Gloucester Catholic High School: Fill & Download for Free

Let's compare each of the two women up to the time of her marriage. (I'm going to be a bit familiar and use first names).Birth Details:Sarah: Born in London, October 15, 1959. Parents: Major Ronald Ferguson and his wife Susan. Though not a member of the Peerage himself Major Ferguson has familial ties to the Queen's aunt (the Duchess of Gloucester) and to the Duke of Buccleuch. Served in the Guards. After leaving the military became Polo manager to the Duke of Edinburgh and later to the Prince of Wales. Parents divorced when Sarah was 15. One elder sister, three younger half siblings (one brother two sisters).Meghan: Born Los Angeles, California, August 4, 1981. Parents: Thomas Markle and his wife Doria. Thomas Markle is an Emmy award winning lighting director and director of photography. He is a distant descendant of Scottish King Robert I (the Bruce) and English King Edward III. Doria is a former makeup artist and travel agent. They divorced in 1987 or 1988 when Meghan was 6 or 7. Doria subsequently became a Yoga instructor and earned a BA in Psychology, becoming a registered Social Worker. Meghan has two half siblings who are 15 and 17 years older than she is.Education:Sarah: Daneshill School (a private preparatory School), Hurst Lodge School (described by one commentator as “an expensive boarding school that turned out jolly chalet girls with lots of bounce but not too many O-levels”), and a course at Queen's Secretarial College.Meghan: Various Los Angeles private schools starting at age 2. Immaculate Heart High School (a private all-girls Catholic high school, although she was faced a Protestant). Graduated from Northwestern University's School of Communications in 2003 with a double major in drama and international studies.Work Experience:Sarah: Worked at an art gallery, then two public relations firms and finally at a publishing house.Meghan: Worked as a freelance calligrapher while establishing her acting career. Had fairly minor roles in at last eight movies and had parts in numerous TV series (including being a “briefcase girl” on Deal Or No Deal, case #24). Breakout role was as one of the female leads on the series Suits for seven seasons until her engagement to Prince Harry. Ran the lifestyle website The Tig from 2014 to 2017.Philanthropic Activities (before marriage)Sarah: None known.Meghan: Councillor for international charity One Young World speaking at their summits about gender equality and modern day slavery. Participated in the USO Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Holiday Tour to Afghanistan in 2014. Global ambassador for World Vision Canada, travelling to Rwanda and India for the organization. Worked with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. In 2018 named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.How they met their husbands:Sarah: Knew each other from childhood, also friends with the Princess of Wales.Meghan: Set up on a blind date by mutual friends.Conclusion:Comparing Meghan Markle and Sarah Ferguson is like comparing apples and motorcycles. Sarah Ferguson was a poorly educated, upper class young woman with little exposure to the world, and little in the way of experience of being in the public eye. Her ability to earn a living was limited. Meghan Markle is a well educated accomplished woman who is known for her philanthropic activities and who both has her own money and if necessary can go back to her previous career. More to the point, like her sister-in-law she is not part of the aristocratic establishment. There is absolutely no indication that she will follow in the path of Sarah, Duchess of York.

Sisters who ran Magdalene laundries are being treated unjustlyOver the last several decades, awareness of the severity of pedophilia and sexual abuse of children within the Catholic Church has become widespread.After years of revelations of sexual predation by priests upon children and the growing public attention paid to the #MeToo movement, Pope Francis and the Church are being forced to address persistent reports of abuse of members of its own hierarchy: the nuns who serve the Church in a secondary capacity to men.[1]In June 2019, Pope Francis’ Motu proprio, "Vos estis lux mundi", established new procedures for reporting abuse and violence, and ensuring that Bishops and Religious Superiors are held accountable for their actions, while whistle- blowers are shielded.[2] The Pope’s definition of sexual abuse is expansive enough to cover children, seminarians, nuns and women in religious orders, as well as those with mental disabilities—all of whom have been victimized by Church leaders.[3] (It also condemns the possession or production of child pornography.) Perhaps most important, it demands that alleged victims are offered support services ranging from therapy to spiritual counseling, and promises to protect their confidentiality.[4]Yet there still remain several communities whose claims of prolonged and continuous abuse by church representatives continue to be ignored and denied. When Peter Mullan's The Magdalene Sisters was released in 2002, it exposed a diabolical truth the Roman Catholic Church had long tried to keep under wraps: the horrific reality of Irish "Magdalene" laundries.[5] Though advertised as charitable safehouses where socieities fallen women could find guidance and good cheer (along with employment as laundresses), these institutions were actually rife with cruelity, deprivation and human right's abusers.[6] As the Oscar-nominated 2013 film Philomena portrays, their destructive legacy went on well into 20th century, long after the western world had supposedly emerged from the veil of religious superstition and ignorance.[7]Development property sold by Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of Refuge, Dublin, Ireland (Irish Laundries Tortured Women And Separated Families, But The Church Denies It)Twenty years ago, shock washed over Ireland. In 1993, a mass grave was found on land owned by the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of Refuge in Dublin that had been recently sold to commercial developers.[8] Inside were the remains of hundreds of "penitents" who had once been inmates at High Park, the largest laundry in Ireland. The final body count was 155.[9]All the corpses were cremated and reinterred in a different cemetery, but most of the deaths had not even been officially logged or certified, so it wasn't possible to notify relatives or provide closure of any kind.[10] The general consensus, though, was that the bodies represented women or girls who had been neglected to death, mistreated to death, or some combination of both.To be sure, the horror stories of Magdalene laundry survivors are legion. Few things are black and white, and there are a few individuals who take issue with the brutality the insitutions and nuns are charged with.[11] Worked to the bone, beaten and abused, the experiences of women held in the 'care' of the nuns in Ireland's notorious Magdalene Laundries, is the stuff of nightmares.Labelled the "Maggies", the women and girls were stripped of their names and dumped in Irish Catholic church-run laundries where nuns treated them as slaves, simply because they were unmarried mothers, orphans or regarded as somehow morally wayward.[12] Mary Norris was committed to a laundry for taking "a forbidden night off" from her job as a servant. She spent two years in Hell before her aunt finally tracked her down and negotiated her release.[13]They were women who didn’t know their place in a ruthless Catholic hierarchy. Over 74 years, 10,000 women were put to work in de facto detention, mostly in laundries run by nuns. At least, 988 of the women who were buried in laundry grounds are thought to have spent most of their lives inside the institutions.[14]Marina Gambold was orphaned when she was eight years old after both her parents died.[15] She lived with her grandmother for a couple of years, but, when she was 16, she found she had nowhere to go."I walked up the steps that day and the nun came out and said your name is changed, you are Fidelma, I went in and I was told I had to keep my silence. I was working in the laundry from eight in the morning until about six in the evening. I was starving with the hunger, I was given bread and dripping for my breakfast every morning,”[16]Eerie photos from the Magdalene Laundries show ‘fallen women’ put to work and grim-faced nuns watching over crowds of kidsThe young woman scrubbed corridors, acquiring housemaids' knees, from working all day in the laundry, doing the white coats and the pleating.[17]"One day I broke a cup, and the nun said, 'I'll teach you to be careful'. She got a thick string, and she tied it round my neck for three days and three nights, and I had to eat off the floor every morning. Then I had to get down on my knees, and I had to say, 'I beg almighty God's pardon, Our Lady's pardon, my companion's pardon for the bad example I have shown."[18]Ms Gambold was in the laundries for about three years. She left Ireland when she was 19."When I came out of the convent, I was determined to get out of Ireland. I was 19 years of age then and had a nervous breakdown. I lived in England for almost 30 years before I moved back with my husband. "Most of the time I have cried bitter tears, especially when I had nobody, pain never goes away."[19]Another survivor, Kathleen Legg, now 80, recollects:"Every morning you would wake to the sound of a bell. You operated like a robot, and you did not dare question a nun. We bathed once a week, and I remember the lice from our hair used to float around the top of the water, so if you were one of the last ones to get washed, it was horrific."[20]Magdalene Asylum Dublin, Ireland (Eerie photos from the Magdalene Laundries show ‘fallen women’ put to work and grim-faced nuns watching over crowds of kids)The sordid history of laundries is an extraordinarily long one; the first Irish foundation accepted only Protestant womem, founded by philanthropist Lady Arabella Denny, opened in 1765.[21] Known as Magdalene Asylums (after the "redeemed" Biblical prostitute Mary Magdalene), the homes purported to be sanctuaries for "fallen" women... i.e., unwed mothers, abused girls, girls who had been cast out by their families, and your run-of-the-mill free-thinking feminists who were too eccentric, original, and "troublesome" to fit into the structures of their communities.[22]In the late 18th century, the term "fallen women" primarily referred to prostitutes, but by the end of the 19th century, Magdalene laundries were filled with many different kinds of women, including girls who were "not prostitutes at all," but either "seduced women" or women who had yet to engage in sexual activity. Missionaries were required to approach prostitutes and distribute religious tracts, designed to be read in 'sober' moments and divert women from their vicious lives.[23] Furthermore, the consignment even of genuine prostitutes" to these laundries seldom reduced their numbers on the streets, any more than did an individual prostitute's death. So long as poverty continued, and the demand for public women remained, such losses were easily replaced.[24]When the Magdalene Movement first took hold in the mid-18th century, the campaign to put “fallen women” to work was supported by both the Catholic and Protestant churches, with women serving short terms inside the asylums with the goal of rehabilitation. Over the years, however, the Magdalene laundries, became primarily Catholic institutions, and the stints grew longer and longer[25]. Women sent there were often charged with redeeming themselves through lace-making, needlework or doing laundry.Though most residents had not been convicted of any crime, conditions inside were prison-like. Redemption might sometimes involve a variety of coercive measures, including shaven heads, institutional uniforms, bread and water diets, restricted visiting, supervised correspondence, solitary confinement and even flogging.[26]The institutions failed to achieve their supposed objective: they had little impact on prostitution over the period, and yet they were continuing to multiply and expand due to their self-supporting free labour.[27]Laundries & SchoolsSeveral religious institutes established even more Irish laundries, reformatories and industrial schools, sometimes all together on the same plot of land, with the aim to "save the souls primarily of women and children".[28]The Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of Refuge and the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy ran the largest laundries in Dublin.[29]These large complexes became a massive interlocking system, carefully and painstakingly built up over a number of decades. Consequently, Magdalene laundries became part of Ireland's superseding system for the control of children and women. Women and illegitimate children were both incarcerated for transgressing the narrow moral code of the time and the same religious congregations managed the orphanages, reformatory schools and laundries.[30] Thus, these facilities all helped to sustain each other – girls from the reformatory and industrial schools often ended up working their entire lives in the Magdalen laundries.Almost all the institutions were run by female religious congregations, i.e. sisters, and were scattered throughout the country in prominent locations in towns and cities.[31] They were powerful and pervasive, able to effectively control the lives of women and children from all classes. This second incarnation of Magdalene laundries vastly differed from the first incarnation, due to their longevity and their diverse community of female inmates, including hopeless cases, mental defective and transfers from industrial and reformatory schools.[32]These particular institutions intentionally shared overriding characteristics, including a regime of prayer, silence, work in a laundry, and a preference for permanent inmates which contradicts the religious congregations' stated mission to protect, reform, and rehabilitate.[33]As this expansion was taking place and these laundries were becoming a part of a large network of institutions, the treatment of the girls was becoming increasingly violent and abusive.[34]The asylums became particularly cruel, more secretive in nature and emphatically more punitive.Though these women had committed no crime and had never been put on trial, their indefinite incarceration was enforced by locked doors, iron gates and prison guards in the form of apathetic sisters.[35]The condition of female laundry workers in Ireland 1922-1996: A cas...By 1920, Magdalene laundries had almost entirely abandoned claims of rehabilitation and instead, were seamlessly incorporated into the state's architecture of containment.[36]In the beginning of these asylums' existence, because many of the women had a background as prostitutes, the women (who were called "children") were regarded as "in need of penitence", and until the 1970s were required to address all staff members as "mother" regardless of age.[37]To enforce order and maintain a monastic atmosphere, the inmates were required to observe strict silence for much of the day.As the phenomenon became more widespread, it extended beyond prostitution to petty criminals, orphans, mentally disabled women and abused girls. Even young girls who were considered too promiscuous and flirtatious, or too beautiful, were sent to an asylum by their families.[38]This paralleled the practice in state-run mental asylums in Britain and Ireland in the same period, where many people with alleged social dysfunction were committed to asylums.[39]Without a family member on the outside who could vouch for them, many incarcerated individuals stayed in the asylums for the rest of their lives, many taking religious vows. Mary Norris was committed to a laundry for taking "a forbidden night off" from her job as a servant. She spent two years in Hell before her aunt finally tracked her down and negotiated her release.[40]Given Ireland's historically conservative sexual mores, Magdalene asylums were a generally accepted social institution until well into the second half of the twentieth century.[41]They disappeared with changes in sexual mores as they ceased to be profitable.[42] .[43]Ex-Magdalene Lauren Sullivan recalled:"I had my hair chopped off and my name changed, and, when I was put into that Magdalene laundry all I remember was the door being locked. They beat, punched and tortured me."[44]Incredibly, the laundries continued to operate, in various stages of utilitarian bleakness (at best) and cruelty (at worst) until 1996. It's been estimated that over 30,000 women passed through the asylums, some staying a month and some remaining for a lifetime.[45] Even that seems to be a conservative figure, though, when you consider that the time period in question spans over two centuries.Many of the deaths that occurred at Irish laundries (which mostly came about through medical negligence) were not reported, according to sources citing 2013's McAleese Report.[46]Though the asylums officially recorded 879 deaths, a group called "Justice for Magdalenes" interviewed survivors and collected testimonies about death and burials, gravestones, electoral registers, exhumation orders, and newspaper archives.[47] Eventually, from all of this research, they determined the number of un-reported deaths to be closer to 1,663... though this figure remains controversial.[48]reland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment.Because so many women and girls were destitute and pregnant by the time they arrived at the laundries, many babies ended up being born in convent hospitals, where they were quickly spirited away by nuns, lest they be contaminated by their "unclean" mothers. Up to 2,000 children were illegally exported from Magdalene laundries in Ireland to adoptive parents in the U.S., mainly wealthy families.[49]Margaret Bullen had been forced by nuns to give her three daughters up for adoption; two of whom finally tracked her down in 1995. At that time, Bullen was still institutionalized as she had been for most of her life. According to one daughter's account:"Margaret [spent] her childhood and puberty in these institutions, without the chance to grow up. At age 16, she was transferred to the Gloucester Street Magdalene Laundry... there she toiled, unpaid for the rest of her life.”[50]Margaret Bullen and twin daughters Samantha and Etta 1995 (https://www.google.com/amp/www.thejournal.ie/margaret-bullen-liveline-callback-3456386-Jun2017/%3famp=1)Samantha Long and her twin sister Etta were just seven weeks old in 1972 when Margaret visited them at the St Patrick’s Mother and Baby Home in Dublin where they had been born and found them gone.[51] Eventually, Margaret was entrusted to the care of the Irish state, who promptly sub-contracted that duty back to the Catholic Church.Margaret, who had blocked out many of her traumatic experiences, claimed to have no memory of having given birth at all,[52]though she did manage to enjoy a relationship with her daughters for a couple of years. She died at the age of 51 by Goodpeace Syndrome, end-stage kidney and liver failure brought on by the chemicals she'd inhaled while working in the laundries.[53]People who smoke or use hair dyes appear to be at increased risk for this condition. Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic dust, and certain drugs, such as cocaine, may also raise a person’s risk.[54]The Magdalene laundries were not without their courageous heroines. Numerous inmates tried to escape or run away, and some even made it out to a better life. One survivor, Elizabeth Coppin, remembered that:"One of the nuns came down and accused me of stealing someone's sweets. Two of the women dragged me up to a dark cell. I stayed [there] for three days and three nights, and... that was when I realized two things: no one was coming to help me, and what they were doing was wrong. I decided to run away. There were no bars on the windows at the front of the building, so me and another girl decided to jump out one of them when the nuns weren't looking. We ran into the city. We had nothing... but we were good workers, so we managed to get a job working in a hospital that trained nurses. I was 17 by then. We were happy."[55]However, things didn't end well for Coppin:"One day a man came. He was from the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children... [he] brought me to another laundry. When he left, he said: 'you run away from this place and we'll put you someplace you'll never get out of.'"[56]Coppin eventually left the Magdalene laundry in Waterford in 1968 and within days she emigrated to England. During her 16 years in institutions Coppin alleges she was subjected to arbitrary detention, beatings, forced labour without pay, human trafficking, humiliation, denial of education, denial of identity, denial of a family life, neglect, starvation and religious denigration.[57] IIn a landmark decision, the United Nations Tribunal on Torture has permitted Coppin to present her case and request for restitution, despite exhausting all appeals in Irish Courts.UN to hear Magdalene Laundries caseIrish society has begun to acknowledge the women after “State and society were complicit in terms of what happened” to them in the past.[58] In 2011, the United Nations Committee Against Torture launched a lengthy investigation into the laundries and found that their "management teams" had indeed likely been guilty of exploitation and abuse.[59] It criticised the Irish government for refusing to acknowledge the pain and abuse suffered by women incarcerated in the laundries, the last of which closed in 1996, and called for a thorough investigation and compensation scheme.While many Magdalene survivors have already gone on record and become activists, many more are still coming out of the woodwork. Many of the adult children of Maggies have begun demanding justice for their birth mothers and requesting official state apologies.[60]They represent a generation displaced by the corruption of the Magdalene asylums, even though most of them went on to lead far better lives than the slings and arrows of church-sponsored child labor could have offered.A formal state apology was issued in 2013, and a £50 million compensation scheme for survivors was set up by the Irish Government.[61]The religious orders which operated the laundries have rejected activist demands that they financially contribute to this programme.[62]Wikimedia Commons/Public DomainNevertheless, while some religious orders did offer up condolences for past evils, many of the culpable organizations have refused to acknowledge that said brutalities ever took place. Moreover, officials from the group JFM (Justice for Magdalenes) aren't convinced that even the apologetic sentiments were sincere, claiming that:"Rather than apologies, they used phrases such as 'it was regrettable that the Magdalene homes had to exist at all’ and claimed the laundries were 'part of the system and culture of the time.'"[63]The culture of the time- a get-out-of-laundry-free card, whether the issue at hand is routine lobotomies, medieval torture devices, or just run-of-the-mill witch burning continues to be offensive to the Maggies and their offspring.But what is to be considered adequate recognition and compendation for women whose lives were destroyed- physically, mentally and emotionally during their time in the Magdalene laundries? What is to be done for the more than 2000 children who were sold as part of an adoption trade between the laundries and Irish Catholic families in the United States? Is the 53 million dollars earmarked as resitution adequate, without a formal recognition of the atrocities expreienced within the Magdalene laundries?The Gloucester Street Magdalene laundry on Sean McDermott Street, Dublin 1996 (“Nuns took my childhood”: This Irish woman escaped from a Magdalene Laundry as a teen in 1993 | IrishCentral.com)In 2018, Japanese Hotel chain Toyoko Inn offered Dublin City Council €14.5 million for the former Magdalene Laundry site on Sean McDermott Street, which closed in October 1996. The chain plans to build a hotel with 350 rooms, 55 one-bedroom apartments for social housing, a supermarket and other retail outlets, and a cultural centre, as well as a laundry memorial.[64]Despite an outpouring of outrage and over 100,000 signatures demanding the laundry be converted into a museum and living memorial to those who suffered within, both the Church and developers have moved forward with the construction of the hotel and entertainment complex.[65] This time, the government is siding with the Maggies and their descendants, ordering a temporary halt on construction until the courts can determine the fate of the old laundry.Footnotes[1] Pope Francis Acknowledges, For First Time, Sexual Abuse Of Nuns By Priests[2] New norms for the whole Church against those who abuse or cover up - Vatican News[3] Pope Francis Stops Hiding From the Church’s Sexual-Abuse Epidemic[4] Bishops OK plan to implement 'motu proprio' on addressing abuse[5] The Magdalene Sisters (2002) - IMDb[6] Horrible Torture Methods That Have Been Used Primarily on Women[7] Philomena (film) - Wikipedia[8] Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest | Mary Raftery[9] Ireland finally admits state collusion in Magdalene Laundry system[10] The Magdalen Asylum, Cork[11] Sisters who ran Magdalene laundries are being treated unjustly[12] Report of the Board of Trustees[13] Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest | Mary Raftery[14] Ireland finally admits state collusion in Magdalene Laundry system[15] https://www.hachette.com.au/marina-gambold/[16] Magdalene Laundries: Survivor stories[17] Housemaid's Knee (Prepatellar Bursitis) | Health[18] Magdalene Laundries: Survivor stories[19] Magdalene Laundries: Survivor stories[20] 'It will be with me until I die': Woman haunted by Magdalene laundry[21] 18 March 1792: Lady Arabella Denny, Founder of the Magdalene Asylums died on this day[22] Lady Arbella Denny, 1707-1792[23] http://Finnegan, Frances (2001). Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press. I[24] http://Finnegan, Frances (2001). Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press. I[25] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/magdalene-laundry-ireland-asylum-abuse[26] Doing compassion or doing discipline? Power relations and the Magdalene Laundries[27] Origins of the Magdalene Laundries[28] http://Pogatchnik, Shawn (2013-02-05). "Report: Ireland oversaw harsh Catholic laundries". Associated Press.[29] Laundries & Schools[30] New Magdalene research presents complex picture[31] Map of Magdalene Laundries & Graves[32] Ireland's Magdalen laundries and the nation's architecture of containment : Smith, James M., 1966- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[33] Ireland's Magdalen laundries and the nation's architecture of containment : Smith, James M., 1966- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[34] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1043%26context%3Djiass&ved=2ahUKEwi9ytaWy6_oAhVDWs0KHXbIAi04ChAWMAB6BAgDEAE&usg=AOvVaw1_FkG5ehDmePsTrIOout7O[35] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1043%26context%3Djiass&ved=2ahUKEwiEwJTDqrHoAhWRcc0KHRngDt8QFjAKegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw1_FkG5ehDmePsTrIOout7O[36] Ireland's Magdalen laundries and the nation's architecture of containment : Smith, James M., 1966- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[37] http://Raftery, Mary; Eoin O'Sullivan (1999). Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland's Industrial Schools. Dublin: New Island[38] The condition of female laundry workers in Ireland 1922-1996: A cas...[39] Misery in Ireland's 'massive mausoleums of madness'[40] Ireland's Magdalene laundries scandal must be laid to rest | Mary Raftery[41] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www2.bc.edu/james-smith-2/Politicsofsexualknowledge.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjuiuvxya_oAhWCUs0KHaLQA-0QFjABegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3stwJK2sufQ0yFwW5CrKPf[42] https://www.google.com/amp/www.thejournal.ie/magdalene-laundries-report-783760-Feb2013/%3famp=1[43] http://Finnegan, Frances (2001). Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press[44] Irish Laundries Tortured Women And Separated Families, But The Church Denies It[45] Magdalene Asylums[46] 1,663 Irish women died in Magdalene laundries, correct researchers | IrishCentral.com[47] A resource for people affected by and interested in Ireland's Magdalene institutions[48] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2011_05_Justice_for_Magdalenes_Submission_to_UN_Committee_against_Torture.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjSuqqoqq_oAhXdAp0JHZ5tDdgQFjADegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw0wR9y3MX052beT5RurdiMi&cshid=1584923102385[49] 2,000 Irish children were illegally adopted in US from Magdalene Laundries | IrishCentral.com[50] ‘Mother did not remember having us ... only being hurt’[51] https://www.google.com/amp/www.thejournal.ie/margaret-bullen-liveline-callback-3456386-Jun2017/%3famp=1[52] ‘Mother did not remember having us ... only being hurt’[53] Goodpasture Syndrome | NIDDK[54] Goodpasture Syndrome[55] Survivors remember Ireland's Magdalene laundries[56] Survivors remember Ireland's Magdalene laundries[57] Magdalene survivor’s UN case of key importance, lawyer says[58] State failed in ‘duty of care’ to Magdalene women - Flanagan[59] http://Survivors remember Ireland's Magdalene laundries [60] Ireland agrees compensation for Magdalene Laundries survivors[61] The Lost Children of Tuam[62] Magdalene compensation snub is ‘rejection of Laundry women’ | The Irish Post[63] In full: Enda Kenny’s State apology to the Magdalene women[64] The last Magdalene Laundry should be ‘museum not memorial’ - The Irish Catholic[65] Attempts to stop Magdalene Laundry sale

The most important change was the growth of Parliament and the decline of royal power. This process had begun in the 17th century through the Civil War and the 1688 Revolution, which had established that the king could not raise a standing army or tax without parliamentary consent, and that parliament could not be dissolved without its consent, that the king had to be a Protestant and could not marry a Catholic, and that the king could not suspend laws passed by Parliament. Even so, the monarch retained the right to veto legislation, appoint and fire ministers, declare war, issue proclamation and the power of patronage through appointing peers to the House of Lords (which could also block legislation).The most important factor in the further decline of royal power was the death of the last Stuart monarch, Queen Anne, without a surviving child (her son William, Duke of Gloucester had died aged 10 in 1700). Over 40 Catholics who would have normally been next in line for the throne were excluded because of the ban on Catholic monarchs stemming from the Act of Settlement 1701. This meant that the throne passed to the descendents of James I’s daughter Elizabeth Stuart, namely George, Elector of Hanover. In Hanover, the king was an absolute monarch, whereas in Britain he was a limited one. Royal power in Britain continued to decline as follows:The first two Hanoverian kings of Great Britain were born in Germany. George I struggled with learning English, and both he and the next king, George II spent much time in continental Europe defending Hanover’s interests there. In their absence, the Cabinet started meeting without him, and an unofficial position of “Prime Minister” emerged, though its existence was not mentioned in legislation in 1920. In fact when challenged over this by an MP in the House of Commons, the first Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole denied he was a Prime Minister.George I and George II would not appoint members of the Tory Party (which traditionally was more supportive of royal power) to high office because some of their leaders still had ties to the rival House of Stuart (supporters were known as Jacobites). For example Henry St.John, Viscount Bolingbroke had to flee to France following a failed Jacobite rebellion in Scotland and the North of England in 1715. (He was allowed to return after an amnesty in the 1720s). This made these kings dependent on the Whig Party, which was traditionally opposed to royal power. The Tories weren’t appointed again to high office until George III in the 1760s.The South Sea Bubble (a stock market crash in 1720 involving a slave trading company) made George I more dependent on the Prime Minister Robert Walpole. There were rumours the king and the Prince of Wales had been bribed by the South Sea Company. Walpole helped protect them from investigation in Parliament. This helped Walpole remain in power for almost thirty years.97% of the male population still did not have a vote as late as 1783. In contrast, about half the male population in the US had the vote when the War of Independence broke out. So this did not change. In fact, for much of the century, a growing number of seats were not even elected. By the 1780s, in Cornwall and Devon, 1050 people voted for 53 MPs but growing northern industrial towns had no representation. The parliamentary boundaries had been drawn in the 13th century (with the brief exception of those in the 1650s during Oliver Cromwell’s Republic) but by now, many such as Old Sarum had little or no people living there, so the landlords handpicked the MPs. This continued until the 1830s. The only real change in this situation is that Catholics got the vote in 1793 in Britain and Ireland. Even then, there was no secret ballot until the Secret Ballot Act in the 1870s, so the landlords could pressure their tenants to vote a particular way.In 1750 a ruling in what is called Somerset’s Case effectively ended slavery within the United Kingdom, but not in the British colonies.In 1766, the Pope recognised the Protestant Succession in Britain and stopped supporting the exiled Stuart claim to the throne. As a result, Britain began to repeal some of the Penal Laws against Catholics (most of whom lived in Ireland). In 1778 the Catholic Relief Act allowed Roman Catholics to own property and to inherit land. Reaction against this led to riots in Scotland in 1779 and then the Gordon Riots in London on June 2, 1780. Further relief was given by an Act of 1782 allowing the establishment of Roman Catholic schools and bishops. The British Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was adopted by the Irish Parliament in 1792–93. Since the electoral franchise at the time was largely determined by property, this relief gave the votes to Roman Catholics holding land with a rental value of £2 a year. They also started to gain access to many middle-class professions from which they had been excluded, such as the legal profession, grand jurors, universities and the lower ranks of the army and judiciary. Catholics could still not sit in Parliament.The Jews were briefly allowed to apply for British citizenship under the Jewish Naturalisation Act of 1753, but this was repealed in 1754 after an outburst of anti semitism from the public.The founding of the Methodist Church happened in the mid-18th century. By 1791 it had 305,000 members. The English Methodists split from the Church of England in 1784. In England the movement was led by John Wesley, whereas in Wales it was led by Howell Harris.