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Understanding Vectors and Matrices is essential . Some Linear Algebra is helpful. http://www.essentialmath.com/GDC2009/Vectors_and_Matrices_Final.pptx contains the very essential mathematics required. Points, Colors are all represented by vectors. The transformations applied on them are represented by Matrices. Books by Peter Shirley covers the essentials. There are other fancy stuff, which you can omitMathematical models of lighting are used to simulate the effects of lights (per-pixel lighting/ reflection / shadows/ etc). Texture mapping is used to apply an image on to a geometry. This mapping is defined by a mathematical function - for e.g spherical map to wrap rectangular image on a sphere. Sampling texture for mapping is analogous to sampling signals, so some signal processing theory also would help.At highlevel, this is how graphics pipeline works1) Geometry of the 3D Model is described .2) The geometry is divided into triangles. Transformations are applied to the model (i.e triangles of the model) are called Model Transforms3) We have a virtual camera corresponding to eye. The transformation applied on the camera are called View Transforms4) To give a 3D effect, perspective projection is applied which converts the 3D model to 2D space. These are called Projection Transforms5) Model View Projection Transformations transform the objects and put them into screen space. These are described by MVP matrices6) Rasterize the triangles to get the pixels( they are called fragments till you get to the final stage)7) Fragments are shaded. It can be as simple as using interpolated color or complex (Apply lighting and texturing to get realism)8) Fragments are combined(blended) to get a single pixel. The combination can be any arbitary operation like blending or as simple as displaying the closest pixel to the observer . This blending phase combine the fragments generated by (possibly several primitives that overlapped and compute final colorLearn more about the Graphics pipeline from OpenGL BasicsNow you must realize at a very highlevel, we do the following1. Transformation - Transform the geometry to Screen space2. Rasterization - Rasterize the pixels(or fragments)3. Applying Lighting and Texturing4. Blend the fragments to single color.5. Shaders are user defined code used to customize the pipelineWe will expand on each of these section in detailsTransformationWatch few introductory videos e.g , this video from Samsung gives overview of the transformationsBecome familiar with the transformations going on at high level (these are model, view and projection transformations). Also be familiar with terms like View Frustum . Some basic math will help in knowing what is going on Diary of a Graphics Programmer. Optionally if you like to know more details and the math GLSL Programming/Vertex TransformationsNow start reading articlesAn intro to modern OpenGL. Table of ContentsPage on NtuPage on NtuOpenGLThe Basic Graphics PipelineRASTERIZATIONRasterization is simply the process of finding which pixels are lying inside the triangle. We can say that we are just coloring the triangles. If the color attributes at the vertices are same we can uniformly color the region. Otherwise the attributes at the vertices must be interpolated. See a demo of interpolated triangle in openGLLIGHTINGRecall that rasterizer just interpolates the color. For most applications this is sufficient, but in presence of light we need more sophisticated models. The effect of light is captued using Shading equations. The simplest lighting is Flat Shading. There are advanced mathematical models like Phong/Gourard.Get Overview of Lighting fromoptionally if you want to learn Lighting in detail, watch video by Barbara HeckerIt covers different lighting models.Texture MappingLearn some basic texture mapping herePage on CsusbOptionally you can also dive into advanced texture mapping -Advanced Texture-MappingBlendingThe blending phase combine the fragments generated by (possibly several primitives that overlapped and compute final colorLearn about different blending modes hereShader Effects: Blend ModesWe also need to remove parts of those surfaces that are partially obscured by other surfaces. These are called hidden surfaces. Hidden Surface Removal. This is done using Depth bufferSHADERSRead how the fixed functionality of the pipeline is replaced using shadersGLSL TutorialShader ExamplesBOOKSI found book by Peter Shirely to be very good for learning the concepts of computer graphics. Most books dive into the details without giving the motivation. Shirley gives good background of the concepts.Fundamentals of Computer Graphics: Peter Shirley, Michael Ashikhmin, Steve Marschner: 9781568814698: Amazon.com: BooksVIDEOSwatch courses like Online Graphics (Berkeley CS 184) Videos or NPTELWatching few videos in Computer Graphics Series by Dr. Sukhendu dasand also few related videos in the play listSubscribe to youtube channel Computer graphics. Most of the videos are general and not informative like lectures. But they are motivating This video is also very general, but may interest if you are into game programmingDEMOSWatch demos of how things work. There are lot of demos that let you change for e.g the model view projection matrices , lighting parameters. One of the best demos is from Nate Robbins. Get Nate Robbin's OpenGL demos and change the parameters and see how it affects the rendering.Have OpenGL Programming as reference. There seems to be hundreds of OpenGL calls. Its easy to learn if you break down to categories. This page has nicely summarized them OpenGL Quick Reference GuideIdeally you should install some framework on your local system, but if you want quick web demo, useWeb DemosThe Lessons | Learning WebGLWebGL Shader Lab - Coded StructureLesson 0: Getting started with WebGL or other frameworksOnline WebGL GLSL Shader editorPRACTICE OpenGL USING GLUT / FreeGLUTOpenGL Step by Step has some exercises. Try few of them. Install GLUTPage on Ntu helps in installing glut. Try Some Keyboard and Mouse HandlingMouse event handling source code in OpenGL. Try some animation e.g Moving ball. Apply Texture usingOpenGL Programming/Intermediate/TexturesGet the OpenGL code running with Shaders. Watch this for reference. Page on Csusb. Write you own Fragment shader to draw circleFragment Shader Introduction. Write your own shader for lighting usingWebGL Lesson 13 - per-fragment lighting and multiple programsPRACTICE OpenGLESOpenGLES is a subset of OpenGL. It deprecates few functions like glBegin/glEnd which is used to describe geometry. Get OpenGLES samples working on AndroidAndroid Lesson One: Getting Started.In OpenGLES, geometry is specified using Vertex Buffers. Learn more about it hereChapter 5. Objects in Depth .Try advanced stuff on android also e.g Android Lesson Four: Introducing Basic TexturingiPhone usersOpenGL ES From the Ground Up, Part 2: A Look at Simple DrawingAll about OpenGL ES 2.x - (part 2/3)OpenGL ES Programming Guide for iOSADDTIONAL RESOURCESThough OpenGL doesn't care about the modeling tools, its good to understand the overview how this is done. Just take a quick glance atPage on CssbYou can dive into math if you are interestedPage on Essentialmath. Homogeneous Coordinates are used to represent verticesIf you want an indepth knowledge read A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011, part 1 and other partsAnd watch in depth lectures by John Owens (UCDavis)(this one is on Pipeline overview, but also others on Rasterization etc)

Great question! I’ll try to fill in any points that haven’t been touched upon yet.Front end:HTMLCSSJavaScriptBack endSQLPHPPythonRuby on RailsJavaASP. NETIf you’re looking for more information, here’s a brief summary of the languages listed above.Front endHTMLHTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard language of the web. It defines the content and layout of a page. Unlike programming languages, markup languages don’t explain how the page is displayed, but instead explain what is displayed. The browser contains the instructions needed to render the page.HTML uses tags to identify different parts of a web page. Some examples include:<h1>: Renders text as a first-level header<p>: Defines a paragraph<strong>: Marks text as important (typically results in browsers displaying it in bold)CSSIf HTML is the structure of the web page, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is the decoration. CSS controls the appearance of content, allowing you to add colors, change fonts, and even set animations. While you don’t need CSS, web pages look rather plain without it.You can even embed CSS directly into HTML, although the standard approach is to bundle CSS in a separate CSS file and reference that file in your HTML document.JavaScriptJavaScript is the most commonly used language among developers, and with good reason. JavaScript is the web’s scripting language, allowing you to turn static pages into dynamic and interactive pages. When you open a website in your browser, everything that happens after the page is finished loading is done using JavaScript. JavaScript powers everything from Facebook’s news feed to Google Maps to Amazon’s shopping cart.Libraries and toolsMany websites use libraries to extend the capabilities of HTML, CSS and JavaScript. jQuery is the most widely used JavaScript library, powering over 74 million websites. When it was first released in 2006, browsers used different (sometimes incompatible) implementations of JavaScript. jQuery bridged these inconsistencies, letting developers write code that worked in any browser.For a complete front-end solution, Bootstrap is a popular toolkit that lets you quickly get started creating websites. Created by Twitter, it offers a framework that includes pre-designed site layouts, page elements and templates.Back endSQLStructured Query Language (SQL) is the most common query language. It’s used in relational database servers such as MySQL, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server, SQLite and PostgreSQL. While many of these languages provide different functionality for SQL, the core syntax is often the same. For example, a SQL query to pull user data might look like this:SELECT Username, Email, Password FROM User WHERE Email = '[email protected]' In this query, we SELECT the Username, Email and Password columns FROM the User table WHERE the row’s E-mail address field is “[email protected]”. The SQL server filters the rows, finds the correct one and pulls the requested data. SQL is an incredibly powerful language that you can use to search, modify and even create databases.PHPPHP (a recursive acronym for “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is the most popular backend language today, powering over 80% of the world’s websites. The reason for its popularity lies in its origins: when PHP was first released in 1995, there were few options for building dynamic websites. PHP was an easier alternative and allowed beginners to quickly create websites containing forms and database connections. Even today, developers with little to no web development experience can quickly get started with PHP.Today, PHP drives some of the world’s biggest websites including Facebook, Wikipedia, WordPress and Yahoo. Despite being originally created in 1994, PHP is still an incredibly useful language with high demand for new developers.PythonPython is a versatile language used for both web and desktop development. Python’s strength is that it’s extremely accessible to beginners. Besides the tutorials and guides offered on the Python website, the language itself is easy to understand. Compared to many other languages, Python has a simple and concise syntax. It also has an enormous community of users contributing code samples, libraries, guides and development resources.Some of the most popular libraries for machine learning are written in Python, including Google’s TensorFlow and Microsoft’s Cognitive Toolkit.Ruby on RailsRuby on Rails (or simply Rails) is a web development language built on top of the Ruby programming language. Rails encourages a particular way of developing websites and provides a set of tools for accomplishing common tasks (known as “The Rails Way”). This saves you the trouble of having to implement these tasks yourself. For example, you can create a basic blog simply by installing rails and running the following command in a terminal:$ rails new blog This copies a set of predefined files into a new directory and installs any additional libraries, requiring little to no backend work on your part.JavaJava is the world’s most popular overall programming language. Due to its versatility, Java runs on devices ranging from smartphones to smart cards. Java also powers desktop applications, business applications, and of course, web applications.Java’s strength lies in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). With many languages, compiling a program generates code that can only run on computers similar to the one the program was compiled on. With Java, the JVM acts as a middle layer between the compiled code and the computer. Any device that can run a JVM can run Java code no matter where the code was originally compiled.While Java is less beginner-friendly than Python, it’s extremely popular with desktop and business software developers.The Official Microsoft ASP.NET SiteASP. NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft for building websites using the C# and Visual Basic programming languages. Modern ASP. NET sites are predominantly built using the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern. In MVC, backend duties are handled by a controller, which interacts with a model to process data. The result is then presented to the view for display as a front-end web page. Other languages support similar functionality through the use of template engines (see the Python wiki for examples), but in ASP.NET MVC it’s a part of the framework itself.If you want to learn more about Development, check out this resource.Hope this helps!

Go through some presentations that describes overview of OpenGL Graphics e.gOpenGLES - Graphics Programming in Android (Disclosure: My talk at GDG conference)At highlevel, this is how graphics pipeline works1) Geometry of the 3D Model is described .2) The geometry is divided into triangles. Transformations are applied to the model (i.e triangles of the model) are called Model Transforms3) We have a virtual camera corresponding to eye. The transformation applied on the camera are called View Transforms4) To give a 3D effect, perspective projection is applied which converts the 3D model to 2D space. These are called Projection Transforms5) Model View Projection Transformations transform the objects and put them into screen space. These are described by MVP matrices6) Rasterize the triangles to get the pixels( they are called fragments till you get to the final stage)7) Fragments are shaded. It can be as simple as using interpolated color or complex (Apply lighting and texturing to get realism)8) Fragments are combined(blended) to get a single pixel. The combination can be any arbitary operation like blending or as simple as displaying the closest pixel to the observer . This blending phase combine the fragments generated by (possibly several primitives that overlapped and compute final colorLearn more about the Graphics pipeline from OpenGL BasicsNow you must realize at a very highlevel, we do the following1. Transformation - Transform the geometry to Screen space2. Rasterization - Rasterize the pixels(or fragments)3. Applying Lighting and Texturing4. Blend the fragments to single color.5. Shaders are user defined code used to customize the pipelineWe will expand on each of these section in detailsTransformationWatch few introductory videos e.g , this video from Samsung gives overview of the transformationsBecome familiar with the transformations going on at high level (these are model, view and projection transformations). Also be familiar with terms like View Frustum . Some basic math will help in knowing what is going on Diary of a Graphics Programmer. Optionally if you like to know more details and the math GLSL Programming/Vertex TransformationsNow start reading articlesAn intro to modern OpenGL. Table of ContentsPage on NtuPage on NtuOpenGLThe Basic Graphics PipelineRASTERIZATIONRasterization is simply the process of finding which pixels are lying inside the triangle. We can say that we are just coloring the triangles. If the color attributes at the vertices are same we can uniformly color the region. Otherwise the attributes at the vertices must be interpolated. See a demo of interpolated triangle in openGLLIGHTINGRecall that rasterizer just interpolates the color. For most applications this is sufficient, but in presence of light we need more sophisticated models. The effect of light is captued using Shading equations. The simplest lighting is Flat Shading. There are advanced mathematical models like Phong/Gourard.Get Overview of Lighting fromoptionally if you want to learn Lighting in detail, watch video by Barbara HeckerIt covers different lighting models.Texture MappingLearn some basic texture mapping herePage on CsusbOptionally you can also dive into advanced texture mapping -Advanced Texture-MappingBlendingThe blending phase combine the fragments generated by (possibly several primitives that overlapped and compute final colorLearn about different blending modes hereShader Effects: Blend ModesWe also need to remove parts of those surfaces that are partially obscured by other surfaces. These are called hidden surfaces. Hidden Surface Removal. This is done using Depth bufferSHADERSRead how the fixed functionality of the pipeline is replaced using shadersGLSL TutorialShader ExamplesBOOKSI found book by Peter Shirely to be very good for learning the concepts of computer graphics. Most books dive into the details without giving the motivation. Shirley gives good background of the concepts.Fundamentals of Computer Graphics: Peter Shirley, Michael Ashikhmin, Steve Marschner: 9781568814698: Amazon.com: BooksVIDEOSwatch courses like Online Graphics (Berkeley CS 184) Videos or NPTELWatching few videos in Computer Graphics Series by Dr. Sukhendu dasand also few related videos in the play listSubscribe to youtube channel Computer graphics. Most of the videos are general and not informative like lectures. But they are motivating This video is also very general, but may interest if you are into game programmingDEMOSWatch demos of how things work. There are lot of demos that let you change for e.g the model view projection matrices , lighting parameters. One of the best demos is from Nate Robbins. Get Nate Robbin's OpenGL demos and change the parameters and see how it affects the rendering.Have OpenGL Programming as reference. There seems to be hundreds of OpenGL calls. Its easy to learn if you break down to categories. This page has nicely summarized them OpenGL Quick Reference GuideIdeally you should install some framework on your local system, but if you want quick web demo, useWeb DemosThe Lessons | Learning WebGLWebGL Shader Lab - Coded StructureLesson 0: Getting started with WebGL or other frameworksOnline WebGL GLSL Shader editorPRACTICE OpenGL USING GLUT / FreeGLUTOpenGL Step by Step has some exercises. Try few of them. Install GLUTPage on Ntu helps in installing glut. Try Some Keyboard and Mouse HandlingMouse event handling source code in OpenGL. Try some animation e.g Moving ball. Apply Texture usingOpenGL Programming/Intermediate/TexturesGet the OpenGL code running with Shaders. Watch this for reference. Page on Csusb. Write you own Fragment shader to draw circleFragment Shader Introduction. Write your own shader for lighting usingWebGL Lesson 13 - per-fragment lighting and multiple programsPRACTICE OpenGLESOpenGLES is a subset of OpenGL. It deprecates few functions like glBegin/glEnd which is used to describe geometry. Get OpenGLES samples working on AndroidAndroid Lesson One: Getting Started.In OpenGLES, geometry is specified using Vertex Buffers. Learn more about it here Chapter 5. Objects in Depth .Try advanced stuff on android also e.g Android Lesson Four: Introducing Basic TexturingiPhone usersOpenGL ES From the Ground Up, Part 2: A Look at Simple DrawingAll about OpenGL ES 2.x - (part 2/3)OpenGL ES Programming Guide for iOSADDTIONAL RESOURCESThough OpenGL doesn't care about the modeling tools, its good to understand the overview how this is done. Just take a quick glance at Page on CssbYou can dive into math if you are interestedPage on Essentialmath. Homogeneous Coordinates are used to represent verticesIf you want an indepth knowledge read A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011, part 1 and other partsAnd watch in depth lectures by John Owens (UCDavis)(this one is on Pipeline overview, but also others on Rasterization etc)