Bond Lodgement: Fill & Download for Free

Any repair, be it a filling or a crown needs a solid and hard part of the tooth to hold onto, this is the bit above the gum. Once the decay has gone below the gum its into soft tooth, trying to bond onto this is like trying to stick onto a sponge, it will hold but rather then the bond break it will take a bit of the 'softer' tooth with it. Relying on bonding to the soft bit is very risky, the more 'hard' tooth above the gum the more likely it is to hold on firm. Even a post and crown needs enough hard tooth above the gum to hold onto.So since u said it is below the gum i think it might be the root caries. Even if u hav restored it u should maintain good oral hygiene; brush twice daily and use mouth wash too.If not der will be subgungival plaque and calculus accumulation,which will again lead to secondary caries periodontal issues.​Causes or Aetiology of Toot Caries1.Gingival Recession which can be due to Periodontitis or with Age2.Radiation Therapy3.Xerostomia4.Abrasion5.Erosion6.Abfraction7.Primary toot caries8.Recurrent Caries9.Removable Partial Dentures or Over dentures10.Malocclusion of teeth which are tipped and increases food lodgement and decreased accessibility for cleaning11.Diabetes and in disabilities physical and psychological which decreases cleaning efficiencyRoot Caries Classification based on Extent of LesionGrade 1 or Initial Root Caries:Light Brown to Tan in color on visual inspectionNo surface defect seenSurface Texture is Soft and the surface of Caries can be disrupted with the pointed tip of Dental ExplorerGrade 2 or Shallow Root Caries:Dark Brown to variable Tan in ColorSurface defect is seen which can be less than 0.5 mm in depthSurface texture is Soft, irregular, rough which can be penetrated with the pointed tip of Dental ExplorerGrade 3 or Cavitation Root Caries:Light Brown to Dark Brown in color which is variableSurface texture is similar to Grade 1 which is soft and penetrated with a dental explorerThe lesion is penetrating and cavitation is more than 0.5mm without pulpal involvementGrade 4 or Pulpal Root Caries:It is similar in color to Grade 3 type root caries which is Dark BrownThe Surface of Lesion is cavitated and the lesion has pulpal involvement extending upto the Root canal.​

I will provide a formal definition of each term based on my personal experience as well as some practical thinking around the relevant definitions.References for "Accounting Definitions" are based on AASB Glossary.Reference for "Investment Definitions" are based on Investopedia.Revenue (Accounting Definition):Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants.In plain talk, inflow of economic benefits are commonly:Sales;Services rendered (service fees);Interest;Royalties; andDividends.One major practical considerations is the point at which you would recognise Revenue in your financial accounts. Recognising revenue differs from small to large organisations and differs depending on the type of economic benefit outlined above.A small organisation will typically recognise revenue at the point when the organisation receives the cash.Large organisations (typically, gross revenue in excess of $25million) recognise revenue according to the relevant accounting standards but at the point when: revenue is derived; it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the entity; and that the revenue can be reliably measured. Basically, recognising revenue at the raising of an invoice, despite not receiving the cash for a period of time.Assets (Accounting Definition):An Asset is a resource:(a) controlled by an entity as a result of past events; and(b) from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.Some common assets are:Cash (or cash equivalents);Stocks/Bonds;Investments;Trade Debtors;Plant & Equipment;Real Estate;Vehicles;Computer equipment;Leasehold Improvements; andInventory, to name a few.Again, the point at which you recognise an Asset in your financial accounts will vary from small to large businesses and from the relevant accounting standards that are adopted. Non-reporting entities (i.e, those that do not have to disclose their financial position) have a fairly flexible adoption of how assets are recorded and recognised in the financial accounts.It is common practice to make a distinction between current assets and non-current assets. Current assets are those whose economic benefit would be utilised within 12 months (i.e., cash, trade debtors or inventory).Understanding current assets is part of the formula for the determination of and organisation's Liquidity Ratio (the definition of which is below) which assists decision makers in determining the short-term health of an organisation.Liability (Accounting Definition):A Liability is a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.Essentially, any deal you make that results in you having to pay for that deal at a later time.For instance, you buy some commercial real estate and obtain a bank mortgage to cover the purchase price. The mortgage represents a liability that you will have to pay back at some stage (obviously, in accordance with the terms of the mortgage).Similarly, when a supplier delivers you some stock to sell and allows you to pay that invoice at a later stage (i.e., in 7, 14, 30 days time), the invoices raised by the supplier become a liability to your organisation.Similar to the treatment of current assets, it is common practice to distinguish between current liabilities (i.e, liabilities you would likely pay back within a 12 month period) versus non-current liabilities. The calculation of current liabilities also assists in the calculation of an organisations Liquidity Ratio (which is discussed further).Equity (Accounting Definition):Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.The accounting formula that you will get to know and love is:To put this formula another way:Think about the family home. The difference between the value of your home (asset) and the monies you owe to the bank (liability) equals the equity you have in your family home. This represents your interest in the home, it's your equity, it's part of your wealth.Thanks to the Global Financial Crisis (circa 2008), some people experienced (and still do experience) negative equity with respect to their family home, meaning that if they were to sell their family home, they would still owe money to the bank. This is because the home could not be sold for more than the bank debt, ergo, potential for bankruptcy.The same concept applies to business.The value of the assets you have deployed less the liabilities you owe, represents the owner's equity in the business. Sometimes, this can be a negative figure, meaning, a very unhealthy business and one on the verge of collapse (especially in the absence of alternate funding or without some form of restructure/refinancing).Liquidity (Accounting Definition):Liquidity is the availability of cash in the near future after taking account of financial commitments over this period.Liquidity (Investment Definition):Liquidity is the ability to convert an asset to cash quickly. Also known as "marketability."Assets that commonly convert to cash quickly are:Cash (obviously);Shares (preferably in a listed company);Inventory/stock;Trade Debtors; andShort-term debentures, to name a few.Organisations that are highly liquid (banks, finance and investment companies) have a strong asset base of current assets like cash or assets that quickly convert to cash.Unlike property development or mining companies, where the plant and equipment (or land being developed) may not necessarily convert to cash quickly (or to do so would cause financial detriment to the operations of the organisation), the balance sheets of those organisation are likely to show a strong percentage of asset that are non-current or illiquid.Liquidity leads to the calculation of the Liquidity Ratio, discussed below.Liquidity Ratio is a ratio that measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations.Liquidity Ratio is also known as the Current Ratio, Cash Asset Ratio and Cash Ratio.The Current Ratio (ie, Liquidity Ratio) formula is:A Current Ratio that equals to or is greater than 1, is an indication of an entity's ability to pay short term obligations. We say that a company is solvent (ie, it can pay its debts as an when they become due and payable) with a Current Ratio of 1 (or better).A Current Ratio less than 1, indicates that the company is on (if not already) the verge of insolvency, meaning it cannot pay its debt as and when they become due and payable.Fiscal (Investment Definition):The term "Fiscal" is often coupled with a suffix of "Year" or "Policy".Fiscal Year is a period that a company or government uses for accounting purposes, preparing financial statements and lodgement of taxation returns.The Fiscal Year may or may not be the same as a calendar year and varies from country to country.Some examples:US - Fiscal Year is the same as the calendar year (1 January to 31 December).Australia - Fiscal Year is 1 July to 30 June the next year.UK and India - Fiscal Year is 1 April to 31 March the next year (UK individuals have a Fiscal Year of 6 April to 5 April the next year).Organisations pay taxes based on the results of their operations calculated at the end of a Fiscal Year.Fiscal Policy is Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions.Fiscal Policy is largely based on the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who believed governments could change economic performance of a country by adjusting tax rates and government spending.Governments commonly announce their Fiscal Policies around the commencement of the new Fiscal Year.Deficit (Investment Definition):A Deficit is the amount by which expenses exceed income or costs outstrip revenues. Deficit essentially refers to the difference between cash inflows and outflows.Deficit is the opposite of Surplus.Think about the family home budget. Your household income is $3,000 for the month. Household outflows (groceries, education, taxes, utilities, motor vehicle etc.) total $3,200 for the month. The household budget is in Deficit by $200 ($3,000 inflow minus $3,200 outflow).Similar thinking applies to government budgets. For instance, the US government's inflow for 2013 was $2.77 trillion versus their total outflow of $3.45 trillion, making a deficit of $680 billion (wikipedia.org). This raises an interesting question: How is the deficit paid for? The answer to this, leads to the concept of Deficit Spending, which I won't deal with here.Debentures (Investment Definition):Debentures are a type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer.Corporations utilise Debentures to raise capital without the need to affects its shareholder base. Things to note are that debentures are unsecured loans made to a corporation. The success of your investment in Debentures will rise and fall on the credibility and stability of the organisation who issued the Debenture.Shares (Investment Definition):Shares are a unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset.Some practical considerations are that while owning shares in a business does not mean that the shareholder has direct control over the corporation's operations, it does entitle the shareholder to an equal distribution in any profits (in the form of dividends) and shareholders elect the managers of a corporation.Corporations typically issue shares to raise capital to fund their operations or ventures. One practical consideration is that the more the corporation issues shares to raise capital, the more your shareholding is diluted. This is because the more shareholders you have, the more people you have to distribute the corporation's profits to. This also means less influence over the corporation's operations the more shareholders are brought onboard.As a shareholder, you will need to consider whether it is better to own 100% of a grape, or 50% of a watermelon.Thanks for the A2A Nandamuri Balakrishna!