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No. 8 (75 verses)بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِPeriod of RevelationThis Surah was revealed in 2 A. H. after the battle of Badr, the first battle between Islam and Kufr. Since it contains a detailed and comprehensive review of the battle, it appears that most probably it was revealed all at the same time.Major Issues, Divine Laws and Guidance:Battle of truth and falsehood.Truth should not fear to be cowed down by odds against it.Fighting should not be for spoils or gains but for a just cause.Laws relating to peace and war.Relation of an Islamic state with Muslims living in non-Muslim countries.ThemeThe battle of Badr took place in the 2nd year of Hijrah, therefore, rules and regulations relating to peace and a critical review of war have been made in this Surah. But this review is quite different from the reviews that are usually made by worldly commanders after a great victory. Instead of gloating over the victory, the moral weaknesses that had come to the surface in that expedition have been pointed out as follows:The fact that the victory was due to the help of Allah rather than to their own valor and bravery has been stressed so that the Muslims should learn to rely on Him and obey Allah and His Rasool.The moral lesson of the conflict between the truth and falsehood has been explained.The mushrikin, the hypocrites, the Jews, and the prisoners of war are addressed in a very impressive manner advising them to learn a lesson.Instructions are given in regard to the spoils of war. The Muslims have been told not to regard these as their right but as a bounty from Allah. Therefore, they should accept with gratitude the share that is granted to them out of it and willingly accede to the share which Allah sets aside for His cause, for His Rasool, and for the help of the needy.It also gives normal instructions concerning the laws of peace and war, for these were urgently needed at the stage which the Islamic movement had entered. It enjoined that the Muslims should refrain from ways of ignorance whether they are in peace or in war and thus establish their moral superiority in the world.This Surah also states some articles of the Islamic Constitution which differentiate the status of Muslims living within the limits of Dar-ul-Islam (the Abode of Islam) from that of the Muslims living beyond its limits.In order to understand the circumstances and conditions which were being faced by the Muslim community and the Islamic State, in relation to which Divine guidance and laws were enacted, it is important to know how the battle of Badr took place.Battle of BadrIn Sh'aban, 2 A. H. (February or March, 623 A. D.) a big trade caravan of the Qureysh , on its way back from Syria carrying goods worth over 50,000 dinars with a guard of thirty to forty men, reached the territory from where it could be easily attacked from Al-Madinah. As soon as the caravan entered the dangerous territory, Abu Sufyan, the caravan's leader, despatched a camel rider to Makkah with a frantic appeal for help. This caused great excitement and anger at Makkah. An army of approximately 1000 warriors with great pomp and show marched towards Al-Madinah. They intended not only to rescue the caravan but also to put an end to the rising power of the Muslims and overawe the clans surrounding the route so as to make it absolutely secure for future trade.The Prophet, who always kept himself well informed, felt that the hour had come to take a bold step; otherwise the Islamic Movement would become lifeless with no chance to rise again. The condition of the Muslim community was still very shaky because the Muslim immigrants from Makkah (Muhajirin) had not been able to stabilize their economy; their helpers from the natives of Madinah, who became Muslims after the Prophet and his followers migrated there from Makkah (the Ansar), had not yet been tried; and the neighboring Jewish clans could not be trusted. Above all, the surrounding clans lived in awe of the Qureysh and had all their religious sympathies with them. Therefore, the consequences of the coming attack could not be favorable to the Muslims. A careful study of the situation indicated to the Prophet that he should take a decisive step and go into the battle with whatever strength he could muster and demonstrate whether the Muslim community had the ability to survive or was doomed to perish.The Holy Prophet's analysis of the situation was supported by Divine inspiration, therefore, he called the Muhajir and the Ansar to a meeting and placed the whole situation, without any reservation, before them, saying: "Allah has promised that you will confront one of the two, the trade caravan coming from the north or the army of the Qureysh marching from the south. Now, tell me which of the two you would like to confront!" The majority of the people replied that they should go for the caravan. When the Prophet repeated the same question, Miqdad bin 'Amr, a Muhajir, stood up and said: "O Rasool of Allah! Please march in the direction which Allah commands you; we will accompany you wherever you go. We will not say like the Israelites: 'Go you and your Rabb and fight, we will wait.' In contrast to them we say: 'Let you and your Rabb decide; we will fight by your side to our last breath.'" Even then, he did not announce any decision, but waited for a reply from the Ansar who had not yet taken any part in any confrontation for Islam. As this was the first opportunity for them to prove that they were ready to fulfill their promise of fighting for the cause of Islam, he repeated the question without directly addressing them. At this, Sa'ad bin Mu'az, an Ansar, stood up and said: "O Rasool of Allah, it appears that you are addressing this question to us." When the Prophet said, "Yes," he replied, "We have believed in you and confirmed that what you have brought is the truth, and have made a solemn pledge with you that we will listen to you and obey you.Therefore, O Rasool of Allah, do whatever you intend to do. We swear by Allah Who has sent you with the truth that we are ready to accompany you to the seashore and if you enter it, we will plunge into it. We assure you that not a single one of us will remain behind or forsake you, for we will not hesitate at all to go to fight, even if you should lead us to the battlefield tomorrow. We will, Insha Allah (Allah willing), remain steadfast in the battle and sacrifice our lives for Islam. We do hope that by the grace of Allah our behavior will gladden your heart. So, trusting in Allah's blessing, take us to the battlefield." After this it was decided that they would march towards the army of the Qureysh and not towards the trade caravan.The number of people who came forward to go to the battlefield was only a little more than three hundred (86 Muhajirin, 62 from Aus, and 170 from Khazraj). Over and above that, this little army was ill-armed and hardly equipped for battle. Only a couple of them had horses to ride and the others had to take their turn in threes or fours on camel back. They had a total of 70 camels. Above all, they did not even have enough weapons for the battle; only 60 of them had armor. They marched straight to the southwest, wherefrom the army of the Qureysh was coming. This is also an indication that, from the very beginning, they had gone out to fight with the army and not to plunder the caravan. If they had aimed at plundering the caravan they would have taken the north-westernly direction rather than the southwest. The two parties met in combat at Badr on the seventeenth day of Ramadhan. When the two armies confronted each other and the Prophet noticed that the Qureysh army outnumbered the Muslims by three to one and was much better equipped, he raised his hands up in supplication and made this earnest prayer with great humility: "O Allah! Here are the Qureysh proud of their war material: they have come to prove that Your Rasool is false. O Allah! Now send the help that You have promised me. O Allah! If this little army of Your devotees is destroyed, then there will be no one left in the land to worship You."In this combat the emigrants from Makkah were put to the hardest test because they had to fight against their own relatives, putting to the sword their fathers, sons, brothers, and uncles. It is obvious that only such people could do this who had accepted the truth sincerely and cut off all relations with falsehood. Similarly, the test to which the Ansar were put was not less hard. So far the Ansar had only alienated the powerful Qureysh and their allies by giving shelter to the Muslims against their wishes but now, for the first time, they were going to give fight to them and to sow the seeds of a long and bitter war with them. This meant that a small town of a few thousand inhabitants was going to wage a war with the whole of Arabia. It is obvious that only such people could take a stand who believed in the Truth of Islam so firmly that they were ready to sacrifice every personal interest for its sake. Allah accepted these sacrifices of the Muhajirin and the Ansar because of their true faith, and rewarded them with His help through angels.The proud, well-armed Qureysh were defeated by these ill-equipped devotees of Islam. Seventy men of the Qureysh army were killed and seventy captured as prisoners of war. Their arms and equipment came into the hands of the Muslims as spoils of war. All their big chiefs, who were their best soldiers and who had led the opposition to Islam, were killed in this battle. This decisive victory made Islam a power to be reckoned with.

Unlocking the ancient secret of the levitating Shiva-lingam of the Somnath Temple –The forgotten crowning achievement of ancient Indian Scientific Thought.Dr Nishit Sawal.D.M.[Neurology]-AIIMS, New Delhi.The Hindu Shiva temple of Shri Somanath located in the Prabhas Kshetra near Veraval in Saurashtra on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is the first among the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of the God Shiva. The temple is considered very sacred among the Hindus due to the various legends connected to it. Somnath means “Lord of the Soma”, an epithet of Shiva1. The very mention of this ancient , revered Jyotirlinga brings vivid in the memory of every Indian the infamous raid of Mahmud of Ghazni on the famous temple. Mahmud of Ghazni , taking advantage of the bitter , internecine fighting among the Indian Kingdoms at that time , managed to defeat the Indian Kings and storm Somnath , looting the temple and breaking the famous idol in 1025–1026 A.D2. History chiefly remembers Mahmud of Ghazni for this nefarious deed and even the textbook history of the ancient Somnath temple usually centers around this infamous looting raid.However another forgotten aspect of the Somnath temple was the floating Shiva-linga in the temple. About it , the famous Persian geographer Zakariyah Al Kazvini wrote the following interesting account3–“ Somnath is a celebrated city of India, situated on the shore of the sea and washed by its waves. Among the wonders of the place was the temple in which was placed the idol called Somnath. This idol was in the middle of the temple without anything to support it from below, or to suspend it from above. It was regarded with great veneration by the Hindus, and whoever beheld it floating in the air was struck with amazement, whether he was a Mussulman or an infidel. The Hindus used to go on pilgrimage to it whenever there was an eclipse of the moon, and would then assemble there to the number of more than a hundred thousand. They believed that the souls of men used to meet there after separation from the body, and that the idol used, at its pleasure, to incorporate them in other bodies, in accordance with their doctrine of transmigration. The ebb and flow of the tide was considered to be the worship paid to the idol by the sea. Everything that was most precious was brought there as offerings, and the temple was endowed with the taxes gathered from more than ten thousand villages. There is a river, the Ganges, which is held sacred, between which and Somnath the distance is two hundred parasangs. They used to bring the water of this river to Somnath every day, and wash the temple with it. A thousand Brahmans were employed in worshipping the idol and attending on the visitors, and five hundred damsels sang and danced at the door – all these were maintained upon the endowments of the temple. The edifice was built upon fifty-six pillars of teak, covered with lead. The shrine of the idol was dark, but was lighted by jewelled chandeliers of great value. Near it was a chain of gold weighing two hundred mans. When a portion, or watch, of the night closed, this chain used to be shaken like bells to rouse a fresh lot of Brahmans to perform worship. When Sultan Mahmud, the son of Sabuktagin, went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Mohammedans. He arrived there in the middle of Zu-l-ka’da, 416 A. H. (December, 1025 A.D.). The Indians made a desperate resistance. They kept going in to the temple weeping and crying for help; and then they issued forth to battle and kept fighting till all were killed. The number of the slain exceeded fifty thousand. The king looked upon the idol with wonder, and gave orders for the seizing of the spoil and the appropriation of the treasures. There were many idols of gold and silver, and countless vessels set with jewels, all of which had been sent there by the greatest personages in India. The value of the things found in the temples of the idols exceeded twenty thousand thousand dinars.When the king asked his companions what they had to say about the marvel of the idol, and of its staying in the air without prop or support, several maintained that it was upheld by some hidden support. The king directed a person to go and feel all around and above and below it with a spear, which he did, but met with no obstacle. One of the attendants then stated his opinion that the canopy was made of loadstone, and the idol of iron, and that the ingenious builder had skillfully contrived that the magnet should not exercise a greater force on any one side – hence the idol was suspended in the middle. Some inclined toward this explanation, others differed from it. Permission was obtained from the Sultan to remove some stones from the top of the canopy to settle the point. When two stones were removed from the summit, the idol swerved on one side; when more were taken away, it inclined still further, until at last it rested on the ground.’Fig 1. – Photograph of Somnath Temple in 1869.(Photo by permission ofBritish Library Board – No. 1587)Thus we see that there the story of floating Shiva-linga of Somnath was true and not merely a writer’s imagination as Al Kazvini , himself a Muslim historian , had described it in detail. History is usually dictated by the victors and the achievements of the vanquished are usually skipped or underplayed. That Al-Kazvini described it in such detail is a testimony to the degree to which this achievement of the vanquished Indians was held in admiration even by the victorious army from Ghazni.So now we are left to the arduous task of guessing how ancient Hindus had devised such a system which could keep a Shiva-Linga floating in air without the aids of modern science or magnetic superconductors . For this , first we have to understand the origin of the Shiva-linga of Somnath .The ancient text detailing the war between the various Vedic age Aryan tribes , the Mahabharata , the core kernel of which has been dated by the noted historian Pargiter to around 950 BC , refers to the Prabhasa Kshetra and the legend of the moon worshipping Shiva 2 . Although no temple at Prabhasa is mentioned in the Mahabharata , it is mentioned as a place of pilgrimage . According to a legend narrated in the Shiva Purana (10-11th Century AD ) 4, once Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation. To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. The Jyotirlinga shrines are places where Shiva is supposed to have appeared as a fiery column of light . Applying scientific logic , it is clear that the Jyotirlinga shrines are temples where the Shiva-linga is actually a meteorite which appeared as a fiery column of light.The Skanda Purana (7-10th Century AD ) 5 describes the Sparsa Linga of Somnath as one bright as the sun, the size of an egg, lodged underground. Now this description of size of the Shiva –Linga at Somnath , it being bright as the sun and being lodged underground all tally with it being a meteorite. Meteorites usually appear in a very bright flash as they traverse the atmosphere – hence being compared to the sun in its brightness and since most of the bulk of a meteorite is vaporized in the atmosphere , it’s size would have been comparable to an egg , albeit probably slightly bigger as per testimony of other historical accounts about the floating Shiva-linga. When meteorites crash on earth , most of the meteorite disintegrates with force of impact into dust . Rarely fragments from iron-nickel meteorites survive this fiery journey through the earth’s atmosphere and can be found intact. These fragments may get embedded in the ground 6,7 – probably that is what the Skanda-Purana alludes to when it says that the Sparsa-Linga of Somnath was lodged underground.Thus a plausible guess would be that the Shiva-Linga of meteorite origin was being worshipped in the Prabhas region by 900 BC and probably it was improvised upon to become the floating Shiva-Linga of Somnath by some ancient genius at a later date.There is more evidence contained in the historical accounts itself about the Somnath Shiva-linga clearly pointing it to being a Iron-nickel meteorite remnant .The Arab Historian Abulfeda, who wrote at the commencement of the thirteenth century , in his description of the raid of Mahmud Ghazni on the Somnath temple writes that Mahmud lighted a fire around the Somnath Shiva-linga to split it on account of hardness of stone 1. Iron-Nickel meteorites are very hard , harder than common rocks found on earth’s surface and strongly magnetic. Farrington in his article on the constituents of meteorites in the Journal of Geology writes that Nickel-iron meteorites are strongly magnetic , have a specific gravity between 7.6 and 7.9 and are harder than steel 8. Thus during his raid on Somnath , Mahmud must have tried to smash the Shiva-linga using hammers or stones but being very hard , it resisted those efforts. Being in hostile enemy territory with time running short 1, Mahmud would have then turned to the age-old technique of rock splitting using fire and water which worked .Also the Arab historian Farrukhi Sistani , contemporary of Mahmud Ghazni , wrote that the idol at Somnath was not of an Hindu deity but of a pre-Islamic Arabic Goddess Manat 9. According to other historical descriptions of the idol of Manat , it was aniconic block of black stone . Historians have found no evidence for this and this claim of Farrukhi Sistani is now seen as an effort to enhance Mahmud’s prestige in the Islamic world. However one can glean from this that the Shiva-Lingam at Somanath was also made of black stone, hence the effort of Farrukhi Sistani to refer to it as the idol of Manat. Nickel – iron meteorites with high metallic content are black and strongly magnetic as shown in the picture below.Fig 2 – Fragment of the nickel-iron meterorite that landed in Sikhote-Alin in Russia in 1947. Note the Black colour.( Photo courtesy H. Raab )Iron-Nickel meteorites were worshipped in other parts of world too in earlier times . Partly this was because of the fact that the meteorite crashes to the earth in a very spectacular fashion , a bright flash of light streaking across the sky followed by loud noise and a small cloud of dust and vaporized meteor material. The Willamette meteorite In USA has for long been venerated and worshipped by the Clackamas tribe of native American Indians 10.As to how the ancient Hindu craftsmen had managed to devise a system through which they could keep the Shiva-linga afloat in air without support , one has to understand the following things-The mechanism used for making the Shiva-linga float was a magnetic levitation mechanism .However magnetic levitation is not an easy task and was probably never achieved in pre-modern world except at Somnath . A glance at a few basics of magnetism can make us realize the obstacles faced by the architects of the levitating Shiva-linga at Somnath. Earnshaw’s theorem prohibits the stable levitation of one magnet by other(s)11. So if one tries to make one magnet ‘hover’ using the magnetic attraction of another, the ‘hover’ magnet will either sits limply on the tabletop or snap quickly to the other one. It is not possible to make a bar magnet levitate in a stable position only through the use of other bar magnets as stipulated in Earnshaw’s theorem.If we pretend we have a collection of bar magnets arranged in a square, another bar magnet placed in the center of the square will not be in a stable position, and will be pulled (and twisted around) out of the center, and likely towards one of the other magnets:(It would be best to imagine the bar magnets standing up, i.e. the north pole of the magnet pointing out of the paper/monitor). Using vector calculus, one can show that a levitation device composed of any set of point charges/fixed magnets will have a ‘leak’ and the magnetic levitation will be unstable.Because of this instability when using static fields, one can only create magnetic levitation with permanent magnets if the magnetic fields are time-varying or the levitating magnet is spinning. This latter possibility is used in the modern toy called the Levitron 12. Magnetic levitation trains which rely on permanent magnets use dynamic feedback to keep the train stable and running. However none of this was probably available at the time when Somnath was built , then how the Shiva-linga at Somnath was kept levitating?The answer to this lies in their clever use of bismuth as diamagnets . Diamagnets can be levitated in stable equilibrium in a magnetic field, with no power consumption. As to how use of diamagnets allowed the artisans of Somnath to violate the Earnshaw’s theorem , the following points are illustrative. Returning to our square arrangement of magnets, let us now replace the bar magnets in the corners with diamagnets. When the permanent magnet is right in the center of the square, the diamagnets all have ‘effective bar magnets’ of equal strength induced by it:(Remember: Our bar magnets are still pointing out of the paper/monitor) .When we move the bar magnet from the center, its magnetic field will be weaker in the diamagnets it moves away from and stronger in the diamagnets it moves towards. For instance:The net result is that the diamagnets closest to the bar magnet push it away very strongly, while the diamagnets far away push it very weakly. This increasing and slackening of force keeps the magnet stably near the center of the system. The ‘leak’ that we had found earlier in our four point charge/bar magnet system has been ‘sealed’ by the varying strength of the diamagnetic response.In the diagram below , a strong collection of permanent magnets are supported by a wooden frame above the ‘levitation’ area, and provide the ‘lift’ for the levitating magnet. The levitating magnet itself is supported between a pair of plates made of bismuth which — and this is in fact the key point — is a strongly diamagnetic material .13 ( Data from Science Toys | Scitoys, Spark, Bang, Buzz and Other Good Stuff.).We can now understand the configuration of the magnets and the diamagnetic material in the ancient Somnath temple in the diagram below . The stack of permanent magnets [ the loadstone canopy as described by Al Kazvini] provided the lifting anti-gravity force to the levitating magnet [ the levitating iron-nickel meteorite Shiva-linga ] , while the diamagnetic plates [ Bismuth ] maintained the position of the levitating magnet and provide its stability. The diamagnetic plates act very much like a pair of fellows escorting a drunk friend home: whenever their friend ‘wobbles’ in their direction, they apply some gentle pressure to direct him back upright!Fig. 3 – Diagrammatic representation of how bismuth and magnets were used to levitate the Shiva-linga at Somnath temple( Courtesy Science Toys | Scitoys, Spark, Bang, Buzz and Other Good Stuff.).Al-Kazvini specifically mentions in his description of the Somnath temple – “The edifice was built upon fifty-six pillars of teak, covered with lead”. That Al Kazvini’s account of Somnath was accurate is also verified by other sources. Al Kazvini described that the original temple stood on teak pillars covered with lead . This is also corroborated by Jaina Texts which mention Hemachandra , the trusted minister of Chaulukyan (Solanki) King Kumarapala (1143-1172 AD) advising Kumarapala to replace the dilapidated wooden temple at Somanath with a stone made one to attain salvation14.In no other ancient or modern Hindu temple has the usage of lead been described except Somnath . Al-Kazvini specifically stated that the temple stood on pillars coated with lead . Now one may say that probably lead was used to protect the wood from pests , termites etc but Somnath does not have a tropical climate where such measures would be required and even if a protective metal encasing for the teak pillars was required , lead would hardly be the metal of choice. Brass, silver etc would have been the preferred choices. Then why lead was used in the Temple of Somnath . The answer to this is that what Al-Kazvini described was not lead but bismuth. Bismuth is physically similar to lead and is as heavy as lead – hence the confusion between the two in ancient times was very common 15,16,1718,19.Now as to why Bismuth was used in the Somnath temple , one has to realize that Bismuth is the most strongly diamagnetic metal – a property that was essential for making the Shiva-linga levitate. Although Bismuth and lead may physically be alike , they differ greatly in their diamagnetic properties. Bismuth has a magnetic susceptibility value of -16.6 x 10-5 and lead has a magnetic susceptibility value of -1.8 x 10-5. Magnetic susceptibility value is a measure of the diamagnetic strength of a material , hence bismuth is almost 10 times more strong a diamagnet than lead 20,21.One also has to keep in mind that since bismuth is a bit brittle , hence the use of teak pillars in the ancient Somnath temple as an internal support for the bismuth and also the fact that bismuth was not as plentiful as other metals and hence not readily available in ancient times . Using teak pillars as internal struts along with bismuth would have cut down the amount of bismuth required for making the Shiva-linga levitate. Another interesting point is that even Ibn Zafir as quoted in M Nazim’s “ The life and times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna” 9 says that the floor of the Somnath temple was also made of planks of teak, the interstices being filled with lead . Again this was not lead but bismuth .Unlike other metals like silver , it would have been impossible to make the floor of the shrine itself from Bismuth as bismuth is very brittle. Hence the clever builders of the Somnath temples used teak planks for making the floor of the shrine but since they needed more diamagnetic force for levitating the Shiva-Linga , they filled the gaps deliberately left between the teak planks with pieces of bismuth.Also for making the Shiva-linga levitate , as illustrated in the simplified diagram above , bismuth would be required above as well as below the Shiva-linga. No account is given by Al-Kazvini of the use of lead [ bismuth actually] above the Shiva-linga but one can surmise that either the parasol [ Chattr – a type of ornamental umbrella constructed above the idols of chief deities in Indian temples ] of the Shiva-linga was of bismuth or a perforated low roof made of bismuth [ or more likely of teak covered with bismuth] was employed for providing the diamagnetic force above the Shiva-linga. The Arab historians probably thought it insignificant as they were dazzled with the floating Shiva-Linga and hence it is not mentioned.Having understood how the builders of the ancient Somnath temple had used the magnetic properties of the iron-nickel meteorite Shiva –linga and the diamagnetic properties of bismuth in making the ancient wonder of the levitating Shiva-linga at Somnath , one now turns to answer the question as to how the Builders of Somnath acquired bismuth – a metal which was known since ancient times but not used very frequently on a large scale in the ancient world. For this we have to understand the high skills of the ancient Indians in the field of metallurgy .Ancient Indian Metallurgists were way ahead of their time . The process of making Zinc was known to them since 2nd century AD . Nagarjuna [ 166-203 AD] in his book Rasratnakar describes in detail the method of Zinc extraction from its ore. Zawar, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, is now considered to be the oldest site of industrial zinc production in the world. Radiocarbon age determinations of launder wood from the old lead-zinc mines of Zawar Mala yielded an age of 2180+/- 35 years. The method of zinc smelting independently developed and patented by William Champion in 1738 was almost identical to the one used by ancient Indian Zinc smelters 22,23.Fig 4 - Ancient zinc smelting furnace and a spent retort from Zawar .(Photo courtesy of Geological Survey of India) .Another testimony of the metallurgical skills of ancient Indians was the “wootz “ steel used in making the fabled Damascus swords24,25. This riddle has still not been cracked yet with modern scientists just knowing that the ancient Indians used a technique which involved incorporating a high carbon content in the steel and forging and hammering it at a relatively low temperature but the exact process employed by the master ancient steel makers still eludes us.Thus we see that ancient Indians had attained a very high level of proficiency in their metallurgical skills. Now as to how and where the bismuth used in the ancient Somnath temple was procured , it is pertinent to know the following facts.Bismuth as a metal is rarely mined and extracted from bismuth ore . The only mines which use bismuth ore as a source of bismuth are the Tasna mines in Bolivia and a few mines in China . Bismuth has always been produced as a by-product of lead smelting from its ore . Crude lead can contain up to 10% of bismuth. Lead has been smelted and used by Indian metallurgists since times immemorial. The open cast lead mine at Rampura-Agucha in Bhilwara district in Rajasthan which are geographically near to Somnath provide evidence of being worked in Mauryan times [3rd century BC] . Bismuth too was known in ancient India , It is mentioned as Capala in the Sanskrit alchemical text Rasa-Ratna-Samuccaya [ 12th-13th century AD]26, although it is likely that was known much before this date . Concentrated Bismuth-lead deposits are also found at Narda, Neem-ka-Thana tehsil , Sikar district which is not very far from Somnath. It is likely that the builders of Somnath procured the bismuth used in the temple from either of these two ancient mines . Bismuth was probably produced as a by-product of lead smelting by ancient Indian metallurgists. Bar magnets were common in ancient India , being used as toys and in games as well as for other purposes. Susruta – the famous ancient Indian Surgeon who lived around 4th century AD used magnets for removing metallic splinters from wounds. Probably some miners or someone living in the vicinity of lead-bismuth mines made the serendipitous discovery that a bar magnet could be stably levitated using the diamagnetic properties of bismuth. Then they transmitted this information to the priests of Somnath either during a pilgrimage to Somnath or when someone living near the mines and knowing this principle of diamagnetic levitation sought employment at Somnath. Ancient temples in India served as centers of spiritual, administrative and commercial activity providing employment to thousands. The priests at Somnath who must have become aware of the magnetic properties of the iron-nickel meteorite Shiva-linga while handling it during the daily pooja and other ceremonies recognized that using the diamagnetic properties of bismuth , they could make their revered Shiva-linga levitate like a magnet bar . They must have thought it to be a method to honor their chief deity by making his main Siva-linga idol float in the air .Having enormous financial and other resources at their disposal , they procured the bismuth from the sources mentioned above and thus was made one of the greatest wonders of pre-modern history which had no parallel at that time.Even its conquerors and the ones who destroyed it stood in awe of this man-made marvel and their historians too transmitted this legend down the generations. History has not given this ancient marvel it’s just due. The ancient architects of Somnath and the justifiably wonder stuck Shiva Devotees who had witnessed and worshipped the amazing spectacle of the Somnath Shiva-linga floating in air are a lot to be envious of.Bibliography1.Colonel . Sykes ; On The temple of Somnath ; The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies; Published by Black, Parbury, & Allen, 18432. Thapar, Romila (2004). Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History. Penguin Books India3. Jackson A.V.W (Ed ) ; History of India: Historic Accounts of India by Foreign Travellers, Classic,Oriental, and Occidental; 1906-07;The Grolier Society ,London. Cosimo, Inc., 2009.4. Chaturvedi, B. K. (2006), Shiv Purana (First ed.), New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.5. G. V. Tagare, . The Skanda-Purana (23 Vols.), Motilal Banarsidass. 2007.6. Thunderstones and Shooting Stars: The Meaning of Meteorites, Robert T. Dodd, 1986, HarvardUniversity Press.7. Rocks from Space, O. Richard Norton, 1994, Mountain Press8. Oliver C. Farrington. The Pre-Terrestrial History of Meteorites; The Journal of Geology.Vol. 9, No. 7 (Oct. - Nov., 1901), pp. 623-632.9. Nazim M, The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. Cambridge University Press, 1931.10. Pugh, R. N.; Allen J.E. (1986). "Origin of the Willamette Meteorite". Abstracts and Program forthe 49th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society. 600: 208.11. S. Earnshaw, On the nature of the molecular forces which regulate the constitution of theluminiferous ether, Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 7, 97-112, 1842.12. M. V. Berry, The LEVITRON ® and adiabatic trap for spins, Proc. Roy Soc. Lond., A (1996) 452,1207-1220.13. www.scitoys.com , www.sparkbangbuzz.com.14. G. Buhler, 1936, The Life of Hemachandracharya, Shantiniketan.15. www. The Element Bismuth16.Norman, Nicholas C. (1998).Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. p. 41.ISBN978-0-7514-0389-3.17.Agricola, Georgious (1955) [1546]. De Natura Fossilium. New York: Mineralogical Society of America. p. 178.18.Nicholson, William (1819). "Bismuth".American edition of the British encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and sciences ; comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. p. 181.19.Weeks, Mary Elvira(1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education.9:11.20.S. Otake, M. Momiuchi & N. Matsuno (1980). "Temperature Dependence of the Magnetic Susceptibility of Bismuth". J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 49 (5): 1824–182821.Nave, Carl L. "Magnetic Properties of Solids". Hyper Physics.22.Biswas AK; Brass and Zinc Metallurgy in the ancient and medieval world :India’s primacy and the technology transfer to the West; Indian Journal of history of Science ,41.2(2006)159-174.23.Kharakwal JS, Gurjar LK; Zinc and brass in Archaeological perspective. Ancient Asia ; Volume 1 , 139-159 .24.Srinivasan, S. and Ranganathan, S. (2004) India’s legendary wootz steel: An advancedmaterial of the ancient world. National Institute of Advanced Studies and Indian Institute ofScience, Bangalore.25.Verhoeven J.D, Pendray A.H, Gibson E.D; Wootz Damascus steel blades, Mat. Char;37(1996) 9-2226.Biswas AK; Rasa-Ratna-Samuccaya and mineral processing state of art in the 13th CenturyAD India. Indian Journal of history of Science 22(1):29-46(1987)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

Vishnu Sahasranama: (1000 names of Vishnu)Shlokha 1:1. Vishvam: He who is the Universe, reason for Universe, the entire being.2. Vishnu: He who isAll Pervading, Omnipresent, Remover of darkness3. Vashatkara: One who controls and directs4. Bhuta-Bhavya-Bhavat-Prabhu: Lord of past, present and the future.5. Bhuta-Krit: Creator of all beings.6. Bhuta-Bhrt: The sustainer of all beings.7. Bhavah: He who exists with all the splendor and independent of anything else.8. Bhutatma: The Atma or soul of all beings9. Bhuta-bhavanah: One who nourishes and nurtures all beings.Shlokha 2:10. Putatma: One who has a pure Atma.11. Paramatma: The Supreme Soul.12. Muktanam Parama Gatih: One who is the ultimate goal for all Souls13. Avyayah: He who is Indestructible and who gives moksha14. Purushah: One who existed before anything else, one who completes existence.15. Sakshi: One who directly witnesses everything.16. Kshetrajnah: One who can direct to the place to reach supreme bliss.17. Akshara: One whose greatness never diminishes.Shlokha 3:18. Yogah: One who alone is the definite and unobstructed means to salvation.19. Yogavitam neta: One who leads those who practice yoga until they reach their Goal.20. Pradhana Purusha Isvarah: One who is the Lord of Primordial Matter as well as the Jivas.21. Narasimha Vapuh: One who possesses a body of man and lion combined.22. Sriman: One with a lovely form.23. Kesavah: One with lovely locks of hair.24. Purushottamah: The Supreme amongst the PurushasShlokha 4:25. Sarvah: One who is all26. Sharvah: The Remover of all sins.27. Shivah: One who confers auspiciousness.28. Sthanuh: One who is gives blessing to the devotees.29. Bhutadih: Source of the Pancha Bhoota.30. Nidhiravyayah: One who is the never ending treasure.31. Sambhavah: One who manifests in any form to those who sincerely seek Him.32. Bhavanah: One who regenerates all33. Bharta: One who supports all34. Prabhavah: One whose birth is of a sublime nature.35. Prabhuh: who is all powerful.36. Isvarah: One who has the supreme power of controlShlokha 5:37. Svayambhuh: He who manifests Himself by His own free will.38. Shambhuh: One who causes happiness to everyone by the beauty of His appearance39. Adityah: One who is the Adityas.40. Pushkarakshah: The Lotus-eyed.41. Maha-Svanah: He of the venerable sound42. Anadi-Nidhanah: One who is without beginning or end.43. Dhata: The creator44. Vidhata: The producer45. Dhaturuttamah: One who is the bestShlokha 6:46. Aprameyah: One who cannot be defined but who can only be experienced47. Hrshikesah: Controller of the sense-organs48. Padma-Nabhah: One from whose navel the universe emanates.49. Amara-Prabhuh: The Lord of the immortal gods.50. Visva Karma: The Creator of the Universe.51. Manuh: The Great Thinker52. Tvashta: One who created all the different forms and names in this Universe53. Sthavishthah: One who is huge in size54. Sthavirah: One who has always existed55. Dhruvah: One who is unaffected by Time, Unchanging, Permanent.Shlokha 7:56. Agrahyah: One who is beyond understanding57. Shashvatah: One who is eternal.58. Krshnah: One who has a dark-blue complexion and all attractive59. Lohitakshah: One with eyes red like the beautiful lotus flower.60. Pradrdanah: The Destroyer.61. Prabhutah: One who is endowed with wisdom and greatness62. Tri-kakud-dhama: Master of three worlds63. Pavitram: Purity Incarnate.64. Mangalam Param: The Embodiment of Supreme Auspiciousness.Shlokha 8:65. Isanah: The controller.66. Pranadah: Giver of life67. Pranah: Life force68. Jyeshthah: Oldest69. Sreshthah: Most praise-worthy.70. Prajapatih: Lord of mankind.71. Hiranyagarbah: He who resides in a lovely Abode.72. Bhugarbhah: Protection of the Earth73. Madhavah: who is born in the race of a Yadhava called Madhu and for whom there is no Lord74. Madhusudhanah: The slayer of the evil demon called Madhu.Shlokha 9:75. Isvarah: The God76. Vikram: The most courageous and powerful77. Dhanvi: The wielder of the bow78. Medhavi: One who has good memory79. Vikramah: One with great strides such as in the Vamana incarnation80. Kramah: One who is the basis for the order in the Universe81. Anuttamah: One for whom there is nothing superior or better.82. Duradharshah: One who cannot be overcome by others83. Krtajnah: One who is grateful84. Krtih: One who leads to good deeds85. Atmavan: The real owner of soulsShlokha 10:86. Suresah: The Lord of all the other gods.87. Saranam: One who is the Refuge88. Sarma: One who is Bliss.89. Visvaretah: The seed for the Universe.90. Prajabhavah: One from whom all beings have originated.91. Ahah: Protector of Devotees92. Samvatsarah: He who lives for the upliftment of His devotees.93. Vyalah: One who is beyond grasp94. Pratyayah: One who can be relied upon95. Sarvadarsanah: One who shows his grace to allShlokha 11:96. Ajah: Unborn and the Remover of all obstacles97. Sarvesvarah: One who is the isvara for all isvaras.98. Siddhah: One who is reachable and knowledgeable.99. Siddhih: The Goal.100. Sarvadih: The Origin or Cause of all things.101. Acyutah: One who undergoes no changes like birth, decay etc.102. Vrishakapih: One who lifted the Earth in the form of Varaaha.103. Ameyatma: One whose nature cannot be comprehended.104. Aarva yoga vinissritah: One who is beyond any attachment.Shlokha 12:105. Vasuh: One who dwells in the hearts of His devotees.106. Vasumanah: One who has good mind107. Satyah: The Truth.108. Samatma: One who has a balanced mind.109. Sammitah: The One Truth who is accepted by the Rsihis and revealed in the Upanishads.110. Samah: One who treats all His devotees equally.111. Amoghah: One who always gives fruits to those who worship him.112. Pundarikakshah: One whose eyes are beautiful like the lotus flower.113. Vrishakarma: One who is of righteous actions.114. Vrishakriti: One who is an embodiment of dharma.Shlokha 13:115. Rudrah: One who destroys misery.116. Bahu-sirah: One who is multi-headed117. Babhruh: The Supporter.118. Visva-yonih: The cause of this world119. Suci-sravah: One who listens to words which are pure120. Amritah: One who is nectar to His devotees.121. Sasvata-sthanuh: One who is Eternally Firm.122. Vararohah: One who is the most supreme object of attainment.123. Maha-tapah: One who is endowed with great knowledge.Shlokha 14:124. Sarva-gah: One who reaches all.125. Sarva-vit: One who is the All-knower.126. Bhanuh: One who shines.127. Vishvak-senah: One who has his army for the protection of all.128. Janardanah: One who destroys the wicked and protects people.129. Vedah: One who is the embodiment of scriptures.130. Vedavit: The true knower of the meaning of the vedas131. Avyangah: One who has no imperfections.132. Vedangah: One who has Vedas as his body133. Vedavit: One who knows the true meaning of Vedas134. Kavih: One who cognizes beyond ordinary perception.Shlokha 15:135. Lokadhyakshah: Lord of the worlds136. Suradhyakshah: Master of the devas137. Dharmadhyakshah: Master of dharma138. Kritakritah: The giver of blessings139. Caturatma: One whose Self has a four-fold manifestation.140. Catur-vyuhah: One with four forms141. Catur-damshtrah: Four teeth.142. Catur-bhujah: One with four arms.Shlokha 16:143. Bhrajishnuh: One who is effulgent.144. Bhojanam: One who is the object of enjoyment.145. Bhokta: One who Enjoys146. Sahishnuh: The Forgiver.147. Jagadadijah: He who was born at the beginning of the Universe.148. Anaghah: One who is uncontaminated and pure149. Vijayah: One who is victorious150. Jeta: The conqueror151. Visva-yonih: The Cause of the Universe.152. Punarvasuh: One who lives again and again as the antaratma of all his creations.Shlokha 17:153. Upendrah: One who appeared as the younger brother of Indra.154. Vamanah: One with the Dwarf form155. Pramsuh: one who is big156. Amoghah: One whose acts are never purposeless.157. Sucih: One who is Pure.158. Urjitah: One who is endowed with good strength159. Atindrah: One who is lord of Indra.160. Samgrahah: He who is easily reached161. Sargah: The creator of Himself.162. Dhritatma: The supporter of all the jivatmas.163. Niyamah: The Controller.164. Yamah: The Ruler.Shlokha 18:165. Vedyah: He who can be realized.166. Vaidyah: The knower of vidya167. Sada-yogi: One who is in constant yogic meditation168. Vira-ha: The slayer of wicked169. Madhavah: The propounder of the knowledge of the Supreme Being.170. Madhuh: One who is like honey to His devotees.171. Atindriyah: He who is beyond the range of the sense organs.172. Maha-mayah: One who is possessed of wonderful power of enchantment.173. Mahotsahah: One who is of great enthusiasm.174. Maha-balah: One with immeasurable strengthShlokha 19:175. Maha-buddhih: He of infinite knowledge.176. Maha-vIryah: He of great virility and strength177. Maha-Saktih: Of immense power.178. Maha-dyutih: He of great splendor.179. Anirdesya-vapuh: He who possesses an indescribable body.180. SrIman: Possessed of beauty.181. Ameyatma: He of an incomprehensible nature.182. Mahadri-dhrit: The bearer of the great mountain.Shlokha 20:183. Maheshvasah: The discharger of great arrows and wielder of bows184. Mahi-bharta: The bearer of the earth.185. Srinivasah: In whom Lakshmi resides.186. Satam-gatih: The Ultimate Goal for all spiritual seekers.187. Aniruddhah: One who cannot be obstructed by anyone.188. Suranandah: One who gives delight to the gods.189. Govindah: One who is praised by the gods190. Govidam patih: The protector of those who know the Vedas.Shlokha 21:191. Maricih: Ray of light.192. Damanah: One who directs in correct path193. Hamsah: One who is like the swan.194. Suparnah: One possessed of charming feathers195. Bhujagottamah: The Master of the Serpent AdiSesha.196. Hiranya-nabhah: One who supports in His navel the creator, hiranyagarbha.197. Sutapah: One who is possessed of supreme knowledge.198. Padmanabhah: One who has the lotus emanating from his navel199. Prajapatih: The Lord of beings.Shlokha 22:200. amrityuh: One who is beyond death or decay.201. sarvadrik: One who can see-everyting.202. simhah: One who is The Lion203. sandhata: One who unites His devotees with Him and responsible for fruits of their actions.204. sandhiman: One who is always united with His devotees.205. sthirah: One who is firm in His relation to His devotees.206. ajah: One who is Unborn207. durmarshanah: The Unassailable.208. sasta: The Teacher.209. visrutatma: One whose Atma is of a special Nature.210. surari-ha: The slayer of the enemies of the gods.Shlokha 23:211. gurur-guru-tamah: One who is the foremost among the preceptors.212. dhama: One who is The Abode of all desired things.213. satyah: One who is The Truth.214. satya-parakramah: One who is of great valor.215. nimishah: One whose eyes are closed.216. animishah: One with eyes closed.217. sragvi: Adorned with the garland.218. vacaspatih: The Lord of Speech.219. udara-dhih: One with vast knowledge.Shlokha 24:220. agranih: One who leads forward.221. gramanih: Leader of the demi-gods.222. sriman: one who is The Lord of Mahalakshmi.223. nyayah: One who is The Just.224. neta: One who fulfills the requests of His devotees.225. samiranah: One who controls all movements in beings.226. sahasra-murdha: One who is the thousand-headed.227. visvatma: One who is the very soul of the Universe.228. sahasra-akshah: One who is the thousand-eyed.229. sahasra-pat: The thousand-footed.Shlokha 25:230. avartanah: He who turns the wheel of worldly life or samsara.231. nivrittatma: He whose mind is turned away from worldly desires.232. samvritah: He who remains hidden.233. sampra-mardanah: The dispeller of darkness.234. ahah-samvartakah: The regulator of time.235. vahnih: One who is the bearer of fire.236. anilah: One who is the Giver of life-breath.237. dharani-dharah: The bearer of the Earth.Shlokha 26:238. su-prasadah: The Giver of good favors.239. prasannatma: He with a delightful nature.240. visva-srit: The Creator of the Universe.241. visvabhug-vibhuh: He who pervades all things and protects them.242. satkarta: He who honors the good.243. satkritah: He who is worshipped by the sadhus.244. sadhuh: One who carries out the wishes of his devotees.245. jahnuh: The Concealer.246. narayanah: The Supporter of all the souls.247. narah: He who is imperishable.Shlokha 27:248. asankhyeyah: One whose attributes are Innumerable.249. aprameyatma: One who cannot be known through knowledge.250. visishtah: He who is Superior.251. sishta-krt: He who makes His devotees eminent.252. Sucih: One who is Pure.253. siddharthah: One who is in possession of all desirable things.254. siddha-sankalpah: One whose wishes are always fulfilled.255. siddhi-dah: The bestower of siddhi-s or super-human powers.256. siddhi-sadhanah: One who makes the means for siddhi pleasant.Shlokha 28:257. vrishahi: One who shines in the form of dharma.258. vrishabhah: He who showers his grace.259. vishnuh: One who pervades everything.260. vrisha-parva: He who has provided the steps of dharma to reach Him.261. vrishodarah: One who has dharma as his belly.262. vardhanah: He who nourishes.263. vardhamanah: He who grows.264. viviktah: He who is unique.265. sruti-sagarah: He who is the sea where all Vedas take us.Shlokha 29:266. su-bhujah: One with majestic arms.267. dur-dharah: One who is difficult to comprehend268. vagmi: He who has words which are praise-worthy.269. mahendrah: The God of Indra and other gods.270. vasu-dah: The Giver of wealth.271. vasuh: He who is Himself the wealth sought by those who have realized the Truth.272. naika-rupah: He who is of Infinite forms.273. brihad-rupah: He who is of an immense form.274. Sipi-vishtah: He who pervades the rays.275. prakasanah: One who illumines everything.Shlokha 30:276. ojas-tejo-dyuti-dharah: One who is endowed with strength, vigor and brilliance.277. prakasatma: He of a nature that is well-known to all.278. pratapanah: He who destroys his enemies.279. Rddhah: He who is full in all respects.280. spashya-taksharah: He of clear words.281. mantrah: One who represents the mantras.282. candra-amsuh: He who is possessed of the effulgent rays like those of the moon.283. bhaskara-dyutih: He who has the effulgence of the sun.Shlokha 31:284. amrta-amsu-udbhavah: The source of nectar-rayed moon.285. bhanuh: The lustrous Sun or One who is Radiant.286. sasabinduh: One who controls the paths of the planets and the stars.287. suresvarah: The Lord of the gods.288. aushadham: The Medicine.289. jagatah-setuh: The bridge for crossing the ocean of samsara.290. satya-dharma-parakramah: One whose qualities and valor are always true.Shlokha 32:291. bhuta-bhavya-bhavan-nathah: The Lord of all in the past, present and future.292. pavanah: He who moves like the wind.293. pavanah: He who purifies everything.294. analah: One who always confers good295. kama-ha: The Destroyer of desires.296. kama-krt: One who creates desirable things, and also fulfils the desires.297. kantah: He who is charming.298. kamah: One who is Lovable299. kama-pradah: The Grantor of wishes.300. prabhuh: One who has the supreme power to attract the minds of all towards Himself.Shlokha 33:301. yugadi-krt: The Creator at the beginning of a yuga.302. yugavartah: He who revolves the yugas.303. naika-mayah: He who is responsible for wonders.304. mahasanah: He who is a voracious eater.305. adrsyah: He Who cannot be seen.306. vyakta-rupah: He of a manifest form.307. sahasra-jit: The Conqueror of thousands.308. ananta-jit: One whose victory is endless.Shlokha 34:309. ishTah: One who is liked by everyone.310. aviSishTah: He who is impartial to everyone.311. SishTeshTah: He who is dear to eminent persons.312. SikhanDI: He who wears a peacock feather.313. nahushah: One who binds.314. vRshah: He who is the embodiment of dharma.315. krodha-hA: He who does not have anger.316. krodha-kRt: He who developed anger.317. kartA: He who slays.318. visva-bahuh: He who has arms for the good of the world.319. mahI-dharah: The Supporter of the world.Shlokha 35:320. acyutah: He who does not fall from His status.321. prathitah: One who is famous and with great reputation.322. pranah: The Life-Breath.323. prana-dah: The Life-Giver.324. vasavanujah: The younger brother of vasava or indra.325. apam-nidhih: The Sustainer of the waters of the ocean.326. adhishthanam: The Support.327. apramattah: The Vigilant.328. pratishthitah: He who is self-dependent.Shlokha 36:329. skandha: He who destroys.330. skanda-dharah: The Supporter of skanda.331. dhuryah: The Supporter.332. vara-dah: The Grantor of boons.333. vayu-vahanah: He who has Vayu as His vehicle.334. vasu-devah: He who pervades everywhere335. brhad-bhanuh: He who has brightness336. adi-devah: The First Deity.337. purandarah: The Destroyer of the sufferings.Shlokha 37:338. a-sokah: The dispeller of sorrows.339. taranah: He who takes others to the other shore.340. tarah: The Savior.341. surah: The Valiant.342. saurih: The son of valiant people.343. janesvarah: The Lord of the people.344. anukulah: One who is within bounds.345. satavartah: He who has several incarnations to sustain dharma346. padmi: He who carries the lotus in His hand.347. padma-nibhekshanah: One who has eyes which resemble the lotus.Shlokha 38:348. padma-nabhah: One with a lotus-like navel.349. aravindakshah: The Lotus-eyed.350. padma-garbhah: He who is installed in a lotus.351. sarira-bhrt: The Protector of the bodies of everyone through food and life-energy.352. maharddhih: He of immense riches.353. rddhah: One who keeps growing; Prosperous.354. vrddhatma: One who is full-grown.355. mahakshah: One with Great Eyes.356. garuda-dvajah: One who has Garuda in His banner.Shlokha 39:257. atulah: One who is the Incomparable.358. sarabhah: The Destroyer of evil.359. bhimah: The Formidable.360. samayajnah: The Knower of the conventions.361. havir-harih: Hari who is the recipient of the havis offered in the yajna.362. sarva-lakshna-lakshanyah: He who is the abode of all the auspicious qualities363. lakshmIvan: He who is always with Lakshmi.364. samtinjayah: He who is victorious in battles.Shlokha 40:365. viksharah: He who never wanes.366. rohitah: He who is of red complexion.367. margah: He who is sought after.368. hetuh: The Cause.369. damodarah: One who was tied around His waist by ropes by Yashodha.370. sahah: He who has patience.371. mahidharah: The Supporter of the Earth.372. mahi-bhagah: He who is extremely Fortunate.373. vegavan: He who is quick.374. amitasanah: The voracious EaterShlokha 41:375. udbhavah: He who removes and is beyond the bondage of samsara.376. khsobhanah: The Creator of beauty.377. devah: He who is the light.378. srI-garbhah: He who has Lakshmi in Him in the form of the Universe.379. paramesvarah: The Supreme God.380. karanam: The Means.381. karanam: The Cause382. karta: The Agent.383. vikarta: He who undergoes modifications.384. gahanah: He who is deep.385. guhah: The Savior.Shlokha 42:386. vyavasayah: The Pivot of the solar system.387. vyavasthanah: The basis.388. samsthanah: The final end.389. sthana-dah: The Giver of the Supreme Abode.390. dhruvah: The fixed pole star.391. pararddhih: He who is full of noble and auspicious qualities.392. parma-spashtah: He whose greatness is explicit.393. tushtah: He who is full of happiness.394. pushtah: He who is full of noble qualities.395. subekshanah: He who has auspicious eyes.Shlokha 43:396. ramah: He who delights others.397. viramah: He before whom all become powerless.398. virajo-margah: He who shows the flawless path.399. neyah: He who lets Himself be governed by devotees400. nayah: He who draws everyone towards Himself.401. anayah: He who cannot be spirited away.402. virah: Valiant403. saktimatam-sreshthah: The Greatest among the powerful.404. dharmah: Virtue Incarnate.405. dharmavid-uttamah: The foremost among those who are conscious of dharma.Shlokha 44406. vaikunthah: Remover of obstacles to merge the soul.407. purushah: The Purifier.408. pranah: The vital life -breath.410. pranamah: He who deserves to be worshiped.411. prthuh: Well-known.412. hiranya-garbhah: He who delights everyone’s heart.413. satru-ghnah: The Slayer of the enemies.414. vyaptah: He who is full of love and affection.415. vayuh: He who moves towards devotees.417. adhokshajah: He whose prominence does not get diminished.Shlokha 45:417. rtuh: He who is the Seasons418. sudarsanah: He who provides auspicious vision.419. kalah: He who measures everyone’s karma and doles out the phala.420. parameshthi: He who resides in the Supreme Abode, Sriviakuntham.421. parigrahah: He who takes all with Him.422. ugrah: The Formidable.423. samvatsarah: He in whom everything resides.424. dakshah: He who is quick in action.425. visramah: The Place of Rest.426. visva-dakshinah: He who is well-disposed towards all.Shlokha 46:427. vistarah: He who is spread out in everything.428. sthavar-sthanuh: He who is tranquil after establishing the dharma.429. pramanam: The Authority.430. bijam-avyayam: The Seed Imperishable.431. arthah: The Goal432. anarthah: He who is not the goal for some.433. maha-kosah: He who has a great treasure.434. maha-bhogah: He who has objects of great enjoyment.435. maha-dhanah: He of great wealth.Shlokha 47:436. anirvinnah: He who is never despondent.437. sthavishthah: He who is Immense.438. bhuh: The supporter.439. dharma-yupah: He who is united with dharma.440. maha-makhah: The Great yajna-svarupi.441. nakshatra-nemih: He who makes the stars move.442. nakshatri: He who is the stars.443. kshamah: He who is competent.444. kshamah: He who is in a diminished form.445. samihanah: He who establishes and assigns duties to all others.Shlokha 48:446. yajnah: The Sacrifice.447. ijyayah: He who is the only to be worshipped.448. mahejyah: He who is the best among all to be worshipped.449. kratuh: He who is to be worshipped through the sacrifices called kratus.450. satram: He who is worshipped by the sacrifice called satram.451. satam gatih: The Goal of the pious.452. sarva-darsI: The one who knows and can see everything.453. nivrttatma: He whose mind is turned away from worldly desires.454. sarvajnah: The Omniscient.455. jnanam-uttamam: The Greatest Knowledge.Shlokha 49:456. su-vratah: He who protects anyone who surrenders.457. su-mukhah: He with a charming face.458. sukshmah: Subtle, delicate and difficult to comprehend.459. su-ghoshah: He who is praised by the delightful voice of the Vedas.461. su-hrt: The good-hearted and a true Friend.462. mano-harah: He who captivates the heart.463. jita-krodhah: He who has overcome anger.464. vira-bahuh: He of mighty arms.465. vidaranah: He who cuts the sins of His devotees.Shlokha 50:466. svapanah: He who lulls people into sleep.467. sva-vasah: He who is under His own control.468. vyapi: The Pervader.469. naikatma: He of diverse forms.470. naika-karma-krt: He who performs diverse acts.471. vatsarah: He who lives within all beings and in whom everything resides.473. vatsi: He who possesses lots of calves and children474. ratna-garbhah: He who is in possession of abundant wealth.475. dhanesvarah: The quick giver of wealth.Shlokha 51:476. dharma-gup: He who protects dharma.477. dharma-krt: He who induces His devotees to follow dharma.478. dharmi: He who has dharma as an instrument.479. sat: He who is commendable.480. aksharam (sat): He whose existence is never diminished or destroyed in any way.481. a-sat: That which does not exist now, but existed in the past as well as future.482. asat-ksharam: He who moves away from the bad.483. avijnata: The Non-cognizant.484. sahasramsuh: He who has a thousand rays485. vidhata: The Supreme Controller.486. krta-lakshanah: He who has prescribed the distinguishing characteristics for the pious.Shlokha 52:487. gabhasti-nemih: He who has the effulgent cakra as His weapon.488. sattva-sthah: He who is in the hearts of the devotees.489. simhah: He who took the nrisimha form.490. bhuta-mahesvarah: The Supreme Lord of all beings.491. adi-devah: He who is the first cause and is endowed with effulgence.492. maha-devah: The greatest god.493. devesah: The Ruler of Gods.494. deva-bhrit: The Supporter of gods.495. guruh: The teacher.Shlokha 53:496. uttarah: The Savior of devotees497. go-patih: The Master of all words498. gopta: The Savior.499. jnana-gamyah: He who is to be realized by knowledge.500. puratanah: The Ancient.501. sarira-bhuta-bhrit: He who supports all the tattvas which constitute the sarira502. bhokta: The Enjoyer.503. kapindrah: The Lord of the monkeys.504. bhuri-dakshinah: The giver of liberal gifts.Shlokha 54:505. somapah: He who drank the soma juice after performing sacrificial offerings in His Rama incarnation.506 – amritapah: The drinker of nector.507. somah: The Nectar orThe moon.508. puru-jit: The Conqueror of all.509. puru-sattamah: He who remains with the great.510. vinayah: The Subduer.511. jayah: He who is victorious.512. satya-sandhah: He whose promises are always true.513. dasarhah: He who is worthy of gifts.514. sattvatam-patih: The Lord of the sattvatas.Shlokha 55:515. jivah: He who gives life to His devotees.516. vinayita: He who shows the path to everyone.517. sakshi: The witness.518. mukundah: He who gives moksha.519. amita-vikramah: He of boundless valor.520. ambho-nidhih: He who has the waters as His abode521. anantatma: The Inner Soul of ananta.522. mahodadhi-sayah: He Who is reclining in the vast ocean.523. antakah: He Who brings out the end of all.Shlokha 56:524. ajah: He who is not born.525. maharhah: He who is worthy of worship.526. svabhavyah: He who is to be meditated upon by those who belong to Him.527. jitamitrah: a) He who helps His devotees conquer enemies such as anger, kamam, ahamkaram, mamakaram, etc.528. pramodanah: He who is always joyful.529. anandah: He Who is Bliss.530. nandanah: The Bliss-Giver.531. nandah: He Who is full of things that are Blissful.532. satya-dharma: He Who performs His dharma truthfully.533. tri-vikramah: He Who pervades the three Vedas and worlds.Shlokha 57:534. maharshih: The Great Seer.535. kapilacaryah: He Who is a teacher.536. krtajnah: He Who remembers the good deed done.537. medinipatih: The Lord or Protector of the Earth.538. tripadah: He Who is in the form of pranava mantra with three letters.539. tridasadhyakshah: The Savior of the thirty-three gods.540. maha-sringah: The Big-tusked Varaha.541. kritantakrit: He who kills death himself.Shlokha 58:542. mahavarahah: He Who appeared in the form of the Great Boar.543. govindah: One who is praised by the gods.544. sushenah: He who is equipped with a body with suddha sattva sakti.545. kanakangadi: He Who is adorned by armlets of gold.546. guyhah: He who is concealed.547. gabhirah: He who is deep or mysterious.548. gahanah: He who is beyond comprehension and Inexplicable.549. guptah: He who is hidden.550. cakragadadharah: The bearer of the discus and the mace.Shlokha 59:551. vedhah: The Provider.552. svangah: He who is both the Instrumental Cause and the Material Cause of the Universe.553. ajitah: He who is unconquered, and unconquerable.554. krshnah: One who is always in a state of Bliss and the Dark-hued.555. drdhah: He who assumes firm and concrete vyuha forms for the benefit of His devotees556. sankarshanah: He who draws others near Him.557. acyutah: One who never slips from His glory558. varunah: He who envelops.559. varunah: He who is with those who have sought Him as their Lord or svami.560. vrikshah: He who provides shade like a tree561. pushkarakshah: He who has beautiful lotus-like eyes.562. maha-manah: He who has a great mind.Shlokha 60:563. bhagavan: He who is worthy of worship.564. bhagaha: He who is possessed of auspicious qualities.565. nandi or anandi: He who has nanda as His father566. vanamali: He who has the vanamala garland.567. halayudhah: One who has the plough in His hand.568. adityah: who was son of Aditi in her previous birth.569. jyotir-adityah: The Resplendent Sun570 sahishnuh: He who is endowed with enormous patience.570. gati-sattamah: The best instructor in the path of dharma.Shlokha 61:572. sudhanva: He Who has a splendid bow.573. khanda-parasuh: He with the broken axe.574. darunah: He who is merciless to those who deviate from the path of virtue.575. dravina-pradah: The Bestower of wealth.576. divisprk: He who touches the skies.577. sarvadrk: He who is in the form of knowledge of all forms.578. vyasah: He who arranged the Vedas and the puranas579. vacas-patih: The Master of words.580. ayonijah: The Unborn.Shlokha 62:581. tri-sama: He who is propounded by the three-fold Sama Veda.582. sama-gah: The singer of Sama.583. sama: He who removes the sins of those who sing about Him.584. nirvanam: He who is the cause of Bliss to His devotees.585. bheshajam: The Remedy.586. bhishak: The Physician.587. sannyasa-krt: He who leads you to sanyassa.588. Samah: He who instructs on how to control anger.589. Santah: He whose mind is always tranquil.590. nishtha: The object of concentration.591. santih: Peace and the object of meditation.592. parayanam: The Ultimate Means.Shlokha 63:593. Subhangah: He Who has a handsome form.594. santi-dah: The bestower of eternal peace.595. srashtA: The Creator.596. ku-mudah: He who is happy in His relation to this world in various forms.597. kuvalesayah: He who is reclining in the waters surrounding this earth.598. gohitah: He who looks after the welfare of the world.599. gopatih: The Lord of the Celestial world.600. gopta: The Protector.601. vrshabhakshah: He who is the Support for the cycle of samsara in the form of dharma.602. vrshapriyah: He who is dear to the virtuous.Shlokha 64:603. anivarti: He Who does not turn away from dharma under any circumstance.604. nivrttatma: He whose Nature is superior to everything.605. samkshepta: He who constrains or limits.606. kshema-krt: He who does what is good for His devotees.607. sivah: He who gives auspicious things to His devotees.608. srivatsa-vakshah: He who has the Srivatsa mole on His chest.609. srI-vasah: The Abode of Lakshmi.610. srI-patih: The Consort of Lakshmi611. srImatam-varah: The Best Among those who possess affluence and knowledge.Shlokha 65:612. Sridah: The Giver of Glories. om Sridaya namh.613. SriSah: He Who is the lord of Sri.614. Srinivasah: He who is in The Abode of Lakshmi615. Srinidhih: He in whom lakshmi or wealth resides.616. Srivibhavanah: He who owes His greatness to Lakshmi.617. Sridharah: The Bearer of Sri.618. Srikarah: He who is with Lakshmi in his incarnations.619. sreyas-sriman: He who has Lakshmi who is resorted to by devotees for attaining the good.620. loka-trayasrayah: He Who is the Resort for all three worlds.Shlokha 66:621. svakshah: The Beautiful-Eyed.622. sva’ngah: The Lovely-bodied.623. SatAnandah: He of infinite Bliss.624. nandih: He who is ever delighted.625. jyotir-gaNeSvarah: The Lord of the host of lustrous deities626. vijitAtmA: He whose mind has been conquered by devotees.627. vidheyAtmA: He who has the jiva-s as subservient to Him.628. sat-kIrtih: He of true renown.629. chinna-samSayah: The Dispeller of all doubts.Shlokha 67:630. udirnah: He Who visibly manifests Himself through His incarnations.631. sarvatash-cakshuh: He Who is visible to the eyes of all.632. anisah: He Who has no one above Him as the Master.633. sasvata-sthirah: He Who is eternally existent and steady.634. bhusayah: He who lies inside every one of His creations as their antaryami.635. bhushaNah: He Who becomes adorned636. bhutih: He Who is the personification of Glory637. asokah: He Who is without sorrow.638. sokanasanah: The Destroyer of sorrows.Shlokha 68:639. arcishman: He Who has great luster.640. arcitah: He Who is worshipped.641. kumbhah: He Who shines in this world.642. visuddhatma: He of a pure nature.643. visodhanah: The Purifier.644. aniruddho: One who cannot be restricted.645. apratirathah: The Matchless.646. pradyumnah: He Who illumines the jivas.647. amitavikramah: He of immeasurable steps.Shlokha 69:648. kalaneminiha: The destroyer of the wheel of ignorance of Time.649. saurih: The son of Sura651. sura-janesvarah: The Chief of the sura-s or the valiant people.652. tri-lokatma: He Who is the atma for everything in all the three worlds.653. tri-lokesah: The Ruler of the three worlds.654 kesavah: One who has beautiful locks of hair.655. kesiha: He who killed the asura by name Kesi.656. harih: The green-hued.Shlokha 70:657. kama-devah: The One who grants all desires.658. kama-palah: The Protector of those who desire Him.659. kami: He who is of fulfilled desires.660. kantah: He Who is charming.661.krtagamah: The Revealer of the sacred mantra-s to the pure-minded.662. anirdesya-vapuh: He of indefinable form.663. vishnuh: The Pervader.664. virah: The Valiant.665. anantah: The Limitless.666. dhananjayah: He Who surpasses all other wealth in being desired.Shlokha 71:667. brahmanyah: He who is beneficial to anyone pursuing Brahman.668. brahma-krt-brahma: The Creator Who created Brahma669. brahma: The Supreme Brahman, Paramatma.670. brahma-vivardhanah: He Who grows and nurtures everything in a big way671. brahmavit: The Knower of the Vedas.672. brahmanah: The Instructor of the Vedas.673. brahmi: He who possesses all the brahmanic qualities674. brahmanjah: The Knower of the inner meaning of the Vedas.675. brahmana-priyah: He Who is specially liked by the brahamanas.Shlokha 72:676. mahakramah: He Who provides easy step-by-step access for the elevation of His devotee.677. mahakarma:He of great actions.678. mahatejah: He of great Resplendence.679. mahoragah: He Who has the serpent ananta as His bed.680. mahakratuh: He Who is worshiped by the great yagas.681. mahayajva: He Who performs great sacrifices.682. mahayajnah: He Who manifests Himself in the form of the best of yajnas.683. mahahavih: He Who is worshiped with supreme oblations.Shlokha 73:684. stavyah: He Who is worthy of praise.685. stava-priyah: He Who is pleased by the praise in whatever form it is offered.686. stotram: The ultimate chant.687. stutah: He Who is praised.688. stota: He Who praises those who extol Him.689. rana-priyah: He Who delights in battle.690. purnah: He Who is complete.691. purayita: The Fulfiller of the desires of His devotees.692. punyah: The Purifier.693. punya-kirtih: He Whose kirti or praise is also purifying694. anamayah: He Who is beyond pain or sufferingShlokha 74:695. mano-javah: He Who is swift as thought.696. tIrtha-karah: He Who is the source of the holy waters.697. vasu-retah: The Source of Luster.698. vasu-pradah: The Giver of Treasure.699. Vasu-Pradah: The giver of glory.700. vasu-devah: The presiding Deity of the dwadasakshari 12-lettered vasu-deva mantra.701. vasuh: The Dweller in the hearts of His devotees.702. vasu-manah: He Who has a pure mind without any afflictions.703. havih: He who is the Sacrificial Offering.Shlokha 75:704. sadgatih: He Who who provides the right path for the good.705. satkrtih: He who is full of good actions.706. satta: Existence Incarnate.707. sadbhutih: He Who is endowed with rich glories708. satparayanam: The Support for the good.709. sura-senah: He with a valiant army.710. yadu-sreshthah: The pre-eminent among the Yadavas.711. sannivasah: The Abode of the saintly.712. suyamunah: He Who lifts up and protects the jivas during the time of pralaya.Shlokha 76:713. bhutavasah: He Who is the abode of all creatures.714. vasudevah: He who is the light715. sarvasunilayah: The Abode and support of all souls.716. analah: He Who is never satisfied that He has done enough for His devotees.717. darpaha: The Destroyer of pride.718. darpa-dah: The Bestower of beauty and attractiveness in everything.719. adrptah: He Who is not proud Himself.720. durdharah: He Who is difficult to control721. aparajitah: The Invincible.Shlokha 77:722. visvamurtih: He Who has the Universe as His body.723. mahamurtih: He of Immense form724. diptamurtih: He with a shining form.725. amurtiman: He Who has no fixed Forms726. anekamurtaye: He of many forms.727. avyaktaha: He Who cannot be easily realized.728. Satamurtisa: He with a hundred forms.729. satanana: He Who is many-faced.Shlokha 78:730. Ekah: One Who is Unique and matchless in all respects.731. naikah: He Who is not One only.732. sah: He Who spreads knowledge.733. vah: The Dweller.734. kah: He Who shines.735. kim: He Whose praise is sung by His devotees,736. yat: That Which already exists.737. tat: He Who increases the kIrti of His devotees.738. padam anuttamam: The Supreme Goal.739. loka-bandhuh: One to Whom everything is bound since He is their Support.740. loka-nathah: The Protector of the world.741. Madhavah: The Consort of Lakshmi.742. bhakta-vatsalah: Affectionate towards the devoteesShlokha 79:743. suvarna-varnah: The golden-hued.744. hema’ngah: He of golden-hued limbs.745. vara’ngah: He Who displayed His Divine Form to devaki in response to her prayers.746. candana’ngadI: He Who is adorned with delightful armlets.747. viraha: The Slayer of the strong demons.748. vishamah: He Who destroyed the effect of the poison that was consumed by rudra during the churning of the Milk Ocean.749. sunyah: He Who is without any attributes750. ghrtasIh: He Who sprinkles the world with prosperity751. a-calah: He Who is unshakable against His enemies.752. calah: He Who movesShlokha 80:753. a-manI: He Who is not proud.754. mana-dah: He who honors others755. manyah: The Object of honor.756. loka-svamI: The Master of the Universe.757. tri-loka-dhrt: He who supports the three worlds758. su-medhah: He who has good intentions.759. medha-jah: He who was born as a result of a sacrifice.760. dhanyah: The Blessed.761. satya-medhah: He of true thoughts762. dharadharah: He Who supports the earth.Shlokha 81:763. tejo-vrshah: He Who showers His splendor on His devotees in the form of His protection.764. dyuti-dharah: He Who is like a majesty.765. sarva-Sastra-bhrtam-varah: The Best among those warriors who are armed with all weapons. O766. pragrahah: The Controller.767. nigrahah: He Who has a firm control over all creation.768. vyagrah: He Who has no end.769. naika-sr’ngah: He Who has many rays of effulgence radiating from Him.770. gadagrajah: The elder brother of gadaShlokha 82:771. catur-murtih: He of Four Forms.772. catur-bahuh: The Four-armed.773. catur-vyuhah: He of the form of four forms774. catur-gatih: He Who is in the form of the four purusharthas.775. catur-atma: He Who has four forms in His vyUha incarnation.776. catur-bhavah: The Source of the four – varnas, asramas, purursharthas, etc.777. catur-veda-vit: He Who is the Knower of the four Vedas.778. eka-pat: He Whose manifestation in the form of this Universe is only one-fourth of Himself.Shlokha 83:779. samavartah: He Who takes incarnations again and again for the benefit of His devotees.780. nivrttatma: He whose mind is turned away from worldly attachments.781. dur-jayah: He Who is Invincible.782. dur-atikramah: He Who cannot be bypassed by those who seek relief from samsaraw785. dur-gah: He Whose realization is constrained by our own limitations.786. dur-avasah: He whose place of residence (Sri vaikunTham) is not easy to attain.787. durari-ha: The Dispeller of the evil-minded enemies.Shlokha 84:788. Subha’ngah: He with an auspicious form that is meditated upon by His true devotees.789. loka-sara’ngah: He Who is reachable through the essence (sara) of the vedas, namely pranava. And is the object of devotion (loka-sara).790. su-tantuh: He Who has expanded this Universe starting from Himself.791. tantu-vardhanah: He Who augments the expansion of Himself into this world, by protecting it.792. indra-karma: He Who is responsible for the powers of indra.793. mahA-karma: He of magnanimous actions.794. krta-karma: One Who has achieved all there is to achieve.795. Krtagamah: The Propounder of spiritual texts.Shlokha 85:796. udbhavah: He Who rose above samsara.797. Sundarah: He Who is handsome.798. sundah: He Who is soft to His devotees.799. ratna-nabhah: He with a gem-like navel.800. su-locanah: One with beautiful eyes.801. Arkah: He Who is praised.802. vaja-sanih: He Who provides for the nourishment of all His creation.803. sr’ngi: He Who had a horn in His matsya and varAha incarnations.804. jayantah: The Conquerer.805. sarva-vij-jayI: He Who is Omniscient and Victorious.Shlokha 86:806. suvarna-binduh: He Who has a beautiful form with golden-colored beautiful limbs807. a-kshobhyah: He who is unshaken by desire.808. sarva-vag-isvara-isvarah: The Lord of all who have a mastery over all words.809. maha-hradah: He Who has created the great oceans so that the earth does not become completely dry and perish.810. maha-gartah: The Great Charioteer of mahabharata fame.811. maha-bhutah: He Who considers great men as His own.812. maha-nidhih: He Who has the great treasure in the form of His devotees.Shlokha 87:813. kumudah: He Who is on this earth with delight by enjoying the association with His devotees.814. kundarah: The Bestower of the knowledge of the Supreme Reality815. kundah: He Who cleanses the sins of His devotees.816. parjanyah: He Who bestows His blessings on the devotees like the rain-cloud.817. pavanah: He Who is the forrn of the wind.818. anilah: He Who is easily accessible to His devotees819. amrtasah: He Who feeds His devotees with the Nectar –820. amrta-vapuh: He of a Nectar-like body.821. sarvaj~nah: He Who knows all.822. sarvato-mukhah: He Who has faces on all sides.Shlokha 88:823. su-labhah: He Who can be easily attained.824. su-vratah: He Who has taken a good and strong vow.825. siddhah: He Whose protection is ever available for his devotees.826. Satru-jit-satru-tapanah: He Who occupies the bodies of Satru- jits to torment His devotees’ enemies.827. nyag-rodhodumbarah: He Who has the most auspicious SrI vaikuntham as His abode and He Who is ‘above the sky’828. asvattah: He Who has established the demi-gods for performing various functions829. canurandhra-nishudanah; He Who slew the wrestler by name canura.Shlokha 89:830. sahasrarcih: The Thousand-rayed who illumines everything in this Universe.831. sapta-jihvah: The seven-tongued.832. saptaidhah: One Who is kindled in the form of fire by the seven kinds of offerings.833. sapta-vahanah: He Who has seven vehicles in the form of the seven Vedic mantra-s represented by the seven horses of the Sun:834. a-murtih: He Who does not have a body that is affected by karma835. an-aghah: He Who is of blemishless character.836. a-cintyah: He Who cannot be completely comprehended in our minds.837. bhya-krt: He Who causes fear.838. bhaya-nasanah: He Who destroys fear.Shlokha 90:839. anuh: He Who has the power of being smaller than anything small that is known to us.840. brhat: The Great.841. krsah: He Who is lighter than the light and is thinner than anything thin842. sthulah: He Who is immense.843. guna-bhrt: He Who supports the three guNa-s of sattva, rajas, and tamas.844. nir-gunah: He Who is bereft of the common qualities and has special flavours.845. mahan: He Who is supreme in everything.846. a-dhrtah: The Unconstrained.847. sva-dhrtah: He Who is Self-sustained and superior848. svasyah: He Who has a glorious status and is superior over the mukta-s.849. prag-vamsah: He Who is the cause of the eternally free souls850. vamsa-vardhanah: He Who keeps His progeny growingShlokha 91:851. bhara-bhrt: He Who shoulders the burden.852. kathitah: He Whose greatness is extolled by all the Vedas, Puranas, etc.853. yogI: He Who is endowed with super-human powers.854. yogisah: He Who is the foremost Lord of all yogins.855. sarva-kama-dah: He Who bestows all desires.856. asramah: He Who provides an abode of rest for the seekers.857. Sramanah: He Who makes it possible to continue the effort of uncompleted yoga in the next birth.858. ksamah: He Who alone is left behind at the time of pralaya.859. suparnah: One Who has beautiful wings and He has suparna – Garuda as His vahana.860. vayu-vahanah: He Who makes the wind flow for the benefit of sustaining life.Shlokha 92:861. dhanur-dharah: The wielder of the bow.862. dhanur-vedah: The Propounder of the science of archery.863. dandah: He Who is verily the weapon (power) of yama – the danda.864. damayita: The Subduer of the enemies of His devotees.865. a-damah: He Who is not subdued by anyone.866. a-parajitah: He Who is invincible.867. sarva-sahah: The Supporter of all the other deities.868. niyanta: He Who directs.869. niyamah: He Who controls.870. yamah: He Who is beyond yama or mrityu .Shlokha 93:871. sattva-van: He Who controls the sattva guna that paves the way for liberation872. Sattvikah: He Who confers the fruits of sattva guna873. Satyah: One Who is well-disposed towards pious souls.874. satya-dharma-parayanah: He Who is pleased with the true dharma practiced by His devotees875. abhiprayah: He Who is the object of choice.876. priyarhah: He Who is rightly the object of love.877. arhah: The greatest Lord to be worshipped.878. priya-krt: He Who does what is wanted by others.879. prIti-vardhanah: Who increases the joy of His devoteesShlokha 94:880. vihayasa-gatih: He Who is the means for the attainment of paramapadam.881. Jyotih: The Light that leads to Sri Vaikuntham and is self-luminous.882. su-rucih: He of lovely effulgence883. huta-bhug-vibhuh: He that is the Bright Fortnight of the Moon.884. ravih: The Sun with his brilliance.885. virocanah: He of various splendors – such as Sun, moon, day, night, etc.886. suryah: One who generates Sri or brilliance in surya or agni.887. Savita: He Who produces or brings life in the form of the Sun.888. ravi-locanah: He Who illuminates.Shlokha 95:889. ananta-huta-bhug-bhokta: He Who is indra and brahma890. sukha-dah: The Giver of Bliss to His devotees.891. naika-dah: The Giver of many things892. agra-jah: He Who manifests in front of the mukta-s.893. a-nir-vinnah: He Who is not tired of fulfilling the wishes of His devotees.894. sada-marshI: He Who is ever patient895. lokadhishthanam: The Support of all the worlds.896. adbhutah: He Who is extremely wonderful.Shlokha 96:897. sanat: The Object of enjoyment.898. sanatana-tamah: The Most Ancient.899. kapilah: He Who is of beautiful complexion.900. kapir-avyayah: He Who enjoys the never-diminishing Bliss.901. svasti-dah: The Giver of Auspiciousness.902. svasti-krt: The Doer of good to the devotees.903. svasti: He Who is Auspiciousness.904. svasti-bhuk: The Protector of all that is auspicious.905. svasti-dakshinah: He Who gives auspicious things as dakshina to his devotees.Shlokha 97:906. a-raudrah: He Who is not driven to anger easily.907. Kundali: He Who is bedecked with beautiful ear-rings.908. cakrI: One with the Discus in His arm.909. vikrami: He Who has great prowess.910. urjita-sasanah: He of inviolable commands.911. sabdatigah: He Who is beyond words.912. sabda-sahah: He Who shoulders the burden913. sisirah: He Who rushed to render help.914. sarvari-karah: He Who had the destructive weapons in his hands.Shlokha 98:915. a-krurah: He Who was not cruel.916. pesalah: He Who is charming and soft917. dakshath: He Who removes evil elements very quickly918. dakshinah: He Who is pleasing and amiable.919. kshaminam-varah: The foremost in bearing the burden of protection of His devotees920. vidvat-tamah: The Best among those who know what to do.921. vita-bhayah: He because of Whom fear is dispelled.922. punya-sravana-kIrtanah: He Whose nama sravanam and kirtanam are purifying.Shlokha 99:923. uttaranah: He Who lifts up.924. dushkrti-ha: He Who slays the evil-doers925. punyah: The Purifier.926. dus_svapna-nasanah: The Remover of evil dreams.927. vIra-ha: He Who is most powerful.928. rakshanah: The Savior.929. santah: He Who makes those who have sought refuge in Him prosper.930. jivanah: The Life-Giver.931. paryavasthitah: He Who stands beside.Shlokha 100:932. ananta-rupah: He of infinite Forms.933. ananta-srih: He of infinite wealth, glory, power, etc.934. jita-manyuh: He Who has conquered His anger.935. bayapahah: He Who destroys the fear in the mind of the devotee.936. catur-asrah: One Who is skilled in all aspects.937. gabhiratma: He of deep and profound nature.938. vidisah: One Who can be reached from all directions.939. vyadisah: He Who appoints the different gods in their respective positions940. disah: He Who commands.Shlokha 101:941. anadih: He Who is not realized by many because of their ignorance942. bhur-bhuvah: He Who supports that which supports the earth. Sky etc943. lakshmih: The Wealth.944. suviro: Good fighter.945. rucira’ngadah: He Who bestows His lovely form for His devotees to enjoy.946. jananah: The Creator.947. jana-janmadih: He Who is the root cause of all beings948. bhimah: He Who is frightful to those who do not follow dharma.949. bhima-parakramya: one who is the all powerful figher.Shlokha 102:950. Aadhaaranilayah: One who is the fundamental sustainer951. Adhaataa: Above whom there is no other to control or to command952. Pushpahaasah: He who shines like an opening flower.953. Prajaagarah: Ever-Awaked -He who knows no sleep954. Oordhvagah: One who walks the path of truth955. Satpaatacharah: One who walks the path of truth.956. Praanadah: One who gives ‘Praana’ to all.957. Pranavah: One who is The Infinite reality is indicated by ‘OM’ in the Vedas.958. Panah: The supreme Manager of the universe.Shlokha 103:959. Pramaanam: He whose very form is the Vedas960. Praananilayah: He in whom all praanas stand established.961. Praana-brit: He who rules over all Praanas962. Praana-jeevanah: He who maintains the life-birth in all living creatures963. Tattvam: He who isthe Reality that which is eternal964. Tattvavit: One who has realized fully the reality.965. Ekaatmaa: Supersoul in the universe.966. Janma-mrityu-jaraa-atigah: One who has no change or modifications in HimselfShlokha 104:967. Bhoor-bhuvas-svas-taruh: One who nurtures the the three lokas.968. Tarrah: One who helps all to cross -over969. Savitaa: Hewho is the eternal father of the entire Universe.970. Pra-pitaamahah: He who is the father of even the Father of all Beings971. Yajnah: One whose very nature is yajna.972. Yajna-patih: The lord of all yajnas973. Yajvaa: The one who performs Yajna according to the strict prescriptions laid down in Vedas.974. Yajnaangah: One whose limbs are employed in Yajna.975. Yajna-vaahanah: One who fulfils YajnasShlokha 105:976. Yajna-bhrit: the ruler of the Yajnas977. Yajna-Krit: One who performs Yajna978. Yajnee: One who is constant ‘Enjoyer’ of the perpetual Yajnas979. Yajnee: All that is offered into the sacred Fire during a Yajna980. Yajna-saadhanah: One who fulfills all Yajnas.981. Yajnaantakrit: One who performs the last act in all Yajnas.982. yagna-guhyam: One who is the most profound truth to be realised in all yajnas983. Annam: One who has himself become the food984. Annaadah: Onewho eats the food.Shlokha 106:–985. Aatma-yohin: One who is himself the material cause986. Svayam-jaatah: One who is the lord of the universe987. Vai-Khaanah: The one who dug through the earth988. saama-gaayanah: One who signs the Saama-songs989. Devakeenandhanah: He who was born to Devakee in his Incarnation as Krishna990. Srashtaa: One who creates991. Kshiteesah: One who is the lord of the earth.992. Paapa-naasanah: meditating upon whom, all vaasanaas are liquidated.Shlokha 107:993. Samkha-bhrit: One who has the divine conch named Paanchajanya994. Nandakee: The lord’s sword is called Nandaka.995. Chakree: one who carries the discus called Sudarsana.996. Saarnga-dhanvaa: One who aims his unerring bow called Saarnga997. Gadda-dharah: One who holds his divine club (Mace) celebrated as Kaumodakee998. Rathanga-paanih: One who has the wheel of the chariot as his weapon.999. Akshobhyah: One who cannot be exasperated by anyone1000. Sarva-praharanaayudhah: He who has all implements for all kinds of assault and fight.Sloka 108Vanamalee gadhee sarnghee Sanghee Chakree ca nandaki |Sreemaan NaarayaNo VishnurVasuDevOabhirakshathu ||Sree VasuDeVoabhirakshathu Om Nama: ithi |https://jothishi.com/vishnu-sahasranamam-1000-names/