Department Of Psychology - California State University, Fullerton: Fill & Download for Free

This is a select list of institutions that receive WES evaluation reports. It should not be construed as an endorsement by any organization.A.T. Still University (ATSU)AACOMASAACPMASAcademy of Art UniversityACOTRO-Assoc of Can. Occupational Therapy Reg OrgsAcsenda School of ManagementAdams State UniversityADEA-AADSASADEA-CAAPIDADEA-DHCASADEA-PASSAdelphi UniversityAdler UniversityAdler University (IL)Adventist University of Health SciencesAHCASAIB College of BusinessAims Community CollegeAlabama A & M UniversityAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAlbany State UniversityAlbert Einstein College of MedicineAlberta College of Occupational TherapistsAlberta College of Speech-Language PathologisAlberta Health and WellnessAlberta Institute of AgrologistsAlberta Real Estate AssociationAlcorn State UniversityAlexander CollegeAlgoma UniversityAlgonquin College of Applied Arts and TechnologyAmerican Board For Certification of Teacher ExcellAmerican Board of Medical MicrobiologyAmerican College of EducationAmerican College of Traditional Chinese MedicineAmerican InterContinental University (AIU Online)American Public University SystemAmerican Sentinel UniversityAmerican Training School for Medical ProfessionalsAmerican UniversityAmerican University of AntiguaAnabaptist Mennonite Biblical SeminaryAncilla CollegeAnderson University (SC)Andrews UniversityAnne Arundel Community CollegeAnoka-Ramsey Community CollegeAntioch University (CA)AOMA Graduate School of Integrative MedicineAPPA CASAppalachian State UniversityArab Community Centre of Toronto (ACCT)Arcadia UniversityArchCASArizona CollegeArizona School of Acupuncture & Oriental MedicineArizona State UniversityArkansas State UniversityArkansas Tech UniversityArt Academy of CincinnatiArt Institute of AtlantaArt Institute of California - HollywoodArt Institute of California - Los AngelesArt Institute of California - Orange CountyArt Institute of California - San FranciscoArt Institute of Fort LauderdaleArt Institute of HoustonArt Institute of IndianapolisArt Institute of JacksonvilleArt Institute of Las VegasArt Institute of MichiganArt Institute of MinnesotaArt Institute of PhiladelphiaArt Institute of PhoenixArt Institute of Pittsburgh - Online DivisionArt Institute of PortlandArt Institute of SeattleArt Institute of TucsonArt Institute of VancouverArt Institute of Virginia BeachArt Institute of WashingtonArt Institute of Washington - Northern VirginiaAsbury Theological SeminaryAsbury UniversityAshford University (CA)Asnuntuck Community CollegeAspen UniversityAsso of Professional Eng and Geos of Alberta APEGAAsso of Professional Eng and Geos of Saskat APEGSAssociation of Cert. Forensic Investigators of CanAssociation of Professional Geoscientists OntarioAssociation of Registered Nurses of PEI (ARNPEI)ATCASAthabasca UniversityAthens Technical CollegeAtlanta Technical CollegeAtlantic Cape Community CollegeAuburn UniversityAugsburg UniversityAugusta UniversityAurora UniversityAustin Peay State UniversityAverett UniversityAvila UniversityBabson CollegeBaker CollegeBakersfield CollegeBaldwin Wallace UniversityBall State UniversityBarnes-Jewish CollegeBarry UniversityBarton CollegeBastyr UniversityBaylor College of MedicineBaylor UniversityBecker CollegeBelhaven UniversityBellarmine UniversityBellevue UniversityBelmont Abbey CollegeBelmont UniversityBemidji State UniversityBenedict CollegeBenedictine CollegeBenedictine UniversityBennett CollegeBergen Community CollegeBerklee College of MusicBerkshire Community CollegeBerry CollegeBethany College (KS)Bethany College (WV)Bethel College (IN)Bethel College (KS)Bethel University (MN)Bethune-Cookman UniversityBioMedCASBismarck State CollegeBlack Hawk CollegeBlack Hills State UniversityBloomfield CollegeBlue Mountain CollegeBlue Ridge Community College (NC)Bob Jones UniversityBoise State UniversityBossier Parish Community CollegeBoston Architectural CollegeBoston CollegeBoston UniversityBoston University CASBow Valley CollegeBowie State UniversityBrampton Flight CentreBrandon UniversityBrenau UniversityBrescia UniversityBrewton-Parker CollegeBridgewater State UniversityBrigham Young UniversityBrightwood CollegeBritton Management Profiles Inc.Brock UniversityBrock University - OUACBrookdale Community CollegeBrooks InstituteBroward CollegeBrown Mackie College - Findlay OHBrown UniversityBryan CollegeBryant UniversityBucks County Community CollegeBusinessCASCabrini UniversityCairn UniversityCaldwell UniversityCalgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS)Calhoun Community CollegeCalifornia College of the ArtsCalifornia Institute of Integral StudiesCalifornia Institute of the Arts (CalArts)California Intercontinental UniversityCalifornia International Business UniversityCalifornia Lutheran UniversityCalifornia Miramar UniversityCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversityCalifornia Southern UniversityCalifornia State University - Bakersfield CACalifornia State University - Channel Islands CACalifornia State University - Dominguez Hills CACalifornia State University - Fullerton CACalifornia State University - Long Beach CACalifornia State University - Los Angeles CACalifornia State University - Maritime AcademyCalifornia State University - Monterey BayCalifornia State University - Pomona CACalifornia State University - Sacramento CACalifornia State University - San Marcos CACalifornia State University - Stanislaus CACalifornia University of Management and SciencesCalumet College of St. JosephCalvin CollegeCamden County CollegeCameron UniversityCampbell UniversityCampbellsville UniversityCanada CollegeCanada Immigration Partners / CIP ConsultingCanadian Alliance of Physiotherapy RegulatorsCanadian Career College of Innovative TechnologyCanadian College of Naturopathic MedicineCanadian Counselling and Psychotherapy AssociationCanadian Environmental Certification Approvals Bd.Canadian Institute of Dental Hygiene Inc.Canadian Memorial Chiropractic CollegeCanadian Provincial Nominee and Immigration SeviceCanadian Society for Medical Laboratory ScienceCanadim, Renaud Dery Avocat Inc.Canisius CollegeCape Breton UniversityCape Fear Community CollegeCapella UniversityCardinal Stritch UniversityCarle Illinois College of MedicineCarleton UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University - AustraliaCarson-Newman CollegeCarteret Community CollegeCASAACase Western Reserve UniversityCASPACatawba CollegeCatholic Distance UniversityCatholic University of AmericaCC Internet Immigration Services Inc.CDI CollegeCentennial CollegeCenter for International EducationCentral Christian College of KansasCentral CollegeCentral Connecticut State UniversityCentral Michigan University - Mount Pleasant MICentral Washington UniversityCentral Wyoming CollegeCentre for Education and TrainingCentre for Immigrant and Community Services (CICS)Chamberlain College of NursingChaminade UniversityChamplain CollegeCharles R. Drew University of Medicine & ScienceCharleston Southern UniversityCharter Oak State CollegeChartered Professional Accountants of AlbertaChartered Professional Accountants of OntarioChatham UniversityChicago School of Professional PsychologyChicago State UniversityChipola CollegeChristian Brothers UniversityChristian Theological SeminaryChristie's EducationCIPS - Canada's Association of IT ProfessionalsCity Vision CollegeCivis Immigration ConsultantClaflin UniversityClaremont Graduate UniversityClaremont Lincoln UniversityClark Atlanta UniversityClarkson UniversityClayton State UniversityClemson UniversityCleveland State UniversityCleveland University - Kansas CityCoastal Carolina Community CollegeCoastal Carolina UniversityCoe CollegeCoker CollegeCollege for Creative StudiesCollege of Audiologists & Speech-Language CASLPOCollege of Central FloridaCollege of CharlestonCollege of Coastal GeorgiaCollege of Dietitians of AlbertaCollege of Dietitians of British ColumbiaCollege of Dietitians of OntarioCollege of Early Childhood EducatorsCollege of Licensed Practical Nurses of NSCollege of Midwives of AlbertaCollege of Midwives of British ColumbiaCollege of Midwives of ManitobaCollege of Mount Saint VincentCollege of New RochelleCollege of Nurses of OntarioCollege of Occupational Therapists of OntarioCollege of Optometrists of OntarioCollege of Psychologists of New BrunswickCollege of Registered Nurses of British ColumbiaCollege of Registered Nurses of Nova ScotiaCollege of Registered Psychotherapists of OntarioCollege of Respiratory Therapists of OntarioCollege of Saint RoseCollege of San MateoCollege of Southern IdahoCollege of St. ElizabethCollege of St. ScholasticaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CTCMPAO)College of Western IdahoCollege of William & MaryColorado Christian UniversityColorado Mesa UniversityColorado State UniversityColorado Technical UniversityColumbia College (SC)Columbia College - Chicago ILColumbia International UniversityColumbia Southern UniversityColumbia UniversityColumbia University Teachers CollegeColumbus City SchoolsColumbus State Community CollegeColumbus State UniversityCommunity College of Baltimore CountyCommunity College of PhiladelphiaCommunity College of the Air Force (CCAF/DESS)Community College of VermontCommunity MicroSkills Development Centre EastCommunity MicroSkills Development Centre WestConcord UniversityConcordia College (NY)Concordia University ChicagoConcordia University IrvineConcordia University NebraskaConcordia University of EdmontonConcordia University PortlandConcordia University TexasConcordia University, St. PaulConestoga College ITALConfederation College of Applied Arts & TechnologyConnexion Canada Aide à la MobilitéConverse CollegeCooper UnionCorban UniversityCornell University - Ithaca NYCornell University - Manhattan NYCornerstone UniversityCOSTICOSTI - CITPTCOSTI Employment Services - VaughanCOSTI Employment Services for ITPTCOSTI-Immigrant ServicesCPA Atlantic School of BusinessCPA Examination Service/CPAES/NASBACPA Western School of Business (CPAWSB)CPHR AlbertaCrandall UniversityCreighton UniversityCreighton University Medical CenterCSDCASCTTAMCumberland UniversityCUNY Baruch CollegeCUNY Brooklyn CollegeCUNY LaGuardia Community CollegeCUNY Lehman CollegeCUNY School of Professional StudiesD'Youville CollegeDakota State UniversityDakota Wesleyan UniversityDalhousie UniversityDallas Baptist UniversityDallas Theological SeminaryDalton State CollegeDavidson County Community CollegeDavis & Elkins CollegeDefense Language Institute (DLIFLC)Delaware County Community CollegeDelaware State UniversityDelgado Community CollegeDelta CollegeDelta State UniversityDenturist Association of ManitobaDenver Public SchoolsDenver SeminaryDepartment of the Navy - Region EastDePaul UniversityDesign Institute of San DiegoDeVry UniversityDiscovery Community CollegeDivine Mercy UniversityDixie State UniversityDoane UniversityDodge City Community CollegeDominican CollegeDominican University of CaliforniaDorothea Hopfer School of NursingDorset CollegeDouglas CollegeDragon Rises College of Oriental MedicineDrexel International GatewayDrexel UniversityDrury UniversityDuquesne UniversityDurham College of Applied Arts and TechnologyDurham Region Unemployed Help CentreEast Carolina UniversityEast Georgia State CollegeEast Stroudsburg UniversityEast Tennessee State UniversityEastern Florida State CollegeEastern Kentucky UniversityEastern Mennonite UniversityEastern Michigan UniversityEastern New Mexico University - Portales NMEastern Oregon UniversityEastern School of Acupuncture & Traditional Med.Eastern UniversityEastern Virginia Medical SchoolEastern Washington UniversityEastman Law Office Professional CorporationECPI UniversityEdgewood CollegeEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaEducational Partners International, LLCEducationUSA, USEF-NepalElizabeth City State UniversityElizabethtown CollegeElmcrest College of Applied Health ScienceElmhurst CollegeEmbassy of Spain - MECEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University (AZ)Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (FL)Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - WorldwideEmerson CollegeEmily Griffith Technical CollegeEmmanuel College (MA)Emory UniversityEmperor's College of Traditional Oriental MedicineEngineeringCASEngineers & Geoscientists British ColumbiaEngineers & Geoscientists New BrunswickEngineers CanadaEngineers Geoscientists Manitoba APEGMEngineers Nova ScotiaEngineers PEIErskine CollegeEugene Lang College of Liberal ArtsEverglades UniversityEvergreen CollegeExcelsior CollegeFairfield UniversityFairleigh Dickinson University-VancouverFairmont State UniversityFanshawe CollegeFashion Institute of Design & MerchandisingFayetteville State UniversityFelician UniversityFielding Graduate UniversityFisk UniversityFitchburg State UniversityFlagler CollegeFleming CollegeFlorida Atlantic UniversityFlorida Coastal School of LawFlorida Gulf Coast UniversityFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida International UniversityFlorida Keys Community CollegeFlorida Memorial UniversityFlorida Polytechnic UniversityFlorida SouthWestern State CollegeFlorida State College at JacksonvilleFlorida State UniversityFOCUS Community Development CorporationFoothill CollegeFORAC Credentialing ServiceFordham UniversityFort Hays State UniversityFort Lewis CollegeFort Valley State UniversityFrancis Marion UniversityFranklin UniversityFresno Pacific UniversityFrostburg State UniversityFull Sail UniversityFuller Theological SeminaryFurman UniversityGallaudet UniversityGalveston CollegeGarden City Community CollegeGardner-Webb UniversityGarrett CollegeGaston CollegeGateway Community & Technical CollegeGateway Technical CollegeGemological Institute of AmericaGeneva CollegeGeorge Brown CollegeGeorge Mason University - Graduate AdmissionsGeorge Mason University - Office of the ProvostGeorge Mason University - School of LawGeorge Mason University - School of PolicyGeorge Mason University - Undergraduate AdmissionsGeorge Washington UniversityGeorgetown UniversityGeorgia Gwinnett CollegeGeorgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Military CollegeGeorgia Piedmont Technical CollegeGeorgia Southern UniversityGeorgia Southwestern State UniversityGeorgia State UniversityGeorgian CollegeGeorgian Court UniversityGillette CollegeGISAC Global Immigration & Study Abroad ConsultantGlendale Community College (CA)Global Avenues Consulting, Inc.Global TalentGolden Gate UniversityGoldey-Beacom CollegeGolf Academy of AmericaGonzaga UniversityGoshen CollegeGovernment of British ColumbiaGovernment of Manitoba (MPNP)Government of New BrunswickGovernment of Newfoundland and LabradorGovernment of Prince Edward IslandGovernment of SaskatchewanGovernment of the Northwest TerritoriesGovernment of YukonGovernors State UniversityGraceland UniversityGradCASGraduate SchoolGrambling State UniversityGrand Canyon UniversityGrand Erie District School BoardGrand View UniversityGrande Prairie Regional CollegeGrantham UniversityGreensboro CollegeGreenville CollegeGreenville Technical CollegeGuilford CollegeGulf Coast State CollegeGwynedd Mercy UniversityHagerstown Community CollegeHalton Multicultural Council (HMC)HAMPCASHarcum CollegeHarris Institute for the ArtsHarrisburg Area Community College - Harrisburg, PAHarrisburg University of Science and TechnologyHarvard Business SchoolHarvard UniversityHastings CollegeHawaii Pacific UniversityHawkeye Community CollegeHealthfirst, Inc.Heidelberg UniversityHenderson State UniversityHenry Ford CollegeHerzing UniversityHigh Point UniversityHillsborough Community CollegeHinds Community CollegeHiram CollegeHodges UniversityHofstra UniversityHollins UniversityHoly Family UniversityHoly Names UniversityHondros CollegeHood CollegeHope International UniversityHorry-Georgetown Technical CollegeHouston Baptist UniversityHoward Community CollegeHoward UniversityHSC, SUNY Stony BrookHudson County Community CollegeHudson Valley Community CollegeHuman Resources Professionals Association (HRPA)Humber College Institute of Tech & Advanced LearnHusson UniversityICAN IncIdaho State UniversityIGlobal UniversityILAC International CollegeIllinois Central CollegeIllinois College of OptometryIllinois Institute of Art - ChicagoIllinois Institute of Art - SchaumburgIllinois Institute of TechnologyImmigrant Services Association of Nova ScotiaImmigration GroundsImmigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada(IRCC)Independence UniversityIndiana Institute of TechnologyIndiana State UniversityIndiana UniversityIndiana University of PennsylvaniaIndiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneIndiana Wesleyan UniversityInstitute of International EducationInterdenominational Theological CenterInternational College of the Cayman IslandsInternational Institute for Restorative PracticesInternational Institute of St. LouisInternational Technological UniversityIona CollegeIPAP-UNMCItawamba Community CollegeIvy Tech Community College - Indianapolis INJ. Richard Lage, Barrister & SolicitorJackson State UniversityJacksonville State UniversityJacksonville UniversityJames Madison UniversityJane Alliance Neighbourhood ServicesJefferson Community College (NY)Jefferson State Community CollegeJewish Family & Career ServicesJohn Brown UniversityJohn Carroll UniversityJohn F. Kennedy UniversityJohn Marshall Law School (IL)Johns Hopkins UniversityJohnson & Wales UniversityJohnson C. Smith UniversityJohnson University (TN)Johnston Community CollegeJoliet Junior CollegeJones County Junior CollegeJudson UniversityJumpstart - Refugee TalentJVS TorontoKalamazoo Valley Community CollegeKansas Christian CollegeKansas State Department of EducationKansas Wesleyan UniversityKaplan UniversityKean UniversityKeiser UniversityKeller Graduate School of ManagementKellogg Community CollegeKendall CollegeKennedy-King CollegeKennesaw State UniversityKentucky State UniversityKentucky Wesleyan CollegeKettering UniversityKing UniversityKing's University CollegeKutztown UniversityL3 CTS Airline AcademyLa Cité CollégialeLa Roche CollegeLa Salle University (PA)Lake Forest Graduate School of ManagementLake Superior State UniversityLake-Sumter State CollegeLakehead UniversityLakeview College of NursingLamar Community CollegeLander UniversityLansing Community CollegeLaurentian University/Universite LaurentienneLaurentian University/Universite Laurentienne-OUACLaw Office of Meleni DavidLaw Offices of Colin R. SingerLawrence Technological UniversityLawson State Community CollegeLDS Business CollegeLebanon Valley CollegeLee UniversityLehigh Carbon Community CollegeLehigh UniversityLenoir-Rhyne UniversityLesley University (MA)Lewis UniversityLiberty UniversityLife Chiropractic College WestLife UniversityLIM CollegeLincoln Memorial UniversityLincoln University (CA)Lincoln University (MO)Lincoln University (PA)Lindenwood UniversityLindsey Wilson CollegeLinfield CollegeLinn-Benton Community CollegeLipscomb UniversityLIU PostLock Haven UniversityLoma Linda UniversityLong Island UniversityLongwood UniversityLos Angeles College of Music (LACM)Louisiana State University at AlexandriaLouisiana State University in ShreveportLourdes UniversityLoyola Law School, Los AngelesLoyola Marymount UniversityLoyola University ChicagoLoyola University MarylandLoyola University New OrleansLynn UniversityLyon CollegeMacEwan UniversityMacomb Community CollegeMacropus Global LtdMadonna UniversityMalone UniversityManchester UniversityManhattan CollegeManhattan School of MusicManitoba Education and Training (PCU)Manitoba Institute of AgrologistsMannes School of MusicMarca CollegeMarian UniversityMarist CollegeMars Hill UniversityMarshall UniversityMaryland Institute College of Art (MICA)Maryland University of Integrative HealthMarymount Manhattan CollegeMarymount UniversityMaryville University of St. LouisMassachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health ScienceMassey UniversityMaxwin Immigration GroupMayville State UniversityMcDaniel CollegeMcMaster UniversityMcMaster University - OUACMcNeese State UniversityMcPherson CollegeMedicine Hat CollegeMeharry Medical CollegeMemorial University of NewfoundlandMenlo CollegeMercer County Community CollegeMercer UniversityMercy CollegeMercyhurst UniversityMeredith CollegeMerrimack CollegeMessiah CollegeMetalworks InstituteMethodist UniversityMetropolitan College of New YorkMFTCASMGH Institute of Health ProfessionsMiami International University of Art and DesignMichigan International Talent Solutions (MITS)Michigan Office of New Americans (MONA)Michigan Technological UniversityMiddle Georgia State UniversityMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMiddlesex County CollegeMidlands Technical CollegeMidstate CollegeMidway UniversityMidwestern State University - Wichita Falls TXMidwives College of UtahMillersville University of PennsylvaniaMilligan CollegeMills CollegeMinistry of Education - SaskatchewanMinnesota State Community and Technical CollegeMinnesota State University - Moorhead MNMinnesota State University, MankatoMinot State UniversityMisericordia UniversityMississippi CollegeMississippi State UniversityMississippi University for WomenMississippi Valley State UniversityMissouri Baptist UniversityMissouri Board of Law ExaminersMissouri Southern State UniversityMissouri State UniversityMissouri University of Science & TechnologyMissouri Valley CollegeMissouri Western State UniversityMohawk CollegeMolloy CollegeMonmouth CollegeMonmouth UniversityMontana State University - Bozeman MTMontana Tech of the University of MontanaMontclair State UniversityMontgomery College - Germantown MDMontgomery College - Rockville MDMontgomery College - Takoma Park MDMontgomery County Community CollegeMontreat CollegeMoody Bible InstituteMorehead State UniversityMorehouse CollegeMorgan State UniversityMOSAIC BCMount Allison UniversityMount Mary UniversityMount Royal UniversityMount Saint Mary CollegeMount Saint Vincent UniversityMount St. Mary's College, Los AngelesMount St. Mary's University, MarylandMount Wachusett Community CollegeMurray State UniversityNAFCASNapa Valley CollegeNational American University (MN)National American University (SD)National College of Natural Medicine (NCNM)National Dental Assisting Examining Board (NDAEB)National Dental Hygiene Certification BoardNational Louis UniversityNational UniversityNational University of Health SciencesNational University of Natural MedicineNazareth CollegeNCCAOMNDCASNebraska Methodist CollegeNEOMEDNeumann UniversityNevada State College at HendersonNew College of FloridaNew England College of OptometryNew Jersey City UniversityNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNew Mexico Highlands UniversityNew Mexico State UniversityNew Mexico TechNew Orleans Baptist Theological SeminaryNew York College of Health ProfessionsNew York Conservatory for Dramatic ArtsNew York Institute of Technology (NYIT)New York Medical College - ValhallaNew York School of Interior DesignNew York State Education DepartmentNew York UniversityNew York University ShanghaiNewberry CollegeNewcomer Women's Services TorontoNewfoundland and Labrador Psychology BoardNewman UniversityNewSchool of Architecture and DesignNiagara CollegeNiagara Falls Employment Help CentreNiagara UniversityNicholls State UniversityNipissing UniversityNoaisys Immigration, Inc.Nobel UniversityNorfolk State UniversityNormandale Community CollegeNorth American UniversityNorth Carolina A&T State UniversityNorth Carolina Central UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Dakota State College of ScienceNorth Dakota State UniversityNorth Greenville UniversityNorth Island CollegeNorth Park UniversityNorthampton Community CollegeNorthcentral UniversityNortheast Wisconsin Technical CollegeNortheastern Illinois UniversityNortheastern State UniversityNortheastern UniversityNorthern Alberta Institute of TechnologyNorthern Arizona University - Flagstaff AZNorthern Kentucky UniversityNorthern Michigan UniversityNorthern Ontario School of MedicineNorthern State UniversityNorthern Virginia Community CollegeNorthwest Christian UniversityNorthwest Florida State CollegeNorthwest Nazarene UniversityNorthwestern Health Sciences UniversityNorthwestern Polytechnic UniversityNorthwestern UniversityNotre Dame de Namur UniversityNova Scotia Board of Examiners in PsychologyNova Scotia Community CollegeNova Scotia Dietetic AssociationNova Scotia Office of ImmigrationNova Scotia Provincial GovernmentNova Southeastern UniversityNurses Association of New BrunswickNursingCASNyack CollegeNYIT College of Osteopathic MedicineOACETTOakland City UniversityOakland UniversityOakwood UniversityOCAD UniversityOcean County CollegeOhio Dominican UniversityOhio State UniversityOhio UniversityOhio Valley UniversityOklahoma Baptist UniversityOklahoma Christian UniversityOklahoma City Community CollegeOklahoma State UniversityOklahoma Wesleyan UniversityOlivet Nazarene UniversityOntario College of Social Workers & Social Serv.Ontario College of TeachersOntario College of TradesOntario Immigrant Nominee ProgramOntario Institute of AgrologistsOntario Tech UniversityThe Application Service for Ontario's Public CollegesOPCASOPRESCASOptomCASOral Roberts UniversityOrangeburg-Calhoun Technical CollegeOrdre des Ingénieurs du QuébecOREA Real Estate CollegeOregon Health & Science University (OHSU)Oregon Health and Science University CASOregon Institute of TechnologyOTCASOttawa Community Immigrant Services OrganizationOUAC - Ontario Law School Application ServiceOUAC - Ontario Medical School Application ServiceOUAC - Ontario Rehab Sciences Programs App SrvcsOur Lady of Lourdes School of NursingOur Lady of the Lake UniversityOwens Community CollegeOxford College of Arts, Business and TechnologyPace UniversityPacific College of Oriental Medicine (CA)Pacific Link CollegePacific Lutheran UniversityPacific Northwest College of ArtPacific Oaks CollegePacific States UniversityPacific UniversityPacifica Graduate InstitutePalm Beach Atlantic UniversityPalm Beach State CollegePalmer College of ChiropracticPark University (MO)Parkland College (SK)Parsons School of DesignPassaic County Community CollegePellissippi State Community CollegePennsylvania College of TechnologyPepperdine UniversityPeralta Community College DistrictPFA Pedorthic Footcare AssociationPharmCASPharmGradPharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School DistrictPhiladelphia UniversityPhoenix SeminaryPiedmont CollegePiedmont Technical CollegePillar CollegePinchot UniversityPitt Community CollegePittsburg State UniversityPlymouth State UniversityPoint Loma Nazarene UniversityPoint Park UniversityPoint UniversityPolycultural Immigrant and Community ServicesPolytechnic University in Puerto RicoPost UniversityPostBacCASPrairie View A&M UniversityPratt InstitutePresidio Graduate SchoolPrince George's Community CollegeProfessional Science Masters National Off (PSMCAS)Professional Standards BoardPSYCASPTCASPublic Service CommissionPurdue University NorthwestQatar UniversityQueen's UniversityQueen's University - OUACQueens University of CharlotteQuinnipiac UniversityRadford UniversityRadians CollegeRandall UniversityRedeemer University CollegeReformed Theological SeminaryRegent UniversityRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)Resurrection UniversityRice UniversityRider UniversityRivier UniversityRoane State Community CollegeRobert Morris UniversityRoberts Wesleyan CollegeRochester Institute of TechnologyRockford UniversityRocky Mountain CollegeRoger Williams UniversityRogers CommunicationsRogers State UniversityRollins CollegeRoosevelt UniversityRosalind Franklin University of Med and Sci CASRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceRosemont CollegeRoss University - EastRowan University GlassboroRoyal Roads UniversityRush UniversityRutgers Business School-Newark and New BrunswickRutgers University - CamdenRutgers University - NewarkRutgers University-Grad Admissions New BrunswickRyerson UniversitySacred Heart University - Fairfield CTSaint Francis Hospital (OK)Saint Joseph's UniversitySaint Leo University - St. Leo FLSaint Louis UniversitySaint Martin's UniversitySaint Mary's University of MinnesotaSaint Mary-of-the-Woods CollegeSaint Paul UniversitySaint Peter's UniversitySalem State UniversitySalisbury UniversitySalt Lake City Community CollegeSalve Regina UniversitySam Houston State UniversitySamford UniversitySamford University CASSamuel Merritt UniversitySan Bernardino Valley CollegeSan Diego Christian CollegeSan Francisco Art InstituteSan Francisco Conservatory of MusicSan Jose State UniversitySan Juan CollegeSANS Technology InstituteSanta Clara UniversitySanta Fe College (FL)Santa Monica CollegeSanta Rosa Junior CollegeSarah Lawrence CollegeSaskatchewan College of MidwivesSaskatchewan Institute of AgrologistsSaskatchewan Professional Teacher Regulatory BoardSaskEnergy IncorporatedSauk Valley Community CollegeSavannah State UniversitySavannah Technical CollegeSchiller International UniversitySchool of Visual ArtsScott Community CollegeSeattle Pacific UniversitySeminole State College of FloridaSeneca CollegeSeton Hall UniversitySeward County Community CollegeShelton State Community CollegeShenandoah UniversityShepherd UniversitySheridan College (ON)Sheridan College (WY)Shiloh UniversityShippensburg University of PennsylvaniaShorter UniversitySiena Heights UniversitySimmons UniversitySkills for ChangeSkills International LLCSocialWorkCASSofia UniversitySomerset Community CollegeSomjen Law OfficeSonoma State UniversitySOPHAS - Schools of Public Health Application SrvcSotheby's Institute of Arts-New YorkSouth Baylo UniversitySouth Carolina State UniversitySouth CollegeSouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologySouth Dakota State UniversitySouth University at Novi, MISouth University at Tampa, FLSouth University OnlineSoutheastern Louisiana UniversitySoutheastern Technical CollegeSouthern Adventist UniversitySouthern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT)Southern Arkansas UniversitySouthern California Institute of ArchitectureSouthern California University of Health SciencesSouthern Connecticut State UniversitySouthern Methodist UniversitySouthern Oregon UniversitySouthern University and A&M CollegeSouthern Utah UniversitySouthern Wesleyan UniversitySouthwest Baptist UniversitySouthwestern Assemblies of God UniversitySouthwestern Baptist Theological SeminarySouthwestern Christian UniversitySouthwestern Illinois CollegeSouthwestern Michigan CollegeSouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversitySouthwestern Oregon Community CollegeSP Law OfficeSpring Arbor UniversitySt. Ambrose UniversitySt. Andrews Presbyterian CollegeSt. Catherine UniversitySt. Cloud State UniversitySt. Edward's UniversitySt. Francis Medical CenterSt. Francis University (PA)St. George's UniversitySt. John Fisher CollegeSt. John's UniversitySt. Joseph's CollegeSt. Joseph's College (IN)St. Louis College of PharmacySt. Luke's CollegeSt. Mary's College of MarylandSt. Mary's University of TexasSt. Matthew's UniversitySt. Petersburg CollegeSt. Thomas Aquinas CollegeSt. Thomas University (FL)Stenberg CollegeSterling CollegeStetson UniversityStevens-Henager CollegeStockton UniversityStrayer UniversitySuffolk County Community CollegeSuffolk UniversitySullivan UniversitySUNY Alfred State CollegeSUNY Binghamton UniversitySUNY Broome Community CollegeSUNY Buffalo StateSUNY CantonSUNY Clinton Community CollegeSUNY College of Environmental Science & ForestrySUNY Columbia-Greene Community CollegeSUNY DelhiSUNY Empire State CollegeSUNY Farmingdale State CollegeSUNY Fashion Institute of TechnologySUNY Maritime CollegeSUNY Nassau Community CollegeSUNY New PaltzSUNY Old WestburySUNY OswegoSUNY PlattsburghSUNY Purchase CollegeSUNY Rockland Community CollegeSUNY Stony BrookSUNY Ulster County Community CollegeSUNY University at AlbanySUNY University at BuffaloSUNY Westchester Community CollegeSweet Briar CollegeSyracuse UniversityTalent Beyond BoundariesTallahassee Community CollegeTarleton State UniversityTarrant County College DistrictTaylor University - UplandTeacher Qualification, Northwest TerritoriesTeachers Council, Inc.Technical Career Institutes (TCI)Technical College of the LowcountryTechNovaTemple UniversityTennessee Board of Law ExaminersTennessee State Department of EducationTennessee State UniversityTennessee Technological UniversityTennessee Wesleyan UniversityTexas A&M Health Science CenterTexas A&M University at Central TexasTexas A&M University at College StationTexas A&M University at CommerceTexas A&M University at Corpus ChristiTexas A&M University at TexarkanaTexas Health and Science UniversityTexas Tech UniversityTexas Woman's UniversityThe College of Psychologists of OntarioThe Georgia School of OrthodonticsThe King's UniversityThe Law Firm of Campbell, CohenThe Master's SeminaryThe Michener Institute for Applied Health SciencesThe New England Institute of ArtThe New School - School of DramaThe New School - Schools of Public EngagementThe New School for Social ResearchThe New School-School of Jazz & Contemporary MusicThe Qualifications Evaluation Council of OntarioThomas Edison State UniversityThomas Jefferson School of LawThomas Jefferson UniversityThomas Jefferson University TJAPPThomas More CollegeThomas UniversityThompson Rivers UniversityTiffin UniversityToronto Academy of Acting for Film & TelevisionToronto School of TheologyTouro CollegeTouro College - Graduate School of BusinessTouro UniversityTowson UniversityTransylvania UniversityTrenholm State Technical CollegeTrent UniversityTrevecca Nazarene UniversityTri-County Technical CollegeTrident Technical CollegeTrident University InternationalTrillium CollegeTrinity International UniversityTrinity Washington UniversityTrinity Western UniversitytriOS CollegeTruckee Meadows Community CollegeTufts UniversityTulane UniversityTulsa Community CollegeTuskegee UniversityTyndale University College & SeminaryUCF - College of Arts and HumanitiesUCF - College of Engineering and Computer ScienceUCF - College of MedicineUCF - Faculty RelationsUnemployed Help Centre of WindsorUnion College (KY)Union College (NE)Union College (NY)Union UniversityUnited Lutheran SeminaryUnited States UniversityUnited Theological SeminaryUniversidad Central del CaribeUniversidad de MonterreyUniversité LavalUniversity College of the NorthUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversity of Alabama at HuntsvilleUniversity of Alabama at TuscaloosaUniversity of Alaska AnchorageUniversity of Alaska FairbanksUniversity of ArizonaUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of AtlantaUniversity of BaltimoreUniversity of BridgeportUniversity of British ColumbiaUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)University of California at San DiegoUniversity of California at San FranciscoUniversity of Central ArkansasUniversity of Central FloridaUniversity of Central Florida - BusinessUniversity of Central Florida - GradUniversity of Central Florida - Nanoscience TechUniversity of Central Florida - UndergradUniversity of Central MissouriUniversity of CharlestonUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of Colorado at DenverUniversity of Colorado Colorado SpringsUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences CenterUniversity of Connecticut at StorrsUniversity of DallasUniversity of DelawareUniversity of DenverUniversity of Detroit MercyUniversity of EvansvilleUniversity of FloridaUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of GuelphUniversity of HartfordUniversity of Hawaii - ManoaUniversity of HoustonUniversity of Houston - DowntownUniversity of Houston - VictoriaUniversity of IdahoUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoUniversity of Illinois at SpringfieldUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of IndianapolisUniversity of KentuckyUniversity of La VerneUniversity of LethbridgeUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteUniversity of Louisiana at MonroeUniversity of LouisvilleUniversity of Maine SystemUniversity of ManitobaUniversity of Mary (ND)University of Mary Hardin-BaylorUniversity of Maryland - Baltimore CountyUniversity of Maryland - Baltimore MDUniversity of Maryland - College Park MDUniversity of Maryland - Eastern ShoreUniversity of Maryland - School of NursingUniversity of Maryland Global CampusUniversity of Massachusetts at Amherst - GraduateUniversity of Massachusetts at BostonUniversity of Medicine and Health Sciences CASUniversity of MemphisUniversity of Memphis CASUniversity of MiamiUniversity of MichiganUniversity of Michigan, Ann ArborUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of MississippiUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterUniversity of Missouri - St. Louis MOUniversity of MobileUniversity of MontanaUniversity of Montana WesternUniversity of MontevalloUniversity of Mount OliveUniversity of Nebraska at KearneyUniversity of Nebraska at LincolnUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center CASUniversity of Nevada at Las VegasUniversity of New Brunswick FrederictonUniversity of New Brunswick St. JohnUniversity of New EnglandUniversity of New HampshireUniversity of New HavenUniversity of New MexicoUniversity of North AlabamaUniversity of North Carolina - Graduate AdmissionsUniversity of North Carolina - Undergrad & IntlUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina at GreensboroUniversity of North Carolina at PembrokeUniversity of North Carolina at WilmingtonUniversity of North DakotaUniversity of North FloridaUniversity of North GeorgiaUniversity of North Texas - Fort Worth TXUniversity of Northern ColoradoUniversity of Northwestern OhioUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterUniversity of OttawaUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PhoenixUniversity of PikevilleUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of PortlandUniversity of Puerto RicoUniversity of ReginaUniversity of RochesterUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterUniversity of Saint Joseph (CT)University of San DiegoUniversity of San FranciscoUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversity of Science and Arts of OklahomaUniversity of ScrantonUniversity of Sioux FallsUniversity of South AlabamaUniversity of South Alabama CASUniversity of South Carolina AikenUniversity of South Carolina at BeaufortUniversity of South Carolina at ColumbiaUniversity of South Carolina UpstateUniversity of South DakotaUniversity of South Florida at St. PetersburgUniversity of South Florida at TampaUniversity of Southern IndianaUniversity of Southern MississippiUniversity of St. Augustine for Health SciencesUniversity of St. Francis (IN)University of St. Thomas (MN)University of St. Thomas - Houston TXUniversity of TampaUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaUniversity of Tennessee at KnoxvilleUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center CASUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonUniversity of Texas at DallasUniversity of Texas at GalvestonUniversity of Texas at TylerUniversity of Texas Health Science at HoustonUniversity of Texas Health Science at San AntonioUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyUniversity of the ArtsUniversity of the CumberlandsUniversity of the District of ColumbiaUniversity of the Incarnate WordUniversity of the PacificUniversity of the PotomacUniversity of the Sciences in PhiladelphiaUniversity of the SouthwestUniversity of the Virgin IslandsUniversity of TorontoUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of Washington - TacomaUniversity of WaterlooUniversity of West AlabamaUniversity of West FloridaUniversity of West GeorgiaUniversity of Western StatesUniversity of WindsorUniversity of Wisconsin - La CrosseUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - OshkoshUniversity of Wisconsin - ParksideUniversity of Wisconsin - PlattevilleUniversity of Wisconsin - River FallsUniversity of Wisconsin - StoutUniversity of Wisconsin - SuperiorUniversity of WyomingUpfront Immigration ConsultancyUpper Iowa University (IA)Upwardly Global - Santa ClaraUrsuline CollegeUtah State UniversityUtah Valley UniversityUtica CollegeValdosta State UniversityValencia CollegeValencia College - Human ResourcesValley City State UniversityValparaiso UniversityVancouver Island University (VIU)Vanderbilt UniversityVaughn College of Aeronautics and TechnologyVermont Board of Bar ExaminersVermont Technical CollegeVillanova Preparatory SchoolVillanova UniversityVirginia Board of AccountancyVirginia CollegeVirginia Commonwealth UniversityVirginia International UniversityVirginia Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityVirginia State UniversityVirginia University of Integrative MedicineVirginia Wesleyan UniversityVMCAS - Veterinary Medical College Applicatn SrvcVolunteer State Community CollegeWagner CollegeWake Forest UniversityWake Technical Community CollegeWalden University (MD)Walsh CollegeWarner Pacific CollegeWarner UniversityWashington Adventist UniversityWashington State Board of AccountancyWashington State UniversityWashington University in St. LouisWayland Baptist UniversityWayne County Community CollegeWayne State UniversityWebber International UniversityWeber State UniversityWelcoming CityWES Gateway CanadaWES Gateway USAWES Refugee ProjectWesley CollegeWesleyan College (GA)West Chester University of PennsylvaniaWest Liberty UniversityWest Texas A&M UniversityWest Virginia State UniversityWest Virginia UniversityWest Virginia University - 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This is a big question. In order to understand why people hate the police, we first have to understand why police officers behave the way they do, and the judicial system that 9 out 10 supports them. As I read all the answers given here, I am reminded of how much work we still have to do as a society to bring positive change to law enforcement agencies. Despite what we have learnt about police brutality and misconduct, many people continued to blame the "few bad apples" for ruin the Department's reputation, and they quickly jumped into conclusion denouncing these individuals saying they only represent an extremely small group of minority.For the LAPD, the blame goes even further with the revamp of police recruiting andselection practices that focus on deterring unfit individuals to becoming members of the organization, which reinforces the Department’s framing of police misconduct as a consequence of a few “bad apple” cops who slipped through the screening process, and these individuals do not reflect the culture of the organization. I reject this argument, and I tell you why.From the Systems theoretical standpoint, law enforcement agencies are considered an organizational system, which exists within the context of a larger social system that influences the way in which the organization operates and becomes dysfunctional. I argue that the environment (social culture) within which Law Enforcement operates is the deciding factor in determining organizational culture and behavior. Social culture influences organizational culture, as police officers bring their learned assumptions to judgments and decisions in the work environment, and this interaction between a perilous social culture of urban cities and the adaptive culture of the organization that creates the perfect formula for dysfunction. Police corruption is, by and large, supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local society. Conventional wisdom tells us bad apples don’t fall far from the free.Today, it is not uncommon to turn on the news and hear that somewhere in the United States somebody was hurt or killed by the police. Living and workingin Los Angeles, I get to hear about this almost on a daily basis. Because I work in the mental health field, sometimes these tragic stories hit closer to home for me than I would have liked. A few years ago, a 37 year old homeless man with mental illness named Kelly Thomas was fatally beaten by six local police officers at a bus depot in Fullerton, California. According to the Huffington Post, the beating incident was captured by a bystander with a cell phone, and bus surveillance tape released later showed how officers beat Thomas and used a stun gun on him repeatedly as he cried out for his father. In an interview, Thomas’ father reports, "When I arrived at the hospital to see him, I honestly thought that gang bangers had got a hold of him like the cowards sometimes do and just beat him with a baseball bat in the face. Immediately my thoughts were to get with Fullerton police ... and I didn't learn until a certain amount of hours later the truth. That put me in absolute shock" (Huffington Post, 2011). The beating was so unjustifiably brutal that the story quickly became international news. The Department quickly issued a statement saying that the case was an isolated incident, and the officers did receive training on how to deal with the mentally ill and the homeless. This is a classically individual-level analysis, leading to the notion that the problem lies within the character of a few “bad apples”.Another recent case of police brutality happened at the Pacific Clinics in Rosemead, California. Though this particular case did not receive the same amount of media attention given to the Thomas’ case, it felt closer tohome because of the relationship between Pacific Clinics and the agency I worked for, APCTC. One of our staff psychiatrists also worked for Pacific Clinics, and the person who was shot and killed by the deputies from the sheriff’s Temple Station was his patient. The Pasadena Star-News reports three deputies from the sheriff's Temple station were involved in the fatally shooting of a mentally ill woman sitting inside the clinic with a hammer in her lap. The victim was identified as Jazmyne Ha Eng, 40 years old, 4-foot-11, and 95-pound Cambodian woman with a history of psychological disorders, and she was wielding a "full-sized" ball-peen hammer when she was shot and killed by deputies. The initial incident report stated that a deputy tried to shock Eng with his taser gun, but it was not effective. Eng, then, advanced toward the deputies with a hammer. Fearing for his safety, a deputy fired two rounds from his duty weapon. Eng was pronounced dead at the scene. The coroner’s report reveals no trace of taser dart found on Eng’s body, only the shot wounds that killed her (SGV Tribune, 2012).Cases of police abuse and corruption often occur more frequently than publicly reported (Bayley & Perito, 2011; Weisburd, Greenspan, Hamilton, Williams, and Bryant, 2000). Of those reported, a few serious cases ignite intense public debate. For instance, the Los Angeles PoliceDepartment issued a report by a board of inquiry into the “Rampart Area Corruption Incident” in 2000, prompted allegations of bank robbery, false arrest, falsifying reports, theft of cocaine from the police property room, and beating of handcuffed suspects. The Rampart Scandal is often referred to as one of the most widespread cases of police corruption in U.S. history, with more than 70 officers implicated in the worst corruption scandal in LAPD history.The Los Angeles Police Department developed a version of the storyimplicating a very small group of Black and Hispanic officers were responsiblefor all the misconduct (LAPD, 2000). Two other high profile cases in recent memory are the Rodney King beating by LAPD police and the torture of Abner Louima by New York City police.Poverty, Ethnicity,and Crimes: A Sociocultural PerspectiveMost cases involved police misconduct occur in large urban cities, such as Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, and so on. Studies on the intersection of urban poverty, crime, and the racial divide show a correlation between variations in crime rates and socioeconomic status and race, with crime rates (mostly gang and drug related crimes) higher in urban poor communities, as these low-socioeconomic neighborhoods experienced great levels of poverty, racial heterogeneity, transience, family disruption (Bobo, 2009; Devah, 2007; & Venkatesh,2000), high unemployment rate, unequal access to quality education, unequalaccess to police services, legal aid services, and disparities in political representation(Bartels, 2005), thus creating a society that tolerates and embraces unlawfulbehaviors of ingroup members, and thereby, providing ample opportunities forpolice abuse of power and corruption.Sociocultural theory posits that our cognitive development and learningprocesses are influenced by societal culture, leading to the notion that ourbeliefs, moral values, attitudes, manners, normative behaviors, and work ethics, embody the societal culture in which we are accustomed to (Vygotsky, 1986). Thisperspective assumes that our social mores teach us right from wrong, and that ourattitude and behavior are culturally dependent. In other words, people are simply the products of their societal culture, implicating possible consequences for those who grew up in a “bad” neighborhood because of the likelihood that they will become “bad” just like their social environment. Possibly, this may be the reasoning factorbehind the policy that mandates automatic disqualifications of any convictedfelons from becoming police officers by the LAPD, even though studies show supervisor background ratings are not useful in predicting integrity problems (Fischler, 2009).Moreover, disqualification of ex-convicts does not stop nor explain why do some police officers with clean records routinely violate the laws they publicly sworn to uphold. It is not uncommon to find some clean rookie cops turning dirty after being on the job for a relatively short time, suggesting that law enforcement, as an organization, has been influenced by the external social culture there by integrating internal processes in order to survive in the external environment in which it operates. Consequently, this need to conform and eventuallydominate the parent culture leads the organization to dysfunction. From this perspective, punishing a few “bad apples”, in addition to preventing felons from slipping through the crack during selection process, only indicates the organization has missed the mark and the “real culprit” has not yet identified, and therefore, the problem is left unchanged.While disqualifying certain criminals from becoming police officers maybe the right card to play in the game of social politics, but it does little to the effect of preventing future cases of police misconduct from reoccurring. Undoubtfully, law enforcement, as an organization, is aware of certain personality types of the men and women they select for police work, especially extensive data on personality traits of the selected, the nature of the job, and the operational structure of the organization, are readily available to assist in determining which candidate best suited for the job. It is difficult to imagine a powerful organization, such as the US law enforcement, is ignorant to the fact that there are considerable overlaps of day-to-day activities between armed police officers and criminals.Meta-analysis that compared personality traits between two adversarial groups— the police and criminals—shows a stark similarity between the two groups, including stress, long hours, tension, life threatening situations, the use of coercion, the expectation of conflict, a code of silence, and the opportunity to work in large powerful gangs (Wisenheimer, 2009). The personality traits and work attitudes of108 criminals convicted of assault and 96 armed police officers were alsocompared using the MMPI, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. The results reveal both groups scored significantly higher than the general population and various occupational groups on the following scales: Impulsive Sensation, Aggression-Hostility Work Activity. Both groups scored significantly lower on: Neuroticism-Anxiety, Sociability. No significant differences were observed onthe Lie scale.The study goes on to list many more variables shared by both groups, concluding that armed police officers and violent criminals are “two sides of the same coin, united in an unbreakable bond”. Wisenheimer (2009) even recommended their commission for active police duties within the anti-gang crime unit of the police department. More on psychological screening is discussed later in the article. For now, why do some law enforcement agencies, such as the Los Angeles Police Department, automatically disqualify ex-convicts of violent crimes but selectcandidates of equal potential in breaking the law, is unclear, but I speculate that the answer lies in the dynamics between the American public and the politics of law enforcement.Poverty, racial differences, social class, dense population of criminal offenders, and high crime rates are powerful aspects of urban cultures to influencepolice behavior (Weisburd, 2009). Anecdotal evidence suggests a correlation between poverty-stricken minority community and high crime rates. Conventionalwisdom suggests that residents of poor urban neighborhoods face a higher riskof criminal victimization than other city residents. In addition, racial and ethnic minorities, African-Americans in particular, are considerably more likely to be victimized and incarcerated (Raphael & Sills, 2006). In addition to high unemployment rates, these high incarceration and victimization (often use of excessive force with intention to cause serious bodily harm or kill) rates are often attributed to a higher propensity among ethnic minorities (males in particular), especially African Americans, to criminally offend, creating a dysfunctional society that perpetuates police brutality and corruption.We know that crime, whether committed by citizens or law enforcement, can and do happen in all communities. News media frequently reports crimes committed in large urban cities, with poor minority neighborhoods suffer disproportionately due to police abuse of power. (Bayley & Perito, 2011).Critics of police brutality argue that the racial/ethnic difference between citizens and the police is one of the main reasons leading to police abuse of authority (Weisburd et al, 2000). Studies show that police harassment of minorities is not an isolated occurrence (Grant, 2003; Weisburd et al, 2000; Kaplan, 2009; & Greenspan, Weisburd, & Bryant, 1997). For example, two studies conducted across two Midwestern States, Illinois and Ohio, found more than 25% of minority police officers observed police using considerably more force than necessary when apprehending a suspect of ethnic minority, and harassing a citizen because of his or her race (Martin, 1994; & Knowles, 1996). Recently, the use of racial profiling by law enforcement in the State of Arizona had the Latino community protesting in the streets across the country, accusing the enactment of the law, known as SB 1070, unconstitutional. This is because a subsection of this piece of legislator allows law enforcement agents to stop a person at any given place and time (theLatino community is implicitly targeted), whom they believed to look like an illegal alien, and demand proof of citizenship. Many Americans, especially Mexican Americans, believe SB 1070 is racially motivated, and they claimed that racial profiling constitutes harassment and a violation of basic human rights.Bad Apples Don’t Fall Far From the TreeLaws likethe SB 1070 rarely happen in a vacuum. According to the annual report issued by the Southwest Border HIDTA Arizona Partnership in 1990, a subdivision of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, the two major metropolitan areas in the region, Tucson and Phoenix, are primary distribution centers and drug transit areas with theirclose proximity and easy access to the Arizona Sonora, Mexico border. An estimate of multi-ton quantities of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroine are smuggled into the cities to be distributed across the States annually. Thereport indicates drug related violence, homicides, and property crimes areincreasingly perpetuated by drug gangs and abusers. Drug proceeds are smuggled from Arizona to Mexico in bulk form by vehicles, commerce shipments, pedestrians, and so on. The report also indicates that the increased interdiction by law enforcement has frustrated narcotic smugglers, leading to increased acts of violence toward law enforcement agents.Over the course of extended interaction between two cultures—border patrol and drug gangs—many cops succumb to the dominant culture (drug gangs) at large and join in the actions, while others refuse to conform and be tainted. Not everyresident in a “ghetto neighborhood” is a gang member, as not every cop is ahero. Nevertheless, the development of a culture of poor urban society seems to embrace violence and corruption as symbol of identity, upon which economic marginalization leads to anger and resentment, and as motivation for crime and violence. Today, the national war on drugs rages on, where law enforcers and the outlawed continue to play cat-and-mouse, reflecting the external societal culture in peril shaping the culture of law enforcement agencies, as agents bring their learnedassumptions to judgments and decisions in the work environment, and finally endup either colluding with law offenders in corruptions or putting ordinarycitizens in harmed ways for personal gain. Consequently, police brutality and corruption occur routinely. Again, the same argument goes: three cops cango crazy, but more than 70 cops, for instance, embody a culture of policing,where such development of organizational culture conforms to the same identitychosen by the social culture where they grow up.The following are cases in point. A border patrolcorruption prompted a reform of immigration law in the State of Arizona leadingup to the enactment of SB 1070 in 2011. According to ABC news investigators, atotal of 134 patrol agents in Naco, Arizona were arrested or indicted forcorruption in the past 7 years (ABC News, 2011). One agent used his own patrol car to smuggle drugs. Another case concerns an agent allowing illegal aliens through a point of entry without checking their documentation. Another case involved an agent pleading guilty to selling national security documents. The border patrol relies on sensors embedded in the ground to track smugglers. Less than a year ago, an agent in Tucson pled guilty to giving a drug trafficker the locations of more than 100 of thesensors. Prosecutors say he did it for a $3,000 bribe.Clearly, the effect of social culture on organizational culture is profound. Remedies for police corruption would seem to depend upon local social dynamics and traditions, as well as the capacity of local jurisdictions to manage them. Police corruption is typically supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local ways of life. Thus, changing organizational cultures requires the transformation of local cultures.Blame a Few “Bad Apples”Won’t WorkLaw enforcementorganizations have grown much more diverse in recent years (Sklansky,2006). Today’s large American cities, such as the Los Angeles PoliceDepartment and New York Police Department, are not the homogeneous workplace large numbers of female, openly gay and lesbian officers, and minority officers. Openly gay and lesbian officers, too, are well represented in Los Angeles.In social cultural system context, law enforcement as an organizational cultural system routinely experiences behavioral misdeeds of rogue officers. It is well known that police, as an organization, lie, steal, cheat, commit acts of extortion, make false arrests, plant evidence, and even commit murder for personal gain. Police corruption scandals are common (Grant, 2003), but the organization’s first defense is always to say that it is an isolated case of a few “bad apples”, and that it never reflects the core values of the organization and the officers who committed these horrendous acts should have never been hired. Institutional reforms had been made by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department to weed out the “bad apples” following the Rodney King beating by LAPD police and the Rampart Police Corruption Scandal. In the report “Rampart Area CorruptionIncident,” Chief of Police, Bernard Parks, recommended pre-employment testingand screening of police officer candidates, in addition to undergo a thoroughbackground check and complete a few other assessment measures, as an ongoingeffort to weed out the “bad apples”. This perspective assumes better hiring practices will help the organization hires people who will be less likely to abuse their authorityas law enforcers. Cases like Eng, Thomas, and many others happened since the Rampart Scandal and Rodney King beating, implicate blaming a few “bad apples” hasnot been working out too well for the American public, and that business isresumed to “normal” at the Department.Pre-employment PsychologicalTesting: Does It Really Help?Though the use of psychological testing for police recruits was first suggested in 1931 by the Wickersham Commission (Dantzker, 2011), police agencies chose not to use it much until a decade ago. The Rampart Scandal in the late 1990s forced the LAPD to undergo a complete reform in personnel selection practices (LAPD, 2000). In response to the Rampart Scandal, the Board of inquiry recommended the use of psychological tests on all new recruits (LAPD, 2000). In compliance with theBoard of Inquiry’s recommendation, the Department opened its firstpsychological service program in 2000 to assist the Personnel Department withthe selection of new recruits. The goal is to weed out unqualified candidates and prevent future police misconduct.The most commonly used personality tests and inventories in departments throughout the United States are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) , the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and the Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI) (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003). The LAPDuses the MMPI-2 and clinical interview as psychological screening tools intheir selection process, and they use the pass-fail approach to the results,keeping candidates who pass and rejecting those who fail. Interestingly, studies have indicated that although psychological assessment appears to be valued in the selection process, very few candidates are rejected based solely on the results, anddepartments that use a pass-fail approach use psychological assessments to ruleout psychopathology (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003).Data on what type of psychological screening used by the LAPD prior to the Rampart Scandal was not available, but current selection practices appear to be consistent with research findings that suggest qualified candidates are pre-selected through other procedures prior to the psychological evaluation. Therefore, once thecandidates complete the evaluation, few of them are found to be outrightunqualified (Cochrane, Tett & Vandecreek, 2003). In other words, unless a candidate is mentally ill, the LAPD would hire candidates who presenting themselves as extremely masculine and having stereotypical masculine interests. A meta-analysis of MMPI measurements of common personality traits of police officers indicates both male and female police officers gave defensive profiles, with male officers presented themselves as having stereotypic male interests and attitudes, while female officers rejected traditional feminine roles and stereotyped behaviors (Kornfeld, 1995).Results of another meta-analysis on personality profiles of police show many individuals who seek admission into police training programs tend to possess personality traits good for policing, that is self-disciplined (control), socially bold (independent), extraverted, emotionally tough, and low in experienced anxiety (Eber,1991). However, one in four police officers possesses personality associated relatively high levels of schizophrenia, paranoia, psychasthenia, and other symptoms not good for being cops (Lorr & Strack, 1994). These individuals appeared just as tough and independent as the “good” cops, but they were lower in self-control and extraversion and much higher in anxiety (Lorr & Strack, 1994). Furthermore,studies that compared personality traits between cops and criminal have shownthat armed police officers and violent criminals are “two sides of the samecoin, united in an unbreakable bond” (Wisenheimer , 2009), leading to their commissions for active police duties within anti-gang crime units of the police department.ConclusionThe literature on police abuse of authority is vast, and many theories have developed since the Rampart Scandal to give meanings to, and to solve, this deeply rooted social problem. There are plenty reasons why people hate cops. When we as a society see cops as them vs us, we do not allow ourselves to see the big picture that cops reflects the kind of society we created, and therefore we have the responsibility to influence and make positive change.Social culture influences organizational culture, as police officers bring their learned assumptions to judgments and decisions in the workplace, and through this interaction between a corrupt social culture of urban cities and the adaptive culture of organizations that creates the perfect formula for organizational dysfunction. Police corruption is, by and large, supported by social structures and attitudes that are embedded in local cultures. When law enforcement agencies operate under the assumption that a few “bad apples” are to blame for the misconduct, they missed the opportunity to look at the big picture, to identify and analyze problems from outside looking in, and to understand where the problems really stem from, and then have the courage to lead, engage, unite and transform local communities toward social change through positive integration and innovation. There is no room for ego and “us versus them” attitude. Remember that organizational dysfunction is strongly influenced by social structures and attitudes embedded in local societies. Thus, changing organizational cultures requires the transformation of local cultures. The Justice Department and Law Enforcement are doing the best they can under the circumstance. They are the product of our society, and until we change as a society, things will remain the same. If we focus on this, then we would not have free time to sit around hating cops.ReferencesBayley, D., & Perito, R. (2011). Police corruption: What past scandals teach us about current challenges. United States Institute of Peace. Washington, DC: Special Report.Cochrane, R. E., Tett, R. P., & Vandecreek, L. (2003). Psychological testing and the selection of police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(5), 511–537.Dantzker, M. L. (2011). Psychological Preemployment Screening for Police Candidates: Seeking Consistency if Not Standardization. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 42(3), 276-283.Grant, J. (2003). Assault under Color of Authority: Police Corruption as Norm in the LAPD Rampart Scandal and in Popular Film. New Political Science, 25(3), 385.Kaplan, P. J. (2009). Looking Through the Gaps: A Critical Approach to the LAPD's Rampart Scandal. Social Justice, 36(1), 61-81.Knowles, J., J. (1996). The Ohio Police Behavior Study, Columbus,OH: Office of Criminal Justice Services.Kornfeld, A. D. (1995). Police officer candidate MMPI-2 performance: Gender, ethnic, and normative factors. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 51(4), 536-540.Lorr, M., & Strack, S. (1994). Personality profiles of police candidates. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 50(2), 200-207.Martin, C. (1994). Illinois Municipal Officers’ Perceptions of Police Ethics, Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Pager, Devah (2007). Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass IncarcerationChicago: University of Chicago Press. Perry, A. E. (2010). The evolution of policeorganizations and leadership in the United States: potential political and social implications. Law, Policy, and Society Dissertations. Paper 20.http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20000809.Raphael, S., & Sills, M. (2007). Urban crime, race, and the criminal justice system in the United States. A Companion to Urban Economics, 515–535.Regehr, C., LeBlanc, V., Jelley, R., & Barath, I. (2008). Acute stress and performance in police recruits. Stress & Health: Journal Of The International Society For The Investigation Of Stress, 24(4), 295-303.Simmers, K. D., Bowers, T. G., & Ruiz, J. M. (2003). Pre-employment psychological testing of police officers: the MMPI and the IPI as predictors of performance. International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 5(4), 277-294.Venkatesh, S., A. (2000). American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Weisburd, D., & others. (2000). Police attitudes toward abuse of authority: Findings from a national study. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.Wisenheimer, R. (2009). Separated by birth: The personality of armed police andcriminals. Interim findings from a research study. Richard Wisenheimer Crime Research & Advisory Centre.

Hi everyone, I would like to preface this by saying that I don't think my scores are simply mediocre. In comparison to the majority of posts that I see on here, they are very mediocre (if not low). I hope that this is helpful to anyone who's looking into applying to top schools but don't think their stats are high enough.Demographics:Gender: FemaleRace/Ethnicity: Asian-American (Filipino)Residence: California (SoCal, west of LA)High School: rural public school, 2000 kids, class of 450Hooks: first-gen, living in low-income area (although not low-income myself), military dependent (idk if that's a hook)Intended Major(s):Biochemistry/Molecular Biology (pre-med)AcademicsGPA: 4.00 UW & 4.56 W & 4.30 UC Weighted (capped)Rank: 6/457I would like to add that these stats were as of applying. In my midyear report, my GPA rose to 4.57 and I became rank 3/455.Honors/AP/IB: 5 Honors, 5 IB, 4 AP, 5 dual enrollment courses at local CCSenior Year: IB English HL, IB Chemistry HL, IB History of the Americas HL, IB French SL, AP Calc AB, DE human biology, DE psychology, DE biopsychology, DE philosophyTestingSAT: 1420 (700 RW, 720 M)I took this during the school day in March 2019. I did retake it, but my score decreased, so we don't talk about that. My superscore was nonexistent.ACT: 32 (31E/32M/28R/36S)SAT II: Math II (650), Chemistry (670) Terrible, I know.AP: Human Geo (4), Biology (3), European History (3)IB: IB Economics SL (6)ExtracurricularsNothing extraordinary or standout, just things I was actually into doing. I'm just going to put what I wrote into the Common App.Captain, Color Guard (9-12): 2 year captain, choreographed and taught routine, raised money for fundraisersPresident, Asian Club (9-12): 2 year President, secretary in 10th, increased club attendance, raised money for activities, implemented new planning systemVolunteer, Local Hospital (10-12): Assisted nurses with general hospital duties, provided communication between hospital departmentsSecretary, Science Olympiad (11-12): Led group to 3rd place in regionals, collaborated with members to created 5 winning projects, fundraised for expensesLeader + Ambassador, Link Crew (11-12): 1 of 40 students chosen, led and mentored 20 freshmen, planned icebreakers for 800 studentsSocial Chair, Filipino Club (10,12): Communicate with other schools to create a unifying district event [side note: rip that event due to quarantine], organize activities promoting Filipino culture(also my #10 activity) California Scholarship Federation/Key Club (9-12): regularly participate in monthly volunteer eventsVolunteer, Local Boys & Girls Club (10): Assisted activity directors in overseeing activities for 150 PreK-8 childrenTutor, Zeroes Aren't Permitted (10): Tutored 10 9-10th graders in math and science with a team of 5, proctored tests for 20 students weeklyAwards/HonorsPrincipal's Honor Roll (LOL)Scholarship Award from local organizationAP Scholar2nd place at Science FairTop 5 Finalist to be school's Girls' State DelegateEssaysI'm in no way a phenomenal writer, and I am well aware of this. I was lucky to have my mom there to help me edit my essays and show more my values through these essays. My UC essays weren't outstanding, and my common app essay was alright. Nothing was standout amazing, but they portrayed who I was.LORSChemistry Teacher (6/10): last year, she had two students that went to MIT and she always would compare us to them, so that didn't set a good precedent for me. That said, I tend to spend a lot of time in her classroom, and she was our science olympiad advisor. With that, I don't think it was a terrible letter.Calculus Teacher (6/10): I do well in his class, but I don't have much of a "relationship" with him. He seems to enjoy me in class, so maybe?Counselor (7/10): I think my counselor really likes me and she finished my LOR really fast. I always went to her office to talk to her about stuff, so that may have built my relationship with her.InterviewsI only had one with Penn, and I think it went pretty well. She was very relaxed, and we talked for 40 minutes. I did a 2 minute video for Brown and UChicago.DecisionsI do regret applying to so many, especially with the amount of safeties I applied to. I also applied to some reaches that I didn't really want to go to, so that wasn't great.Rejections:WashU: I applied on a whim. I got a fee waiver from them, so I decided why the hell not. I'm not super into going to the mid west for school.UPenn: Also applied on a whim, and I got a fee waiver from them as well. I was originally going to have UPenn as my only Ivy because I initially wanted to go into nursing (then changed my mind). I wouldn't have minded going to UPenn.Cornell: I decided to apply, primarily because it was the more STEM-based out of all of the Ivies. I wasn't really looking to get in here, since I didn't wanna be in a rural setting (I go to school in a rural high school, and it's not my vibe)Northeastern: I heard that they really take into consideration whether you show demonstrated interest, and I did not. Wasn't expecting much.USC: USC was my second-choice, but surprisingly didn't hurt bc I opened it after a specific school...NYU: I originally wanted to apply because they had a nursing program. After deciding not to pursue nursing, I applied as Public Health. I was hoping to finish off college apps with an acceptance here, but I was okay with this rejection.Waitlists:Johns Hopkins: I expected to get full-on rejected here, so I was actually happy about this. I'm opting in, but most likely wouldn't attend if I get off of it.UChicago: Same as Johns.UCLA: For the longest time, UCLA was my dream school, so this one was something that I was really rooting for. When I opened it, this one hurt the most, even though it wasn't a full-on rejection. Everyone was rooting for me to get off of the waitlist, and I definitely opted it. However, I think I might put this school away for a little bit...Acceptances:Azusa Pacific University President's Scholarship (Rolling): applied because I got a fee waiver, but I didn't really care too much about it. I got 32k in scholarships, but it still left almost 50k left to pay.California Lutheran University President's Scholarship (EA): I applied because I got a fee waiver and it was 20 minutes from home. I didn't care too too much about it, but I got half tuition and I would be staying home if I went here. I wasWhittier College Greenleaf Scholarship (EA): To be honest, I have no idea where Whittier is. I only applied because it was in California, and they gave me a fee waiver.CSUCI: It was my local school, and I absolutely would not have gone here if I had other options. It would be almost free for me to attend, however.CSU Fullerton: Originally applied as nursing (for career security). They didn't consider me for it because my chemistry teacher didn't fill out the letter of recomendation in time, but I got in undeclared.SDSU Honors: I was really excited about this school because it was the only school that I got into that had a color guard, and I was really excited about the prospect of continuing it in the future.CSULB: I was also really happy to get in here, but I realize I probably wouldn't have wanted to go. I haven't really been to the Long Beach area.Fordham (EA): I got in with the UPS scholarship (which is for underrepresented groups, which I didn't think of myself as one? oh well). Likely not going.University of San Francisco University Scholar Award (EA): I got in for nursing, which I didn't think I'd get into given that they have a 15% acceptance rate into the program. I really liked the people that I met, and I'm really sad that I won't get to meet them.UC Irvine Honors + Regents: This one was huge for me. It was my third choice school, and I love the campus. The main issue is that all of the people seem to fall under the same Asian stereotypes, and it's a very homogeneous social scene there. I got 8k in scholarships, which was rare for a UC. In addition, I have guaranteed housing and priority registration, so the benefits are really good here.UC Riverside Chancellors': my parents regarded this as my "safety UC" so I was kind of expecting to get in. I wasn't expecting the scholarship however, and they gave me 5k per year. Likely not going.UC San Diego: I love the campus, and I hope to live in San Diego when I'm older. The main issue is that I received exactly $0 in financial aid, which was a huge turn off. I would've loved to attend though!UC Berkeley: I was actually very shocked about this one. I expected to not get in, even before the whole UCLA meltdown. I'm not super into Northern California, and I'm not super into the vibe of Cal. The main reason why it's still on my list is because it's really rare for people in my school to end up going into one of the higher UCs (tl;dr I'm only considering Berkeley because of clout)Brown University (!!!!): Man, if I wasn't gonna get into UCLA, there was no way in hell I was going to get into Brown. At least, that's what I thought before I opened this one. I fully expected a rejection and upon seeing the "Welcome to Brown!" graphic, I thought that it was a dream. I still think that it's a dream that I even got in. I'm really into Brown's open curriculum, since I have a lot of different interests that I wanna pursue (different languages, classics, psychology, even math, and I wanna explore more of what Brown has to offer). I was worried that I wouldn't be able to go because of the cost, but that school covered 93% of my tuition AND covered my books and course material. I would only have $20k left to pay and I've been applying to scholarships, so HOPEFULLY I can get that covered. Otherwise, I'm really happy, and I'm (unofficially) saying that I'm going to #Brown2024 !**UPDATE:** Hi, it’s me again! Like I said before, I decided to opt into all of my waitlists, and I got into UCLA and Johns Hopkins off of their waitlists. However, I’m set on going to Brown :)