Legal Status Change Form - Mcgill University: Fill & Download for Free

I don’t know how competitive they are — but I’m a bit biased —so I’ll just “hey! come to UBC !”I think McGill is known for certain things — ie. legal profession or medical (with a host more, no doubt; so don’t get me wrong if I’ve missed other leading aspects of McGill U).)As an alumni of the University of British Columbia (UBC) is a massive university, both in area, scope & population, with Canada’s second largest student population, located on three distinct campuses :• The main original campus in University Endowment Lands on tip of Point Grey, Vancouver;• The Downtown Vancouver campus at Robson Square;• The Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, in BC’s interior (4–5hour drive from Vancouver).UBC offers, in genera, a vast array of faculties & diversities of studies spread out over many places.McGill has a marvellously high reputation with academic value … being much older and well established. → If you’re looking for what some would say is the Oxford of Canada, also equivocal to Yale or Harvard U, USA, in terms of cache/status.And then the issue is > comparing cities:Montreal eclipses Vancouver in terms of arts & culture . Vancouver is superior in its proximity to nature allows you as a student to take a quick break during your term to get out for a breather & exercise!Yet if you’re studying psychology —I would come to UBC Vancouver as we’re on the cutting edge of a lot of in that field.We have quite a strong computer sciences — Both Vancouver & Montreal are hubs of digital media & computer gaming industry —so you can’t lose either way.Weather - Climate :It’s going to be a matter of how you want to spend your winter. Sometimes the climate can be the game changer.With all due respect to lovely charming Montréal, ( I love Montreal), however, I’ve only been there for spring, summer & autumn. My favourite time of year back East is fall, (eastern summers are too muggy/humid with propensity for sudden thunderstorms & heavy rainfall) Vancouver’s summers are relatively comfortable, with low humidity/ dry long sunny days (generally). I’ve never actually been to Montreal in the winter — but I’m in contact with Montreal as regularly, twice/month, during winter, my Montréal contacts inevitably beg to be on Canada’s West Coast.Yes west coast winters are temperate/balmy. Bear in mind, from October to April, the Pacific Northwest is often overcast for days/weeks on end with brief periods intermittent rain/ drizzle. People who say it rains a lot are really experiencing lack of sunshine during winter, it apparently doesn’t rain any more than Paris. (Flip-side: all winter, you can get away with wearing just a light sweater, Gortex bomber jacket & sneakers/ankle boots = with rubber soles).Snowshoes & snow shovels are not typical of Vancouver winter, unless you’re going up the local mountains.In the last few winters - heavier footwear has been necessary to wear for brief snow periods of December & January … When it snows, Vancouver’s quite pretty & temperatures are quite bearable/ mildly cold. However, recent years Vancouver’s had more radical swings in temperature (due to climate change), with summer droughts starting in spring, plus more risk of forest/wildfire smoke. The winters seem more unpredictable ranging from milder/wetter early springlike to more colder/nippy, yet dry/crisp sunny. The bonus is spring does come early to Canada’s Westcoast, with flowers blooming as early as January, February-March, with April-June being the most fragrant & spectacular. Truly, without exaggeration, B.C. in spring is the most beautiful in Canada.Montreal also has a superior transit system to Vancouver’s - with fast underground network. That said, Vancouver’s built quite an extensive high speed automated elevated light rail network — (i.e. Skytrain & Subways [Canada Line] with an extension of The Millennium Line in subway form proposed to start construction soon connecting UBC along the Broadway corridor =>. ).Montreal’s downtown is not far from McGill University - it’s like @ part of downtown.University British Columbia main campus is stuck way out of the tip of West Point Grey ( a 45 minute bus trip to downtown) — yet, of course, depending on what you’re studying, as mentioned before UBC has satellite campuses, incl. downtown, (so it’s hard to say).Accommodations & Affordability — this will be critical in deciding when on limited student funds.Vancouver has been almost crippling in unaffordability & low vacancy/ housing crisis where it’s very difficult to find somewhere to live in the city … however there are many more choices on the large campus, and vicinity, with people offering students furnished suites with temporary short term leases.Montreal has long been considered a more affordable city, but that gap has become more narrow in recent years, with rents/ cost of living creeping up too — I know Toronto has become equivalently pas expensive as Vancouver (affordable accommodations are very tough to come by, sharing your unit or whatever is a must).Q: Is Vancouver more expensive than Montreal?→ Cost of living in Vancouver is 29% more expensive than Montréal * based on data updated as recently as May -July 2019 ( Source: expatisan.com => Full Cost of Living comparison Vancouver vs Montreal).Another great source is http://numbeo.com ==>Cost of Living Comparison Montréal vs Vancouver …In Montréal one needs around $4,834.87 Cdn to maintain same standard of living as in Vancouver where one needs $6,400.00 Cdn to meet expenses (assuming one rents in both cities).==> This calculation uses Numbeo’s Cost of Living Plus Rent Index to compare cost of living (assumes net earnings, after income tax).Indices Difference:Consumer Prices in Montréal = 9.89% lower than Vancouver;Consumer Prices (incl. Rent) in Montréal = 24.46% lower than Vancouver;Rent Prices in Montréal = 47.16% lower than Vancouver;Restaurant Prices in Montréal = 12.17% lower than Vancouver;Groceries Prices in Montréal = 9.59% lower than Vancouver;Local Purchasing Power in Montréal = 18.25% higher than Vancouver.Utilities (Monthly Basic: Electricity, Heating, Cooling, Water, Garbage) for standard 85m2 Apartment, Vancouver = $82.48 C, vs Montréal = $95.37 C.Sports & Leisure — Fitness Club, monthly fee (1 Adult), Vancouver = $52.84 C vs Montréal = $36.29 CSalaries, income compensation & financial (average monthly/net salary; after tax) → Vancouver, higher average earnings = $3,496.75 C, vs Montréal, lower average earnings = $3,123.77 C.Transportation — One-way Ticket (Local Public Transit) — Vancouver = $2.95 C vs Montréal $3.25 C // Monthly Pass (regular fare); Vancouver = $95.00 C/m vs Montréal = $85.00 C/mGasoline ($/1 liter) Vancouver = $1.51 C/l, vs Montréal = $1.28 C/l, on average.Childcare, Preschool, or Kindergarten, Private full rates: (o government subsidy) Full Day, Private, ($/Month/Child): Vancouver = $1,300.43 C/month vs Montréal = $658.19 C/month._____________________________| |_____________________________________I have no idea about your economic status nor your tolerance for hot/cold - temperature differentials.Studying is hard enough — All of my answers may seem irrelevant — I think they are based on the fact that you need to find a balance with the easier city to live in while doing those studies. Your success is hinges on balance.So you got lots to think about!All the best!When words alone can’t describe why B.C.’s spectacular by nature, see below photos of UBC’s campuses:^ aerial view of UBC’s beautiful main campus on Point Grey, jutting out into the Salish Sea (Strait of Georgia).^ aerial view of downtown Vancouver, False Creek, English Bay, looking SW to UBC’s main campus on Point Grey.^ aerial view of UBC’s main campus on Pt. Grey, looking NE towards downtown Vancouver, & environs beyond.^ close up over view of UBC’s main campus, Point Grey, Vancouver.^ close up over view of UBC’s Downtown Vancouver campus, Robson Square.^ close up over view of UBC’s Main Mall, on the lush parklands of Point Grey campus, Vancouver.^ view from steps of BC Law Courts, looking North over UBC’s Downtown campus, Robson Square.^ UBC’s Okanagan campus, near Kelowna, B.C.^ UBC’s Okanagan campus, near Kelowna, B.C.^ overview of City of Kelowna’s downtown boardwalk & lakeshore park on the shores of Okanagan Lake.^ Springtime: magnolias in bloom UBC’s Robson Square campus, Downtown Vancouver.^ UBC’s Robson Square campus, in the heart of Downtown Vancouver, B.C.^ UBC’s ever expanding Okanagan campus, near Kelowna, B.C. (2019)^ Taking it all in, on a rest stop of cycling tour with the dogs, on trail high above Naramata, B.C., with panoramic view of Okanagan Lake & Valley, looking south towards Penticton, & Skaha Lake beyond.^ Guaranteed sunshine in B.C.’s semi-arid Interior — fruit & wine country — vineyards & fruit orchards cling to the slopes along Okanagan Lake & Valley, near Penticton, south of Kelowna.

A false colour image of Cassiopeia A comprised with data from the Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescopes and the Chandra X-Ray observatory ( Nasa )Scientists have launched the first new space nation. And anyone can become a citizen of it.The new space nation of Asgardia hopes to save the human race twice over. First, it will look to protect it from warfare in space; and second it will try and keep humanity safe from the dangers coming from outside of atmosphere, protecting us from threats like space debris and asteroid collisions.Those behind Asgardia hope that creating the country is the first step of a new era in the space age. And they intend to start that by sending rockets into the sky.The country will send its first satellite into space in 2017. From there, Agardia hopes to “open up access to space for commerce, science and peoples of all countries on earth”Nasa's most stunning pictures of spaceShow all 30The scientists behind the plan launched it in Paris this week, and named it after the city of skies that was ruled by Odin from Valhalla in Norse mythology.It is being led by Igor Ashurbeyli, who leads the Aerospace International Research Center in Vienna and is chairman of UNESCO’s science of space committee. But Asgardia was created in consultation with “globally renowned scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and legal experts”, according to those behind it.The country is hoping to become a fully recognised country, said Dr Ashburbeyli. And when it does so it will be able to promote values central to scientists, he claimed.Read moreRead more The first LGBT pride flag has been launched into space“Asgardia is a fully-fledged and independent nation, and a future member of the United Nations - with all the attributes this status entails,” he said in a statement. “The essence of Asgardia is Peace in Space, and the prevention of Earth’s conflicts being transferred into space.“Asgardia is also unique from a philosophical aspect – to serve entire humanity and each and everyone, regardless of his or her personal welfare and the prosperity of the country where they happened to be born.”The country will allow for anyone to apply for citizenship.“Any human living on Earth can become a citizen of Asgardia,” the site’s citizenship page reads. It includes a link to a form to join the country, which is done just by handing over your first name, last name, email and country.But the new project also hopes that it can completely change the idea of the nation state. It hopes to create a new framework for how space activities are regulated and owned, changing who’s responsible for what goes on there and how it can be governed.Doing that should help make sure that the future of space is peaceful and done for the benefit of humankind, rather than forcing a new kind of race to colonise parts of space and push warfare that’s happening on earth up and out of our atmosphere.“An appropriate and unique global space legal regime is indispensable for governing outer space in order to ensure it is explored on a sustainable basis for exclusively peaceful purposes and to the benefit of all humanity, including future generations living on planet earth and in outer space,” said Ram Jakhu, the director of the Institute of Air and Space Law at McGill University in Montreal. “The development of foundational principles of such a legal regime ought to take place at the same time as technological progress is being made.”But the project hopes to keep people on Earth more safe, too. One of the project’s first initiatives will be to create a protective shield that keeps human kind from “cosmic manmade and natural threats to life on earth such as space debris, coronal mass ejections and asteroid collisions”.Scientists have warned repeatedly that those threats are being underestimated. Scientists have warned that there are thousands of pieces of debris that could crash down to Earth, and that coronal mass ejections coming from the Sun could potentially wipe out all communications on Earth.

Why do people say that Israel is an apartheid state, because of the evidence. It’s easy to cherry pick the odd Arab Muslim celebrity that makes it through the system, so instead I’ll start with Rima Najjar excellent answer Rima Najjar's answer to Do Palestinians from the West Bank all require a biometric ID card to get into Israel, or are their traditional hawiya and permit enough?, specifically this part, the infographic below Identity Crisis: The Israeli ID System which highlights the differential treatment:Also, these areas are what Ariel Sharon referred to as the "bantustan model", the same model as the “homelands” in South Africa. This was reported by many news organisations, including here below in Haaretz: People and Politics / Sharon's Bantustans are far from Copenhagen's hope:“The former premier from the Italian left said that three or four years ago he had a long conversation with Sharon, who was in Rome for a brief visit. According to D'Alema, Sharon explained at length that the Bantustan model was the most appropriate solution to the conflict.The defender of Israel quickly protested. "Surely that was your personal interpretation of what Sharon said."D'Alema didn't give in. "No, sir, that is not interpretation. That is a precise quotation of your prime minister."Supplementary evidence backing D'Alema's story can be found in an expensively produced brochure prepared for Tourism Minister Benny Elon, who is promoting a two-state solution - Israel and Jordan. Under the title "The Road to War: a tiny protectorate, overpopulated, carved up and demilitarized," the Moledet Party leader presents "the map of the Palestinian state, according to Sharon's proposal." Sharon's map is surprisingly similar to the plan for protectorates in South Africa in the early 1960s. Even the number of cantons is the same - 10 in the West Bank (and one more in Gaza). Dr. Alon Liel, a former Israeli ambassador to South Africa, notes that the South Africans only managed to create four of their 10 planned Bantustans.The Bantustan model, says Liel, was the ugliest of all the tricks used to perpetuate the apartheid regime in most of South Africa's territory. By 1986, unrest in the Bantustans turned into ongoing rioting and terror, which descended into coups in the so-called independent regimes, and South African intervention. The minuscule support the Bantustan governments did enjoy evaporated, so by January 1994, they were finally dismantled and became integrated into the united South Africa of black majority rule.read more: People and Politics / Sharon's Bantustans are far from Copenhagen's hope ”From Rula Jebreal in the New York timesChief among the more than 50 discriminatory Israeli laws documented by Adalah, the Haifa-based Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, is the Law of Return, which automatically guarantees Israeli citizenship for every Jew regardless of birthplace. Often, they are shepherded into settlements in the West Bank (illegal under international law), where they receive government benefits. Palestinian Israeli citizens, meanwhile, are subject to a ban on family reunification: If they marry a fellow Palestinian from the West Bank or Gaza, they are prohibited from living in Israel under the Citizenship and Entry Into Israel Law.In September, Israel’s Supreme Court dismissed a petition challenging the Admissions Committees Law, which allows communities to reject housing applicants based on “cultural and social suitability” — a legal pretext to deny residency to non-Jews. In practice, even before the law was passed, it was virtually impossible for a Palestinian to buy or rent a home in any majority-Jewish city.Further ethnic separation is maintained by the education system. Aside from a few mixed schools, most educational institutions in Israel are divided into Arab and Jewish ones. According to Nurit Peled-Elhanan, a Hebrew University professor of sociology who has produced the most comprehensive survey of Israeli public school curriculums, not one positive reference to Palestinians exists in Israeli high school textbooks. Palestinians are described as either “Arab farmers with no nationality” or fearsome “terrorists,” as Professor Peled-Elhanan documented in her book “Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education.”Someone who understood Apartheid well - Nelson Mandela:Nelson Mandela Speaking on Palestine [Extracts]From Mandela’s address at The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People (4 December 1997)"Our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians "Nelson Mandela’s harsh attack on Israel at the start of his three-day visit to Australia.“The deputy president of the African National Congress likened Israel to a “terrorist state”.”“We identify with them because we do not believe it is right for the Israeli government to suppress basic human rights in the conquered territories.” Mandela declared.”"If one has to refer to any of the parties as a terrorist state, one might refer to the Israeli government, because they are the people who are slaughtering defenseless and innocent Arabs in the occupied territories, and we don’t regard that as acceptable.””"My view is that talk of peace remains hollow if Israel continues to occupy Arab lands””From South Africans: Israeli Apartheid "More Terrifying" than South Africa … "Worse Than Conditions Were for Blacks Under the Apartheid Regime" … "Far Worse Than Apartheid South Africa" - Desmond Tutu"South Africans: Israeli Apartheid “More Terrifying” than South Africa … “Worse Than Conditions Were for Blacks Under the Apartheid Regime” … “Far Worse Than Apartheid South Africa"“”I have been to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and I have witnessed the racially segregated roads and housing that reminded me so much of the conditions we experienced in South Africa under the racist system of Apartheid. I have witnessed the humiliation of Palestinian men, women, and children made to wait hours at Israeli military checkpoints routinely when trying to make the most basic of trips to visit relatives or attend school or college, and this humiliation is familiar to me and the many black South Africans who were corralled and regularly insulted by the security forces of the Apartheid government.” In 2011, Tutu wrote an article for the Tampa Bay Times, arguing that Israeli apartheid is now so bad that only an international boycott can force ““”It is not a Muslim or Jewish crisis. It is a human rights crisis with roots to what amounts to an apartheid system of land ownership and control. It is a crisis that fuels other crises…””Analysis by International Legal Team . This hyperlink is cited belowIn 2009, a comprehensive 18-month independent academic study was completed for the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa for the South African Department of Foreign Affairs on the legal status of Israel's occupation of East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[62] The specific questions examined in the study were whether Israeli policies are consistent with colonialism and apartheid, as these practices and regimes are spelled out in relevant international legal instruments. The second question, regarding apartheid, was the major focus of the study. Authors and analysts contributing to the study included jurists, academics and international lawyers from Israel, the occupied Palestinian territories, South Africa, England, Ireland and the United States. The team considered whether human rights law can be applied to cases of belligerent occupation, the legal context in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories and related international law and comparative practices. The question of apartheid was examined through a dual approach: reference to international law and comparison to policies and practices by the apartheid regime in South Africa. Initially released as a report, the report was later edited and published in 2012 (by Pluto Press) as Beyond Occupation: Apartheid, Colonialism and International Law in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.Regarding international law, the team reported that Israel's practices in the OPT correlate almost entirely with the definition of apartheid as established in Article 2 of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. (The exception was the Convention's reference to genocidal policies, which were not found to be part of Israeli practices, although the team noted that genocide was not the policy in apartheid South Africa either.) Comparison to South African laws and practices by the apartheid regime also found strong correlations with Israeli practices, including violations of international standards for due process (such as illegal detention); discriminatory privileges based on ascribed ethnicity (legally, as Jewish or non-Jewish); draconian enforced ethnic segregation in all parts of life, including by confining groups to ethnic "reserves and ghettos"; comprehensive restrictions on individual freedoms, such as movement and expression; a dual legal system based on ethno-national identity (Jewish or Palestinian); denationalization (denial of citizenship); and a special system of laws designed selectively to punish any Palestinian resistance to the system.Thematically, the team concluded that Israel's practices could be grouped into three "pillars" of apartheid comparable to practices in South Africa:The first pillar "derives from Israeli laws and policies that establish Jewish identity for purposes of law and afford a preferential legal status and material benefits to Jews over non-Jews".The second pillar is reflected in "Israel's 'grand' policy to fragment the OPT [and] ensure that Palestinians remain confined to the reserves designated for them while Israeli Jews are prohibited from entering those reserves but enjoy freedom of movement throughout the rest of the Palestinian territory. This policy is evidenced by Israel's extensive appropriation of Palestinian land, which continues to shrink the territorial space available to Palestinians; the hermetic closure and isolation of the Gaza Strip from the rest of the OPT; the deliberate severing of East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank; and the appropriation and construction policies serving to carve up the West Bank into an intricate and well-serviced network of connected settlements for Jewish-Israelis and an archipelago of besieged and non-contiguous enclaves for Palestinians".The third pillar is "Israel's invocation of 'security' to validate sweeping restrictions on Palestinian freedom of opinion, expression, assembly, association and movement [to] mask a true underlying intent to suppress dissent to its system of domination and thereby maintain control over Palestinians as a group."PollsPalestinians are seen as second class citizens including the desire to implement ethnic transfer, segregation and exclusion from voting. Looking at the survey, the majority acknowledge Apartheid! One can start with the Times of Israel: Nearly half of Jewish Israelis want to expel Arabs, survey showsPew study finds 79% believe Jews should get preferential treatment over Arab citizensOrSurvey: Most Israeli Jews wouldn't give Palestinians vote if West Bank was annexed (Haaretz)BBC NewsIsraeli anti-Arab racism 'rises'“Israeli Arabs complain they are treated differently to Israel's JewsAn Israeli civil rights group has said racism against Arab citizens of Israel has risen sharply in the past year.In a report, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel said expression of anti-Arab views had doubled, and racist incidents had increased by 26%.Christian or Muslim Arab citizens of Israel make up 20% of the population.But the civil rights quoted polls suggesting half of Jewish Israelis do not believe Arab citizens of Israel should have equal rights.About the same amount said they wanted the government to encourage Arab emigration from Israel.In another poll, almost 75% of Jewish youths said Arabs were less intelligent and less clean than Jews.”Ynet News‘Marriage to an Arab is national treason’“Recent poll reveals steep rise in racist views against Arabs in Israel; many participants feel hatred, fear when overhearing Arabic, 75 percent don’t approve of shared apartment buildingsRoee Nahmias|Published: 27.03.07 , 19:55Over half of the Jewish population in Israel believes the marriage of a Jewish woman to an Arab man is equal to national treason, according to a recent survey by the Geocartography Institute. The survey, which was conducted for the Center Against Racism, also found that over 75 percent of participants did not approve of apartment buildings being shared between Arabs and Jews. Sixty percent of participants said they would not allow an Arab to visit their home. Five hundred Jewish men and women participated in the poll, which was published Tuesday. “Ynet news againPoll: 36% of Jews want to revoke Arabs' voting rights“While few Israeli Jews say they are nationalistic, many favor anti-democratic values, survey findsThirty-six percent of Israeli Jews are in favor of revoking the voting rights of non-Jews, Yedioth Ahronoth reported, citing findings by the Dahaf polling agency, headed by Dr. Mina Tzemach.”Poll: Half of Israeli high schoolers oppose equal rights for Arabs”“In response to the question of whether Arab citizens should be granted rights equal to that of Jews, 49.5 percent answered in the negative. “Catrina Stewart in The IndependentThe new Israeli apartheid: Poll reveals widespread Jewish support for policy of discrimination against Arab minority“47 per cent of respondents would like to see Israel's Arab citizens stripped of their citizenship rightsClassroom shortages and unequal property rights are ‘proof’ of Israeli Arabs’ second-class status ReutersA new poll has revealed that a majority of Israeli Jews believe that the Jewish State practises "apartheid" against Palestinians, with many openly supporting discriminatory policies against the country's Arab citizens.A third of respondents believe that Israel's Arab citizens should be denied the vote, while almost half – 47 per cent – would like to see them stripped of their citizenship rights and placed under Palestinian Authority control, according to Israel's liberal Haaretz newspaper, which published the poll's findings yesterday.”Times of Israel - Ashkelon warned over Arab worker ban, as poll shows public support“Weinstein wrote in a letter to Shimoni that his singling out of a specific ethnic group for the directive was “likely to have serious public and legal repercussions.”“Not employing workers due to their being Arabs, and having a public official sending the message that employing Arabs is undesirable, does not comply with the law,” Weinstein wrote.In his letter, the attorney general demanded an explanation from Shimoni.Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein (Photo credit: Miriam Alster/Flash90)Weinstein’s warning followed fierce condemnation of the Ashkelon mayor’s move from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Reuven Rivlin and politicians from both sides of the political spectrum.But many Israelis backed the directive, which came on the heels of a Tuesday terror attack by Palestinians from East Jerusalem on a synagogue in Har Nof, in which five Israelis were killed, in a part of Jerusalem far from the violence that has wracked the city in recent weeks.A Channel 10 poll showed 58 percent of Israelis supported Shimoni’s move, 32% did not support it and 10% did not know. The channel did not release methodology details.”Academic Research on “Ethnic Democracy”The concept of ethnic democracy dominates the question of Apartheid. Here is an academic paper on the topic with some quotes below it.As’ad Ghanem, Nadim Rouhana and Oren Yiftachel, Questioning “Ethnic Democracy”“As an ethnic state, Israel makes equality between Arab and Jew impossible in practice or in theory. It is membership in the Jewish people, not citizenship in Israel, that is the chief criterion for the claim of state ownership. The state system is predicated on a constitutional arrangement that contradicts the conditions of equal citizenship and, therefore, democracy. The essence of this contradiction stems from Israel’s very raison d’être. As argued elsewhere, (Rouhana 1997), Israel embodies in theory, ideology, and practice exclusive Jewish state ownership in the sense that Israel is the state of the Jewish people only. It is the political tool of the Jewish people regardless of citizenship; thus the state is structurally and openly biased in favor of one of its two main ethnic groups.Accordingly, Israel is an “ethnic state,” in which the exclusive privileges of the dominant ethnic group is constitutionally grounded in a number of most important Basic Laws including the Laws of Return and Citizenship, and Basic Law: the Knesset (Section 7A), which defines Israel as the state of the Jewish people and limits the right of citizens to campaign democratically for representation in the parliament if they do not recognize that Israel is the state of the Jewish people.(Kretzmer 1990; Rouhana 1997) Thus Israel has been termed a “constitutionally exclusive ethnic state,”[9] whose exclusion of the Arab citizens from its national goals, identity, and mission is constitutional.Furthermore, as elaborated below, a number of laws that deal with most important issues, such as land ownership and control, education, and distribution of resources, openly base privileged treatment on being Jewish. In addition, there are numerous regulations that do not use the term Jewish or Arab explicitly, but which make it clear that preferential treatment of Jewish citizens is supported by statutory law and institutional regulations.[10] These regulations cover a broad range of individual and collective state-supported assistance. Thus, Israel, by imposing the criterion of belonging to a group—ethnic affIliation—for privileged and discriminatory treatment, anchors the violation of equal opportunity in its own law. A Jewish state (in the form established in Israel) cannot provide the prerequisites for equal citizenship and, hence, for democracy. Furthermore, the violations of equal citizenship that are anchored in constitutional law and the legal system itself are supported by broad segments of both the Jewish public and the Jewish elites.Unequal citizenship that is obviously inferior deprives Arab citizens of a meaningful identity that derives from their citizenship. Under the existing ethnic structure that so openly prefers Jew to Arab, and that sometimes treats Arabs as an internal or potential enemy, identification with the state is paramount to accepting constitutional inferiority and being existentially unequal. One of Smooha’s fundamental theoretical and empirical claims is that the Arabs have undergone a profound process of Israelization,[11] a conclusion that is based on conceptual and methodological pitfalls.[12] Israelization, in the sense of accepting Jewish exclusivity and privilege and the Arab inferiority that comes with it, and in the sense of accepting Israel as the state of the Jewish people, is an illusionary identity at best and a distorted identity at worst. The failure to over—even theoretically—equal citizenship means that the only identity Israel can provide is, at its center, one which enforces inequality and exclusion.”The history of Zionism. I’ll begin this part by looking at Vladimir (Ze’ev) Jabotinsky (1880-1940) and then Arthur Ruppin. Jabotinsky is a huge figure in this narrative:Jabotinsky helped lead Revisionist Zionist Movement which eventually evolved into the post-1948 Herut Party and eventually the Likud Party. His Secretary, a historian Benzion Netanyahu is the father of Binyamin Netanyahu. Benzion’s final book, The Founding Fathers of Zionism, described Israel as a country that—like America—was built on the intellectual foundations of its founders: Leo Pinsker, Theodor Herzl, Max Nordau, Israel Zangwill, and Ze’ev Jabotinsky.Jabotinsky also set up the party's youth movement, Betar, which was characterized by militaristic, almost fascist, appearance including dark brown uniforms. Jabotinsky admired Mussolini. His movement repeatedly sought affiliation with and assistance from Rome.In his IRON WALL article that was published in Ha'aretz Daily in 1923. Jabotinsky stated:".... Settlement can thus develop under the protection of a force that is not dependent on the local population, behind an IRON WALL which they will be powerless to break down. ....a voluntary agreement is just not possible. As long as the Arabs preserve a gleam of hope that they will succeed in getting rid of us, nothing in the world can cause them to relinquish this hope, precisely because they are not a rubble but a living people. And a living people will be ready to yield on such fateful issues only when they give up all hope of getting rid of the Alien Settlers. Only then will extremist groups with their slogan 'No, never' lose their influence, and only then their influence be transferred to more moderate groups. And only then will the moderates offer suggestions for compromise. Then only will they begin bargaining with us on practical matters, such as guarantees against PUSHING THEM OUT, and equality of civil, and national rights."From "Eliminate the Diaspora, or the Diaspora will surely eliminate you." (From "Tisha B'av 1937"), Jabotinsky said“the source of national feeling … lies in a man’s blood … in his racio-physical type, and in that alone … a man’s spiritual outlooks are primarily determined by his physical structure … For that reason we do not believe in spiritual assimilation. It is inconceivable, from the physical point of view, that a Jew born to a family of pure Jewish blood … can become adapted to the spiritual outlooks of a German or a Frenchman … He maybe wholly imbued with that German fluid but the nucleus of his spiritual structure will always remain Jewish”“A Jew brought up among Germans may assume German custom, German words. He may be wholly imbued with that German fluid but the nucleus of his spiritual structure will always remain Jewish, because his blood, his body, his physical-racial type are Jewish. ... It is impossible for a man to become assimilated with people whose blood is different from his own. In order to become assimilated, he must change his body, he must become one of them, in blood. ... There can be no assimilation as long as there is no mixed marriage. ... An increase in the number of mixed marriages is the only sure and infallible means for the destruction of nationality as such. ... A preservation of national integrity is impossible except by a preservation of racial purity, and for that purpose we are in need of a territory of our own where our people will constitute the overwhelming majority”Jabotinsky stated in 1923:"The Arabs loved their country as much as the Jews did. Instinctively, they understood Zionist aspirations very well, and their decision to resist them was only natural ..... There was no misunderstanding between Jew and Arab, but a natural conflict. .... No Agreement was possible with the Palestinian Arab; they would accept Zionism only when they found themselves up against an 'iron wall,' when they realize they had no alternative but to accept Jewish settlement." (America And The Founding Of Israel, p.90)”In the book, “One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate By Tom Segev” on page 407, referenced Jabotinsky's just before his death in 1940:"The world has become accustomed to the idea of mass migrations and has become fond of them." He later added, "Hitler--- as odious as he is to us---has given this idea a good name in the world."Now, forcible expulsion/transfer was among the charges against Adolf Eichmann, one the architects of the Nazi Holocaust.On page 151 of the same book, Jabotinsky claims“We Jews have nothing in common with what is called the 'Orient,' thank God. To the extent that our uneducated masses have ancient spiritual traditions and laws that call the Orient, they must be weaned away from them, and this is in fact what we are doing in every decent school, what life itself is doing with great success. We are going in Palestine, first for our national convenience, [second] to sweep out thoroughly all traces of the 'Oriental soul.' As for the [Palestinians] Arabs in Palestine, what they do is their business; but if we can do them a favor, it is to help them liberate themselves from the Orient.”Here is Daniel Kupfert Heller is assistant professor of Jewish studies at McGill University. His bio states that Dr. Heller received his PhD from Stanford University and his undergraduate degree from the University of Toronto. In his book - Jabotinsky’s Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism (Princeton University Press, 2017), second chapter, Kupfert states:“Prior to Jabotinsky’s split with the Zionist Organization, he told Weizmann during a trip to Italy in 1922 that Zionists would be able to find a “common language” with several Italian Fascist leaders. Perhaps bearing in mind his comments to Weizmann, he wrote to Mussolini that very same day and explained Zionist behavior in the following way: “If you want to understand our level of vitality, please study your own fascists and add only some tragedy, some tenacity—perhaps more experience.”Even if Jabotinsky’s comments were designed to impress Mussolini, rather than accurately describe the Zionist movement, many of his acolytes took seriously the claim that fascism and Zionism had much in common… ”Moving on to Arthur Ruppin :He headed the Jewish Agency between 1933 and 1935, ‘The Father of Jewish settlement in Palestine’ and helped to settle the large numbers of Jewish immigrants."This very likeness to the Asiatic peoples, from whom they have been separated for 2000 years, shows that the Jews have remained unchanged, and that in the Jews of today we may say we may have the same people who fought victoriously under King David, who repented their misdeeds under Ezra and Nehemiah, died fighting for freedom under Bar-Kokhba, were the great carriers of trade under between Europe and the Orient in the early Middle Ages….Thus the Jews have not only preserved their great natural racial gifts, but through a long process of selection these gifts have become strengthened. The terrible conditions under which the Jews lived during the last 500 years necessitated a bitter struggle for life in which only the cleverest and strongest survived… The result is that in the Jew of today, we have what is in some respects a particular valuable human type. Other nations may have other points of superiority, but in respect of intellectual gifts the Jews can scarcely be surpassed by any nation.” (The Invention of the Jewish People, Shlomo Sand)“I do not believe in the TRANSFER of an individual. I believe in the TRANSFER of entire villages.” (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Benny Morris)What ‘The Father’ had in mind? Arthur Ruppin (1876–1943), cultural identity, weltanschauung and action“Ruppin’s constant aspiration for racial purity in the Jews emerged from within the scientific and medical discourse which praised racial purity”Review of “My Promised Land: The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel” by Ari ShavitIn Shavit’s words, the Arabs living there “are hardly noticeable to a Victorian gentleman,” who as a “white man of the Victorian era, cannot see non-whites as equals.” Shavit’s great-grandfather “does not see because he is motivated by the need not to see.” And in this respect, he was typical of the early Zionists. [Cf. also Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict, by John B. Judis.] Shavit says that among the early Zionists only Israel Zangwill had a clear view of the Arab population of Palestine, and Zangwill asserted that the Zionists must “drive out by sword the tribes in possession, as our forefathers did.”Prior to 1948, few Zionists would have admitted to agreeing with Zangwill. At the same time, few of them would have looked on their Arab neighbors as equals. Shavit describes the early Zionists as living in a state of denial about the ArabsTo summarize, the comparison with Apartheid is done via:Direct quotes from politiciansLegal structuresExternal expertsFeedback from key players in the South African modelPollsAcademic researchHistorical concepts based on race theory