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HI Desikan JeyaramThe list of must-have WordPress Plugins is as follows:Yoast SEO: One of the most used Plugins among the thousands of plugins available online. It is the best SEO plugin available in the business. It not only helps you write better content but it also helps you creating Meta tags and link elements. The best part of the plugin is that it provides the XML sitemap functionality. So, you don’t need any other website optimization plugin if you have Yoast SEO installed.W3 Total Cache: W3 Total Cache is the WordPress Performance Optimization plugin. It is specially designed to improve website user experience and loading speed. It helps you increase server performance by reducing the downloading time. It also offers a transparent content delivery network (CDN) integration.Contact Form 7: Contact Form is the bridge between the business and the users. Contact Form 7 is the simplest yet flexible contact form plugin. It lets you easily create a contact form in WordPress website. You can manage many contact forms using Contact Form 7. It also lets you customize the form and email content through simple markup text. Contact Form 7 supports Ajax-powered submitting, CAPTCHA and Akismet spam filtering, etc.Wordfence Security: Website security has been the biggest challenge for webmasters. It is impossible to make the website 100% secure. But plugins like Wordfence Security can provide enterprise-level security to your WordPress website. It has the auto-schedule scanning option and keeps track of everything going on the website. Wordfence security immediately intimates you whenever anything shady takes place on the website.Updraft Plus: Plugins like Updraft Plus has made the WordPress backup and restoration easy. It offers you complete manual or scheduled backup options. And lets you store the backup on the different locations. You can store the backup on Google Drive, Dropbox, FTP, SFTP, Amazon S3, emails or any other options. Restoring the website from the Updraft Plus backup is also simple.Disqus Comment System: Disqus Comment System plugin is the best replacement of the WordPress’ default commenting system. Disqus makes commenting easier and more interactive. It offers threaded comments and replies along with the Subscribe and RSS options. Disqus also provides powerful moderation and spam filtering. It is among the best comments about moderation tools available online.Notify Subscribers: “Notify Subscribers” plugin gives you an option to send the post notification to the subscribers. You can send the customized email template as a notification using the different post fields. This Plugin also provides you a shortcode to create a custom email template and it allows you to display a custom error message. “Notify Subscribers” gives you all details about the subscribers and lets you manage that information. Plugin’s setting theme will be changed as per theme color change and supports multiple languages. Also, Offers widget as well as a shortcode. You can enable and disable notification for the custom and standard post types. It lets you export user details via CSV and PDF. It allows you to MailChimp Integration using API Key and List ID. Install today!BlogVault Backup Solution: Taking backups is a fundamental step towards securing a WordPress website. With BlogVault you get reliable backup and easy restoration facilities. It offers daily automatic backups that you can schedule or even take on-demand backup whenever needed. It lets you store backups off-site and offers access to backups for 365 days, along with a one-click restoration feature. There are options for real-time backups for WooCommerce sites and incremental backups for large websites. BlogVault comes with a built-in Staging and Merging feature for testing changes before making them on the live site. With BlogVault, you get backups that you can count on.Envira Gallery: Envira Gallery is probably the most powerful and easy-to-use WordPress gallery plugin. You can always create galleries in WP sites without using any plugins. But plugin like Envira Gallery helps you to create beautiful and responsive galleries. It has easy to use drag and drop gallery builder for photo and video galleries. You can create multiple galleries using Envira Gallery and place them anywhere on the site. It is the best WordPress Gallery Building plugin having easy to use interface and finest social media integration.MalCare Security Service: MalCare security service offers a comprehensive set of features that help secure a site by doing various things. It scans your site daily, cleans new and complex malware, and protects websites using a firewall. It facilitates updating websites and hardening them. It even offers a premium white-label solution along with an ability to generate beautiful and detailed client reports. When it comes to site security, MalCare offers complete peace of mind.Floating Social Bar: There are hundreds of social sharing plugins available for the WordPress websites. But if you are looking for the one that perfectly supports the big array of social networks, the Floating Social Bar is the one you need. It is the must-have plugin for any WordPress website that adds a floating social share bar in the content. It is slim, fast, easy-to-use and supports all major social media networks. You can add social sharing buttons for social networks like Twitter, Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Pinterest and many others using Floating Social Bar.WP-Optimize: WP-Optimize is an important database cleanup and optimization tool. The best thing about it is that it doesn’t need PhpMyAdmin to optimize the database tables. It cleans up all unnecessary and irrelevant data from the database. It lets you clean stuff like auto drafts, unapproved or spam comments and all other unnecessary stuff that occupies the database space without adding value to the website. You can also set up automatic clean and get notified via email. It is the best plugin to optimize your WP database.WooCommerce: WooCommerce is the most powerful, extendable and robust eCommerce plugin for WordPress. It is a free plugin that gives you total control over your shop. WooCommerce currently powers more than 30% of the online store. It lets you sell anything, anywhere and offers extensive payment options. It accepts all major credit cards, PayPal, BACS and Cash on delivery. Above all, it gives you a detailed report of your selling and customer interaction.Zendesk Chat: 83% of the online customer needs some kind of online support while making a purchase. Zendesk Live Chat is the fastest way to engage with your website visitors. It is a better way to chat with the website visitors to give them real-time customer support. Zendesk Chat for WordPress is mobile optimized and offers proactive chat. Zendesk is the most loved live chat support provider having more than 150,000 businesses registered for the service. It also offers advanced analytics to observe visitor flow and usage patterns.Jetpack: Jetpack is one of the most popular must have the plugin for any business website. It offers you a range of features from security to user experience optimization. Basically, it is the collection of the amazing features of the different plugins. This free of cost plugin offers you social sharing feature, contact form, CDN service, email subscription service and lots of other services. Jetpack is an open-source plugin that offers dedicated support to users.I hope this answer would help you to equip your website with the most essential wp plugins…

Blocked Port By-Pass Application: Apart from HTTP/HTTPS, all other ports are blocked. Our College LAN does not allow port 22 (SSH Port). Therefore, develop a tool that bypasses blocked port 22.New Network Protocol: UDP and TCP protocols have few problems/short-comings. Identify them and design your own Network Protocol.TOR: TOR is a very famous applications used in college/university by students for tunneling websites. Most of the college internet providers have even blocked TOR. So, build similar application for tunneling and defend yourself against network surveillance and traffic analysis.Chat Application using AJAXLan Audio(Voice) Chat: Can be easily implemented in Java with Java-net and Java Sample Audio API.Group Chat in Java: Again it's easy to implement. A basic knowledge of Concurrent Server will do.Media Player in Java: Easy to implement. Thanks to Java Sample Sound/Audio API.MP3 Extractor from you-TubeText Editor: Designing UI for text editor with Java Swing is a cake walk. Use an advanced data structure like suffix tree, Patricia Tree, etc for searching.Zip Password Crackers: Any File Can be unzipped through the command line, providing password as an argument. So, write a simple brute force program to generate permutations (possible passwords) and send it to command line, creating and running shell script. Run until you receive a success return call, that's it, the simple Zip Password Cracker Project is ready.Create a Trojan Horse in C: Again that's pretty easy. Run a simple C++ program on remote computer. Intelligently create a huge .dll file in SYS 32 directory and as an impact, eat the hard-disk space of victim's computer. Any Clean up software ignore .dll file, so the only solution is: Victims have to reformat the hard drive.Simple C++ Key Logger Project : A project that records the key strokes of PC and store it in intelligent way. Again, that can be easily done with Microsoft visual C++ SetWindowsHookEx API. The premiere challenge is you have to be smart enough to outplay Anti-Virus in detecting your key-logger.3D Bounce in OpenGL: Small game project, can be easily done with OpenGL-API for rendering 2D and 3D computer graphics.Regular Expression Parser: C application that parses regular Expression.Remote Editing with CGI: Editing a document on another machine via the Web. The useful tools:The cgi module, along with the cgitb module for debugging are available with Python .Arcade games in Python: Python provides Pygame, an extension that enables you to write full-fledged, full-screen arcade games in Python.Voice based Web Browser: Develop a web browser that takes input as speech and renders output as Speech. Lot of frame work and tools are available. Good project for PHP, AJAX and J2EE Expert.Online Test Management: Similar to HackerRank for Work Can be easily done in PHP or any server side scripting Language.CMS: Develop a CMS similar to Joomla, Drupal,etc. Students of National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli developed a CMS named Pragyan. They use this project for maintaining college web-site as well as Tech-Fest Website.Discussion Forum: Develop something like http://www.quora.com/, Stack Overflow , DISQUSIntranet File Search Engine:A Social Code Sharing Site: Build a user-driven application with much more interactivity and some social-style features—specifically, a community-based repository of useful, reusable code.Something like Django snippets. This project can be easily done in Django (web framework).Highly Confidential Security System:Develop an application for storing file, images , audio , video ,etc. in a secure way. Use an advance and almost non- crack-able cipher(Blowfish, AES, etc.) to encrypt data(text data & media-file) before caching them in a password protected locker.Defect Tracking Tool : Develop and application to track defects in different product and implement various defects and their analysis.Search tool based on data-mining algorithm: When you type the first letter in facebook search box, have you ever noticed, the friend name whom you search frequently or with whom you interact mostly in fb appears on the top of the suggestion box. That's because of highly efficient data-mining algorithm implemented by facebook. Develop similar tool and add few additional as well as custom features.Classifier: Most of the existing classifiers are not quite accurate. Either read some paper or modify the existing algorithm or propose a new algorithm for classification. Develop a classifier and prove that your classifier is more efficient than existing one.RSS Feed Creator – A program which can read in text from other sources and put it in RSS or Atom news format for syndication.Post it Notes Program – A program where you can add text reminders and post them. You can have the program also add popup reminders.Quote Tracker (market symbols etc) – A program which can go out and check the current value of stocks for a list of symbols entered by the user. The user can set how often the stocks are checked and the program can show green up and red down arrows to show which direction the stock value has moved.Guestbook / Journal – A simple application that allows people to add comments or write journal entries. It can allow comments or not and timestamps for all entries. Could also be made into a shout box.News Ticker and Game Scores – A program which sits on your desktop and aggregates news and game scores from various sources on the net. It then scrolls them across the screen on regular intervals.Fortune Teller (Horoscope) – A program that checks your horoscope on various astrology sites and puts them together for you each day.Vigenere / Vernam / Caesar Ciphers – Functions for encrypting and decrypting data messages. Then send them to a friend.Random Gift Suggestions – Enter various gifts for certain people when you think of them. When its time to give them a gift (xmas, birthday, anniversary) it will randomly pick one and perhaps places you can get it.Text to HTML Generator – Converts text files into web HTML files and stylizes them. Great for making online documentation of standard text documentation.CD Key Generator – Generates a unique key for your applications to use based on some arbitrary algorithm that you can specify. Great for software developers looking to make shareware that can be activated.Regex Query Tool – A tool that allows the user to enter a text string and then in a separate control enter a regex pattern. It will run the regular expression against the source text and return any matches or flag errors in the regular expression.FTP Program – A file transfer program which can transfer files back and forth from a remote web sever.Get Atomic Time from Internet Clock – This program will get the true atomic time from an atomic time clock on the Internet. There are various clocks across the world. Do a search for a list of them.Chat Application (IRC or MSN Style) – Create a chat application that can create simple chat rooms like on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) or a more direct chatting style like MSN. For added complexity, create your own protocol to facilitate this chatting.Fetch Current Weather – Get the current weather for a given zip/postal code.P2P File Sharing App – Create a program like LimeWire, FrostWire, Bearshare, or a torrent style application.Port Scanner – Enter an IP address and a port range where the program will then attempt to find open ports on the given computer by connecting to each of them. On any successful connections mark the port as open.Mail Checker (POP3 / IMAP) – The user enters various account information include web server and IP, protocol type (POP3 or IMAP) and the application will check for email on several accounts at a given interval.Packet Sniffer – A utility program that will read packets coming in and out of the machine along with related information like destination and payload size.Country from IP Lookup – Enter an IP address and find the country that IP is registered in.Whois Search Tool – Enter an IP or host address and have it look it up through whois and return the results to you.Zip / Postal Code Lookup – Enter a zip or postal code and have it return which city/cities that are in that zip code.Remote Login – Create a remote desktop style application which can see and control the remote computer (given you have permissions). It may require the use of your own private network and a second computer to test with.Site Checker with Time Scheduling – An application that attempts to connect to a website or server every so many minutes or a given time and check if it is up. If it is down, it will notify you by email or by posting a notice on screen.Small Web Server – A simple web server that can serve HTML files that contain Javascript and other forms of non-code executing code. Added complexity would be to try and implement streaming video, create a server-side language, or serve up other stream types.Web Bot – An automated program which carries out tasks on the web including checking websites, page scraping, and summarization of data or web posting.Product Inventory Project – Create an application which manages an inventory of products. Create a product class which has a price, id, and quantity on hand. Then create an inventory class which keeps track of various products and can sum up the inventory value.Movie Store – Manage video rentals and controls when videos are checked out, due to return, overdue fees and for added complexity create a summary of those accounts which are overdue for contact.Airline / Hotel Reservation System – Create a reservation system which books airline seats or hotel rooms. It charges various rates for particular sections of the plane or hotel. Example, first class is going to cost more than coach. Hotel rooms have penthouse suites which cost more. Keep track of when rooms will be available and can be scheduled.Student Grade Book Application – Keep track of students (with a student class that has their name, average, and scores) in a class and their grades. Assign their scores on tests and assignments to the students and figure out their average and grade for the class. For added complexity put the students on a bell curve.Bank Account Manager - Create a class called “Account” which will be an abstract class for three other classes called “CheckingAccount”, “SavingsAccount” and “BusinessAccount”. Manage credits and debits from these accounts through an ATM style program.Library Catalog – Create a book class with a title, page count, ISBN and whether or not it is checked out or not. Manage a collection of various books and allow the user to check out books or return books. For added complexity generate a report of those books overdue and any fees. Also allow users to put books on reserve.Create A Progress Bar for Downloads – Create a progress bar for applications that can keep track of a download in progress. The progress bar will be on a separate thread and will communicate with the main thread using delegates.Download Manager – Allow your program to download various files and each one is downloading in the background on a separate thread. The main thread will keep track of the other thread’s progress and notify the user when downloads are completed.Chat Application (remoting style) – Create a chat application which allows you to connect directly to another computer by their IP through the use of remoting and allow your “server” application handle multiple incoming connections.Bulk Thumbnail Creator – Picture processing can take a bit of time for some transformations. Especially if the image is large. Create an image program which can take hundreds of images and converts them to a specified size in the background thread while you do other things. For added complexity, have one thread handling re-sizing, have another bulk renaming of thumbnails etc.WYSIWG (What you see is what you get) Editor – Create an editor online which allows people to move around elements, create tables, write text, set colors etc for web pages without having to know HTML. Think Dreamweaver or FrontPage but for online sites. If you need an example check out the DIC page used to create a post.Web Browser with Tabs – Create a small web browser that allows you to navigate the web and contains tabs which can be used to navigate to multiple web pages at once. For simplicity don’t worry about executing Javascript or other client side code.Page Scraper – Create an application which connects to a site and pulls out all links, or images, and saves them to a list. For added complexity, organize the indexed content and don’t allow duplicates. Have it put the results into an easily searchable index file.File Downloader – An application which can download various objects on a page including video streams or all files on a page. Great for pages with a lot of download links.Telnet Application – Create an application which can telnet into servers across the internet and run basic commands.Online White Board – Create an application which allows you and friends to collaborate on a white board online. Draw pictures, write notes and use various colors to flesh out ideas for projects. For added complexity try building in picture tubes.Bandwidth Monitor – A small utility program that tracks how much data you have uploaded and downloaded from the net during the course of your current online session. See if you can find out what periods of the day you use more and less and generate a report or graph that shows it.Bookmark Collector and Sorter – An application that you can put online for people to upload bookmarks to, have it sort them, remove duplicates and export the entire list as a Firefox/IE/Safari bookmark file. For added complexity see if you can group the bookmark items into various folders.Password Safe – A program which keeps track of passwords for sites or applications and encrypts them with a key so that no one can read them.Media Player Widget for iGoogle – Create an iGoogle gadget which can play various song lists from your computer as well as share one song daily. Perhaps let people look up which songs you have listened to lately.Text Based Game Like Utopia – Create a simple text based RPG like Utopia where you can create a civilization, gather resources, forge alliances, cast spells and more on a turn based system. See if you can dominate the kingdom.Scheduled Auto Login and Action – Make an application which logs into a given site on a schedule and invokes a certain action and then logs out. This can be useful for checking web mail, posting regular content, or getting info for other applications and saving it to your computer.E-Card Generator – Make a site that allows people to generate their own little e-cards and send them to other people. Can use flash or not. Use a picture library and perhaps insightful mottos or quotes.Content Management System – Create a content management system (CMS) like Joomla, Drupal, PHP Nuke etc. Start small and allow for the addition of modules/addons later.Template Maker – Make a site or application which allows the user to enter in various color codes, elements, dimensions and constructs a template file for a particular application like PHPBB, Invision Board, MySpace, Bebo, etc.CAPTCHA Maker – Ever see those images with letters a numbers when you signup for a service and then asks you to enter what you see? It keeps web bots from automatically signing up and spamming. Try creating one yourself for online forms. If you use PHP, take a look at the image functions of GD.Quiz Maker – Make an application which takes various questions form a file, picked randomly, and puts together a quiz for students. Each quiz can be different and then reads a key to grade the quizzes.Quick Launcher – A utility program that allows the user to assign various programs to icons on a toolbar. Then by clicking the buttons they can quickly launch the programs with parameters etc. Much like Windows quick launch.File Explorer – Create your own windows explorer program but with added features, better searching, new icons and other views.Sort File Records Utility – Reads a file of records, sorts them, and then writes them back to the file. Allow the user to choose various sort style and sorting based on a particular field.Add Transactions In File and Find Averages – Read in a file of financial transactions, group them into accounts, add up fields or find averages or apply credits and debits to each account.Create Zip File Maker – The user enters various files from different directories and maybe even another computer on the network and the program transfers them and zips them up into a zip file. For added complexity, apply actual compression to the files.PDF Generator – An application which can read in a text file, html file or some other file and generates a PDF file out of it. Great for a web based service where the user uploads the file and the program returns a PDF of the file.Bulk Renamer and Organizer – This program will take a series of files and renames them with a specific filename filter entered by the user. For instance if the user enters myimage###.jpg it will rename all files with a “minimum” of three numbers like “myimage001.jpg”, “myimage145.jpg” or even “myimage1987.jpg” since 1987 has at least three numbers.Mp3 Tagger – Modify and add ID3v1 tags to MP3 files. See if you can also add in the album art into the MP3 file’s header as well as other ID3v2 tags.Log File Maker – Make an application which logs various statistics in response to given events. This can be something that logs what an application does, what the system is doing, when something like a file changes etc.Excel Spreadsheet Exporter – Create an online application which can read in a file and create an Excel Spreadsheet to export back. This can be through CVS or other file formats. For added complexity, see if you can create formula fields as well.RPG Character Stat Creator – Make a program which will randomly create a character’s stats based on several rules set forth by the user. Have it generate a class, gender, strength/magic/dexterity points, and extra abilities or trades. Have it save it to a file which can then be printed out by a dungeon master.Image Map Generator – Image maps are those images on the web that have multiple hover points that link to different pages. Such images may include maps or splash pages. See if you can make one where the user specifies an image, clicks hotspots in the image and specify links. It will then generate the HTML code to a file that the user can then copy and paste into their website to make the image map.File Copy Utility – Create a utility that can do bulk file copying and backups of other files.Code Snippet Manager – Another utility program that allows coders to put in functions, classes or other tidbits to save for use later. Organized by the type of snippet or language the coder can quickly look up code. For extra practice try adding syntax highlighting based on the language.Versioning Manager – Create your own versioning system for code files. Users are forced to check out items and lock items during reading and writing so that a group of programmers are not accidentally overwriting code files on one another.SQL Query Analyzer – A utility application which a user can enter a query and have it run against a local database and look for ways to make it more efficient.Remote SQL Tool – A utility that can execute queries on remote servers from your local computer across the Internet. It should take in a remote host, user name and password, run the query and return the results.Baseball / Other Card Collector – Create an online application for keeping track of a collection of cards. Let the user enter all cards in a set, check off which ones they have, which ones they need and generate lists of cards they are looking for. For extra complexity, have it sum up sets and generate reports on how close they are of completing sets or the current value of a set.Report Generator – Create a utility that generates a report based on some tables in a database. Generates a sales reports based on the order/order details tables or sums up the days current database activity.Database Backup Script Maker – A program which reads a database’s objects, relationships, records and stored procedures and creates a .sql file which can then be imported into another database or kept as a backup file to rebuild the database with.Event Scheduler and Calendar – Make an application which allows the user to enter a date and time of an event, event notes and then schedule those events on a calendar. The user can then browse the calendar or search the calendar for specific events. For added complexity, allow the application to create reoccurrence events that reoccur every day, week, month, year etc.Budget Tracker – Write an application that keeps track of a household’s budget. The user can add expenses, income, and recurring costs to find out how much they are saving or losing over a period of time. For added complexity allow the user to specify a date range and see the net flow of money in and out of the house budget for that time period.Address Book – Keep track of various contacts, their numbers, emails and little notes about them like a Rolodex in the database. For extra complexity, allow the user to connect to a website publish their address book based on specific options the user has set.TV Show Tracker – Got a favorite show you don’t want to miss? Don’t have a PVR or want to be able to find the show to then PVR it later? Make an application which can search various online TV Guide sites, locate the shows/times/channels and add them to a database application. The database/website then can send you email reminders that a show is about to start and which channel it will be on.Travel Planner System – Make a system that allows users to put together their own little travel itinerary and keep track of the airline / hotel arrangements, points of interest, budget and schedule.Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Creator – A program that allows the user to put together ERD diagram and save it or have it generate some basic SQL syntax to give them a jump start.Database Translation (MySQL <-> SQL Server) – A simple utility that reads in from one database and constructs SQL compliant with another database. Then saves that to another database. One popular transition would be to and from MySQL server for databases like SQL Server and Oracle.Web Board (Forum) – Create a forum for you and your buddies to post, administer and share thoughts and ideas.Source: imjog/1000_Projects

cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transactions are not conducted with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins, but rather through the transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties.[2]Cashless societies have existed, based on barter and other methods of exchange, and cashless transactions have also become possible using digital currencies such as bitcoin. However this article discusses and focuses on the term "cashless society" in the sense of a move towards, and implications of, a society where cash is replaced by its digital equivalent - in other words, legal tender (money) exists, is recorded, and is exchanged only in electronic digital form.Such a concept has been discussed widely, particularly because the world is experiencing a rapid and increasing use of digital methods of recording, managing, and exchanging money in commerce, investment and daily life in many parts of the world, and transactions which would historically have been undertaken with cash are often now undertaken electronically.[3][4]Some countries now set limits on transactions and transaction values for which non-electronic payment may be legally used.[5]Contents[hide]1History2Concerns3Advantages of a cashless society3.1Efficient and convenient3.2Increased transparency3.2.1Government bodies3.2.2Businesses3.3Easier tracking4Perils of a cashless society4.1The issue on privacy4.2Exclusion of certain population4.3Breaching/Hacking of the system5Amount of cash in circulation6Cashless transactions vs reduced cash7See also8ReferencesHistory[edit]The trend towards use of non-cash transactions and settlement began in daily life during the 1990s, when electronic banking became popular. By the 2010s digital payment methods were widespread in many countries, with examples including intermediaries such as PayPal, digital wallet systems operated by companies like Apple, contactless and NFC payments by electronic card or smartphone, and electronic bills and banking, all in widespread use.[4]By the 2010s cash had become actively disfavored in some kinds of transaction which would historically have been very ordinary to pay with physical tender, and larger cash amounts were in some situations treated with suspicion, due to its versatility and ease of use in money laundering and financing of terrorism, and actively prohibited by some suppliers and retailers,[6]to the point of coining the expression of a "war on cash".[7]By 2016 in the United Kingdom it was reported that 1 in 7 people no longer carries or use cash.[8]The 2016 United States User Consumer Survey Study claims that 75% or respondents preferred a credit or debit card as their payment method while only 11% of respondents preferred cash.[9]By 2017, digital payment methods such as Venmo and Square contribute to cashless transactions. Venmo allows individuals to make direct payments to other individuals without having cash accessible. Square is an innovation that allows primarily small businesses to receive payments from their clients.Concerns[edit]The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met.(April 2018)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)It has also been described as a highly controversial and at times a "sinister" or "creepy" move and as a concept connected to negative interest rates, banking transaction tax and a global taxation regime,[10][11][12]since such a move would be both potentially useful and potentially socially dangerous, with widespread implications for society. It has potential to be very helpful for central governments and economies, in the context of global negative inflation and quantitative easing, and central control of the money supply. However a loss of cash also transfers complete control of transactions, interest, and individual use of money, and information about these, to the nation state and third party providers, since the individual cannot avoid their money being held in an external system capable of regulation and control. Many countries have regulated, restricted, or banned private digital currencies such as Bitcoin. While supposedly helpful to the global economy and in fighting against crime and terrorism,[13]many concerns have been raised over "dangerous" unintended consequences.[14]It would mean that negative interest rates can be fully enforced, and money could be controlled in great detail. For example, some kinds of money might be set to "expire" and be worthless if not spent in specific ways or by specific times, or to devalue gradually. It also makes individual savings, and information about individual incomes and transactions, accessible to any party able to access the records - either legitimately (police and tax related) or not (hackers and persons with access to the relevant data), and in this way, it facilitates population surveillance.[15]It also means that groups, individuals, and causes could be deprived of cash by the simple expedient of preventing their access to cashless transaction media.[10]A cashless society is convenient and fast; however, it also increases ignorance to individual spending and vulnerability to fraud.[16]Consumers' ignorance to spending increases as they are less aware when swiping their card to complete a transaction than if they budgeted their money and paid in cash. Their vulnerability to fraud increases because corporations keep record of credit and debit card transactions, but they don't keep a record of cash transactions. The two main types of credit card fraud are when thieves attain the data manually or through a concealed automated program.[17]Advantages of a cashless society[edit]Efficient and convenient[edit]Going digital, it helps to reduce the hassle of drawing cash or making sure that cash-in-hand is sufficient to make a payment in places where only cash payment is allowed. With a digitalized payment system, it speeds up the process of financial transaction and boosts the efficiency of the transaction.[18]Increased transparency[edit]As monetary transactions are being made electronically, it increases the transparency as financial transaction are recorded. The cashless system will assist a wide range of institutions and these includes:Government bodies[edit]Rather than conducting costly and periodic surveys and sampling of real-world transactions, real data collected on citizen’s spending can assist in devising and implementing policies that are deduced from actual data. With recorded financial transactions, Government can better track the movement of the money through financial records which enables them to track the black money and illegal transactions taking place in the country.[19]Businesses[edit]Cashless payments would eliminate the fear of businesses receiving counterfeit money and flush out illegal cash. The risks of storing cash will also be reduced as payments are made digitally.[20]Easier tracking[edit]As digital payments are made, transactions are kept in records. Cashless payments facilitate the tracking of spending expenditure and record the movement of money. Having recorded transactions, it can help citizens to refine their budget more efficiently.[21]Perils of a cashless society[edit]The issue on privacy[edit]In a digitized economy, payment made will be traceable. With traceable transactions, institutions would have potential access to this information.[22]With these digital traces left behind, digital transactions become vulnerable. Such transactions allow businesses a way to build a consumer’s personal profiles based on their spending patterns. The issue of data mining also come into place as countries head towards a cashless society. Cashless transactions leave a record in the database of the company as one make payment, and this information becomes a way for prediction of future events. Through large number of records, data mining then allows the organization to compile a profile of an individual through its' records in the database.[23]These open transactions also create the dangers and security issues where unauthorized access to users’ account occurs and funds are transferred to another account or unauthorized purchases are made by unknown user as they pose as the true user.[24]Exclusion of certain population[edit]Implementing cashless system exclude the involvement of certain population such as the poor or near poor and the older generation. Heading towards a cashless society, citizens that does not hold the power or knowledge of engaging in digital transactions are left behind. To be able to transact using e-payment, it requires one to hold a bank account, which can hold their money.[25]Many of these impoverished people are underbanked. In America, almost one-third of the population lacked the full range of basic financial services.[26]According to FDIC data, among household that earn an annual income of less than $15,000 per year, almost 25.6% of the households do not have a bank account.[27]For the older generation, especially retired seniors who are less familiarised with technology and digital applications, it will be hard for them to adopt the digital system.[28]One of such example would be Singapore. As a Smart Nation Initiative, Singapore has been moving towards a cashless system. In Singapore, there are at least half a million elderlies, aged 65 and above, and this accounts for 14.4 percent of the total population in Singapore.[29]Most seniors in Singapore still use cash as their only mode of payment and the integration of cashless payment creates a barrier for them. Not used to digitized payment methods, troubleshooting issues such as managing lost cards or passwords and managing their expenses can create potential troubles for these elderlies.[30]Breaching/Hacking of the system[edit]When payment transactions are stored in servers, it increases the risks of unauthorized breachers and hackers.[31]One of such example would be Forever 21, whom released a statement reporting the findings from their investigation of payment card security incident.[32]In 2017, Forever 21 encountered a breached of their payment system by hackers for 7 months. As the encryption in some of their point-of-sale terminals were not on, it opened up their point-of-sales terminal to malware. The hackers obtain the network access and installed malware that allowed them to retrieve the card details of Forever 21’s consumers. Due to this invasion, the hackers obtained access to consumers’ payment card data for up to seven months - from 3 April 2017 to 18 November 2017.[33]Amount of cash in circulation[edit]Even though cashless society is widely discussed most countries are increasing their currency supply. The table below is taken from the red books for members of the Bank for International Settlements, which includes most of the major fiat currencies of the world. Exceptions are South Africa whose supply of banknotes fluctuates wildly compared to most nations and Sweden which is drastically reducing its currency supply since 2007,[34]The values in the table are "per capita" so they already are scaled to population changes. But even the smallest increases of 3% per year are much higher than any possible GDP growth.Banknotes and coin in circulation at end of yearValues are expressed in native currency and are total value per capitaCountryAvg. year20112012201320142015Turkey12.1%7518159931,1151,332Korea11.9%975,3011,084,3611,259,4661,483,8911,711,506Mexico8.0%7,0177,2707,8028,93410,303India7.9%₹8,871₹9,696₹10,546₹11,431₹12,965Brazil6.0%R$825R$941R$1,016R$1,091R$1,103Hong Kong SAR6.0%37,96242,06347,11048,64950,763Singapore5.5%5,3015,4815,8636,2926,943Saudi Arabia5.4%4,9285,2345,5475,8796,407United States5.1%$3,453$3,725$3,926$4,218$4,433Switzerland4.4%7,4018,0918,4958,6229,169Russia3.8%₽48,284₽53,598₽57,942₽61,523₽58,270Euro Area3.8%€2,721€2,787€2,913€3,089€3,280Australia3.8%$2,639$2,739$2,873$2,999$3,175Canada3.2%$1,937$1,995$2,058$2,134$2,271Japan3.2%¥692,858¥715,452¥744,471¥769,088¥811,266United Kingdom3.2%£913£948£968£1,019£1,067South Africa-3.7%R2,137R3,021R2,253R2,521R1,765Sweden-6.9%10,515kr10,059kr8,849kr8,578kr7,362krCashless transactions vs reduced cash[edit]A common measure of how close to a "cashless society" a country is becoming is some measure of the number of cashless payments or person to person transactions are done in that country. For instance the Nordic countries conduct more cashless transactions than most Europeans.Across the 33 countries covered in the European Payment Cards Yearbook 2015-16, the average number of card payments per capita per year is 88.4. In comparison, the average Dane makes 268.6 card payments each year, the average Finn 243.6, the average Icelander 375.5, the average Norwegian 353.7 and the average Swede 270.2. This makes card payments in the Nordics two-and a-half to four times higher than the European average.[35]But cash can also function as a "store of value" just like commodities like diamonds, gold, silver, and platinum or real estate and antiques. Levels of cash in circulation can widely differ among two countries with similar measure of cashless transactions. For example, Denmark has more than double the amount of cash in circulation as Sweden and a considerably higher percent in the largest denomination banknote, the 1000kr bill.South Korea has made the decision to end coins as legal tender by 2020. So if you conduct an all cash transaction you must forego any change in amounts of less than the value of the smallest banknote, ₩1000, or slightly less than US$1. This change will undoubtedly greatly increase the number of electronic transactions in the country, but the wide circulation of the ₩50,000 bill, the largest denomination banknote, will mean that citizens can still easily use cash as a convenient store of value.The largest denomination banknote of any currency is often associated with criminal activity, counterfeiting, or tax evasion. The United Kingdom declared only banknotes of 5 pounds or less were legal tender after WWII because of fear of Nazi counterfeiting. In 1969 in the USA the government declared that banknotes of value over $100 would remain legal tender, but any notes in government hands would be destroyed and that no new notes of those denominations would be printed in the future. Such notes were last printed in the USA in 1945. Canada did the same thing with the CAD$1000 banknote in the year 2000. Sweden printed 10,000kr banknotes in 1939 and 1958 but declared them invalid after 31 December 1991. Singapore has recently announced that they would no longer produce the SGD$10,000 banknote. The Euro Area has announced that the €500 denomination banknote would not be included in the next series of banknotes. The ECB has not announced if it intends to reduce the amount of cash in circulation, or to simply replace that value with smaller denominations.See also[edit]Global economyDigital currencyLegal tenderMass surveillanceCheque § Declining useReferences[edit]Jump up^ "Measuring progress toward a cashless society" (PDF). MasterCard. Retrieved 31 August 2017.Jump up^ "THE COST OF CASH IN THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). The Fletcher School Tufts University. p. 9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.Jump up^ https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/04/sweden-cashless-society-cards-phone-apps-leading-europe^ Jump up to:a b UK moves towards cashless societyJump up^ "Cashless-Society.org". http://Cashless-Society.org. Retrieved 2017-01-27.Jump up^ A cashless society? Some retailers turn noses up at currencyJump up^ Negative Interest Rates and the War on CashJump up^ Alex West (23 October 2016). "One in seven Brits no longer carries cash, as we become increasingly reliant on card and smartphone payments". thesun.co.uk. The Sun. 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"Why So Many Americans Don't have Bank Accounts". TIME. Retrieved 8 April 2018.Jump up^ Burhouse, Susan (20 October 2016). "2011 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households" (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2018. More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help)Jump up^ Sim, Joachim (31 August 2017). "Going cashless in phases will help elderly". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 April 2018.Jump up^ Toh, Elgin (28 September 2017). "Singapore ageing at faster pace than a decade ago". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 April 2018.Jump up^ Mokhtar, Faris (28 August 2017). "Govt will seek to ensure no one is left behind in cashless drive". Today. Retrieved 8 April 2018.Jump up^ Domagoj, Sajter (2011). "Privacy, Identity, and the Perils of the Cashless Society"(PDF).Jump up^ "Forever 21 Reports Findings from Investigation of Payment Security Incident". Retrieved 10 April 2018.Jump up^ Smith (1 December 2018). 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