A Guide For Doctors Of Chiropractic: Fill & Download for Free

This is intended to be an answer to the questionWhy is chiropractic therapy derided and disrespected?I have a good friend who is a chiropractor so this is NOT aimed at all chiropractors. Some try very hard to use evidence-based practice and increase the profile and credibility of the profession. More importantly some chiropractors try to bring the discipline up to date and perform research etc. I have no problem with that because evidence is very important. However there is a historical amount of woo associated with chiropractic that needs to be ditched, and there are some practitioners who appear to me to be acting well outside their scope of practice and expertise - anti vaccination for example.That said - the question did not ask for a balanced critique of chiropractic. I am not giving my opinion on Chiropractic, I know that people like going to chiropractors and I know that sometimes people get temporary pain relief from low-back pain having had a chiropractic manipulation. But that is not the question - so here I intend to present research-based, factual evidence that gives the clue as to why chiropractic therapy might be derided and disrespected. I am not entering into any debates - because you can confirm everything below for yourself (from medical research literature) quite easily. If you do not agree with anything below, I am very happy to see your evidence-based rebuttals in the comments.What should you know?That by-and-large chiropractors are not medically trained or medically qualified. Despite this, many of them use the title Dr. Unfortunately, this title is not legally protected - so they cannot be prevented from using it fraudulently. In the UK and other countries, the title Dr is only reserved for individuals who have taken a level 8 award at a recognised university that makes an original contribution to knowledge. This must be confirmed at viva voce examination by external examiners who are subject experts in the field of study. This is the definition of “doctorate”. Anyone else is not a doctor. Medical doctors do not necessarily fall under this definition either, but the title is traditional - I don’t have a problem with that. Medical doctors are trained to the highest standard and work under the tenets of evidence-based practice as defined by research and they conduct bona-fide research.Chiropractors have their own training centres, not necessarily allied to universities or hospitals. In their own words the World Federation of Chiropractic, admits that regulation is completely non-standardised and varies significantly between countries. Depending on where you live chiropractic could be defined as:Legal pursuant to legislation to accept and regulate chiropractic practiceLegal pursuant to general law.Legal status unclear, but de facto recognition.Legal status unclear and risk of prosecution.One of the comments below suggests (without presenting any evidence) that chiropractic education is very similar to that found in a medical degree. Medical courses are typically 5 years long, at least 4 years of theory. Here is a chiropractic course where there appear to be only 2 years of theory, some of which is in finance and accounting. So only half as long as a medical degree, only as long as a standard undergraduate degree - and yet described as a doctorate. Please note I am not commenting on the quality of this course - just using it as an example of how the training differs. Importantly, many of the educational institutions in the USA have been criticised recently for failing to meet the accepted standards for evidence-based practice (Marcus and McCullough, 2009). Medicine uses evidence-based practice, but chiropractic will never be able to do so because…Their practice is based on something that a victorian grocer (Daniel Palmer) dreamed up whilst trying to contact the dead (no, I’m not making this up). He was later arrested and charged with practicing medicine without a licence. He was a fraudster - a criminal. To get around the law (and evade taxation) he tried to classify chiropractic as a new religion. That didn't work.Palmer was also an original “anti-vaxxer” as are many chiropractors today.In addition to commenting on the effectiveness of vaccines with no pharmacological qualifications, chiropractors also makes claims about being able to cure illnesses that have no relationship to the spine. I saw an example recently where a chiropractor was claiming to cure sinus problems. The sinuses have no connection to the spine, their innervation does not even come from the spinal cord. There are no anatomical or physiological reasons why a spine manipulation could cure a sinus infection. The bones of the skull and nose are tightly fused with immovable joints, they are not amenable to manipulation despite what chiropractic information suggests:“In this chiropractic adjustment method, your chiropractor will adjust your skull bones, including bones in your nasal passages, to relieve pressure within the affected sinus cavities. Your chiropractor will solely focus on the sinuses and bones in your facial area. Your chiropractor will utilize this method if he or she discovers that your cranial bones are misaligned.”“Misaligned cranial bones” could only be caused by severe trauma to the head or serious genetic disorders, expert medical intervention required.Because the founding principles of Chiropractic are based on weird, spiritualism, some modern-day chiropractors claim to have introduced scientific research into their methods. To my way of thinking, this leads to a major paradox for chiropractors because: A) It is a clear admission that their original concept is flawed. B) The more the practice is based on evidence, the less “Chiropractic" it becomes. Without the spiritualist, supernatural perspective, the practitioner would remain as a “non-medically-licensed body manipulator". Treatment that is based on high-quality research evidence is already available - from a doctor or a physical therapist (physiotherapist). Why would there be a need for a non-medically-qualified middleman?Chiropractic uses a term “vertebral subluxation” as one of the main causes of illness that they treat. Note that this is NOT the medical definition of the term which would (loosely) refer to this:You can clearly see that one of the neck vertebrae has slipped forwards. This would more accurately be called spondylolisthesis.The correct definition of subluxation is:subluxationnounsub·​lux·​a·​tion | \ ˌsə-ˌblək-ˈsā-shən \Definition of subluxation: partial dislocation (as of one of the bones in a joint)The WHO definition of a subluxation in chiropractic is:"A lesion or dysfunction in a joint or motion segment in which alignment, movement integrity and/or physiological function are altered, although contact between joint surfaces remains intact.”..and therefore is something that (somewhat conveniently) cannot necessarily be seen on a radiograph. Chiropractic’s own regulatory body realises that this is a bit dodgy (and potentially a cause for litigation) - they state:The chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex is an historical concept but it remains a theoretical model. It is not supported by any clinical research evidence that would allow claims to be made that it is the cause of disease. REFLet’s just summarise that last point. The regulatory body for chiropractic states that the main foundation of their own practice is not actually a cause of disease (according the best current evidence or indeed any evidence collected over the last 120 years).Personally, I do not agree that it can be called a theoretical model because it is not based on theory (under the primary definition of the word). The reason that the regulatory body insist that chiropractors abide by this definition is because……Research shows chiropractic to be largely ineffective (or completely ineffective) for any medical condition (Pozadski and Ernst, 2011). The only area where chiropractic may offer value is in low back pain (Rubinstein, et al., 2018) - but, again, that is something that you should consult a doctor or physiotherapist about. One of the comments below states that the responder had low back pain from a disc herniation and after 20 years treatment by a chiropractor was pain-free. A disc prolapse often causes no symptoms at all, and will usually heal without treatment within 2 to 3 months. Someone having chiropractic manipulations over those 2 - 3 months may falsely attribute the benefit to the treatment. 20 years of treatment? That’s not good.When faced with this statement regarding the ineffectual nature of their treatment, chiropractors usually present “research evidence”. However, this evidence is usually from chiropractic journals - not bona fide medical journals. Apart from the obvious inherent bias of trying to self-validate their practice, these are not peer-reviewed medical journals and are typically of very poor research quality. Again, this is not my opinion - you can test this for yourself by looking at the Scimago ranking of the journal in question. I found one with a ZERO ranking - literally worthless. Nature magazine (by comparison) has a ranking of 1096 ( at the time of writing), here is the current ranking of a typical Chiropractic Journal (an embarrassing ranking of 2 at the time of writing).Performing systematic reviews and meta analysis on chiropractic data is very difficult, because of the shambolic lack of standardisation in technique. This gives very flaky inhomogenous data (garbage in = garbage out). This is a common theme in the medical literature on the subject.I mentioned above that the “vertebral subluxation” as defined by chiropractic is not necessarily demonstrated on a radiograph (x ray). In fact, radiographs are not really well-suited to demonstrating spine pathology. MRI is a better choice because it shows soft tissue pathology - such as disc problems and pathology in the spinal cord. In the hospital where I worked, we stopped x-raying lumbar spines in favour of MRI. Also, it is quite wrong to think that problems in the spine tend to cause illnesses in other parts of the body (they usually do not). Despite this fact, chiropractors take spine x rays and interpret them. This is normally the job of radiographers and radiologists who have had a lot of specialised training. Of course, giving you an unnecessary x ray is something you can be billed for, but is it necessary or safe for a chiropractor to do so? Research shows that:“Strong evidence demonstrates risks of imaging such as excessive radiation exposure, over-diagnosis, subsequent low-value investigation and treatment procedures, and increased costs. In most cases the potential benefits from routine imaging, including spinal X-rays, do not outweigh the potential harms. The use of spinal X-rays should not be routinely performed in chiropractic practice, and should be guided by clinical guidelines and clinician judgement.” (REF)So chiropractors should not be irradiating you unnecessarily. The American Board of Internal Medicine agree with this, stating that an invasive test such as a radiograph should be used wisely, namely that it should be:Supported by evidenceNot duplicative of other tests or procedures already receivedFree from harmTruly necessaryFinally, you might ask “why not let them get on with it - their patients like the treatment - they can make a living - what’s the harm?” Well, some chiropractic “manipulations” have been found to cause serious injury and death. Again, not my opinion, but peer-reviewed medical research.Bilateral vertebral artery dissection after a chiropractic therapy sessionArquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia: Brazilian Neurosurgery / Full TextVertebral Artery Dissection After a Chiropractor Neck ManipulationVertebral artery dissection in evolution found during chiropractic examinationThe potential dangers of neck manipulation & risk for dissection and devastating stroke: An illustrative case & review of the literatureStroke after chiropractic manipulationsTreatment-Related StrokeCervical artery dissection related to chiropractic manipulation: one institution's experience: this study suggests that patients considering chiropractic cervical spine manipulation should be advised of the risks of potential arterial dissection and strokeMultivessel dissection as a consequence of chiropractic cervical manipulationThieme - Login“Crick” in Neck Followed by Massage Led to Stroke: Uncommon Case of Vertebral Artery DissectionCervical Artery Dissection and Choosing Appropriate TherapyMan Dies with broken neck after chiropractic manipulation.Man 'broke neck during chiropractor treatment'Bank manager died after he was left with broken neck following session with chiropractor, inquest hearsMiscIf You Think Chiropractors Can't Kill You, Think AgainAdverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic reviewADDENDUMA comment below mentioned that I didn't talk about risk/benefit analysis stating that common painkillers may have serious side effects such as those listed above. The OQ didn't ask for a risk/benefit analysis the question simply asked why chiropractic might be derided and disrespected. I gave what I consider to be an evidence-based answer to that question.Check this out for starters…Neck Manipulation: Risk vs. BenefitI can certainly include my views on risk/benefits. A founding principle of medicine is Primum non Nocere. First do no harm. To ensure that painkillers such as ibuprofen do no harm, large scale clinical trials are performed and the risk of harm is statistically calculated. For someone taking ibuprofen at a normal dose, the risk of death is vanishingly small. It is worth taking the risk because research shows that the benefit outweighs that tiny risk. We have evidence to that effect and because medicine uses evidence-based practice we can trust the pharmacological evidence until such time as further studies refute any earlier findings. This is how it works in science and medicine.This is not how it works in chiropractic, because, to my knowledge, the evidence of risk seems to outweigh the evidence of benefit. Specifically, why would someone have a traumatic neck manipulation when research only suggests that chiropractic may have value in low back pain? This is where it gets interesting. If chiropractors attempt to justify their practice as being research-based, and research shows chiropractic to be largely useless except (perhaps) in low back pain, how do they justify neck manipulations that are potentially life-threatening according to the research shown above?It gets worse from an ethical viewpoint, because some chiropractic rebuttals to the research findings above state that the manipulation was not the causative factor in the vessel dissection and that they were treating the patient for the symptoms of a stroke that went on to cause their death or disability. Now, faced with an individual exhibiting the symptoms of a stroke caused by a vertebral artery dissection, a responsible person would surely send the patient directly to A&E (ER). A responsible person would surely not start vigorously twisting the patient's neck around. I don't buy it.Another comment below states that “MD’s, medical mistakes, are the 3rd leading cause of deaths in the US”. Here are the actual statistics (below). Accidents are the third biggest cause of death in the USA. Particularly falls, traffic accidents and unintentional poisoning. If you are interested in the “3rd leading cause” myth (seized on by quacks everywhere) it is dispelled here.As I mentioned above, chiropractic has been criticised for not using evidence-based practice and relies on the ramblings of a convicted charlatan who claims that the method was revealed to him by a ghost. I'm afraid that is simply not good enough, it is the dark ages calling.

Based on my experience, intermittent fasting really is a bit hard. You need to be motivated enough to do it.Here's a video of ways on how to make this kind of fasting easy:If you’re new to fasting Fasting TV has a free audio book on Intermittent fasting for health and weight loss. While the whole idea of fasting is interesting some places really do make it more complicated than it needs to be. This audio book gives you a complete guide to follow taking it back to basics and is all about the results.Give the video a watch it might help.5. Kale shake (add the lemon raw wheat grass juice powder)9. Spend more time eating while you are eating and not rushing it.Dr. Berg, 52 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional and natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government and the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The New Body Type Guides, published by KB Publishing in January 2017. Dr. Berg trains chiropractors, physicians and allied healthcare practitioners in his methods, and to date he has trained over 2,500 healthcare professionals. He has been a past member of the Endocrinology Society, and has taught students as an adjunct professor at Howard University.Dr. Eric Berg received his Doctor of Chiropractic degree from Palmer College of Chiropractic in 1988. His use of doctor or Dr. in relation to himself solely refers to that degree. Dr. Berg is a licensed chiropractor in Virginia, California, and Louisiana, but he no longer practices chiropractic in any state and does not see patients. This video is for general informational purposes only. It should not be used to self-diagnose and it is not a substitute for a medical exam, cure, treatment, diagnosis, and prescription or recommendation. It does not create a doctor-patient relationship between Dr. Berg and you. You should not make any change in your health regimen or diet before first consulting a physician and obtaining a medical exam, diagnosis, and recommendation. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The Health & Wellness, Dr. Berg Nutritionals and Dr. Eric Berg, D.C. are not liable or responsible for any advice, course of treatment, diagnosis or any other information, services or product you obtain through this video or site.

R2AShort Answer: NO.Long answer: The grounds for traditional 'subluxation theory' based treatments are long gone. However, many people 'believe' in it (nocebo effect) and the rendered treatment (manipulation) works (placebo effect)The Status of Chiropractic Vertebral SubluxationIn the United States, state laws and chiropractic publications define chiropractic as a method of correcting vertebral subluxations to restore and maintain health. A 2015 publication of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE), Practice Analysis of Chiropractic (see: http://nbce.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/chapter_01.pdf ), states that “The specific focus of chiropractic practice is known as the chiropractic subluxation or joint dysfunction. A subluxation is a health concern that manifests in the skeletal joints, and, through complex anatomical and physiologic relationships, affects the nervous system and may lead to reduced function, disability, or illness.” This definition of chiropractic is in keeping with a paradigm formulated by the Association of Chiropractic Colleges (ACC) in 1996, signed by 16 North American chiropractic college presidents: “Chiropractic is concerned with the preservation and restoration of health, and focuses particular attention on the subluxation.”When the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) published its proposed 2012 Accreditation Standards for chiropractic colleges, reference to the word “subluxation” was omitted.The American Chiropractic Association (ACA) responded, in part, arguing that “The elimination of any reference to this term in the proposed standards will be viewed by many within the profession as a counter productive action that will, in the long-term, likely weaken the profession’s collaborative strength and historical identity.“ The CCE compromised by using the nebulous phrase “subluxation/neuro-biomechanical dysfunction” in the final 2012 Standards in order to satisfy advocates of the vertebral subluxation theory(see: http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/2013_CCE_ACCREDITATION_STANDARDS.pdf & open letter to the profession from CCE, Nov 22-11 http://www.chiropracticcartel.com/docs/cce_open_letter.pdf ) Obviously, the factory of the chiropractic profession has not discarded subluxation theory. Chiropractic associations continue to reflect the views of the majority, even if such views are based on a belief system.At least one recent study by individual academic chiropractors has concluded that “No supportive evidence is found for the chiropractic subluxation being associated with any disease process or of creating suboptimal health conditions requiring intervention.” (Mirtz,et al. An epidemiological examination of the subluxation construct using Hill’s criteria of causation. Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 2009;17:13 Full text here: An epidemiological examination of the subluxation construct using Hill's criteria of causation )Another independent study by academic chiropractors revealed that “Despite the controversies and paucity of evidence the term subluxation is still found often within the chiropractic curricula of most North American chiropractic programs.” (Mirtz & Perle. The prevalence of the term subluxation in North American English-Language Doctor of Chiropractic programs. Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 2011;19:14 Full text here: The prevalence of the term subluxation in North American English-Language Doctor of chiropractic programs)It will not be enough for chiropractors and chiropractic colleges to substitute such words and phrases as “joint dysfunction,” “vertebral subluxation complex,” and “subluxation/neuro-biomechanical dysfunction” for the word “subluxation” if they continue to imply that such disturbances can affect the nervous system to cause illness. A chiropractic subluxation by any other name is still a chiropractic subluxation.Real and Imaginary Benefits of Spinal ManipulationRecent reviews of the literature indicate that manipulation may not be any more effective than other treatment methods in affecting the ultimate outcome in recovery from back pain. For symptomatic relief of uncomplicated mechanical-type back pain, however, use of hands-on manipulation may provide more immediate and dramatic relief by stretching tight muscles and mobilizing the spine. Apart from the misinformation provided by chiropractors who keep asymptomatic patients coming back for correction of “subluxations” alleged to cause a myriad of health problems, many back-pain patients return for manipulative treatment for the symptomatic relief they experience. A competent chiropractor would release the patient when back-pain symptoms have resolved, as opposed to subluxation-based chiropractors who lock their patients into lifetime “subluxation correction” as a preventive measure. Endorsement of the use of manipulation in the treatment of mechanical-type back pain is not an endorsement of chiropractic adjustments used to correct subluxations or some other “joint disturbance” alleged to cause illness or poor health.In rare cases involving articular adhesions, actual locking of a vertebral joint, or post-traumatic loss of mobility in spinal joints, there is no substitute for appropriate manipulation. Recognizing this, physical therapists and orthopedic manual therapists are now including use of manipulation in their treatment armamentarium.In addition to the effect of mobilization and manipulation in relieving uncomplicated mechanical-type back pain and restoring mobility in spinal joints, there are additional effects produced by “popping” the vertebrae.When vertebrae are manipulated to produce a popping sound, there is a slight separation of joint (facet) surfaces, producing a vacuum that pulls in nitrogen gas from joint or synovial fluids to fill the space. This is called “cavitation,” an effect that temporarily increases mobility and range of motion. Such an effect may produce a sense of well being, which seems compelling for some people. There might also be some slight temporary increase in height as a result of cavitation and decompression of disc cartilage.Persons who believe that they have subluxations or vertebrae out of place causing a health problem may be subject to a powerful placebo effect when the spine is popped, leading them to believe that their condition is being helped or cured by replacement of a vertebra. Such popping does not mean that a vertebra was out of place. Normal vertebrae can be popped when thrust-type manipulation forces movement of spinal joints into the paraphysiologic space (beyond the normal range of movement).After vertebrae have been manipulated to produce cavitation, it may take three or four hours for the joint surfaces to settle back together so that the vertebrae can be popped again. This popping sound may produce fear that failure to get regular adjustments to pop or align the vertebrae will result in development of illness─a nocebo effect often exploited by chiropractors who have asymptomatic patients coming back on a regular basis for “preventive maintenance.”Alternative Medicine: A Refuge for ChiropracticIn view of increasing opposition to subluxation theory, some chiropractic colleges have read the handwriting on the wall and moved into the camp of alternative medicine. The National University of Health Sciences (NUHS), for example, often referred to as the foremost American chiropractic college, offers Doctor of Chiropractic, Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine, Master of Science in Acupuncture, and Master of Science in Oriental Medicine degrees. NUHS recently announced a new cooperative arrangement with the Graduate Program in Complementary and Alternative Medicine at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington D.C. Faculty at the two schools will work together to help students seeking advanced degrees in health care by advising students of the benefits of each other’s programs and providing preferential seating and advanced standing in each other’s programs when appropriate.The web site of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges, in its “What Is Chiropractic?” section, states: “Because of the emphasis on holistic health care, chiropractic is associated with the field of complementary and alternative medicine.” (Accessed 18 March 2016 What Is Chiropractic? ) Most health-care professionals consider “alternative medicine” to be a haven for unproven and implausible treatment methods.Few consumers are aware of the great diversity in chiropractic, and few know what questions to ask when looking for a science-based chiropractor. Until all chiropractic colleges uniformly renounce the vertebral subluxation theory and are upgraded to training musculoskeletal specialists, treatment methods will vary from one chiropractor to another, incompatible with exchange in mainstream health care. With increasing numbers of physical therapists using high velocity, low amplitude thrust-type manipulation, physicians and other health-care providers can refer a patient to physical therapy for spinal manipulation, thus avoiding the problems associated with finding a chiropractor who uses manipulation appropriately.In observing the web sites and promotional materials of newly graduated chiropractors, it appears that many of these chiropractors are combining science and pseudoscience to support treatment methods based on the basic tenets of traditional chiropractic, that is,manipulating the spine for some unverifiable neurological effect that will affect general health or organ function. Some, claiming to be primary care providers, combine “spine care” with “health care” and “wellness care” in a holistic approach that entails treatment and prevention over a broad scope of ailments, using a variety of alternative healing methods. Legislation to allow chiropractors with an “advanced practice” certification to prescribe drugs from a limited formulary has been proposed in New Mexico, South Carolina, and Alabama. Chiropractors would be required to have 90 hours of additional training in pharmacology. So far, such legislation, opposed by chiropractors who feel that chiropractic should remain a drugless healing profession defined by the basic principles of chiropractic, has failed.Chiropractic and Physical Therapy Are Not the SameThe only thing unique about chiropractic is its basic definition as a method of adjusting vertebral subluxations to restore and maintain health. Any other physical treatment method, including generic spinal manipulation, is physical medicine. The subluxation theory has been the chiropractic profession’s only reason for existence since its inception in 1895. Failure of the profession to establish itself as a legitimate physical-treatment specialty with an armamentarium that includes use of generic spinal manipulation continues to leave the profession dependent upon the basic tenets of chiropractic. Many chiropractors feel that if the chiropractic profession discards the subluxation theory and specializes in the care of back pain and related musculoskeletal problems, it will not be able to compete with physical therapists and other musculoskeletal practitioners who use manual therapy.With a foundation based on an implausible theory that nurtures a hodgepodge of dubious chiropractic techniques, the chiropractic profession is splintered by philosophies that go in many different directions. The approach of chiropractic colleges may range from “straight chiropractic,” which proposes that most ailments can be treated by adjusting vertebral subluxations, to “alternative medicine,” which permits use of unproven treatment methods to treat a broad scope of ailments without resorting to subluxation theory.It’s important to understand that manipulation used in the context of chiropractic subluxation theory is not done for the same reasons guiding the use of manipulation by physical therapists. With the exception of a few science-based chiropractors who use manipulation appropriately, it appears that most chiropractors manipulate or adjust putative vertebral subluxations in a misguided effort to restore and maintain health. Physical therapists use manipulation-mobilization primarily to restore mobility in the spine. When chiropractors accuse physical therapists of stealing their treatment method, nothing could be further from the truth. Generic spinal manipulation has long been a part of physical medicine and is unrelated to subluxation-based chiropractic. Chiropractors often say that the difference between physical therapists and chiropractors is that chiropractors adjust vertebrae while physical therapists manipulate the spine.Entrenched Subluxation TheoryThere is no reason to believe that the subluxation theory will ever be discarded by all chiropractors. Unable to demonstrate that real orthopedic subluxations can cause organic disease, some chiropractors refer to a “vertebral subluxation complex,” another name for a chiropractic subluxation that is asymptomatic and undetectable. Belief systems cannot be eradicated by scientific presentations, especially subluxation-based chiropractic which finds support in the pseudoscience of alternative medicine. It seems unlikely that chiropractic, tainted by subluxation theory, will ever be absorbed by physical therapy, become a subspecialty of medicine, or be welcomed by academia. It may already be too late for the chiropractic profession to make the changes needed to train chiropractors to do what physical therapists, physiatrists, and orthopedic manual therapists are already doing. It certainly does not seem likely that the chiropractic profession, as it stands today, could take the path chosen by osteopathy in 1929 when the federal government gave the osteopathic practitioner the same privileges granted to medical doctors.In the final analysis, we see only what we are ready to see, what we have been taught to see. We eliminate everything that is not part of our prejudices.— Jean-Martin Charcot, 1825-1893From: https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/subluxation-theory-a-belief-system-that-continues-to-define-the-practice-of-chiropractic/Also read: Subluxation: dogma or science?