Modal Verbs Pdf: Fill & Download for Free

Interesting question.I’m a word cruncher and statistician, so I think I can answer it. I’ve distilled full LOTR text from my PDF edition, I’ve eliminated obvious junk from the digital text (page numbers, headers and footers, wrapped lines and words, and so on), and I’ve treated it with a textual analysis professional software. Beware: I have taken Tolkien’s foreword into the analysis, but not the Appendixes, since my PDF edition lacks them.The LOTR text has 482,058 occurrences, with 12,972 distinct lemmas. To make the concept clearer: in a text, every word can be used more than once, of course: in the LOTR, the lemma and is used 19,987 times; that makes 19,987 occurrences and 1 lemma.In LOTR, Tolkien uses 4,470 hapaxes (a hapax, a Greek word meaning once, for one time only, is a word used just once in a text): that means that one word out of three (34.51%, to be more precise) is used just once in the book; this is really a huge amount of hapaxes, for such a massive text: a sign of Tolkien’s great lexical mastership (some hapaxes, of course, are Elvish, Dwarvish or Orkish words: isn't that a sign of Tolkien’s great lexical mastership too?).What are the most used words, excluding conjunctions, prepositions, modal and temporal adverbs, articles and pronouns? The list is not particularly surprising:frodo 1991long 1351sam 1290great 1283down 1203like 1146gandalf 1123think 1107man 1106back 1007know 938day 841fall 827time 825dark 818way 800find 790eye 790pass 783hand 780leave 760stand 757hear 756well 749aragorn 722pippin 685light 683lie 679turn 667thing 665speak 642ring 639tree 637road 628merry 603I like the fact that the three substantives contained in this list that point to concrete things are ring (obviously), tree and road. Tree! How nice is it this? Tree is one of the most used words in LOTR, and one of the three top names of things! Being a tree lover myself, I enjoy this result a lot.There are a lot of words (verbs, prepositions and substantives) concerning movement, of course (LOTR is a book about a journey, after all), lot of verbs concerning human communication, and some word concerning the process of perceiving the world through the senses: eyes, dark, light, hear.A methodological note about lie: the software I used for the analysis performs a process of lemmatisation (before the analysis, each word is turned into its dictionary lemma: plural nouns to singular, and conjugated verbs to the infinitive form: this, in order to reduce the data matrix, and to make results less dispersed, and more meaningful). BUT the software is not able to perform a semantic analysis, so it cannot tell the present form lay, from to lay, from the past perfect form lay, from to lie. I should have performed a disambiguation, but I think that that would have largely overdone the purpose of this answer: anyway, the software has lemmatised under lie the further occurrences: 373 lay, 110 lie, 89 lies, 84 lying, 22 lain and just 1 lied. We can say that lying is a process not unknown to the LOTR narrative development.It would be very interesting to analyse the hapax too: for example, (just trying to empty the sea with a spoon), there is one tax word, used in a figurative sense:‘You lie’, said Wormtongue. ‘And this sword your master himself gave into my keeping.’‘And he now requires it of you again’, said Théoden. ‘Does that displease you?’‘Assuredly not. lord’, said Wormtongue. ‘I care for you and yours as best I may. But do not weary yourself, or tax too heavily your strength. Let others deal with these irksome guests.And there is just one bastard word, referred to the offspring of Ungoliant:Far and wide her lesser broods, bastards of the miserable mates, her own offspring, that she slew, spread from glen to glen, from the Ephel Dúath to the eastern hills, to Dol Guldur and the fastnesses of Mirkwood. But none could rival her, Shelob the Great, last child of Ungoliant to trouble the unhappy world.There are lots of adjectives starting with un-, I think that Tolkien should have utterly loved them (so do I, as a not native, or unnative, or unconnate, English speaker and reader): ungracious, unfading, unexplored, unreasoning, uneventful, unearthly, unheeding, unhopeful, and so on.I’ve tried to perform a cluster analysis too. In a textual analysis, the clustering process produces maps that indicate which words are used in strict proximity with which other words: the map makes us possibile to individuate some content areas that share lexical affinity; and, in direct consequence of that, this analysis enables the scholar to spot out the main themes present in the analysed text.You can easily spot out four main classes from the cluster analysis of the LOTR text; two classes (those located in the upper part of the map) are, in turn, split into two subclasses.The Red Class refers to the journey of Frodo and Sam into Mordor. As you can easily see, this cluster is filled with short, “cracked” words touching on the desperate moral and physical efforts of the couple, in their moving towards Mount Doom, and on the desolate landscape of the volcanic wasteland. Lots of body parts, lots of verbs expressing pain, lots of onomatopoeia (hand, hiss, head, moment, Gollum, drag, gasp, neck, step, back, leg, shout, Shagrat, grind, orc, hideous, arm, cry, knee, grip, sound, breath, eye, grope, blade, struggle, yell, whip, tie, stench, crawl).The Pale Green and Aquamarine Class refers to the Fellowship journeys. In particular, the Green subclass allude to the “proper” journey, and it’s filled with lemmas dealing with movement, and connoted by fatigue and difficult hiking (slope, hill, road, climb, stream, down, mile, tree, side, mountain, path, bank, steep, valley, cloud, rise, ridge, wind, narrow, rock…). On the other hand, the Aquamarine subclass deals with the “magical interludes” that spangle the journey: in particular, the Old Forest, Lórien and the Grey Havens. This subclass is filled with lemmas that allude to colours and to Nature, and are connoted by beauty, clarity, and freshness (silver, leaf, white, green, star, shine, sing, flower, hair, Goldberry, gold, water, sun, sweet, tree [again], light, yellow, clear, ship, bright, fountain, basin, sail, grey, sea, foam, song, summer, golden, wind, jewel, dew, rain, blue, candle, warm, slender, shimmer).The Grey Class refers to the Shire and Bree, and it is filled with cozy, homely, practical, everyday words, and with words about human communication: Hobbits are very talkative people, after all. It is the vocabulary of the “starting situation, so calm and boring” that you can spot in every adventures tale. Nevertheless, this Class contains some little creeping words, foreseeing the shape of the things to come (Strider, good, Bree, think, talk, suppose, know, story, food [could you have had any doubt about this?], Sir, worry, bite, afraid, business, ferry, ask, tell, deal, real, fellow, laugh, time, queer, landlord, inn, adventure [how queer], news, affair).The Blue and Purple Class refers to the proper War of Men against Sauron. In particular, the Blue Class alludes to the evil influence of the Ring, with its victims and its enemies (Sauron, Boromir, power, enemy, evil, Isildur, ring, Saruman, Elrond, wise, Minas Tirith, Moria, peril, destroy, perish, lore, purpose, Mordor, servant, doubt, fear, bane, wisdom, bearer, fate). The Purple Class alludes to the actual acts of war, the very battles in Rohan and in Gondor (Lord, King, Éomer, Théoden, Éowyn, ride, man, Denethor, son, city, Gondor, house, Faramir, Beregond, heal, battle, Rohan, Steward, Mark, Imrahil, captain, Aragorn, war, prince, knight, warden, horse, love [not such a romantic word, in Tolkien works], sister, Edoras, healer, service, honour [not a overused word: just 40 occurrences in the whole book: LOTR is not about honour, it’s about duty], bid, woman, haste).So long for how many words in the LOTR books. Hopefully, my answer is of some interest for Tolkien’s fans and, maybe, scholars. If someone has any curiosity not directly related with the answer, about results of analysis, or about methodologies, feel free to DM me.

Look, I will give you a quick practical guide that you can use it, and believe me it can give you effective results (the basics) in 3 to 6 months.This guide I use it by myself when I started to learn English 3 years ago, and you can see I can write for you this answer now.I'm talking here about giving you the basics for two important skills, Listening and speaking.But this guide that I will give you it's like a smart challenge with yourself to prove to yourself that you can learn any language fast.So, let's get started.You should know that in any language there are 4 levels of communications and speech:The language used in daily life:This the common level of all fluent people can use in their daily lives, like when they talking about the weather when they talk on the phone when they go to the cinema, or visiting the doctor, or meet a new friend...etc.Professional Life Level:You can use this level when you trying to look for a job or make an interview, changing a customer order, or on your first day at work...Academic Level:This level of language you going to find it when you trying to apply to college, or giving a speech, studying for a test...The language used by the writers and intellectuals, poets and philosophers:This kind of language is very hard for beginner learners and advanced learners too,even the fluent speakers found that level hard to understand, anyway, you'll not use it at all.Now, all that you gonna do is to focus on the first level, this is the easy one and the beginner one.That level of English it's not hard for you to learn it and use it in your conversation and talking with people who speak English.As I remember, there is a study says that most native speakers in English use between 1500 to 3000 words in their daily conversation.So, as you can see If you want to become fluent, you must to know those words and most important use them in your daily speaking.Ok, this is what you must to DO from day one.1- Go to google a search for PDF ebooks like "Learn Hot English Travel Pdf", it contains 40 topical situations, go to the table of the content( you gonna find it at first pages), and take every title of the topic and write it in a paper or a notebook or in text file in your desktop, because you going to need it in the next step.2- When you write all the titles like that:At the Airport.At the Plan.In the Cinema..In the restaurant.....ect.go to youtube and search for every topic, type in search bar something like:"conversation at the Airport", you gonna find a lot of videos talking about this topic, search for videos that contain a conversation in the Airport, and download them.Note: 2 to 3 videos it good and enough for you to start.Do the same thing with the other titles.3- Create a file in your desktop and give it a name like "conversation videos", and put all the videos that you download them before in it.4- In this step you must to know some rules, (and remember, you are in your first day, you gonna just searching on the internet.), I recommend for you some important grammar rules that you can start with it, those rules are:- Simple Past/ Past Continuous/ Past Perfect.- Simple Present/ Present Continuous/ Present Perfect.- Simple Future- Modal Verbs( or Verbs Auxiliaries).- Phrasal verbsJust go to Youtube and do the same thing as you do with the titles above, you gonna find a lot of native speakers explained those rules, if you can't understand the explanation of the rules, just find videos that explain the English Rules with your mother tong (your language), and download them too, with the other videos of native speakers and put them in a file named "English Grammer Rule".5- We stay on youtube, type this time on youtube "Most Common English Idioms", you'll find a bunch of videos, giving you hundreds of idioms, download some videos and put them in a file you can call it "English idioms".And search again for most useful English phrases and ....(you know the next.)7- Now, you should subscribe on some youtube channel that helps you and English learners like us to learn English, just go to google and type "Best youtube Channel for Learning English", you will find a bunch of results.Note: all those steps above you do it just to focus on listening to English every day, that's the powerful way to improve your English by yourself, and I think this is the easiest and freeway, it's like creating an English Course By Yourself.Next Days:8_ Make a daily Programme to study English, any goal in this life need a programme, a plan, because without Programme studying maybe become useless, and not effective, and you lost the way, but I trying to make it easy for you.9- Listen to each video and watch it more than 30 min every single day for a week, then go to the next video.I give an example:you're download 4 types of English videos:.Conversations.Grammar Rules.Phrases.IdiomsFor your first day you gonna listen to each video on each section every day for 7days/ a week(More it's gonna be great),. From 8:30 to 9: 15 at morning, listen to a conversation video or podcast.. 12: 00 to 12:45 study one grammar rule.. 4:30 to 5: 00 listen to some phrases and trying to repeat it loudly to improve your pronunciation.. Before you sleep to listen to a video contain some common idioms and trying to memorize them and know there meaning( 3 to 5 idioms it's more than good).Continue in that programme you absolutely you found an improvement in your English level.Some little thing you want to do :- use your facebook in English.- watch an English Movie every week.- read an easy article every two days for and repeat it, for 20 min.- write at least 3 to 5 messages phone to your friends.- watch the new for 15 min every day.- find some people or maybe a friend who want to speak English and speak to each other in English.- trying to think only in English, and if you didn't find a word in your head write it in a paper to find it in the dictionary later.- listen to a song every day with lyrics, to know the words of the song and their meaningOk this is all for what I got for your question I wishI help you. and I wish the best for you. Thanks.

May - Permission granted; Often improperly used to mean "might." Should - Assertive favorable judgement about suitability, or proper behavior. Ought - Archaic term for "should" as used in the expression "Ought to."May vs. Should — the neglected siblings of Must vs. ShallShareMost people already know that only the word "must" and not the word "shall" imposes a legal obligation on readers. If that's news to you, a past article covers that topic in detail.What about the difference between "may" and "should?" The distinction between those two has far less serious consequences and is also easier to explain and accept. However, writing manuals and dictionaries don't say much about "may" and "should." As a result and without that guidance, I biased this report with many of my own thoughts and conclusions.Nonetheless, it's reasonable to say that "may" means purely optional and does not imply that the writer recommends that option to the reader. "Should" also means optional but implies that the writer recommends and advises the reader to use that option.Does it matter? Perhaps. If you write "should" to recommend that the reader use an option, then you probably have some protection if the reader chooses not to use that option and something goes wrong. But anytime you use the word "should," be sure you can say why you recommended that option and prove that your recommendation was valid and justifiable.It's usually wise to ask your attorney for an opinion if you write official words that tell other people what to do. But generally if you include words of authority like "may" and "should" in your policies, directives or other instructions, then you're probably safe to use what's already in the FAA Plain Language Tool Kit(PDF) and Federal Plain Language Guidelines (PDF):Must = mandatoryMust not = prohibitedMay = optionalShould = recommendedThese are the only valid word choices to convey those meanings.Key Difference – Shall vs May in English GrammarShall and May are two modal auxiliary verbs that show differences between them when it comes to their usage. In order to comprehend the difference between the two first let us pay attention to the situations in which these can be used. Shall is mainly used expressive of offers, suggestions, and requests. On the other hand, may is used to ask for permission. This is the main difference between the two words. Through this article let us comprehend the difference through examples.What is Shall?Shall is a modal auxiliary verb in the English language. These do not have to be conjugated in accordance to the subject of the sentence and remains the same, whether the subject is plural or not. As a matter of fact the verb ‘shall’ is used mainly in relation to the first person in future tense as in the following sentences:I shall write to him today.We shall go to the bank tomorrow.In both the sentences the modal auxiliary verb ‘shall’ is used in relation to the first person singular and plural in future tense.The verb ‘shall’ is also used expressive of offers, suggestions and requests as in the following sentences:Shall I water the plants in your house?Shall we go out for lunch?In both the sentences given above you can see that the auxiliary verb ‘shall’ is used expressive of request and suggestion respectively. These are the functions of the verb shall. The verb may is quite different. Now let us pay attention to it.I shall write to him today.What is May?The verb ‘may’ is on the other hand used to ask for permission as in the sentence ‘May I switch on the lights?’ Here the verb ‘may’ is used to ask for permission. A clear difference between shall and may is that while shall is mostly used for requests and suggestions, the verb may is used when asking for permission.‘May’ is sometimes used to give permission as in the sentence ‘Yes, you may go there tomorrow.’ Here ‘may’ is expressive of permission granted for the person to go to a place.The verb ‘may’ is used expressive of possibility of a happening as in the sentence ‘We may go to Australia this summer’. Here ‘may’ is expressive of the possibility of visiting Australia sometime during the summer.‘May’ is frequently used expressive of wishes to somebody to carry on good health and prosperity as in the sentences ‘May you live long’ and ‘May you be happy forever!’ In these sentences the usage of the auxiliary verb ‘may’ is suggestive of wishes to a person. Both the verbs ‘shall’ and ‘may’ should be used with precision.May I switch on the lights?What is the Difference Between Shall and May in English Grammar?Definitions of Shall and May:Shall: Shall is a modal auxiliary verb.May: May is also a modal auxiliary verb.Characteristics of Shall and May:Usage:Shall: Shall is used when making requests and suggestions.May: May is used when asking for permission and also granting permission.Possibility:Shall: Shall cannot be used when speaking of possibilities.May: May can be used when speaking of possibilities.Image Courtesy:1. Fountain pen pelikan writting write By MAKY.OREL (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons2. Electric residential lighting dimmer switch By I, BrokenSphere (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Wikimedia Commons