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Consider starting with the traditional CS learning exercise. Typically this begins with a basic address book, and builds out to something more complex like a grade tracker for a teacher. The beauty of this is that it builds on itself, and does so in a way that you can gradually expand your knowledge and capability.Exercise 1 - Scalar Variables - Create a script with the following contentsa = 2 b = 3 c = a + b  if c == 5:  print "C is 5" Exercise - Modify your program to print a different message when c is greater than 5 and a third message if c < 5. Run your program modifying the operator to use -, /, *, %, //, and **.4. Built-in TypesExercise 2 - Lists4. Built-in Types - ListsStart with the following code.colors = ['red','orange','yellow','green','blue','purple'] Print the number of colors in the list.Sort the listUse a list comprehension to create a new list with the values of the length of each color name.Use a for loop to print each color name on a new lineUse a nested for loop to print each letter of each color name on a new line, separating the words with a blank line.Exercise 3 - Dict4. Built-in Types - DictsUsing the initial list above, create a dictionary that contains the color name as the key and the length as the value.Iterate through the dictionary and remove all color entries with a length < 5Iterate over the initial list of colors, printing true or false if the color is found in the dictionary.Exercise 4 - Strings4. Built-in Types - Stringstext = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy log." Print the number of characters are in the stringPrint the position of “jumped” within the stringPrint the position of “box” within the stringCreate a list of the words in the stringCreate a new string with the words separated by the | character using the list of wordsUse a for loop to count the number of “e” characters in the string.Exercise 5 - Basic I/OBuild a small program which asks you a question on the console, listens for your answer, and compares it to the correct answer.This will help you get through the first bit of how to construct a basic python program, how to do basic I/O, and how to interact with your code.Exercise 6 - Read the questions from a text file where the questions are stored one per line. Prompt the user for a name. Store the responses to the questions in a text file, with the user name at the beginning of the line followed by a tab, followed by the answer.Learning how to read and write files is fundamental to programming.Exercise 7 - Create a second program that will allow you to search for the answers from a specific user. Use a list to store the previous answers for searchThis adds a bit more complexity to the first two exercises requiring you to be able to sort through data and find the data you are looking for.Exercise 8 - Modify the code from the last exercise, to use a dictionary of lists to store the answers from each user.Using dictionaries to store/access keyed data. Containers of containers, complex data structures.Exercise 9 - Create a program to generate a sample file matching the answer output, that allows you to create a set of data with an arbitrary number users answers using the range operator. The number of answers should be a command line argument. Generate an answer file with 100,000 answers.This exercise will help you to understand the process of building mock data for testing. It should introduce you to the range operator and command line arguments.Exercise 9b - Compare the time required to search using programs from Exercise 3 and 4, using your data file from 5, try different answer file sizes 10,000 10,000,000.Increased understanding of container types and uses.Exercise 10 - Create a class, Question. Read the original Question file, and create a Question object for each Question. Place the Questions in a list and store the list using a Pickle.Begin using Classes to represent coding constructs. Introduction to storing data in a binary format using pickle.12.1. pickle - Python object serialization - Python 3.6.1rc1 documentationExercise 11 - Repeat Exercise 6, but this time use the pickled Question file. Create an Answer object to encapsulate the Answer data. The code to prompt the user for an answer should become a method on Question, and should return an answer object. The Answer objects should be placed in a dict by user and stored as a pickle.Reading in binary data, using methods, returning objects.Exercise 12 - Modify the code to read the previous answer file, append new answers provided, and store the file.Reading, Modifying and storing data.Exercise 13 - Create a Person object, include Id, First, Last Name, Birthdate. Create a Student object that inherits from Person object and adds fields for Id, Person Id and Major. Using what you learned above write a program that will allow you to create a Student object with all data populated. (Do not worry about storing yet).Introduction to inheritance. Constructing objects.Exercise 13b - Implement the comparison operator (==/_eq_) to compare two Person objects. Overload that method in Student to compare two Students. The overloaded method should call the parent method then implement additional logic.10.3. operator - Standard operators as functions - Python 3.4.5 documentationOverloading methods, implementing operators on objects.Exercise 13c - Implement the _repr_ method to provide a JSON string of the Person and Student objects. Implement the _str_ method to provide a pretty print version of the objects.Overloading methods, implementing operators on objects.Exercise 13d - Create a class method that returns a Student object given a JSON string version of the object.Class methods, Factory methodsExercise 13e - Create a property “name” that is the concatenation of first and last names. Create a setter that splits a “full name” into first and last name.Decorators, Properties and property settersExercise 13f - Implement __lt__ and use the total_ordering class decorator to enable sorting of Student objects. Read the student objects, Sort and store them in the new sorted order.10.2. functools - Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects - Python 3.6.1rc1 documentationClass Decorators, sorting.Exercise 14 - Use SQL lite to create a Person and Student tables mimicking your objects from Exercise 9. Modify Exercise 9 to create and store records.Introduction to SQL databases.Exercise 15 - Create a Course object containing Course Id, Name and Description. Create a StudentCourse object containing Student Id, Course Id, and Grade. Create corresponding tables in SQL lite. Modify your program to allow creation and storage of course objects.Building on SQL experience, and more complex objects.Exercise 16 - Add a list of Courses to your Student class. Modify your program to allow adding a Course to a Student. Read Course list from the database. Store the courses added to the Student as StudentCoursesRelationships, increasing complexity.Exercise 17 - Modify your program to allow updating the grade for any Student in any Course. Search using Select for Students in your database. Select from the sources for that Student to find the course you want to update the grade for, store the upgraded grade.Searching the database, updating records in the database.Exercise 18 - Add functionality to produce a report of all grades for all students in a selected course.Reporting from a SQL source.Exercise 19a - Install Django.To this point your code has all been console driven. This is an antiquated way of accessing an application. We don’t want to learn to much at one time, but now it is time to move to the web. Depending on your other experience this can be a very daunting task, or a few minutes work. However, it is important for developers to have an understanding of how the underlying systems the work on work together.Quick install guideExercise 19b - Create a Django project.Writing your first Django app, part 1At the end of this you should be able to start the development server and make a simple request.Exercise 19c - Setup uWSGIHow to use Django with uWSGIUsing uWSGI is critical to any production Django setup.Exercise 19d - Connect uWSGI to nginxNGINX as an Application Gateway with uWSGI and DjangoNginx exposes uWSGI Django to the web.At the end of this you should have a production setup of Django, on which to continue your Python learning experience.Exercise 20 - Connect a database to Django.Writing your first Django app, part 2At this point you could skip this step and continue using SQL lite, but really should start using a real SQL database server.Exercise 21 - Either continue with the Django online tutorials, or repeat Exercises 5–18 using the Django MVC framework.This is really many steps, but it is basically transitioning to the Web HTTP IO model that is the foundation for all web applications. This time instead of just making objects, you will make models to represent your entities, controllers to route requests and prepare models for display, and views to display them and allow user interaction.Exercise 22 - Modify some portion, or portions of your Django app to use an AJAX request instead of a full page reload.The modern web is moving towards Single Page Applications (SPA). While Python cannot be used to implement the SPA part of the application, nearly every SPA application has a server side component for persisting data. Python and the Django frame work are quite capable of providing this server side complement to a SPA. Further many traditional apps can be given an enhanced UI using SPA/AJAX techniques to make the application more responsive to user interaction.Exercise 23 - Write a procedural function to return the n-th element of the Fibonacci sequenceThe Fibonacci sequence is the sequence where the next number is the sum of the previous two numbers, beginning with 0 and 1.[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …] Exercise 24 - Write a recursive function to return the n-th element of the Fibonacci sequenceThe Fibonacci sequence can also be defined as the sequence of numbers where f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2), where f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 1.Exercise 25 - Write a generator to iterate over the Fibonacci sequenceLearn to use a generator.Exercise 26 - Write a function that returns a function f(n) = x^n, where n is defined by the caller.Introduction to the true nature of python functions.I.E. Such that the following would workdef f(...):  .... square = f(2) cube = f(3) area_of_30cm_square = square(30) volume_of_30cm_box = cube(30) Exercise 27 - Write a function that Curries another function.Currying in PythonI.E. Such that the following wouldExercise 28 - Write a function that takes a function as an argument and executes that functionImplementing call back functions.Exercise 29 - Write a coroutine that returns the largest value it has been sent.Python Tips 0.1 documentation - coroutinesEffective Python › Item 40: Consider Coroutines to Run Many Functions ConcurrentlyIntroduction to coroutines.Exercise 30 - Write a program that determines if a word is contained in the works of Shakespeare. Given a word check each document in the works and report which documents contain the word.This will teach directory traversal, more involved file io, and lays the groundwork for additional Exercises.Download the complete works of Shakespeare from this page in gzipped format:The Collected Works of Shakespearehttp://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/shakespeare.tar.gzExercise 31 - Modify Exercise 24a to use a Thread and two queues, to process the documents for a given word.17.1. threading - Thread-based parallelism - Python 3.6.1rc1 documentation17.7. queue - A synchronized queue class - Python 3.6.1rc1 documentationExercise 32 - Modify Exercise 24b to use a thread pool. Create 10 threads each listening as before. Make sure to send 10 Nones to the Queue, and use Queue.join() to wait for completion. Also, join all 10 threads when done.Welcome to multithreading.Exercise 33 - Remove the sending None, and replace it with a Mutex/Event object. All threads should exit when the queue is empty and event is_set.Using EventExercise 34 - Modify your program to use Processes instead of threads.17.2. multiprocessing - Process-based parallelism - Python 3.6.1rc1 documentationOvercoming the GIL. Compare the time required for this version and the previous 2 versions.Exercise 35 - Write a program that takes a URL as an argument, uses the request library to request a web page and stores the contents of the page in a file.Web requestsExercise 36 - Write a program that makes a search request to the Wikipedia API and returns a list of pages matching a given search string.API:Search - MediaWikiWikipedia Endpoint: https://www.mediawiki.org/api/rest_v1/?specUsing Rest APIsExercise 37 - Build a web page that has a form to submit a URL, and uses an AJAX request to your Django application to retrieve a shortened URL from the Google URL shortener API, and displays the shortened URL on the page.Get Started | URL ShortenerUsing OAuth, Submitting and retreiving data using REST apis, Writing AJAX request handlers in djangoSummaryPerhaps you know some or all of this, you didn’t really indicate your experience level. If this is not helpful to you, perhaps it will be helpful to someone else who finds it and is looking to grow their Python knowledge.

“To render the study of the language so easy as to make its acquisition mere play to the learner.To enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not; in other words, the language is to be directly a means of international communication.To find some means of overcoming the natural indifference of mankind, and disposing them, in the quickest manner possible, and en masse, to learn and use the proposed language as a living one, and not only in last extremities, and with the key at hand.”- L. L. Zamenhof’s goals for Esperanto, Unua Libro, 1887The Verda Stelo, or “Green Star”: the flag of the Esperanto language and movement. Image from Wikipedia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Esperanto.svg).rubs hands togetherSay you wanted a single, universal language that a significant percentage of people would speak. Nowadays that language is English - to an extent - but that’s a very recent development.Up until a few decades ago, you couldn’t expect to be able to go anywhere and find someone who spoke your language. This made the idea of a worldwide lingua franca - i.e., a language that everyone would know as a second language - a popular dream, but for most people it was no more than that.However, more than a few hopeful souls struggled to defy that impossibility. There were three major problems facing every one of them:Which language?How do you get everyone to speak that language?How will you get that language to stop changing?The first is easy, the second is infinitely harder, and the third is virtually impossible.Let’s start with that first step: you need to choose which language you’re going to propose as the world’s second tongue. This is called your auxiliary language, or “auxlang”.This is a lot harder than it sounds. Most universal-language-proponents (“auxlangers”) agreed that the language should be easy, but what is easy for a Russian would be difficult for an Italian, and certainly for a Chinese or Indian. There are 7000 languages in hundreds of families scattered across Earth; finding a language universally easy to learn is, well, hard.Another part of this process is the culture that comes attached to the language. No natural language exists as a blank, purely linguistic entity: if I claim Italian to be the best choice for a global auxlang, I’m giving native Italian speakers a head start. I may even be claiming Italian is the objectively best language, or that Italian culture is the objectively best culture.So you need a language that is a.) as easy as possible, and b.) with little to no culture attached to it. The only languages that can fit this category are artificial, manually constructed languages - conlangs for short.“Auxlang” usually refers to a conlang intended as a universal language, so this is the sense I’m using it from now on. Virtually no auxlangs ever gain more than a handful of speakers, for the second and more difficult problem: you need to convince the world to speak your tongue. A universal language needs to be, well, universal, and that’s a woefully hard thing to accomplish.The first such auxlang was called Volapük.The Volapük flag. Image from Wikipedia.At its height, Volapük had 25 magazines and newspapers, 316 textbooks spanning dozens of languages, three conferences (the first two in German and the final one entirely in Volapük), and 283 clubs, all either in or about the language.Its inventor, a German priest named Johann Martin Schleyer, created it after having a dream in which God told him to make a universal language. As he later recounted,In a somehow mysterious and mystical way, in a dark night in the rectory of Litzelstetten, near Constance, in the corner room of the second floor overlooking the yard, while I was vividly reflecting on the follies, grievances, afflictions, and woes of our time, the whole edifice of my international language suddenly appeared before my spiritual eyes in all its splendor. To pay tribute to the truth, and let her bear witness, I must say that on the night of March 1879, I was very tired; thus I can only proclaim with all gratitude and humility that I owe to my good genius the whole system of the international language Volapük. In March 31, 1879, I set up to compile and write down for the first time the principles of the grammar.[1][1][1][1]Schleyer worked on Volapük - whose name comes from vol, “world”, and pük, “speech” or “language” - for just a year before releasing a book in 1880.Volapük quickly picked up speakers, who formed clubs to talk to others who were learning the language. Periodicals sprouted up, textbooks were written and translated, and within five years there were hundreds of thousands of speakers centred mostly in Europe - some estimates put it as high as a million.And then the third of the Auxlang Problems arose and tore Volapük apart.The third problem, the one of getting the language to remain as-is and relatively unchanging, is an important one if you’re expecting the language to last for long. There are two forms this problem can take:The language changes naturally, eventually splitting into dialects and then even further into new languages. All languages do this, especially if they’re spoken over a wide area. Auxlangs aren’t immune, but since so few of them ever reach a point where they can evolve naturally, this version of the problem rarely happens.The language is artificially “improved” by people who believe it’s an imperfect language that would do much better with some revisions. This happens much, much more often.Besides a few insane members of society, no one would ever think of artificially “improving” English. You might want to make its spelling system better, sure, but you wouldn’t manually edit the language itself so that there were fewer verbs or a better word order or anything like that. Even if you did try to, it would never, ever catch on.This does not apply to auxlangs. If you create a language that you claim is ideal for international use, someone’s going to find problems with it and make a “reformed” version of the language. Auxlangs have fewer speakers, too, so the changes would be accepted more readily, and soon you have a mess.The Third Volapük International Congress was held in Paris...The delegates—speaking to one another entirely in Volapük, remember—voted to establish an International Academy to govern the language's future. They elected a French-speaking Dutchman, Auguste Kerckhoffs, as the academy's president...They couldn't know that they had gone too far, or that their language would soon fall apart.Kerckhoffs was the author of a popular Volapük grammar. He believed that Volapük was too complicated—not unreasonably, given that, by combining prefixes and suffixes, you could make as many as 504,440 forms from a single verb. Kerckhoffs proposed reducing the number of noun cases and verb tenses, which would have simplified things considerably. But Father Schleyer would not allow anyone to change the language he had created at God's behest. He demanded the right to veto the academy's decisions; Kerckhoffs refused, and they fought for control of the language until Kerckhoffs resigned from the academy in 1891. Schleyer, meanwhile, had decided that no one but him should have any say in Volapük at all; he formed his own academy, composed entirely of people who agreed with him.The Volapükists didn't know whom to support. Some local societies sided with Schleyer, others with Kerckhoffs. Worse, now that Kerckhoffs had pointed out a few of Volapük's flaws, everyone wanted to tinker with the language. Because Schleyer retained absolute control over Volapük, their only recourse was to invent languages of their own. Dialects multiplied: The years 1893-1907 saw the emergence of Dil, Veltparl, Dilpok, Idiom neutral, Lingua european, and Idiom neutral reformed, all of them derived from Volapük.[2][2][2][2]The “improved” languages ripped the Volapük community apart. Should we stick with Schleyer’s original, Kerckhoffs’s reformed, or any of the other new varieties of the language? The periodicals, textbooks, and clubs fought internally about this. They either split apart or changed their language of choice to a new auxlang on the market.Watching all of this happen was a man who had been working on an international language of his own. His name was Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, and he was about to change the world.A portrait of Zamenhof painted during the height of the early Esperanto movement. Image from WIkipedia.L. L. Zamenhof was born on December 15, 1859, into a world of violence and streets quite literally running with blood. There were fights between groups and with the authorities: while his hometown of Białystok is now in eastern Poland, at the time it was part of the Russian Empire, who among other things forbade Polish from being spoken publicly.In an 1895 letter, he wrote thatthe place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Białystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an “anguish for the world” in a child. Since at that time I thought that “grown-ups” were omnipotent, so I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil.Zamenhof believed that the key to unity among the peoples of the world would be a shared means of communication - a universal language, in other words.He learned over a dozen languages to varying degrees of fluency: his native languages were Yiddish, as his family was Jewish, and Belorussian, at the time considered a dialect of Russian. He learned Polish, French, and German at a young age, too, so within a few years of his birth he could speak to any of those four warring groups mentioned in the letter above. Later on when he was in school, he also acquired Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic.Despite his multilingualism, his dream of a universal language never weakened - if anything, it fueled it even more. He began with the idea of a simplified Latin or Greek, but soon decided that would be much harder than making a new language from scratch.Beginning in his teens, Zamenhof spent the next years looking through dictionaries and grammars for ideas, for features the languages shared. If you take words from the world’s most common languages, you can maximize the ease of learning this new language.One of his “eureka” moments came from seeing how affixes worked. In German, for example, a place where a Bäcker (“baker”) works is a Bäckerei - the suffix -ei meaning “place”.If you were to have a language that made extensive use of affixes, you could shorten the time needed to learn words in that language: why learn separate words for “good” and “bad” or “beautiful” and “ugly” when you could learn “good” and “notgood” or “beautiful” and “notbeautiful” instead?11 of Esperanto’s 40-ish main affixes. Image from here.The second realization came from learning English. Most European languages have complex verbal systems with conjugations based on person and mood and such. English, however, has lost those complex conjugations, so instead of having a different form of “eat” for every pronoun we can say “I eat”, “you eat”, “they eat”, and so on.If you were to have a language that had only half a dozen main verb forms instead of 50–60 as in Spanish (or 500 000 as in Volapük), you could do away with almost all the time spent learning conjugations in other languages.The conjugation of esti, “to be”. As with all Esperanto verbs, esti is completely regular; once you known this pattern, you can conjugate every last Esperanto verb immediately.Eventually, he came up with Lingwe uniwersala, which was quite similar to modern Esperanto, albeit with some affixes shuffled around and the lack of the hat letters (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) and the w used instead of v. On December 17, 1878, a little under a year before Volapük’s publication, Zamenhof revealed his work to some friends at his 19th birthday party, where it was well-received.His father, a censor for the Tsarist government, disapproved of his son’s Lingwe. He worried Ludwik would get too attached to it, and more seriously that the authorities would prosecute him.When the younger Zamenhof went off to medical school at his parents’ request to become an ophthalmologist, his father burned every last book, list, and note of Lingwe uniwersala…and just about succeeded.The sole survivor was a single poem. In it, you can see both Esperanto’s early structure and Zamenhof’s desires for the future.Malamikete de las nacjesKadó, kadó, jam temp' está!La tot' homoze in familjeKonunigare so debá.Or, in English:Animosity (lit. “not-friendliness”) of the nationsFall, fall, the time is already here!All humanity in a familyMust unite.It was certainly not his first writing in the Proto-Esperanto language, but it’s the only one that we have record of - and, of course, it was certainly not the last. In a way, it was good that the elder Zamenhof burned those notes, since it gave Ludwik more time to work on and improve his language.It was now the mid-1880s. Zamenhof’s language (now known as Internacia lingvo) had spent the better part of the decade, the better part of his life, evolving in an incubator of ink and paper - it was ready.Zamenhof created “Internacia Lingvo” to be completely and entirely regular. There are twenty-eight letters: the twenty-six of the basic Latin alphabet, minus q, w, x, and y, plus ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ - the “hat” letters, or ĉapeloj. Each letter makes one sound and one sound only.All nouns end in -o; all adjectives end in -a; all adverbs end in -e. Verbs end in: past tense, -is; present-tense, -as; and future tense, -os; infinitives end in -i; imperatives (commands) end in -u. Plurals are formed with -j (pronounced “y”, so birdoj “birds” sounds like “beerdoy”).The accusative (thing that is having something done directly to it) is formed with an -n, which changes La birdo flugis en la domo (“The bird flew in the house”) to La birdo flugis en la domon (“The bird flew into the house”). Adjectives also take the plural and accusative, i.e., La birdoj flugis en la bluajn domojn (“The birds flew into the blue houses”).Roots can be compounded and/or have affixes attached to them. Take the root lern-, which, not too surprisingly, means “learn”. Lerni, “to learn”, is formed by giving it the infinitive; lernejo (lern-ej-o; learn + place + noun) is “school”; lernulo is “learner”; a lernejanto is, literally, “a member of a place of learning”, or “[school] student”. “Father” is patro; add the feminine suffix -in to get patrino, “mother”.After two decades of development, the Internacia Lingvo was published on July 26, 1887, in the form of a book entitled Unua Libro, literally “first book”. It contained a guide to learning the language, a dictionary of 700 root words, some short writings, and letters to send to your friends to get them to learn Internacia Lingvo.Zamenhof, fearing the Tsarist censors, decided to publish the book under a pseudonym. The name he chose had a bit more of an effect on the history of his language than he had intended.Remember Zamenhof’s motivations for making Internacia Lingvo: he was a man who hoped the world would become a better place, and his contribution to that movement was his lingvo. The word for “hope” in the language was (and still is) esperi; the affix for “one who does” is -ant; finally, all nouns end in -o.The Unua Libro lists its author as “Doktoro Esperanto” - literally “Doctor One-Who-Hopes”.The original Polish edition of Unua Libro. Image from here.The people who began learning Internacia Lingvo called it “Doctor Esperanto’s language”, quickly shortened to simply “Esperanto”. Being much catchier than “Internacia Lingvo”, the name stuck.It was precisely at this time that Volapük was dying. The community around it was on fire trying to figure out what to do. Should we stick with Schleyer’s original, Kerckhoffs’s reformed, or any of the other new varieties of the language? The periodicals, textbooks, and clubs fought internally about this. They either split apart……or, they thought, look at this new language. It’s better-made, easier to learn, and has a snazzy name. Instead of fighting over the best version of Volapük, why not learn Internacia Lingvo/Esperanto instead? It’s not like it’ll take us very long to learn anyway.This “Volapük exodus” found itself with the perfect replacement. Esperanto’s speaker count, at first stagnant, shot up: the second Auxlang Problem was on its way to being overcome. There could not have been a better time to release the language.In 1889, the trilingual (German-French-Esperanto) newspaper La Esperantisto put out its first issue. Image from here.Zamenhof had already thought about the third Auxlang Problem. Where Schleyer’s hubris had destroyed Volapük, Zamenhof avoided the issue before it ever came up by giving up all rights to Esperanto: no longer could he officially make any changes. Besides some minor modifications in the later Dua Libro, the language of Unua Libro is the language spoken today.1905 was the year of the first Esperanto World Congress, held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. In the 18 years since Unua Libro’s publication, there had been nothing short of an explosion in Esperanto clubs, books, plays, and music. As the psychologist and Esperantist Claude Piron later said,Even the very first brochure about Esperanto contained a poem. From the beginning, people saw how richly and beautifully they could express themselves in Esperanto; it's indeed a language that makes you feel free. So, they started to use it artistically. Thus was born a literature richer than that of many languages in the first century of their existence.La Espero, the Esperanto anthem. The lyrics are from one of Zamenhof’s poems; the music was written by the composer Félicien Menu de Ménil.The spread of Esperanto clubs in Europe in 1905. Image from Wikipedia.The first Universala Kongreso, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, 1905.At that first Congress, Zamenhof decided he wanted to make some things clear about Esperanto and Esperantism. These five things together are known as the Declaration of Boulogne.Esperanto is a neutral language. It is not supposed to replace all languages, only to “give to people of different nations the ability to understand each other”.Esperanto is the best auxlang. [See Auxiliary Problem #1]Anyone can use Esperanto for any reason they like.The Fundamento de Esperanto (a prescriptive grammar of Esperanto) is the only definite authority over Esperanto. No one can change the Fundamento for any reason; if they do, then the resulting language is not Esperanto. [See Auxiliary Problem #3]“An Esperantist is a person who knows and uses the language Esperanto with complete exactness, for whatever aim he uses it for. Membership in an active Esperantist social circle or organisation is recommended for all Esperantists, but is not obligatory.”[3]Esperanto has changed considerably from the Fundamento over the past 100 years, as it’s a living and therefore changing language. This document would, however, help protect the language from its deviant “child”.The Ido flag. Image from Wikipedia.After a series of communication problems at the 1900 World’s Fair, the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language (DAIAL) was founded to find a definite solution to solve Auxlang Problem #1. They had no ability to actually enforce a solution for Problem #2, but that was of no concern to them; despite having only a dozen members and no authority, they were sure the world would listen to their decisions.Their conditions:It must be capable of serving the needs of science, in addition to everyday life, commerce and general communication,It must be able to be easily learned by all people of average education, and especially those of the civilized nations of Europe, andIt must not be a living language.(Regarding point 2: keep in mind that this was 1907.)Esperanto was an early candidate and obvious choice: it was easy to learn, already had plenty of speakers, was based primarily on European languages, and was a politically neutral language. People at this time really believed, hoped, that it would unite humanity.“Esperantists” were often both Esperantists in the sense that they spoke Esperanto and in the sense that they were “people who hoped”. The first decade of the 20th century was a political environment in which WWI was inevitable, but couldn’t you hope something better would happen?Esperanto had attracted a hippie-like, peace-loving culture that expanded and evolved within the first decade of the movement’s existence. They wore green stars and clothes after the language’s green flag, attended club meetings and conventions, and sang La Espero, the official anthem of Esperanto penned by Zamenhof and composed by Félicien Menu de Ménil.One of those Esperantistoj. Image from here.The DAIAL agreed to promote Esperanto - under a few conditions. The Delegation’s members were dry academics with no interest in green-spangled turn-of-century hippies. First, they said to Zamenhof, get rid of the more colourful members of your movement.Second, while Esperanto is alright, it’s more foreign-looking (read: not as much like French) than we would like. What’s with the feminine suffix -in? Why is “mother” literally “father-feminine-noun”? Why a -j, of all things, for a plural? An accusative case - really? A fully regular verbal system? Non-Indo-European words? What sort of a language is this?! Its inventor wasn’t a linguist, he was an eye doctor! Let us fix up some of Esperanto’s frayed edges, and we’ll unite the world.In Zamenhof’s eyes, the DAIAL was asking him to kill his culture and tear up the Fundamento. He would have none of this: if he went through with it, history would repeat and Esperanto would die as quickly as Volapük.Doctor Esperanto said no.The Delegation didn’t care. If you won’t let us reform your version of Esperanto, we’ll make our own, better Esperanto! They called it Ido, Esperanto for “offspring”, and set to work fixing up a new world language.The result was something known in Esperanto lore as the Schism. Several high-ranking members of the Esperanto community defected - in fact, the one who was supposed to represent the language, Louis de Beaufront, had spearheaded the Ido movement.Louis de Beaufront. Image from Wikipedia.A language can’t truly thrive without an accompanying culture. Zamenhof recognized this; the Delegation did not: the motto of the first (and only) Ido World Conference was “We Are Here To Work, Not Amuse Ourselves”. In other words, Ido started off by failing Auxlang Problem #2: it began with very little incentive other than “the language itself is an improved Esperanto”.The second thing that Zamenhof recognized but the DAIAL didn’t was that auxlangs are susceptible to Auxlang Problem #3. Ido claimed to be an improved Esperanto, but it very obviously wasn’t perfect. Who’s to say you can’t improve Ido just a wee little bit…?The Idists didn't know whom to support. Some local societies sided with the DAIAL, who continued editing and arguing amongst itself about how to improve Ido; others with the Ido-reformers. The story that had been told of Volapük was now told of Ido.In the end, only perhaps 15% of the Esperanto community defected, and many of them later returned, having gotten sick of the infighting. Esperanto had stumbled, but it was growing still. Maybe, just maybe, the Great War looming over Europe wouldn’t happen.Maybe Esperanto could help stop it.Ludwik Lazarus Zamenhof died on April 14th, 1917. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize no less than twelve times.Esperanto never became a truly universal language. It stopped neither the first World War nor the Second.It has not failed, however. Esperantujo - the cultural entity that forms a sort of “Esperanto nation” - can be found in solid form in Esperanto clubs across the world; many countries have an official Esperanto Association.Esperantujo. Image from Wikipedia.The Pasporta Servo, or “Passport Service” in English, is a system in which Esperantists can stay at other Esperantists’ houses for little to free, in a system akin to CouchSurfing.While the idea of offering hospitality to travelers in such a fashion dates back to ancient Greece and the idea of applying it just to Esperanto was first thought of in 1966, the Pasporta first began in 1972, with the publication of its first periodical, which listed 40 hosts. There are now over 1450 hosts in 91 countries, mostly concentrated in Europe (right), and the magazine is one of the most popular Esperanto publications, second only to the illustrated dictionary.Like Esperantujo, hosts can be found around the globe:Image from Wikipedia.Today, Esperanto has between 100 000 and 2 000 000 speakers to some degree, as well as between 500 and 1000 families speaking Esperanto, for about 2000 native Esperantists.Most attempted changes to Esperanto have been rejected by the community (see: Ido), but some have simply occurred naturally, such as the loss of ĥ in many words or the increased use of the verb ŝati.Just how easy is Esperanto to learn? The Institute of Cybernetic Pedagogy at Paderborn, Germany, performed a study on how long it took for natively French-speaking students to learn certain languages to a level comparable to that of their native tongue. The results: It took 2000 hours to learn German, 1500 hours to learn English, 1000 hours for Italian, and 150 hours for Esperanto.Esperanto is not a magical language. It’s not objectively better than any other, or more fit for learning. Few nowadays believe it will become internacia lingvo proper.But it’s an excellent language with a fantastic history and culture, and if for no other reason I wholeheartedly recommend it.If you would like to learn Esperanto, Duolingo offers an excellent course here. See this answer.Thank you for asking!Footnotes[1] Volapük — Wikipédia[1] Volapük — Wikipédia[1] Volapük — Wikipédia[1] Volapük — Wikipédia[2] Volapük, a dying language that never got to live...[2] Volapük, a dying language that never got to live...[2] Volapük, a dying language that never got to live...[2] Volapük, a dying language that never got to live...[3] Boulogne Declaration

A2AAs others have said here, get a book, start coding. You need a project, something you are interested in. It should not be massive, but should not be too small either. Though small isn’t too bad, if it is small you will need more than one project, and the next one should be bigger than the first.Buy this book on Amazon:Mark Myers: 9781497408180: Amazon.com: BooksEnroll in Community JavaScript CourseRealize that it was a waste of your time and money but at least you get 3 more credits towards graduation.Read the book while sitting at your keyboardtype every exercise you read about, type do not copyexperiment with every exercise, change at least one thingHere is your homeworkConsider starting with the traditional CS learning exercise. Typically this begins with a basic address book, and builds out to something more complex like a grade tracker for a teacher. The beauty of this is that it builds on itself, and does so in a way that you can gradually expand your knowledge and capability.Exercise 1 - Scalar Variables - Create a script with the following contentsvar a = 2; var b = 3; c = a + b;  if ( c == 5 ) {  console.log("C is 5"); } You can create simple scripts like that on:JSFiddle - Create a new fiddleExercise - Modify your program to print a different message when c is greater than 5 and a third message if c < 5. Run your program modifying the operator to use -, /, *, %, //, and **.JavaScript data types and data structuresExercise 2 - ListsJavaScript - ArrayStart with the following code.var colors = ['red','orange','yellow','green','blue','purple']; Print the number of colors in the list.Sort the listCreate a new list with the values of the length of each color name.Use a for loop to print each color name on a new lineUse a nested for loop to print each letter of each color name on a new line, separating the words with a blank line.Exercise 3 - ObjectJavaScript - Object LiteralsUsing the initial list above, create an object literal(hash/dictionary) that contains the color name as the key and the length as the value.Iterate through the dictionary and remove all color entries with a length < 5Iterate over the initial list of colors, printing true or false if the color is found in the dictionary.Exercise 4 - StringsJavaScript - Stringvar text = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy log."; Print the number of characters are in the stringPrint the position of “jumped” within the stringPrint the position of “box” within the stringCreate a list of the words in the stringCreate a new string with the words separated by the | character using the list of wordsUse a for loop to count the number of “e” characters in the string.The following exercises will require using NodeJS, which you should become familiar with. NodeJS is an environment that lets you run JavaScript code outside of the browser.Exercise 5 - Basic I/ONode.js v7.10.0 Documentation - ReadlineBuild a small program which asks you a question, listens for your answer, and compares it to the correct answer.This will help you get through the first bit of how to construct a basic python program, how to do basic I/O, and how to interact with your code.Exercise 6 - Read the questions from a text file where the questions are stored one per line. Prompt the user for a name. Store the responses to the questions in a text file, with the user name at the beginning of the line followed by a tab, followed by the answer.Node.js v7.10.0 Documentation - File SystemLearning how to read and write files is fundamental to programming.Exercise 7 - Create a second program that will allow you to search for the answers from a specific user. Use a list to store the previous answers for searchThis adds a bit more complexity to the first two exercises requiring you to be able to sort through data and find the data you are looking for.Exercise 8 - Modify the code from the last exercise, to use a dictionary of lists to store the answers from each user.Using dictionaries to store/access keyed data. Containers of containers, complex data structures.Exercise 9 - Create a program to generate a sample file matching the answer output, that allows you to create a set of data with an arbitrary number users answers using the for loop. The number of answers should be a command line argument. Generate an answer file with 100,000 random answers.Node.js v7.10.0 Documentation - Command Line InterfaceJavaScript random() MethodThis exercise will help you to understand the process of building mock data for testing. It should introduce you to command line arguments.Exercise 9b - Compare the time required to search using programs from Exercise 7 and 8, using your data file from 9, try different answer file sizes 10,000 10,000,000.Increased understanding of container types and uses.Exercise 10 - Create a class, Question. Read the original Question file, and create a Question object for each Question. Place the Questions in a list and store the list using a JSON.3 ways to define a JavaScript class (https://www.phpied.com/3-ways-to-define-a-javascript-class/)JavaScript JSONBegin using Classes to represent coding constructs. Introduction to storing data in a portable format using JSON.Exercise 11 - Repeat Exercise 6, but this time use the JSON Question file. Create an Answer object to encapsulate the Answer data. The code to prompt the user for an answer should become a method on Question, and should return an answer object. The Answer objects should be placed in a dict by user and stored as JSON.Reading in data, using methods, returning objects, parsing JSON.Exercise 12 - Modify the code to read the previous answer file, append new answers provided, and store the file.Reading, Modifying and storing data.Exercise 13 - Create a Person object, include Id, First, Last Name, Birthdate. Create a Student object that inherits from Person object and adds fields for Id, Person Id and Major. Using what you learned above write a program that will allow you to create a Student object with all data populated. (Do not worry about storing yet).Inheritance and the prototype chainIntroduction to inheritance. Constructing objects.Exercise 13b - Implement a comparison method to compare two Person objects. Overload that method in Student to compare two Students. The overloaded method should call the parent method then implement additional logic.JavaScript Inheritance and Method Overriding (https://www.andrewzammit.com/blog/javascript-inheritance-and-method-overriding/)Overloading methods, implementing operators on objects.Exercise 13c - Implement a toJson() method to provide a JSON string of the Person and Student objects. Implement the toString() method to provide a pretty print version of the objects.Overloading methods, implementing operators on objects.Exercise 13d - Create a constructor that builds a Student object given a JSON string version of the object.JavaScript constructors, prototypes, and the `new` keyword (https://content.pivotal.io/blog/javascript-constructors-prototypes-and-the-new-keyword)Class methods, Factory methodsExercise 13e - Create a getter method “name” that returns the concatenation of first and last names. Create a setter that splits a “full name” into first and last name.Getters and SettersExercise 13f - Write a Student Object compare function to enable sorting of Student objects. Read the student objects, Sort and store them in the new sorted order.Array.prototype.sort()Sorting.Exercise 14 - Use SQL lite to create a Person and Student tables mimicking your objects from Exercise 9. Modify Exercise 9 to create and store records.sqlite3mapbox/node-sqlite3SQL IntroductionSQL CREATE TABLE StatementIntroduction to SQL databases.Exercise 15 - Create a Course object containing Course Id, Name and Description. Create a StudentCourse object containing Student Id, Course Id, and Grade. Create corresponding tables in SQL lite. Modify your program to allow creation and storage of course objects.SQL INSERT INTO StatementBuilding on SQL experience, and more complex objects.Exercise 16 - Add a list of Courses to your Student class. Modify your program to allow adding a Course to a Student. Read Course list from the database. Store the courses added to the Student as StudentCoursesSQL SELECT StatementRelationships, increasing complexity.Exercise 17 - Modify your program to allow updating the grade for any Student in any Course. Search using Select for Students in your database. Select from the sources for that Student to find the course you want to update the grade for, store the upgraded grade.SQL UPDATE StatementSearching the database, updating records in the database.Exercise 18 - Add functionality to produce a report of all grades for all students in a selected course.SQL INNER JOIN KeywordReporting from a SQL source.Exercise 19a - Install Express.To this point your code has all been console driven. This is an antiquated way of accessing an application. We don’t want to learn to much at one time, but now it is time to move to the web. Depending on your other experience this can be a very daunting task, or a few minutes work. However, it is important for developers to have an understanding of how the underlying systems the work on work together.Node.js web application frameworkExercise 19b - Create a NodeJS Express project.init | npm DocumentationExpress "Hello World" exampleExpress basic routingAt the end of this you should be able to start the development server and make a simple request.Exercise 19d - Connect Node.JS to nginxUsing nginx as a reverse proxy in front of your Node.js application (http://www.nikola-breznjak.com/blog/javascript/nodejs/using-nginx-as-a-reverse-proxy-in-front-of-your-node-js-application/)- (http://www.nikola-breznjak.com/blog/javascript/nodejs/using-nginx-as-a-reverse-proxy-in-front-of-your-node-js-application/) Nikola Brežnjak blog (http://www.nikola-breznjak.com/blog/javascript/nodejs/using-nginx-as-a-reverse-proxy-in-front-of-your-node-js-application/)Hardening node.js for production part 2: using nginx to avoid node.js loadNginx works with Node.JS to improve performance through caching and serving static assets.At the end of this you should have a production setup of Node.JS Express, on which to continue your JavaScript learning experience.Exercise 20 - Connect Express to MongoDBMongoDB Hosting: Database-as-a-Service by mLabCreate a free MLab AccountMongoose ODM v4.10.2Complete the first example on that page, connected to your MLab account.Exercise 20b - Repeat Using Handlebarshandlebarsexpress-handlebarsExercise 21 - Repeat Exercises 5–18 using Node.JS/Express and MongoDB framework.This is really many steps, but it is basically transitioning to the Web HTTP IO model that is the foundation for all web applications. This time instead of just making objects, you will make models to represent your entities, controllers to route requests and prepare models for display, and views to display them and allow user interaction.Exercise 22 - Modify some portion, or portions of your Express app to use an AJAX request instead of a full page reload.The modern web is moving towards Single Page Applications (SPA). Nearly every SPA application has a server side component for persisting data. Node.JS and Express are quite capable of providing this server side complement to a SPA. Further many traditional apps can be given an enhanced UI using SPA/AJAX techniques to make the application more responsive to user interaction.Exercise 23 - Write a procedural function to return the n-th element of the Fibonacci sequenceThe Fibonacci sequence is the sequence where the next number is the sum of the previous two numbers, beginning with 0 and 1.[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …] Exercise 24 - Write a recursive function to return the n-th element of the Fibonacci sequenceThe Fibonacci sequence can also be defined as the sequence of numbers where f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2), where f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 1.Exercise 25 - Write a generator to iterate over the Fibonacci sequenceIterators and generatorsLearn to use a generator.Exercise 25b - Recursive callbacks to iterate over the Fibonacci sequenceUnderstand JavaScript Callback Functions and Use Them (http://javascriptissexy.com/understand-javascript-callback-functions-and-use-them/)Learn to use a callbacksExercise 26 - Write a function that returns a function f(n) = x^n, where n is defined by the caller.Introduction to functional programmingJavaScript Functions that Return Functions (https://davidwalsh.name/javascript-functions)I.E. Such that the following would workfunction f(...) {  ...  return function() {  ...  } } var square = f(2) var cube = f(3) area_of_30cm_square = square(30) volume_of_30cm_box = cube(30) Exercise 27 - Write a function that Curries another function.Currying in JavaScript – Kristina Brainwave – Medium (https://medium.com/@kbrainwave/currying-in-javascript-ce6da2d324fe)Exercise 28 - Write a function that takes a function as an argument and executes that functionImplementing call back functions.Exercise 29 - Write a coroutine that returns the largest value it has been sent.Write Modern Asynchronous Javascript using Promises, Generators, and Coroutines (https://medium.freecodecamp.com/write-modern-asynchronous-javascript-using-promises-generators-and-coroutines-5fa9fe62cf74)Introduction to coroutines.Exercise 30 - Write a program that determines if a word is contained in the works of Shakespeare. Given a word check each document in the works and report which documents contain the word.This will teach directory traversal, more involved file io, and lays the groundwork for additional Exercises.Download the complete works of Shakespeare from this page in gzipped format:The Collected Works of Shakespearehttp://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/shakespeare.tar.gzExercise 31 - Modify Exercise 24a to use asynchronous IO if not already, to allow concurrent IO and speed up the process.https://blog.risingstack.com/node-hero-async-programming-in-node-js/Exercise 32 - Write a program that takes a URL as an argument, uses the request library to request a web page and stores the contents of the page in a file.request/requestWeb requestsExercise 33 - Write a program that makes a search request to the Wikipedia API and returns a list of pages matching a given search string.API:Search - MediaWikiWikipedia Endpoint: https://www.mediawiki.org/api/rest_v1/?specUsing Rest APIsExercise 34 - Build a web page that has a form to submit a URL, and uses an AJAX request to your Node Express application to retrieve a shortened URL from the Google URL shortener API, and displays the shortened URL on the page.Get Started | URL ShortenerUsing OAuth, Submitting and retreiving data using REST apis, Writing AJAX request handlersSummaryPerhaps you know some or all of this, you didn’t really indicate your experience level. If this is not helpful to you, perhaps it will be helpful to someone else who finds it and is looking to grow their Python knowledge.