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It’s not boring, you just don’t know it.French adventurers(The coureur de bois Pierre-Esprit Radisson)Invasion of the New York province (Nine Years War)French attack on NewfoundlandFranco-Iroquois Wars (1660–1701)(Battle of Long Sault, a pyrrhic Iroquois victory)(Governor Louis de Buade count of Frontenac in a war council with indigenous allies)(French prisoner of war)(Madeleine de Verchères during the Battle of Verchères)(French elite troops : Carignan-Salières Regiment, veterans of the Battle of Saint Gotthard against the Ottomans, led by the marquis of Tracy)Franco-Indigenous diplomacy(1701 Conference of Montréal)(Daniel Liénard de Beaujeau before going to battle, disguises as an indigenous to boost their morale.)(A wampum belt probably crafted by the Wendats and given to the French during a treaty, at the Musée du quai Branly in Paris)(First play in North America : le Théâtre de Neptune, by Marc Lescabot in Acadia in 1606, in front of a Micmac public.)Acadian Civil War(Madame de La Tour defending the fort Sainte-Marie)Deportation of the Acadians(Acadian war hero Joseph Broussard during the Battle of the Fort Beauséjour. He will be deported to Saint-Domingue then will go to Louisiana.)(Battle of Ristigouche : the Acadians take arms against the British)Pontiac’s War(Battle of Bushy Run)Campaign of Canada, US War of Independence(1775 siege of Québec City)War of 1812(White House burned in Washington DC)(Battle of the Châteauguay river)(Battle of Queenston Heights)VoyageursAlexander Mackenzie (explorer)Upper Canada Rebellions(Battle of Montgomery’s Tavern, 1837)Lower Canada Rebellions(Battle of Saint-Eustache, 1837)English rioters burn the Parliament of MontréalBritish Columbian Gold RushHanging of Tsilhqot'in warriors (Tsilhqot'in War)First Métis Rebellion(The execution of Thomas Scott by a Métis Military Tribunal)Second Métis Rebellion(Battle of Batoche)Fenian raids(Battle of Ridgeway)Quebecer’s Papal zouaves coming to the rescue of the Papal States(Charles-Edmond Rouleau, Quebecer Papal zouave in Rome in May 1868. Some of these zouaves will be present during the Italian siege of Rome in 1870.)Second Boer WarWW1(Riot of Québec City)(Mutiny in Victoria against the Siberian Expedition)(Halifax Explosion)Winnipeg General StrikeOn-to-Ottawa Trek(There were concentrat…. ahem, I mean “work camps for unemployed” , and there was a March to Ottawa that was violently stopped)Spanish Civil War(The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion crossing the Ebro during the Ebro Offensive)WW2(Battle of the Saint-Lawrence : the German U-190 surrenders in Newfoundland in June 1945.)(Plane crash in Montréal, 1944)Quiet Revolution in Québec(Samedi de la matraque)(Lundi de la matraque)Acadian Student Strike in 1968 in MonctonMilitary occupation of Québec in 1970Oka Crisis in Ka'neshatà:ke (1990)2012 Québec SpringWhat do you mean “boring” ?

Its complicated as not all ships were fully manned, in fact most were not. Many were laid up in reserve in peacetime, awaiting re-commissioning.At the beginning of 1775, the North American squadron comprised thirty frigates, sloops, schooners and brigs, under the command of Vice Admiral Samuel Greaves in HMS Preston. They had to be spread widely along the Eastern seaboard, often singly.During 1775 the squadron was reinforced by three 64 gun guardships, Somerset, Asta and Boyne, manning for which had been authorised by the Cabinet in October 1774, and twenty four smaller vessels. The guardships were kept in Crown controlled waters, to deter French intervention in support of the rebels, but were recalled in August 1775 and replaced by smaller 44 gun and 50 gun vessels.By the end of 1775 there were 51 ships and 7,555 men on the North America station, which was quite inadequate to maintain seaward protection for the towns still held for the Crown and to watch the coastline from Newfoundland to Florida.At this time the entire manning of the navy was only 18,000, worldwide, so nearly a third were on the North America station. On 27 September 1775 it was agreed by the privy council to increase manning of the Navy to 26,000, at a cost of £1,352,000, and on 27 October to further increase manpower to 28,000 men.Three small warships, two troop transports and three supply ships arrived in Quebec in May 1776, to relieve the garrison after the attack on Canada, and were followed by two much more substantial convoys. By this time France had declared her intent to support the rebels. These convoys arrived in New York and the Carolinas in May 1776, bringing troop reinforcements, each with a small naval escort.There were political complications too. Admiral Lord Howe, Britain’s foremost sailor, had close connections in Massachusetts and was more interested in being a peace commissioner than carrying out his orders to bring down a reign of terror at sea on his erstwhile friends and family.By the end of 1776, the North American station numbered 74 ships, only twenty of which were not committed to support the army as convoy escorts, transports or bombardment vessels.Note: In a country with few roads, the navy had to move troops around and provide ship’s boats to get the army up rivers. Manning all these light craft was a problem, and the larger and well manned 50 gun ships were primarily used to provide small boat crews.

It is a difficult comparison. Pierre Trudeau is a legend. He placed Canada in front of the world as an example. But he had to deal with FLQ terrorists, a fairly hostile USA leadership. The country had become very political and there were bombs in mailboxes in Westmount, and VIP’s being kidnapped and killed. Trudeau (1) managed to grow the economy by using debt and created a 1.10$ dollar. He repatriated our constitution (formerly the BNA—British North American Act), created the Charter of Right and Freedom, still today the benchmark and most copied constitution (by developing countries), Multiculturalism and official Bilingualism. He beat Nixon to China—creating a bond that still exists today. He quashed for a period of time the sovereignty rebellion. Because the name Trudeau sounds the same as the mandarin word for potato and because he followed the Trudeau they new first, the Chinese called Justin “Little Potato” and his dad, by default was “Big Potato”—both terms of endearment. And last but not least Pierre fathered Justin Trudeau.Justin came in to a debt-ridden economy during the early stages of a huge drop in demand for our western resource—oil. His ‘sunny ways’ message was easy to love although the oil provinces were busy wondering why their product wasn’t selling and blaming it on the new liberal government. He has kept I believe over 70 percent of promises made (so far) and his list of actions and promises will follow below.Justin Trudeau was named by LinkedIn to be the most influential leader in the world and the 5th most influential person. (If influence is power—Trudeau is the most powerful person on Earth.)He began the CoVid-19 war with daily updates from actual experts—no suggestions of drinking Javex or shining flashlights through the anus.He grew the fastest growing economy on Earth, with the lowest debt to GDP ratio. He grew jobs at a rate several times faster than Trump did in the USA (although Jobs are not really a measure of leadership in my opinion). He negotiated 5 huge trade deals, facilitated an investment in India and made Canadians proud on the international stage. Obviously CoVid messed with the success but even with that he made sure to order enough supplies to facilitate giving to less fortunate countries. When asked why he made a balance in the house of females to males, he replied simply “Because it’s 2015”.So, in summary it’s hard to compare as each Trudeau had very different challenges. Both have been amazing.Actions list:Raise the basic personal amount to $15,000 by 2023, for taxpayers whose annual salary is less than $147,000 (source)Cut in half the corporate tax paid by companies that develop and manufacture zero-emissions technologies (source)Put a 10 per cent tax on luxury cars, boats, and personal aircraft over $100 (source)(RETURN TO TOP]Economy and affordabilityLiberal platformReduce cell phone bills by 25 per cent annually, in part by expanding entry of network operators; if prices haven’t come down after two years, government would lower investment thresholds for new players and empower the CRTC to help get rates down (source)Increase the Northern Resident Deduction, offering those living in the Northern Zone at least $1,200 in deductible travel costs (or $600 in deductible travel costs for people in the Intermediate Zone) (source)Put in place a federal minimum wage of $15 an hour (source)Implement a guaranteed paid family leave for parents who, for example, don’t qualify for paid leave through Employment InsuranceAdd provisions to the federal labour code to give employees a “right to disconnect,” giving workers the right to request that they not work extra hours (source)Create a Canada Free Trade Tribunal to resolved domestic trade barriersCreate a national flood insurance programLaunch an Employment Insurance Disaster Assistance Benefit in 2021Expand the Memorial Grant Program for First Responders to include correctional workersGive families of Canadian Armed Forces and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police members a tax-free $2,500 benefit every time they relocate(RETURN TO TOP]Jobs & skills trainingLiberal platformProvide up to 2,000 entrepreneurs a year with as much as $50,000 to launch a new business (source)Give $250 to every new business looking to expand online services (source)Eliminate all fees from the Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC), Export Development Canada (EDC), and Farm Credit Canada, for business advisory services like mentorship and training (source)Cut the cost of federal incorporation by 75 per cent, from $200 down to $50 (source)Eliminate the “swipe fee” on HST and GST for credit transactions (source)Invest $100 million in skills training, to ensure there are enough qualified workers to keep up with energy audits, retrofits, and net-zero home construction (source)Introduce a Career Insurance Benefit that would kick in after Employment Insurance ends, giving an additional 20 per cent of insured earnings in the first year following a layoff, and 10 per cent in the second year (source)Extending EI sickness benefits from 15 weeks to 26 weeks (source)Create a new federal Family Day holiday (source)Creating a Canadian Apprenticeship Service, providing providing up to $10,000 per apprentice, over four years, for every new position createdImplement a $40 million/year national workplace accessibility fund, with a focus on making small and medium-sized businesses more accessible(RETURN TO TOP]Deficits & DebtLiberal platformDeficit spending of more than $20 billion for each of the next 4 years, beginning with $27.4 billion next year (source)(RETURN TO TOP]HealthLiberal platformEnsure all Canadians have access to a family doctor or primary health care team, as well as mental health services (source)Add $6 billion over four years to federal portion of health-care funding to add and improve services (source)Introduce legislation for “distinctions-based” health care for Indigenous people, emphasizing mental health, healing and long-term care (source)Add $30 million in funding next year for pediatric cancer researchCreate a national institute for women’s health to address gender gaps in research and care (source)Integrate sex and gender-based analyses, as well as diversity analyses, in Canadian Institutes of Heath ResearchEnd the ban on blood donations by men who have sex with menCreate a National Institute for Women’s Health Research(RETURN TO TOP]PharmacareLiberal platformImplement a universal pharmacare program (source)Establish the Canada Drug Agency for purchases (source)(RETURN TO TOP]Climate change & EnvironmentLiberal platformCommit to net-zero emissions by 2050, with legally-binding five-year milestones (source)Ban “harmful” single-use plastics by as early as 2021 (source)Require federal buildings to be powered completely by clean electricity by 2022 (source)Conserve and protect 25 per cent of Canada’s land and 25 per cent of Canada’s oceans by 2025, working towards 30 per cent in each by 2030 (source)Create a national Experience Canada program, helping 75,000 lower-income families spend up to four days in one of Canada’s National or Provincial Parks every year—including camping accommodations and a travel bursary of up to $2,000 (source)Provide a 10 per cent rebate on the purchase of used zero-emission cars, up to $2,000 (source)Plant two billion trees over 10 yearsComplete all flood maps in Canada and develop an action plan to assist home owner relocation for those at highest risk or repeat floodingIncrease investment to the Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund by $1 billion investment over the next decadeInvest any profit from the sale of the Trans Mountain Expansion Project into clean energy projects and climate solutionsInstall up to 5,000 charging stations for vehiclesRequire federal investments in public transit support zero-emission buses and rail systems, starting in 2023Transition B.C.’s open net pen salmon farming in coastal waters to closed containment systems by 2025(RETURN TO TOP]Indigenous affairsLiberal platformImplement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) as Canadian law (source)Eliminate all long-term drinking water advisories on reserve by 2021Introduce legislation for “distinctions-based” health care for Indigenous people, emphasizing mental health, healing and long-term care (source)Reduce the number of Indigenous children in foster care by implementing the Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Children, Youth and Families (source)Address all critical infrastructure needs (including housing, internet and schools) in Indigenous communities by 2030 (source)Target that at least five percent of federal contracts awarded to businesses are led by Indigenous PeoplesExpand First Nations policing and recognize it through legislation as an essential service (source)Fully implement the Indigenous Languages Act (source)(RETURN TO TOP]Immigration & RefugeesLiberal platformIntroduce a dedicated refugee stream for at-risk human rights advocates, journalists and humanitarian workers, with a target of resettling 250 a year [source]Allow local communities, chambers of commerce, and local labour councils to directly sponsor permanent immigrants(RETURN TO TOP]Public safety & National securityLiberal platformBan all military-style assault rifles, including the AR-15 (source)Initiate a buyback program for all legally purchased assault rifles (source)Work with the provinces/territories to give municipalities the ability to further restrict (or ban) handguns (source)Introduce a system for flagging bulk purchases of gunsTemporarily suspend firearms licenses for people suspected of posing a danger to themselves or others, including their partners or childrenInvest an additional $50 million each year, for five years, to help municipalities with gang-related violenceRequire those importing ammunition to show proof of a valid firearms licenseHire and train 100 additional RCMP officers for offices and embassies abroadInvest an extra $6 million, over three years, towards the Canada Centre for Community Engagement and Prevention of ViolenceCreate a review body for the Canada Border Services AgencyInvest an additional $11 million, over four years, for all officials in Canada’s enforcement and security agencies to have unconscious bias and cultural competency trainingDouble the funding to Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy and improve Statistics Canada’s data collection regarding hate crimesRenewing the fleet of the Canadian Coast Guard by ordering 18 new ships at a cost of $15.7 billion. Seaspan’s Vancouver Shipyards would build 16 multi-purpose vessels while Irving Shipbuilding of Halifax would build two Arctic patrol vessels (source)Institute Canada’s Digital Charter so people can control their personal data, including the right to erase personal data from platforms like Facebook and Google, and review and challenge the amount of personal data collected by a company or the government (source)(RETURN TO TOP]InfrastructureLiberal platformInvest $100 million over four years in the Tourism Community Infrastructure Fund for local needs of communities that rely on tourismCreate a National Infrastructure Fund and support projects like the Newfoundland-Labrador fixed transportation linkEnsure that 95 per cent of Canadian homes and businesses have high-speed internet by 2026, and 100 per cent by 2030Increasing investments in small craft harbours by $40 million annually(RETURN TO TOP]Retirement & SeniorsLiberal platformIncrease Old Age Security (OAS) by ten per cent once Canadians turn 75 (source)Increase the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Quebec Pension Plan (QPP) survivor’s benefit by 25 per cent (source)(RETURN TO TOP]HousingLiberal platformExpand the First-time Home Buyer Incentive for people in Victoria, Vancouver and Toronto. The value of a qualifying home will go from 500,000 to nearly 800,000 (source)Add a one per cent annual tax on residential properties owned by those who are not Canadians and who do not live in Canada (source)Help homeowners and landlords pay for retrofits by giving them an interest-free loan of up to $40,000 (source)Help people buy newly built homes that are certified zero-emissions by giving them a Net Zero Homes Grant of up to $5,000 (source)Create a low-cost national flood insurance program (source)Make Energy Star certification mandatory for all new home appliances, as of 2022 (source)Give interested homeowners and landlords a free energy audit (source)Retrofit 1.5 million homes, over the next five years (source)(RETURN TO TOP]EducationLiberal platformIncreased Canada Student Grant by up to $1,200 per year (source)Offer students two-years window after graduation before they start paying off student loans, interest-free (source)Delay student loan repayments until graduates make at least $35,000 (and if their income ever falls below this level, payments will be put on hold) (source)Pause student loan repayments for new parents, interest-free, until their youngest child turns five years old (source)Help establish the Université de l’Ontario français(RETURN TO TOP]Child careLiberal platformCreate up to 250,000 more before and after school spaces for kids under the age of 10 (source)Lower parents’ child care fees by 10 per cent across the country (source)Dedicate a target of ten per cent of the new spaces to provide more child care options for parents who work overtime, late shifts, or multiple jobs (source)Double federal support to the provinces and territories through the Early Learning and Child Care Framework, investing at least $535 million more each year (source)Invest at least $25 million per year to help cover the costs for early childhood educators seeking further training, and lower tuition costs for people getting their early childhood educator degree (source)Establish a national secretariat to work with the provinces and territories to lay the groundwork for a pan-Canadian child care system (source)Give up to $1,000 more to families to help when the costs of raising kids are highest, by boosting the Canada Child Benefit by 15 per cent for children under the age of one (source)Make maternity and parental benefits tax-free (source, PBO analysis)Introduce a 15-week leave for adoptive parents (source)Double the Child Disability Benefit(RETURN TO TOP]AgricultureLiberal platformMerge existing financial and advisory service for food producers and processors into Farm Credit Canada, now to be called Farm and Food Development CanadaIncreasing Farm and Food Development Canada’s capital lending capability by up to $5 billion per year(RETURN TO TOP]Foreign affairsLiberal platformEstablish a Canadian “centre for peace, order and good government” to advance justice, human rights and democracy globally [source]Provide more money to international institutions like the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization [source]Increase spending by $50 million towards supporting UN peacekeeping, peace-building and conflict prevention (source)Support international protocols to ban the development and use of fully autonomous weapons systemsExpand the Magnitsky Act to allow for seizure of assets from perpetrators of grave human rights abusesIncrease Canada’s international assistance each year in pursuit of the UN’s 2030 sustainable development goals(RETURN TO TOP]JusticeLiberal platformImplement the recommendations put forward by the Hon. Anne McLellan in her recent review of the role and structure of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of CanadaProvide free legal aid to survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violenceAppoint only bilingual judges to the Supreme Court of CanadaEstablish an independent Criminal Case Review Commission to review wrongfully convicted applications’Require all judges in Canada undertake mandatory training on sexual assault lawImplement mandatory training on unconscious bias and cultural competency for all judges in CanadaSupport provinces/territories to hire as many as 425 new Crown prosecutors, and 225 new judges, to help reduce delaysMake drug treatment court the default option for first-time non-violent offenders charged exclusively with simple possessionBan the practice of conversion therapyRequire that all social media platforms remove illegal content, including hate speech, within 24 hours or face significant financial penalties(RETURN TO TOP]Democracy & GovernanceLiberal platformAllocate more time for Private Members’ Business for debate in ParliamentEliminate the use of whip and party lists to give the Speaker more freedom in calling on Members who wish to speakIncrease resources to parliamentary committees(RETURN TO TOP]VeteransLiberal platformOffer veterans up to $3,000 in free counselling services before a disability claim is requiredAutomatically approve the most common disability applications, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and arthritis(RETURN TO TOP]Arts & CultureLiberal platformIntroduce the Culture Pass, a $200 credit that every Canadian child will receive when they turn 12, to be at theatres, museums, galleries, workshops, and other cultural venuesRequire that CBC/RadioCanada open up its digital platformIncrease Telefilm Canada’a annual funding by nearly 50 per centLegislate that ensure that all content providers offer meaningful levels of Canadian content in their catalogues, contribute to the creation of Canadian content in both official languages, and promote this content