Recovery Of Suspended Materials From Gases: Fill & Download for Free

The feeling of death is subjective. The acutal passage is the same for everyone.Many people have had NDEs. Few, however, can claim a true death experience. The real question should really be, what defines death? How does one come back from being clinically dead and what is that experience like? That will be different for everyone though the nucleus of the topic is the same even though the perception is different.In 2010, I had an actual death experience. My body was poisoned after cleaning a friend's house. I had ingested a deadly toxin that was not only chemically toxic but also a radioactive isotope. What happened that evening just hours before the event is laid out very neatly and to the best of my knowledge and memory, accurate.I was over at my friend's house and noticed a large amount of mold and other irritants that affected our breathing to the point we all complained about it. My friend wasn't good at keeping up with cleanliness so I took it on the chin that I would do something about it. I didn't know what I got myself into then; the mold wasn't the issue. There was a more serious substance that would be the cause of death here. It was on an old fan, caked on the blades over a quarter of an inch thick. This stuff was brown, very loosely bundled and had an odd smell to it, like decomposing organic matter. So I knew already that it needed to be handled with serious care. I wrapped up the fan and used PPE given the nature of the unknown substance. I took the fan and cleaning supplies outside into an area where if it were to all break loose from the blades no one would breathe it full strength. I began to disassemble the fan to examine and clean it. I told my friends to stay away from it as I knew that substance was dangerous.The unfortunate happened, another friend came over to say hi and came outside, lightly brushing the fan with his foot. The substance was already loosened up from brushing and was at the stage of being removed when this happened. It blew up all over my face. I quickly washed it off though knew something was wrong already. I had a nearly instantaneous reaction to it, later to prove deadly. I didn't know it then, but it would prove to be my death.When I finally got home that night it was business as usual with me cleaning myself and getting ready for bed. I sensed a certain stillness to the air and within myself that I had never experienced quite to that degree; it was a feeling that is unmistakeable now in retrospect. That feeling wasn't so much a calm but rather a dead stillness to my body that made movement increasingly difficult. I was already on the way out and part of my mind knew it. The death channels were already active. This is how the mind prepares for death: Within the brain there is a circuit that, if active, instructs the body to begin shutting down all major organs in sequence because it thinks (whether right or wrong) that it is about to die and starts an ordered shutdown of the body if from natural causes. Mine had started shutting down. Periodic waves of numbness would ensue and a feeling of doom would periodically surface. I kept trying to shrug it off but it became more and more difficult to ignore. Finally I sat down in my living room and pondered.The child within me was asking questions. He asked repeatedly about the grim reaper. Turns out there is such a thing, many of them, actually. There was a presence in my house that I could almost see. I could certainly feel it. As I sat cross-legged on the floor the feeling became more intense. I started to get urges to sleep and get to a safe position. I went to bed.I drifted into what I thought was a very deep sleep. Suddenly I began to have seizures that pulled me violently to either side of my bed, I sweated intensely as I tried to wake up. The seizures had become blinding. How did I know I was having seizures? I could see myself in the mirror faintly, writhing around as I was partially awake. Finally I heard a loud pop in my ears and it was over. I was out of my body, just a few inches above it. The silver cord was gone. It was wound up near my body's naval. I was peaceful, my dying body was not. It was still fighting for its life. I looked again in the mirror,I could not see myself though I could still see my body with its eyes partially open thrashing madly in its bed. I continued floating in the bedroom until things started going black and then all I could see was empty space, stars clearly in the depth of the dark skies, devoid of Earth's atmosphere. I was in empty space yet it wasn't cold. Space isn't empty, either. Space is actually quite full. It's devoid of heated gases colliding in many places, yes, but of energetic fields it is quite full of them, yes. Many of us work under the precept that just because it lacks those properties it is a total vacuum when in fact it is really teaming with energetic interactions at a very low level. I'm not talking about zero point energy flux, I'm not talking about Bose-Einstein condensates nor of low-temperature permutations either. I am talking about the nature of the structure of space itself. It is quite active and flexible. What we used to term the aether wasn't so far off. It simply was applied to science incorrectly and the experiments used to disprove the existence of what they were attempting to measure lacked certain constructs to adequately measure that quantity. So there I was, floating in that supposed vacuum, unencumbered by a physical vessel. Four entities surrounded me and we all communicated effortlessly by resonant vibrations instead of crude language. We could communicate entire subsections of life in milliseconds rather than in scalar methods that were horribly slow by comparison. These were my 'grim reapers' and I was now crossing over into the 'other side'. Little did I realize this was the other side. There is no other side. I began asking questions. I asked to be returned to my body as I knew that my life's work was far from over. I was greeted with a temporary silence. These entities were deliberating over my fate - would I pass permanently into the next incarnation or would I be given another chance in this one? I was so close to the end of the transitory state of death and I knew it. I had become less and less aware of my body and more aware of this place that it began to feel like a new home. This is the end of the process called death.What seemed like a long time passed around me. I passed further and further away from my incarnation, completely separated from it. The four entities were communicating amongst themselves and with space itself. They were communicating with the fabric of space as I perceived it. I could not tell what they said; I could only hear mangled vibrations and sense a strong calmness over my atmic state. I was now suspended in time, with nothing to do but hover there as I awaited their responses.The responses came. They all joined together and in turn joined to me. As one, we started to progress 'downward' yet all that began to slowly appear was the bedroom and my lifeless body. They asked me if I was certain I wanted to be reunited with it. They also asked me that I could go now, I could leave it, I could stay in this state and if I was really sure now that I could clearly see that my body was dead. I vibrated a yes in no uncertain term. A yes in those forms of communication, by the way, is a lot like narrow-band white noise with a periodic 'popping sound' like static. At this point they carefully lowered me back into my dead vehicle. It felt like I now was encased in heavy tar. There was another pop and I started to breathe, I woke back up and looked around. I was back! My body hurt everywhere and was very cold and difficult to move but it was very alive. I glanced at the clock and only ninety minutes had elapsed. I tried to go back to sleep but started having seizures again and this time I woke up every time, covered in sweat but at least I was alive. I fought hard all night long to stay that way, alive. That battle would go on for days. This is death, in a true story. Recovery would also be a lengthy battle.The substance that spawned this journey became a hotly-debated topic to some folks in Washington who requested that I send along a sample. Cellphone numbers were provided along with an address to a laboratory to send it to. I explained that before this happened I destroyed the bulk of the material before I left my friend's house and that if they wanted a sample they would have to wait until I had recovered. By then, I explained, it probably wouldn't have the properties they were interested in. They would have to take that fan and hope there was an untouched specimen to use. They wished me well and offered help, but by then I had already flushed out my sinus cavities thoroughly enough with a combination of saline and high-VOC concentrated cleaning agents (don't try that at home - it's quite dangerous and not so good for those delicate membranes, the VOCs can really degrade them) administered directly to purge the remaining toxins and radioactive substrates out. It was a very slow recovery.So this is what death feels like and is. Death is not a permanent state, space is not empty and we all suffer from the same disease called life. I use the term disease in jest here. I really love my life and would literally die to protect it. Death is transitory, the soul as we perceive it is as close to eternal as we can imagine it to be. Death and birth are really one and the same in the sense that they are both so transitory in nature. Neither are permanent but both are part and parcel of the cycle of life as we know it in this universe, with these vessels we call human bodies. It's up to us to choose what we want. That's the nature of free will, it is immutable to each of us. It is the most valuable thing we can be given.The story that I told you is real. The events that happened are not fictitous and although cannot be empirically proven did happen. There's nothing to fear with death, we must separate the unknown from hatred and fear. That is a step in evolution that we must collectively take. I hope this clears up the matter to a degree as I am just one voice of clarity in a sea of discontent when it comes to the topic of death. Stay healthy yet remember we are all in this together.Best regards,A survivor of death

Air pollution is the presence of high concentration of harmful gases, contamination, dust, smokes etc., in the general body of air man breaths. Dust is defined as particulate matter as “any airborne finely divided solid or liquid material with a diameter smaller than 100 micrometers.” Dust and smoke are the two major components of particulate matter. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities.Air pollution is one of the most researched areas and many technologies are available to ensure that air pollution can be minimized and eliminatedIndustrial Smoke - Technology has had a pretty good solution to the problem for over a centuryChimney stacks comprising of electrostatic smoke precipitators. Smoke might look like a gas but it's actually an aerosol. Most aerosols (such as air fresheners and polishes in aerosol cans) are made of liquid droplets dispersed through gases, but smoke is a solid dispersed in a gas. Smoke consists of microscopically tiny particles of soot (unburned carbon) dispersed through hot, rising air. These static-electric filters snatch the soot and ash from dirty air as it flows along a pipe, greatly reducing pollution and helping to improve the environment.Dust collector – A dust collector (bag house) is a typically low strength enclosure that separates dust from a gas stream by passing the gas through a media filter. The dust is collected on either the inside or the outside of the filter. A pulse of air or mechanical vibration removes the layer of dust from the filter. This type of filter is typically efficient when particle sizes are in the 0.01 to 20 micron range. Quite useful for cement and mining industryCyclone – Dust laden gas enters the chamber from a tangential direction at the outer wall of the device, forming a vortex as it swirls within the chamber. The larger articulates, because of their greater inertia, move outward and are forced against the chamber wall. Slowed by friction with the wall surface, they then slide down the wall into a conical dust hopper at the bottom of the cyclone. The cleaned air swirls upward in a narrower spiral through an inner cylinder and emerges from an outlet at the top. Accumulated particulate dust is deposited into a hopper, dust bin or screw conveyor at the base of the collector. Cyclones are typically used as pre-cleaners and are followed by more efficient air-cleaning equipment such as electrostaticDust collection system – Dust collection systems use ventilation principles to capture the dust-filled air-stream and carry it away from the source through ductwork to the collector. A typical dust collection system consists of four major components, such as (1) An exhaust hood to capture dust emissions at the source; (2) Ductwork to transport the captured dust to a dust collector; (3) A dust collector to remove the dust from the air; (4) A fan and motor to provide the necessary exhaust volume and energy. (used extensively in industries that burn coal)Wet dust suppression system – Wet dust suppression techniques use water sprays to wet the material so that it generates less dust. Extensively used in mining. ‘Ultrasonic Dust Suppression’ systems uses water and compressed air to produce micron sized droplets that are able to suppress respirable dust without adding any detectable moisture to the process.Vehicular Emissions- Technical advances in vehicular technology have greatly reduced the emissions from vehicles. The first reductions in vehicle exhaust emissions were achieved by improving engine design and tuning. But to reach the massively reduced levels of today, new add-on technologies had to be developed to attack specific pollutants and remove or chemically convert them. Often these had to be different devices, or combinations of devices, for the different kinds and sizes of engine. Powertrain efficiency technologies are being developed to reduce GHG emissions. Much of this research focuses on technologies that can improve the efficiency of a variety of vehicles, including internal combustion, alternative fuel, and plug-in electric vehicles.Combustion engine research focuses on improving new combustion strategies that can greatly improve engine efficiency and minimize the emissions formation in the engine itself.Turbochargers make it possible to use downsized gasoline engines that consume less fuel but still deliver the power of the larger-displacement engines they replaceFuel Injection Technologies replaced carburetors starting in the 1970s because it can be more precisely controlled, thus resulting in more efficient use of fuel and fewer emissions.Waste heat recovery research focuses on improving technology that converts wasted engine heat into electricity that can power vehicle accessories and auxiliary loads.Waste Heat Recovery In a typical internal combustion engine, approximately 30% of the fuel energy is used for actual vehicle propulsion, while more than 70% is lost, about half of it through the vehicle’s exhaust system. A waste heat recovery system turns thermal losses in the exhaust pipe into energy. This technology can produce either electrical energy or mechanical energy reintroduced on the crankshaft. Recovering energy from the engine exhaust could improve overall vehicle fuel economy by more than 5%.Lubricants research focuses on improving lubricants that can improve the fuel efficiency of future and current vehicles in the fleet.Idling reduction work focuses on minimizing unnecessary idling from vehicles.Lightweighting research focuses on lowering the cost and improving the performance of lightweight materials like high-strength steel, aluminum, magnesium, and carbon fiber.Aerodynamics and other parasitic loss research focuses on reducing the energy lost to non-engine sources such as drag, braking, rolling resistance, and auxiliary loads like air conditioning.48V Hybrid Technology- Demand for greater on-board electrical capacity is driving plans for higher voltage automotive systems. 48-volt hybrid technology combines a dual-voltage setup with the advantages of startstop technology. It effectively captures a vehicle’s braking energy, provides more power for a growing list of electrical devices, and simultaneously boosts fuel efficiency – possibly by as much as 15%.Emissions reduction research focuses on reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of after treatment technologies that reduce exhaust emissions. It also has software to help calculate greenhouse gas and other emissions.Fuel effects research focuses on better understanding how fuels from new sources can affect advanced combustion systems.Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems divert some of the engine-out exhaust gas and mixes it back into the fresh intake air stream. Mixing exhaust with the intake air lowers combustion temperatures and rates.Catalytic Converters (Catalysts)- Three-Way Catalysts a 3-way catalytic converter (“catalyst”) is now standard on every gasoline-engined vehicle. The catalyst uses a ceramic or metallic core (known as a “substrate”) with a coating containing the precious metals, platinum, palladium and rhodium. These metals are the actual “Catalysts” that give the converter its name. They promote the required chemical reactions, but they themselves are not affected by it.Oxidation Catalysts convert CO and HC to CO2 and water and they also reduce the mass of particulate emissions by oxidising some of the hydrocarbons on the carbon particles.Evaporative Emission Control- Evaporation of gasoline from the fuel system is potentially a much greater source of airborne hydrocarbons than tailpipe emissions, so modern gasoline vehicles are equipped with fuel systems which are fully closed and designed to maintain a stable fuel tank pressure without allowing vapour to escape to the atmosphere. A canister of activated charcoal absorbs excess fuel vapour which builds up in the system, especially in hot conditions, and holds it until engine operating conditions are suitable to accept a fuel-rich mixture. Then the vapours are purged into the engine intake manifold where they mix with incoming air and are burned in the engine. The canister is then cleared of fuel and ready for further use.Particulate filters or Wall-flow Particulate filters remove particulate matter from the exhaust by filtration. They have a honeycomb structure like a catalyst substrate but with the channels blocked at alternate ends, which forces the exhaust gas to flow through the walls between the channels, filtering over 90% of the particulate matter out. The filters are self-cleaning, by one of a number of alternative methods which periodically modify the exhaust gas concentration in order to burn off the trapped particles oxidising them to form CO2 and water.NOx traps ,- NOx Adsorbers, or “traps” typically incorporate basic oxides such as barium oxide which reacts with NOx and stores it in the form of Nitrate when an engine is running “lean”. A periodic switch to “rich” operation for one or two seconds (or for Diesels the injection of a small amount of fuel into the exhaust) is enough to reverse the reaction and release the stored NOx so that a conventional three-way catalyst mounted downstream can convert it back to Nitrogen and water.Residential Technologies- Modern day air purifiers HEPA and Carbon filters are available to clean the polluted air. Once installed at the entry points of a closed complex, these filters filter the dust, soot and VOC from the air.For vehicle emissions- details are available at http://www.unep.org/Transport/new/PCFV/pdf/Botswana2016_VehicleEmissionsandEmissionControl.pdf

Biogasification can biologically recover energy in the form of methane, a combustible efficient gas. The main functions of biogasification are treating waste and producing energy. But it can not stand in the same position with compositing when it comes to technical practicality and economic feasibility. It needs more money to enhance the technology and needs more rigorous equipment than compositing. On the other hand, biogasification is better at handling degradable wastes and also when used in conjunction with sanitary landfilling. There are very few biogasification schemes that have survived and those are adhered to realism and to principles of biology and good engineering. Designers and system suppliers are finding ways to combine waste pre-processing, biogasification, and composting technologies so that the amount of organic content and waste requiring land disposal will decrease simultaneously.B. PrinciplesBiogasification is defined as being the biological decomposition of organic matter of biological origin under anaerobic conditions with an accompanying production primarily of methane (CH4) and secondarily of other gases, main of which is carbon dioxide (CO2).C. Process descriptionThere are two opinions of the number of stages in biogasification which are first, the two stages, comprises acid stage followed by a methane stage, and the three stage, which one is a ?polymer breakdown? stage and precedes the other two which are also acid and methane stage. The end products of a complete final stage are methane, carbon dioxide, trace gases, and a satisfactorily stable residue. Up until today, scientists have thoroughly investigated the bacteriology of methane production especially on the isolation, identification, and population size of the methane producers. In the polymer stage, the bacteria in the population must have enzymatic systems that can hydrolyse complex molecules, mainly carbohydrates and others such as lipids and proteins. Next, the acid stage converts polymer stage breakdown products into organic acids (straight-chain fatty acids) that can be utilised by methane-formers. In the methane stage, decomposition products from the acid stage are converted into CO2, CH4, and an assortment of trace gases.D. Process rate limitation factorsThe process rate limitation factors are non-required factors because it slows down the process and limits potential energy recovery. The main factors are environmental factors, performance factors, and factors in the form of elements or compounds. One of the environmental factors is temperature because some temperatures are not suitable for the microbes to work well. There are two types of temperature ranges of microbe cultures, mesophilic and thermophilic. Thermophilic which ranges between 45?C to 75?C is better than mesophilic in 10?C to 45?C because the development of a replacement culture can be accomplished in a much shorter time and more cost beneficial, which makes it the best answer. Next, the sustainability of substrates or feedstocks depends on these three, biodegradability, chemical composition, and physical properties. Biodegradability depends on mostly on the physical properties and chemical composition of a waste. On the other hand, the chemical composition is based on the possession of nutrient elements and molecular structure of the compounds. Last, reducing physical properties including particle size, and in some cases moisture content is to improve the wastes utility as a feedstock. Performance factors such as The rate of transfer of dissolved metabolic and other products from the liquid to the gaseous phase can be overcome by agitating the culture.E. ParametersThere are several parameters in terms of those pertinent to the cultural environment that affects digester performance and those used for judging digester performance. The most commonly used to judge cultural performance and guide digester operation is the gas production which is a direct measure of overall microbial activity. Next, the destruction of volatile matter is a parameter because it measures of rate and extent of microbial conversion of organic solids into gas and stable or inert matter. Only when it is in a state of flux, which indicates an imbalance between proliferation and activities of acid formers and those of methanogens that become a limiting inhibitory, volatile acid concentration becomes a key parameter to the problem. Next, hydrogen ion concentration is a manifestation of volatile acid formation and could be regarded as an operational parameter, but, the pH level also depends upon the buffering capacity of the culture. The buffering capacity of the culture medium within the neutral pH range is measured by alkalinity, which is the capacity of the medium to accept protons. When parameter values indicate the approach or actual existence of an inhibitory situation and, thereby, a likely deterioration in digester performance, appropriate remedial measures must be taken. The causes should determine the remedial measures.F. Operational proceduresOperational procedures include mixing, loading, the detention time, and starting the digester. Mixing enhances digestion efficiency regardless of the type of digestion system and is a critical feature in the digestion of some types of substrates, e.g., fibrous materials. The scum layer is a froth consisting of bubbles formed by the rising of gases released in the supernatant layer and is the uppermost layer, therefore tends to increase in thickness and interfere with the operation of a digester. An appropriate and proper mixing program can control the scum formation. Moving on, the rate and amount of loading determine the extent of energy recovery from wastes and the efficiency at which digester capacity is utilised. Next, in practice, the solid and liquid phases of the digester contents may have a common detention time. The detention time is equal to the culture volume per the throughput per unit of time. The establishment of culture and environmental conditions conducive to the proliferation of both indigenous and introduced methanogens is the loose definition of ?starting a digester?. It is the establishment of an enrichment culture for the organisms, especially methanogens because usually the necessary populations of hydrolyzers and acid-formers are developed without difficulty.G. Digester construction design principlesConventional digestion system is based on the type of system and digester culture involved. The volume of the digester is determined by the number of wastes to be processed each day, the moisture content of the waste, the volatile solids concentration, the loading rate, solids content of the slurry, and detention time. A high-rate system is best used in large-scale operations in urbanised situations. The contact approach digestion system or ?fixed-bed? system which provides a surface on which the microorganisms can become attached and form a film that consists mostly of active microorganisms which will give a detention period for the microorganisms. Heating the digester is important as the temperature of the digester culture should be maintained at a level sufficiently high to ensure maximum microbiological activity, especially in cold and temperate climates. There are also small-scale digester designs that cannot be applied in large-scale systems such as one in Gobar, India and in China.H. End products of the biogasification processThe end product of the biogasification process is raw (untreated) biogas comprises two principal components, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and other lesser components, H2S, N2, and H2O.The raw gas can be burned and the resulting heat can be used in any one of several uses. Biogas purification increases the potential use of it as it increases the quality of biogas.I. ResiduesThere are also residues which are solid and liquid materials. Supernatant, the liquid residue, is an aqueous suspension in which the suspending medium contains an assortment of dissolved solids and a variety of suspended colloidal solids and bacterial cells that must be properly treated before being discharged into the environment. Sludge, the solid residue, is the layer of settled solids that can be used interchangeably with composted sludge in agriculture unless the sludge feedstock contains human excrement and toxic metals and toxic synthetic organic chemical compounds.J. Feasibility considerationsAvailability of the required technology and the extent of the country's economic resources are among the factors that determine the practical and economic feasibility of biogas production as a waste management option and as an energy resource. Currently, the trend of large-scale operations is towards high-solids digestion because low-solids digestion has not been successful, largely because of operational problems and deficiencies in digester design and construction. Maintenance and functioning of the digester are usually the problems in small-scale operations and can be overcome through integration into acommunity installation that would be accompanied by the establishment of an organisational program designed to provide follow-up service, ensure frequent contacts with relevant agencies for technical advice, and establish a mechanism for access to reliable and regular supply of raw materials and plant components, and provide for personal contacts by biogas technicians.Source:TUNZA Eco-GenerationTUNZA Eco-Generationhttps://tunza.eco-generation.org