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Here I've collect dome of the best online sources that I know you can find online:Harvard University’s Introduction to Computer Science, edXAs of Fall 2014, the on-campus version of this course was the largest at Harvard. You’ll learn how to think algorithmically, solve programming problems efficiently, and become familiar with a number of languages including CSS, HTML, and PHP. The class is free, but you can add a HarvardX Verified Certificate for $90.Adobe Photoshop CS6 Essential Tools, ALISONMaster image manipulation and photographic re-touching with this course. You’ll be guided through the Photoshop user interface and acquire the basic techniques for editing and enhancing your photographs.SOURCE:Online Learning - Comprehensive Guide to Online EducationDiploma in Social Media Marketing, ALISONWant to hear about how email marketing, blogging, and Facebook can create a business page that gets noticed by customers? If so, then this course is for you. Upon completion, you’ll understand the ins and outs of affiliate marketing and know the different methods that help increase traffic.Introduction to Programming in Java, MIT OpenCourseWareThis course aims to help students develop high-quality, working software that solves real problems. Materials are designed for students with some programming experience, but if you have none and are motivated you will do fine.Dash, General AssemblyDash teaches HTML, CSS, and JavaScript by giving you step-by-step instructions on creating fun websites. We gave it a go, and loved how the user workspace lets you see the output of your code in real time.Introduction to C and C++, MIT OpenCourseWareThis four-week course provides a fast-paced introduction to C and C++ programming languages. You’ll learn the required background knowledge, including memory management, pointers, object-oriented programming, and how to find bugs when you inevitably use any of those incorrectly.SOURCE:Alison | Free Online Courses & Online LearningHTML and CSS, CodecademyJoin 4.5 million online students in creating websites by using HTML and CSS. No experience is necessary to master the basics of web development in an estimated seven hours.This Is How You Make iPhone Apps, UdemyThis course will teach you how to create apps and submit your first fully functional app to the App Store before the end of the day.Beginners Adobe Photoshop, Adobe KnowHowThis tutorial for beginners will teach you the fundamentals of Adobe Photoshop with easy-to-follow, practical examples. You’ll learn how to set up your work environment and perform the various editing functions that the program offers.Adobe InDesign for Beginners, Adobe KnowHowThis course instructs you in how to use the powerful tools and techniques available in InDesign for creating high-quality layouts. You’ll gain the necessary skills to work with graphics and tables, add color and effects, and even make your layout interactive.Introduction to Graphic Design, UdemyWhy is that logo appealing? Why does that poster stand out? In this course, you’ll learn the theory behind creating attention-grabbing visuals and understand the basic principles and elements of design.Internet Marketing for Smart People, CopybloggerCopyblogger presents a systematic and simple approach to implementing effective online marketing with this email course. By registering, you’ll also score instant access to 14 ebooks on content marketing, copywriting, keyword research, and many more topics.Getting Started With Google Analytics, UdemyThis training class will help you master the basics of Google Analytics and understand how to turbocharge your website performance. Apart from being able to interpret data, you’ll learn to translate the raw data into actionable insights.Email Marketing Crash Course, HubSpotIf you’re struggling to meet your email marketing goals, look no further than HubSpot’s video series. The videos demonstrate everything from growing more effective organic email lists to achieving a higher open rate to strengthening your lead nurturing.Become a Networking Master, The MuseThink networking is more than a little intimidating? This email-based class could change your mind and turn you from a fearful networker to a fearless one. You’ll gain the communication skills crucial to networking, from perfecting your elevator pitch to making (smart) small talk with anyone.Successful Negotiation: Essential Strategies and Skills, CourseraNegotiation is the key to business success—after all, no business can survive without profitable contracts. After you finish this University of Michigan course (complete with interactive videos and a free app), you’ll know how to successfully negotiate.Communicating Strategically, edXFar too frequently, the people who have the most to say have the hardest time saying it. Geared toward experts (scientists, engineers, and other technical professionals), this course will help you effectively communicate with non-scientists to inform organizational decision-making. The class is free, but you can add a PurdueX Verified Certificate for $50.New Venture Finance: Startup Funding for Entrepreneurs, CourseraThis University of Maryland course is created for aspiring and active entrepreneurs who want to understand how to secure funding for their company. Key questions answered within the four-week course include: “What kind of investors invest by stage and where to find them?” and “What are your fundraising options?”How to Build a Startup, UdacityJoin almost 280,000 online students in learning the basics of the Customer Development Process. Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur Steve Blank provides insight into the key steps to building a successful startup, ranging from gathering and evaluating customer feedback to calculating the direct and indirect costs for delivering your product.Becoming Digital: Writing About Media Change, MIT OpenCourseWare“Becoming Digital” traces the change in practice, theory, and possibility as mechanical and chemical media are augmented or supplanted by digital media. Students will work through and write about the ethical, aesthetic, technical, and cultural problems raised by primary and secondary readings.Basic French Language Skills for Everyday Life, ALISONALISON’s free online course is a series of engaging video lessons that introduces beginners to various aspects of the French language. After taking this course, you’ll be able to use a range of French vocabulary, understand past, present, and future verb tenses, and become skilled in conversational French.Competitive Strategy, CourseraTaught in Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, this class teaches students how businesses behave when strategic decisions are interdependent. Using the basic tools of game theory, you’ll analyze how organizations choose strategies to attain competitive advantages.Product Design—Validation and UX Through Design Sprints, UdacityBuilt by Google, this course aims to help you materialize your game-changing idea and transform it into a product that you can build a business around. The class blends theory and practice to teach you product validation, UI/UX practices, Google’s Design Sprint, and the process for setting and tracking actionable metrics.How to Finally Start Your Side Project, The MuseNew businesses often start as side projects. But starting side projects is difficult in itself. This three-day, email-based class created by career experts from The Muse and Squarespace walks you through the steps needed to hone in on your idea and get the project out to the world.Academic and Business Writing, edXOriginally given at the University of California Berkeley, this course focuses on writing in different disciplines—in science and technology, in literature, and in the social sciences. You’ll learn to craft statements of purpose and develop a professional writing style.Writing for the Web, OPEN2STUDYUnderstanding the difference between writing for print and writing for the web starts with reading up on how readers behave differently online. This course teaches you how to accommodate the needs of online readers through web design, writing style, structure, and search engine optimization.High-Impact Business Writing, CourseraEffective writing is a powerful tool in the business environment. Learn to articulate your thoughts in a clear and concise manner that’ll allow your ideas to be better understood by readers. This course will also teach you to notice, correct, and avoid the most common writing pitfalls.Writing on Contemporary Issues: Culture Shock! Writing, Editing, and Publishing in Cyberspace, MIT OpenCourseWareAn introduction to writing prose for an online audience, this class teaches you to write essays that critically engage elements and aspects of contemporary American popular culture—and do so with a vivid personal voice.Cleaning Your Copy, News UniversityThis class helps journalists and others understand the basics of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and AP style. Upon completing the course, you’ll be able to identify and solve grammatical problems in your copy, pick the right word when choosing between tricky pairs (is it “who” or “whom?”), and use the correct AP style for addresses, money, and numbers.Chinese Language: Learn Basic Mandarin, edXAre you planning a trip to a Mandarin-speaking country, or have you always wanted to understand some common Mandarin phrases? Basic Mandarin is a great skill to add to your resume, as many of today’s global business meetings are conducted in Mandarin Chinese. In this class, you’ll learn basic phrases for everyday life as well as the proper “tones” in Mandarin. The course is free, but you can add a MandarinX Verified Certificate for $50.Spanish I, MIT OpenCourseWareBy watching these video episodes, you’ll learn Spanish (and experience its cultural diversity) through a quality drama-filled story. In addition, you’ll listen to an audio program integrated with the text and workbook.Talk Italian, BBCBBC’s language lesson includes nine short sections on everyday topics like ordering a meal, asking for directions, saying where you’re from, and checking in at a hotel. You can watch and listen to the clips and have a look at the transcripts for extra practice.

First we do not have enough influence on the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to make any difference. The Lockdown is vivid evidence the natural sources of CO2 far trump our puny emissions.“SOME might argue that the latest global temperature, as measured by x15 NASA/NOAA AMSU (advanced microwave sounding unit) satellites, measuring literally every square inch of the lower troposphere (the exact place where ‘man-made global warming’ is supposed to occur) might be an anomaly caused by the de-industrialisation experiment carried out during draconian COVID-19 lockdowns.Not so, according to the UN’s own meteorological agency, the WMO.They concluded that despite the draconian COVID-19 lockdowns that initiated the greatest de-industrialisation science experiment ever carried out in human history, CO₂ levels failed to drop…”NO GLOBAL WARMING : Global Temperature Now 0.01 Degrees Below AverageSOME might argue that the latest global temperature, as measured by x15 NASA/NOAA AMSU (advanced microwave sounding unit) satellites, measuring literally every square inch of the lower troposphere (the exact place where 'man-made global warming' is supposed to occur) might be an anomaly caused by the de-industrialisation experiment carried out during draconian COVID-19 lockdowns. Not…https://climatism.blog/2021/04/04/no-global-warming-global-temperature-now-0-01-degrees-below-average/You do not want to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere as this molecule is wholly beneficial with no down side. Wrongly accused of a climate effect CO2 is the gas of life necessary for all plant life. Evidence that the earth is starved at 400 ppm is overwhelming.Today the atmosphere has the lowest CO2 content for past billions of years. Hopefully more human emissions will help save us from extinction.NEWS, STUDIES AND RESOURCES9 APR, 2021Interactive Effects of Warming and Elevated CO2 on a Tropical Forage SpeciesPaper ReviewedAlzate-Marin, A.L., Rivas, P.M.S, Galaschi-Teixeira, J.S., Bonifácio-Anacleto, F., Silva, C.C., Schuster, I., Nazareno, A.G., Giuliatti, S., da Rocha Filho, L.C., Garófalo, C.A. and Martinez, C.A. 2021. Warming and elevated CO2 induces changes in the reproductive dynamics of a tropical plant species. Science of the Total Environment 768: 144899, Warming and elevated CO2 induces changes in the reproductive dynamics of a tropical plant species.In a prior study (Habermann et al., 2019) it was found that moderate warming and elevated CO2 improved the growth and biomass production of Stylosanthes capitata under adequate soil nutrient and water availability conditions. In a follow up study, Alzate-Marin et al. (2021) investigated the effects of these same two abiotic factors on plant-pollinator interactions of this economically important tropical pasture and forage species.The experiment was conducted under field conditions at the University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Campus (Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil). Two-month-old S. capitata plants were exposed to one of four treatment conditions, including control (ambient temperature and ambient CO2), elevated CO2 (EC, approximately 600 ppm), elevated temperature (ET, 2°C above ambient), or combined elevated CO2 and elevated temperature (ECO2 x ET). Elevated CO2 was applied using the Free-air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) design and elevated temperature was applied via infrared heaters. Plants remained under the various treatment conditions through the flowering period, during which time the authors collected data on the number of flowers produced, time of flower opening and closing, and floral visitors as related to plant reproduction.Results of the study revealed that both warming and elevated CO2 had a positive effect on flower number, increasing the mean number per treatment by 39%, 62% and a whopping 137% in the ECO2, ET and ECO2 x ET treatments, respectively. Warming also advanced the time of flower opening and closing by approximately 1 hour, whereas elevated CO2 had no effect on this parameter. However, the total time of flower opening remained about the same among the four treatments at approximately 3 hours per day. And with respect to floral visitors, compared with control conditions this parameter was enhanced by 11%, 44% and 84% in the ECO2, ET and ECO2 x ET treatments, respectively.Commenting on these several favorable findings, Alzate-Marin et al. say that “warming and elevated CO2 increased reproductive investment by boosting flower production.” And they add that “in terms of flower phenology, warming induced early flower opening [that] increased attractiveness for floral visitors and pollinators, which may be related to their preference for nectar that is warmer and with higher concentrations of sugar, which in turn may be linked to an increase in photosynthesis rate.” Consequently, the researchers conclude that “the effects of elevated CO2 and warming on plant-pollinator relationships for S. capitata suggest phenological adaptation by both the plant and its pollinators to future climate change scenarios.”Figure 1. Average number of Stylosanthes capitata flowers per week in the control, elevated CO2 (ECO2), elevated temperature (ET) and combined elevated CO2 and elevated temperature (ECO2 x ET) treatments. Derived from data presented in Table 1 of Alzate-Marin et al. (2021).ReferenceHabermann, E., Oliveira, E.A.D., Contin, D.R., San Martin, J.A.B., Curtarelli, L., Gonzalez-Meler, M.A. and Martinez, C.A. 2019. Stomatal development and conductance of a tropical forage legume are regulated by elevated [CO2] under moderate warming. Frontiers of Plant Science 10: 1-17.This study originally appeared on the science blog co2science.orgIf you disbelieve the above strong science and still want less CO2 you can let nature do the job by planting more tree and discouraging deforestation in the tropics. Forests suck up CO2 and emit O2 for our great benefit. New NASA research supports the idea of using tree planting to mitigate climate change.FEATURE | November 7, 2019Examining the Viability of Planting Trees to Help Mitigate Climate ChangeBy Alan Buis,NASA's Jet Propulsion LaboratoryIt’s an intriguing premise: what if we could reduce the severity of global climate change by planting hundreds of billions of trees to remove excess carbon from our atmosphere? A recent study published in the journal Science sought to provide answers by estimating the global potential of restoring forested lands as a possible strategy for mitigating climate change.The international research team, led by Jean-Francois Bastin of ETH-Zurich in Switzerland, used direct measurements of forest cover around the world to create a model for estimating Earth’s forest restoration potential. They found Earth’s ecosystems could support another 900 million hectares (2.2 billion acres) of forests, 25 percent more forested area than we have now. By planting more than a half trillion trees, the authors say, we could capture about 205 gigatons of carbon (a gigaton is 1 billion metric tons), reducing atmospheric carbon by about 25 percent. That’s enough to negate about 20 years of human-produced carbon emissions at the current rate, or about half of all carbon emitted by humans since 1960. The study attracted worldwide attention, as well as some criticism within the science community.Is the concept of planting trees to help combat climate change really going out on a limb, so to speak, or might it take root? Sassan Saatchi, a senior scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, believes it has some merit. But while he says there’s potential for using reforestation as a climate mitigation tool, he cautions there are many factors to consider and that planting trees will never be a substitute for decreasing fossil fuel emissions.“I feel there’s a strong possibility a significant portion of these lands can be reforested to their original forest cover,” said Saatchi, an expert in global forest carbon stocks and dynamics. “It’s definitely not a solution by itself to addressing current climate change. To do that, we need to reduce human emissions of greenhouse gases. But it could still have some partial impact on our ability to reduce climate change.”A multi-country-led effort called the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100) is working to reforest 100 million hectares of land in Africa by 2030. Credit: Andrea Borgarello for TerrAfrica/World BankSaatchi says the study establishes a reasonable estimate of global forest restoration potential and addresses the issue more directly than previous work. The researchers used new satellite-based land cover and land use maps, along with other climate and soil data and advanced techniques to arrive at their results. He says their conclusions on tree restoration aren’t that different from the recommendations made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2018, which suggested that 950 million hectares (2.3 billion acres) of new forests could help limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5-degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels by 2050. However, he says, “the devil is in the details.”Many Unanswered QuestionsBefore a global forest restoration effort is undertaken, Saatchi says, numerous questions must first be addressed to assess the concept’s feasibility, scientific soundness, cost-efficiency, risks and other considerations. “We need to understand not only whether it’s possible to do such a thing, but whether we should do it,” he says.“The paper has sparked a healthy debate in the science community, which has now come forward to begin to address issues that the paper did not,” he said. “The science community has been looking at these questions to some extent for a long time, but there’s more urgency to address them now, since we no longer have the same climate conditions we had 50 or 100 years ago, when humans began massive deforestation for agriculture and human settlements. Since then, Earth’s population and land use have increased drastically. In some parts of the Northern Hemisphere, countries have been able to save more forests, but other areas, such as the tropics, have seen massive deforestations because of the need to feed larger populations.”Areas of degraded rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan SaatchiSaatchi outlined a few of the many questions scientists and others will want to investigate. For example, how realistic are the study’s estimates of how much carbon can be sequestered through reforestation? How long will this approach take to make a dent in atmospheric carbon concentrations? Can grasslands and savanna ecosystems sustain increased tree cover? How might converting non-forest land to forests compete with food production? How much time, money and resources will it take to implement a global forest restoration of this magnitude? How do the costs of adopting such a climate mitigation strategy stack up against its potential benefits? How much carbon would be released to the atmosphere by restoring forests? How will global climate models respond to a massive forest restoration? Will an Earth with a billion hectares of new forests actually be cooler?Fire suppression tactics have allowed this forest at the edge of a savanna in Gabon, Central Africa, to regenerate naturally. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan Saatchi“Planting a billion hectares of trees won’t be easy,” he said. “It would require a massive undertaking. If we follow the paper’s recommendations, reforesting an area the size of the United States and Canada combined (1 to 2 billion hectares) could take between one and two thousand years, assuming we plant a million hectares a year and that each hectare contains at least 50 to 100 trees to create an appropriate treetop canopy cover.”Even once the trees are planted, says Saatchi, it will take them about a century to reach maturity. Most forests in the United States are less than 100 years old because they are recycled constantly. Trees in tropical regions take a little bit longer to reach maturity, but sequester carbon much faster. We know it will take time for new forests to absorb atmospheric carbon.”Saatchi says scientists will want to do a comprehensive evaluation of all potential effects a mass reforestation may have on Earth’s climate and the global carbon cycle.Currently, Earth’s forests and soil absorb about 30 percent of atmospheric carbon emissions, partially through forest productivity and restoration. While deforestation has occurred throughout human history, the practice has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, about 7.3 million hectares (18 million acres) of forest are lost every year, and roughly half of Earth’s tropical forests have already been cleared. In the continental United States, an estimate from the University of Michigan found that 90 percent of indigenous forests have been removed since 1600.Over time, the ocean and land have continued to absorb about half of all carbon dioxide emissions, even as those emissions have risen dramatically in recent decades. It remains unclear if carbon absorption will continue at this rate. Credit: NASA/JPL-CaltechDegraded landscapes in Colombia’s Choco region. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan SaatchiAs deforestation has ramped up, Earth’s climate has changed significantly. Warmer, more adverse climate conditions are creating more difficult growing conditions for forest ecosystems.Key questions scientists will need to address are how global reforestation might affect Earth’s surface albedo (reflectivity) and evapotranspiration. In the near term and locally, says Saatchi, forest restoration may actually have a warming effect. As the trees mature, the new forest canopy cover would presumably make Earth’s surface albedo darker, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere during periods of snow cover, causing it to absorb more heat. Increasing forest cover, particularly in the tropics, will increase evapotranspiration, causing a cooling effect. With Earth already warming significantly due to greenhouse gas emissions, will forest reforestation on a global scale have a net warming or cooling effect on our planet, and will the benefits of reforested areas absorbing more carbon outweigh their increased heat absorption? These effects may vary geographically from tropical to boreal regions and may depend largely on water and light availability. In addition, how might these changes impact climate change patterns?“Recent Landsat satellite-based analyses show that close to 400 million hectares (988 million acres) of forests have been disturbed in this century alone (2000-2017), either by human activities or through droughts and fires – that’s almost 50 percent of the area recommended for reforestation by the authors of the new study,” he said. Some of these areas have gone back to being forests, but a large amount of these degraded forests located in tropical and subtropical regions are suitable targets for restoration.Map of global tree loss/tree gain since the early 1980s derived from NASA Landsat and NOAA AVHRR optical imagery, revised by Sassan Saatchi from Song et al., 2016. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan SaatchiAnother science question concerns biodiversity. Will ecosystems in reforested areas revert to their previous conditions and maintain their ability to sequester carbon? While ecosystems that existed before areas were deforested may have been highly diverse, reforesting them with only a single type of species (known as monocultures), might result in ecosystems that won’t function as efficiently as they did before – in other words, they may not grow the same or stay as healthy over time. Saatchi says each region of the world will need to address this question for itself. But restoring a region’s original biodiversity or its natural forests may not be easy. For example, the region’s soil health may have changed.Yet another concern is something Saatchi calls climate connectivity. When ecosystems become too fragmented, they begin losing their natural functions. “In Earth’s tropical regions, a combination of deforestation and climate conditions may have actually changed the system so much that climate connectivity is reduced,” he says. “Once this connectivity is lost, it becomes much more difficult for a reforested area to have its species range and diversity, and the same efficiency to absorb atmospheric carbon.”Saatchi says scientists are already studying some of these questions. He believes that by the end of the next decade, better results from satellite observations and modeling will likely enable us to determine whether a global forest reforestation will produce the carbon and climate benefits suggested by the new study, and whether it should be undertaken. In the meantime, stopping further deforestation and restoring these areas to their original forest cover of 50 years ago may be the most effective mitigation strategy.Looking to Space for AnswersSaatchi says a number of current and planned satellite missions from NASA and other space agencies can make valuable contributions to these research efforts:Instruments on NASA satellites, such as the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on NASA’s Terra satellite, continuously monitor the energy balance of Earth’s land surfaces, measuring their albedo, a key climate parameter that would be impacted by reforestation.Map created from data from the CERES instrument on NASA’s Terra satellite, showing how the reflectivity of Earth—the amount of sunlight reflected back into space—changed between March 1, 2000, and December 31, 2011. This global picture of reflectivity (also called albedo) appears to be a muddle, with different areas reflecting more or less sunlight over the 12-year record. Shades of blue mark areas that reflected more sunlight over time (increasing albedo), and orange areas denote less reflection (lower albedo). Credit: NASA's Earth ObservatoryNASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on the agency’s Aqua and Terra satellites provide a suite of measurements on global forest cover change, fire and forest carbon cycling function.NASA’s ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment (ECOSTRESS) aboard the International Space Station, launched last year, measures evapotranspiration and stress on ecosystems, providing valuable information on how Earth’s energy, water and carbon cycles interact in ecosystems in a warming climate.NASA's ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) imaged the stress on Costa Rican vegetation caused by a massive regional drought that led the Central American nation's government to declare a state of emergency. The image was acquired on February 15, 2019, then processed to generate the evaporative stress image. Credit: NASA/JPL-CaltechNASA scientists conduct research to map the functional traits of ecosystems. Models, combined with satellite observations, can examine whether ecosystems will absorb more carbon if we plant new trees.A new NASA mission in development for launch in the next decade called Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) would give scientists a global view of the functional traits and diversity of ecosystems and their efficiency in absorbing carbon, water and energy. Other space agencies also plan to make similar measurements.NASA’s recently launched Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) aboard the space station is conducting high-resolution laser ranging of Earth’s forests and topography to study how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, how much carbon forests will absorb in the future, and how degradation of habitats will affect global biodiversity.NASA’s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission created this image of a South Carolina woodland. Darker green colors show where the leaves and branches are denser, while the lighter areas show where the canopy is less dense. Credit: Joshua Stevens / NASA Earth Observatory, Bryan Blair / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Michelle Hofton and Ralph Dubayah / University of MarylandThe NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, a dedicated U.S./Indian interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) mission scheduled to launch in 2022, will be able to measure the woody plants and forests that make up 80 percent of Earth’s living terrestrial biomass. NISAR’s global, detailed maps of above-ground woody biomass density are expected to cut in half current uncertainties in estimates of carbon emissions resulting from land use changes.The European Space Agency’s BIOMASS mission, launching in the early 2020s, will map the global distribution of above-ground biomass in forests to reduce uncertainties in estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere, such as those linked to changes in land use, forest degradation and forest regrowth.“With these new missions, we should be able to monitor how every patch of forest around the world is absorbing carbon, and how carbon absorption is changing, on a monthly and annual basis,” said Saatchi.Seeing the Forests for the Trees: The Big PictureSaatchi says the study’s results can help address policy-relevant questions. In accordance with the Paris Agreement, after 2020, the global community has agreed to major emission reduction programs. Reforestation can complement these emission reduction strategies.“With the Paris Agreement, governments around the world committed to reduce emissions by adopting low-carbon pathways in accordance with nationally determined contributions,” he said. “As a result, it’s become more urgent than ever to have realistic estimates of each country’s capacity to increase its forest cover and health. While it’s likely the burden of restoring forests will fall primarily on the shoulders of the world’s large and economically-developed countries, the developing world can also contribute by reducing land use change and deforestation.” He adds governments will need to decide which land areas to target first and which will have the least negative economic impacts to both society and individual communities, such as indigenous populations.A Baka woman in central Gabon makes products from non-timber forest materials. Without forest conservation and restoration, indigenous forest people will be forced to re-establish themselves outside of forest areas. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan SaatchiIf it’s determined that a global reforestation effort can be successful, will the world’s governments have the will to do it? Saatchi pointed to some recent examples that show what might be possible.Over the past 15 years or so, China has planted millions of trees and created millions of hectares of new forest cover, much of it in areas with marginal agricultural potential. “China’s land use policy increased forest cover in southern China between 10 and 20 percent, turning these areas into intense managed forests,” he said. “As a result, they created close to a carbon sink (an area that stores carbon) in their forests, almost doubling their carbon uptake. The effort has offset 20 percent of China’s annual fossil fuel emissions, and since 2012 that percentage has increased to 33 percent. So that’s a success story.”Managed activities to increase the carbon sequestration of forests have also taken place in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere, including the United States, Canada, Europe and Russia, he says. He believes it’s possible to increase them even further and to extend the area or the capacity of these forests to sequester more carbon. In fact, he says, some foresters have been doing so for decades.“U.S. forests have actually been a net sink for carbon for many decades,” he says. “A paper published a couple of years ago showed that reforestation could reduce U.S. annual carbon emissions from all sources by 10 to 15 percent. Imagine if we do that? It’s possible. We just need to study the cost-to-benefit ratio – is it economically feasible to plant those trees compared to how much carbon they would offset?”The U.S. Forest Service is restoring this longleaf pine forest in Alabama. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Sassan SaatchiAnother region Saatchi says is low-hanging fruit in terms of its potential to extend global tree cover is the Amazon, where large wildfires have made headlines recently. Between the 1970’s and 2010, 20 percent of the Amazon basin was deforested for land use activities — more than 100 million hectares of trees. But prior to last year, Brazil had significantly reduced deforestation for nearly a decade. “Restoring these Amazonian forests, if possible, would certainly absorb more carbon from the atmosphere,” he said.The Amazon rainforest near Manaus, Brazil. Fragmented landscapes in Earth’s humid tropics are suitable locations for restoration of native forests. Credit: Neil Palmer, Flickr Creative Commons / CC BY-NC-SA 4.0Ultimately, should a global reforestation effort be deemed feasible, the biggest question may be whether it will be in time to make a difference for climate change. Saatchi is hopeful.“We know business as usual will be disastrous,” he said. “We’ve already identified some solutions for reducing carbon emissions in parts of our society, such as in transportation and agriculture, and we’re working on ways to transform our energy consumption. So why not restore our ecosystem as well? Half of what comes out of car tailpipes stays in the atmosphere; the rest gets absorbed by the ecosystem. That’s a huge absorptive capability that must be saved.“Maybe we’ll find we don’t need to plant a billion hectares of trees,” he continued. “Perhaps we can restore existing, degraded ecosystems to their natural state, especially in the tropics, and invest in maintaining their diversity and services. But I believe a global reforestation effort can have a gradual climate mitigation impact. What happens to Earth 100 years from now depends on the choices we make today.”Examining the Viability of Planting Trees to Help Mitigate Climate Change – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the PlanetA recent study estimates the global potential of restoring forested lands as a possible strategy for mitigating climate change.https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2927/examining-the-viability-of-planting-trees-to-help-mitigate-climate-change/

Yes, the answer is called the Holocene Extinction. It is a global extinction event that is happening now, and has an endpoint of 300 years.Just look it up.Normally I would list, I think I have about 350 references in the public domain. However, when a topic doesn’t fit someone’s personal worldview, such as, Global Extinction, they get ticked, rather than read the references.So, to all of you Homo sapiens out there, I say, just look it up. And remember the stages of grieving, denial is that stage where you exclude those sources that say it is happening, and include those sources that say it is not.As for the numeric result of your question; 300 years, the sum is zero.Here are some graphs to upset you in the mean time:Total Global DebtSet against May’s equation as a Chaotic fractal:wherethe result:Global Commerce has already collapsed. It is only the Fractional Reserve Banking System that keeps the illusion of the digital domain seemingly real. It is actually a null domain, like a video game. In this game, you are already dead, but you have a button a hacker gave you to keep making guys. Eventually, the hacked code to do this corrupts the system so badly that it very obviously crashes, at which point, there is no faking it.This is not a prediction that Global Commerce will fail, it is a clear Chaotic Fractal that shows Global Commerce has already collapsed. The Total Global Debt is 400% of the Total Global Product. Only 3% of the Commerce on Earth is tangible. 97% is digital debt. There is no such thing as being ‘wealthy’ any more. They only possess digital debt.Commerce is the reason for the Holocene Extinction, detailed below:Ocean Dead Zones will encompass the entire planet by 2200Greenland’s Total Ice Loss:Albedo change of the polesThe North Polar Albedo Change is why the Northern jet stream has dropped to the 35th parallel.The Arctic has lost 40% of its year round ice. The Antarctic, which represents 91% of the Earth’s ice, has lost 20% of its ice. Where the topology seems similar, where it was once 4 miles thick, it is only a few hundred meters.Greenland and Antarctica make up 99% of the global fresh water ice.The global total sum current loss of permanent ice is approximately 50% between Antarctica and Greenland of the 99% global scale and irreversible.Earth’s Thermohaline System:The Gulf Stream is part of that system. The Gulf Stream takes 35 years to complete a cycle of turning warm water to the northern region (UK) then drops to several hundred meters, where it takes more than 30 years to return to the gulf. Therefore, measuring surface water temperature and air temperature is in general 35 years behind.This is the reason the data seems confusing to you. The air and surface water temperature are 35 year old data. What is really happening is on the ocean floor, and Climate Change is measured by ice loss, not air and water temperatures.At this point, the thermohaline has slowed to 20% of its deep depth surface speed (slowed by a factor of 5). The result will be a sudden flash of heat as the albedo changes, followed by a global deep freeze (Snowball Earth).The dense salt water drops below the cold fresh water before delivering its load of warm air to its destination. This is referred to as thermohaline collapse, and it is occurring at this very moment.The CO2 Myth:changing CO2 emissions will have no effect for 1000 years.However, CO2 contributes only less than 1% of the Total Greenhouse Effect:Taking the abundance into consideration:Results in the Total Contribution Factor:Half of the Total Greenhouse Gas is purely due to Animal agriculture:The ‘Crystal Serenity’The Northwest Passage was once a famed fearsome ice ridden impassable route through the arctic. The Northwest Passage was considered impassible for centuries. Now, cruise ships tour the entire passage, and as one Climatologist put it, there was not so much as an ice cube in sight. The land shown here, dirt, should be under a hundred meters of ice:The United Nations charts human population path as falling into three categories over the next century:All 3 paths are devastating. If the population increases, the result will be Global Failure by way of resources. If it remains in the middle, it will only extend those resources for 2 centuries. The lower, green path is the sum outcome, 99% certainty.Extrapolating:For anyone thinking our respite is in the Earth’s oceans as some untapped resource are neglecting the fact that ¾ of the Earth’s oceans are depleted or very nearly depleted of sea life from over fishing. That is, 75% of all of the oceans in the world have been fished to the point of becoming void of sea life. Stated clearly – 75% of our oceans are dead. That number can be seen clearly on the United Nations FAO web site. Totally depleted, fishless oceans are predicted as early as 2048. [142,143]This graph shows that the cattle we raise (Animal Agriculture) is consuming far greater resources than the human population:In order to ‘eat cows,’ they require 6x the resources a human does. This is a biological factor of mammal size vs. resources per pound as being an exponential, not a linear function.I am not a vegetarian, however, this graph shows the resources required for a non-leather clad vegan biker: (Like Judas Priest wearing cotton and eating tofu)By not going to Burger King every day for lunch, we can increase the probability of salvaging some human population 18 fold.The solution is Sheet Meat. Regardless of the cost now, every form of meat can be produced in the lab, and on an industrial scale, reduce the cost to what we see now for AA grown meat. [151–225]No one is coming to save us; not God, nor aliens from outer space. If we can salvage, I have calculated bot more than a few million humans will survive, 50% of animal and plant species, but each species will be reduced in number to a fraction. The reason is that between the Ocean Dead Zones and deforestation, the %oxygen will drop from its current 21% at sea level to about 12%. Loss of consciousness, for instance, occurs at about 10% oxygen, about the equivalent to being at 20,000 feet.The first two columns are going to zero. The ocean column will also drop to zero in less then 300 years. At that point, oxygen will have dropped to 5%.Whereas the dinosaurs survived 5 global extinctions while the Earth’s oxygen remained at about 30%, the last global extinction dropped that to 21%, and they did not survive the 5th global extinction. 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