to provide more useful information.Design treatment plans.Assist in repetitive jobs including medication management.Provide consultations.Drug creation[26]Using avatars in place of patients for clinical training[27]Predict the likelihood of death from surgical proceduresPredict HIV progressionCurrently, there are over 90 AI startups in the health industry working in these fields.[28]IDx's first solution, IDx-DR, is the first autonomous AI-based diagnostic system authorized for commercialization by the FDA.[29]Human resources and recruiting[edit]Another application of AI is in the human resources and recruiting space. There are three ways AI is being used by human resources and recruiting professionals. AI is used to screen resumes and rank candidates according to their level of qualification. Ai is also used to predict candidate success in given roles through job matching platforms. And now, AI is rolling out recruiting chat bots that can automate repetitive communication tasks.Typically, resume screening involves a recruiter or other HR professional scanning through a database of resumes. Now startups like Pomato, are creating machine learning algorithms to automate resume screening processes. Pomato’s resume screening AI focuses on automating validating technical applicants for technical staffing firms. Pomato’ s AI performs over 200,000 computations on each resume in seconds then designs a custom technical interview based on the mined skills. KE Solutions, founded in 2014, has developed recommendation systems to rank jobs for candidates, and rank resumes for employers. Find you dream job, developed by KE Solutions uses concept-based search has increased accuracy by 80% compared to traditional ATS. It helps recruiters to overcome technical barriers.From 2016 to 2017, consumer goods company Unilever used artificial intelligence to screen all entry level employees. Unilever’s AI used neuroscience based games, recorded interviews, and facial/speech analysis to predict hiring success. Unilever partnered with Pymetrics and HireVue to enable its novel AI based screening and increased their applicants from 15,000 to 30,000 in a single year. Recruiting with AI also produced Unililever’s “most diverse class to date.’ Unilever also decreased time to hire from 4 months to 4 weeks and saved over 50,000 hours of recruiter time.From resume screening to neuroscience, speech recognition, and facial analysis...it’s clear AI is having a massive impact on the human resources field. Yet another development in AI is in recruiting chatbots. TextRecruit, a Bay Area startup, released Ari (automated recruiting interface.) Ari is a recruiting chatbot that is designed to hold two-way text message conversations with candidates. Ari automates posting jobs, advertising openings, screening candidates, scheduling interviews, and nurturing candidate relationships with updates as they progress along the hiring funnel. Ari is currently offered as part of TextRecruit’s candidate engagement platform.Marketing[edit]Main article: Marketing and artificial intelligenceMedia[edit]Some AI applications are geared towards the analysis of audiovisual media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or user-generated content. The solutions often involve computer vision, which is a major application area of AI.Typical use case scenarios include the analysis of images using object recognition or face recognition techniques, or the analysis of video for recognizing relevant scenes, objects or faces. The motivation for using AI-based media analysis can be — among other things — the facilitation of media search, the creation of a set of descriptive keywords for a media item, media content policy monitoring (such as verifying the suitability of content for a particular TV viewing time), speech to text for archival or other purposes, and the detection of logos, products or celebrity faces for the placement of relevant advertisements.Media analysis AI companies often provide their services over a REST API that enables machine-based automatic access to the technology and allows machine-reading of the results. For example, IBM, Microsoft, Amazon and the video AI company Valossa[30]allow access to their media recognition technology by using RESTful APIs.Music[edit]Main article: Music and artificial intelligenceWhile the evolution of music has always been affected by technology, artificial intelligence has enabled, through scientific advances, to emulate, at some extent, human-like composition.Among notable early efforts, David Cope created an AI called Emily Howell that managed to become well known in the field of Algorithmic Computer Music.[31]The algorithm behind Emily Howell is registered as a US patent.[32]The AI Iamus created 2012 the first complete classical album fully composed by a computer.Other endeavours, like AIVA (Artificial Intelligence Virtual Artist), focus on composing symphonic music, mainly classical music for film scores.[33]It achieved a world first by becoming the first virtual composer to be recognized by a musical professional association.[34]Artificial intelligences can even produce music usable in a medical setting, with Melomics’s effort to use computer-generated music for stress and pain relief.[35]Moreover, initiatives such as Google Magenta, conducted by the Google Brain team, want to find out if an artificial intelligence can be capable of creating compelling art.[36]At Sony CSL Research Laboratory, their Flow Machines software has created pop songs by learning music styles from a huge database of songs. By analyzing unique combinations of styles and optimizing techniques, it can compose in any style.Another artificial intelligence musical composition project, The Watson Beat, written by IBM Research, doesn't need a huge database of music like the Google Magenta and Flow Machines projects, since it uses Reinforcement Learning and Deep Belief Networks to compose music on a simple seed input melody and a select style. Since the software has been open sourced[37]musicians, such as Taryn Southern[38]have been collaborating with the project to create music.News, publishing and writing[edit]The company Narrative Science makes computer generated news and reports commercially available, including summarizing team sporting events based on statistical data from the game in English. It also creates financial reports and real estate analyses.[39]Similarly, the company Automated Insights generates personalized recaps and previews for Yahoo Sports Fantasy Football.[40]The company is projected to generate one billion stories in 2014, up from 350 million in 2013.[41]Echobox is a software company that helps publishers increase traffic by 'intelligently' posting articles on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.[42]By analysing large amounts of data, it learns how specific audiences respond to different articles at different times of the day. It then chooses the best stories to post and the best times to post them. It uses both historical and real-time data to understand to what has worked well in the past as well as what is currently trending on the web.[43]Another company, called Yseop, uses artificial intelligence to turn structured data into intelligent comments and recommendations in natural language. Yseop is able to write financial reports, executive summaries, personalized sales or marketing documents and more at a speed of thousands of pages per second and in multiple languages including English, Spanish, French & German.[44]Boomtrain’s is another example of AI that is designed to learn how to best engage each individual reader with the exact articles — sent through the right channel at the right time — that will be most relevant to the reader. It’s like hiring a personal editor for each individual reader to curate the perfect reading experience.There is also the possibility that AI will write work in the future. In 2016, a Japanese AI co-wrote a short story and almost won a literary prize.[45]Online and telephone customer service[edit]An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page.Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages.[46]It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation and training cost.[46]A major underlying technology to such systems is natural language processing.[46]Pypestream uses automated customer service for its mobile application designed to streamline communication with customers.[47]Currently, major companies are investing in AI to handle difficult customer in the future. Google's most recent development analyzes language and converts speech into text. The platform can identify angry customers through their language and respond appropriately.[48]Sensors[edit]Artificial Intelligence has been combined with many sensor technologies, such as Digital SpectrometryTMby IdeaCuria Inc.[49][50]which enables many applications such as at home water quality monitoring.Telecommunications maintenance[edit]Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces, for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search[51]in a scheduling application that provides the work schedules of 20,000 engineers.Toys and games[edit]The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to mass-produce domestically aimed types of basic Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing with various types of Artificial Intelligence, specifically in the form of Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, iPod Touch, the Internet, and the first widely released robot, Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy.Companies like Mattel have been creating an assortment of AI-enabled toys for kids as young as age three. Using proprietary AI engines and speech recognition tools, they are able to understand conversations, give intelligent responses and learn quickly.[52]AI has also been applied to video games, for example video game bots, which are designed to stand in as opponents where humans aren't available or desired.Transportation[edit]Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles. For example, the 2006 Audi TT, VW Touareg[citation needed]and VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes Fuzzy Logic. A number of Škoda variants (Škoda Fabia) also currently include a Fuzzy Logic-based controller.Today's cars now have AI-based driver assist features such as self-parking and advanced cruise controls. AI has been used to optimize traffic management applications, which in turn reduces wait times, energy use, and emissions by as much as 25 percent.[1]In the future, fully autonomous cars will be developed. AI in transportation is expected to provide safe, efficient, and reliable transportation while minimizing the impact on the environment and communities. The major challenge to developing this AI is the fact that transportation systems are inherently complex systems involving a very large number of components and different parties, each having different and often conflicting objectives.[53]Other[edit]Various tools of artificial intelligence are also being widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text recognition, data mining, and e-mail spam filtering. Applications are also being developed for gesture recognition (understanding of sign language by machines), individual voice recognition, global voice recognition (from a variety of people in a noisy room), facial expression recognition for interpretation of emotion and non verbal cues. Other applications are robot navigation, obstacle avoidance, and object recognition.[citation needed]List of applications[edit]Typical problems to which AI methods are appliedOptical character recognitionHandwriting recognitionSpeech recognitionFace recognitionArtificial creativityComputer vision, Virtual reality, and Image processingPhoto and Video manipulationDiagnosis (artificial intelligence)Game theory and Strategic planningGame artificial intelligence and Computer game botNatural language processing, Translation and ChatterbotsNonlinear control and RoboticsOther fields in which AI methods are implementedArtificial lifeAutomated reasoningAutomationBiologically inspired computingConcept miningData miningKnowledge representationSemantic WebE-mail spam filteringRoboticsBehavior-based roboticsCognitiveCyberneticsDevelopmental robotics (Epigenetic)Evolutionary roboticsHybrid intelligent systemIntelligent agentIntelligent controlLitigationSee also[edit]Applications of artificial intelligence to legal informaticsApplications of deep learningApplications of machine learningList of artificial intelligence projectsProgress in artificial intelligenceNotes[edit]^ Jump up to:a b c United States, National Science and Technology Council – Committee on Technology. Executive Office of the President. (2016). Preparing for the future of artificial intelligence.Jump up^ "AI bests Air Force combat tactics experts in simulated dogfights". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Jump up^ Jones, Randolph M.; Laird, John E.; Nielsen, Paul E.; Coulter, Karen J.; Kenny, Patrick; Koss, Frank V. (1999-03-15). "Automated Intelligent Pilots for Combat Flight Simulation". AI Magazine. 20 (1): 27. ISSN 0738-4602.Jump up^ AIDA Homepage. http://Kbs.twi.tudelft.nl (April 17, 1997). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.Jump up^ The Story of Self-Repairing Flight Control Systems. NASA Dryden. (April 2003). Retrieved on 2016-08-25.Jump up^ "Flight Demonstration Of X-33 Vehicle Health Management System Components On The F/A-18 Systems Research Aircraft" (PDF).^ Jump up to:a b c d Adams, Eric (March 28, 2017). "AI Wields the Power to Make Flying Safer—and Maybe Even Pleasant". WIRED. Retrieved October 7, 2017.^ Jump up to:a b c Baomar, Haitham; Bentley, Peter J. (2016). "An Intelligent Autopilot System that learns flight emergency procedures by imitating human pilots" (PDF). Computational Intelligence (SSCI) 2016 IEEE Symposium Series: 1–9 – via http://IEEE.org.Jump up^ "Google AI creates its own 'child' bot". The Independent. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.Jump up^ "Education | One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100)". One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Template:Date=April 2017Jump up^ "Algorithmic Trading". Investopedia.Jump up^ "Beyond Robo-Advisers: How AI Could Rewire Wealth Management".Jump up^ "Kensho's AI For Investors Just Got Valued At Over $500 Million In Funding Round From Wall Street".Jump up^ Marco Costantino, Paolo Coletti, Information Extraction in Finance, Wit Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84564-146-7Jump up^ "Five Best AI-Powered Chatbot Apps".Jump up^ "Is Artificial Intelligence the Way Forward for Personal Finance?".Jump up^ "Machine learning in finance applications".Jump up^ "Machine Learning Is the Future of Underwriting, But Startups Won't be Driving It".Jump up^ "ZestFinance Introduces Machine Learning Platform to Underwrite Millennials and Other Consumers with Limited Credit History".Jump up^ "Raj Mukherjee". Forbes.Jump up^ "chatbots". Wikipedia.Jump up^ "Glassdoor`s" (PDF). Glassdoor.Jump up^ "World Robotics 2015 Industrial Robots". International Federation of Robotics. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.Jump up^ Reed, T. R.; Reed, N. E.; Fritzson, P. (2004). "Heart sound analysis for symptom detection and computer-aided diagnosis". Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 12 (2): 129. doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2003.11.005.Jump up^ Yorita, A.; Kubota, N. (2011-03-01). "Cognitive Development in Partner Robots for Information Support to Elderly People". IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development. 3 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1109/TAMD.2011.2105868. ISSN 1943-0604.Jump up^ "Artificial Intelligence Will Redesign Healthcare – The Medical Futurist". The Medical Futurist. 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Jump up^ Luxton, David D. (2014). "Artificial Intelligence in Psychological Practice: Current and Future Applications and Implication". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 45(5): 332. doi:10.1037/a0034559.Jump up^ "From Virtual Nurses To Drug Discovery: 90+ Artificial Intelligence Startups In Healthcare". CB Insights – Blog. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Jump up^ "Press Release: FDA permits marketing of IDx-DR for automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care". Eye Diagnosis. April 12, 2018. Retrieved 11 September2018.Jump up^ "Video Recognition API of Valossa". Retrieved 2018-02-08.Jump up^ Cheng, Jacqui (30 September 2009). "Virtual composer makes beautiful music—and stirs controversy". Ars Technica.Jump up^ US Patent #7696426 https://www.google.com/patents/US7696426Jump up^ Hick, Thierry (11 October 2016). "La musique classique recomposée". Luxemburger Wort.Jump up^ SACEM Database, https://repertoire.sacem.fr/resultats?filters=parties&query=aiva&nbWorks=20)Jump up^ Requena, G; Sanchez, C; Corzo-Higueras, JL; Reyes-Alvarado, S; Rivas-Ruiz, F; Vico, F; Raglio, A (2014). "Melomics music medicine (M3) to lessen pain perception during pediatric prick test procedure". Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 25 (7): 721. doi:10.1111/pai.12263. PMID 25115240.Jump up^ Souppouris, Aaron (23 May 2016). "Google's 'Magenta' project will see if AIs can truly make art". Engadget.Jump up^ "Watson Beat on GitHub".Jump up^ "Songs in the Key of AI". Wired. 17 May 2018.Jump up^ business intelligence solutions Archived November 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Narrative Science. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.Jump up^ Eule, Alexander. "Big Data and Yahoo's Quest for Mass Personalization". Barron's.Jump up^ Kirkland, Sam. "'Robot' to write 1 billion stories in 2014 — but will you know it when you see it?". Poynter.Jump up^ Williams, Henry (July 4, 2016). "AI online publishing service Echobox closes $3.4m in funding". Startups.co.uk | Business ideas, funding help and growth advice. Retrieved July 21, 2016.Jump up^ Smith, Mark (July 22, 2016). "So you think you chose to read this article?". BBC. Retrieved July 27, 2016.Jump up^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-03-11.Jump up^ "A Japanese AI program just wrote a short novel, and it almost won a literary prize". Digital Trends. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-11-18.^ Jump up to:a b c Implementing an online help desk system based on conversational agent Authors: Alisa Kongthon, Chatchawal Sangkeettrakarn, Sarawoot Kongyoung and Choochart Haruechaiyasak. Published by ACM 2009 Article, Bibliometrics Data Bibliometrics. Published in: Proceeding, MEDES '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems, ACM New York, NY, USA. ISBN 978-1-60558-829-2, doi:10.1145/1643823.1643908Jump up^ Sara Ashley O'Brien (January 12, 2016). "Is this app the call center of the future?". CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2016.Jump up^ jackclarkSF, Jack Clark (2016-07-20). "New Google AI Brings Automation to Customer Service". Are you a robot?. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Jump up^ "Digital Spectrometry". 2018-10-08.Jump up^ [1], "Digital Spectrometry Patent US9967696B2"Jump up^ Success Stories Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine..Jump up^ "How artificial intelligence is moving from the lab to your kid's playroom". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-18.Jump up^ Meyer, Michael D. (January 2007). "Artificial Intelligence in Transportation Information for Application" (PDF). Transportation Research Circular.References[edit]Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2.Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03384-3.National Research Council (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-06278-0. OCLC 246584055.Moghaddam, M. J., M. R. Soleymani, and M. A. Farsi. "Sequence planning for stamping operations in progressive dies." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing(2013): 1-11.United States, National Science and Technology Council – Committee on Technology. Executive Office of the President. (2016). Preparing for the future of artificial intelligence.External links[edit]AI applications at aitopics.orgHow AI can be applied in many fieldsArtificial Intelligence: Biggest Trend In SmartphonesWhy AI Is a Great Idea for Any Web Hosting10 Tips to Create an Addictive Chatbot ApplicationshowvteEmerging technologiesCategories:Artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence applicationsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsLanguagesEspañolFrançaisՀայերենଓଡ଼ିଆРусскийУкраїнськаEdit linksThis page was last edited on 8 October 2018, at 22:09 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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