Florida Medicaid Out-Of-State Provider Enrollment Application: Fill & Download for Free

Teens browse this list for services in your area. Don’t run away, call for help.NEW YORK AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION (ACLU) : YRights As a Pregnant Or Parenting Teen (2007)]Pregnant or Parenting? Title IX Protects You From Discrimination At SchoolGuttmacher Data: Minors’ Rights as ParentsIf you are facing abuse or threats because of your pregnancy here is a crisis line. http://www.thursdayschild.org/html/about.htm 800-USA-KIDSRESOURCES STATE BY STATE:ALABAMA: Babies First: United Methodist Children's HomeFor teen mothers in foster care.If you are a pregnant teen in Alabama in foster care, ask your case manager, counselor or CASA worker if this program could be right for you.ALASKA Passage House: Passage House907-272-1255 (Call to get help now.)Ages 17–21ARIZONA: Girls Ranch Scottsdale: Girls Ranch - Florence Crittenton.Ask a school counselor, case manager, or CASA Advocate about Girls Ranch Scottsdale.An adult needs to help arrange admission if this program is right for you.Most but not all pregnant teens at Girls Ranch Scottsdale are in Arizona state custody.ARIZONA:The House of El-Elyon:HousingParenting ClassesAges 12–18ARIZONA: Starting Out Right: Starting Out Right | Free Pregnancy Test | Arizona Youth PartnershipCall 520–719–2014 or email [email protected] suppliesARIZONA: Tempe. TeenAge Pregnancy Program (TAPP) / APPP👩‍🎓Educational support.Case management.Counseling.Parenting preparation.ARKANSAS: Compassion House: Get Help - Compassion House479-419-9100 (Call for help.)HousingChristian orientation.Ages: 19 and underARKANSAS: Hanna House: Hannah House of Fort Smith Arkansas479–782–5683 phone or email: [email protected] 13–29CALIFORNIA: (Alameda County) Bay Area Youth Center: Real AlternativesEmail: [email protected] SkillsAges 16–25CALIFORNIA: El Nido Programs - El Nido Family Centers: Teen Family ServicesHome Visits help teens connect to healthcare, education, counseling, financial help employment and childcare.Several locations in Los Angles areaAntelope Valley: Pacoima office at: 818.896.7776CALIFORNIA:Maternity Shelter Program - Home [email protected] Diego AreaAges 18–24CALIFORNIA : (Lake County) Lake Family Resource Center. Teen Parenting/Adolescent Family Life ProgramServices for Pregnant and Parenting teensMust enroll before 19th birthdaCalifornia: Welcome to Mary's Pregnant Teen Shelter .Housing.CALIFORNIA: (Sacramento) Waking the VillageHome Infograph — Waking the VillageContact us about our housing programs: 916-601-2979HousingEducational SupportIntensive MentoringCase ManagementArt, Friendship, Community, CreativityChild Development CenterTravel, Recreation, CampingAges 18–24CALIFORNIA (HOUSING) (North Hollywood.) Youth Volunteers of America Los Angeles. (VOALA) Women’s Care Cottage. Women’s Care Cottage is an Independent/Transitional living program assisting homeless young women coming out of emergency shelters, foster care and probation. Admits women with one infant up to the age of 1 year. Provides up to 18 months – 3 years of housing, case management, counseling, social and cultural activities. Ages 18–21.COLORADO: options for Pregnant or Parenting Teens. Jefferson County Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program (JCAPPP) Jeffco Public Schools. Non-residential. Specialized curricula, job-training, social support. Onsite childcare for teen parents.COLORADO: ttp://ttps://obgyn.coloradowomenshealth.com/health-info/teens/teen-pregnancy-programs Non-residential. University of Colorado/Colorado Adolescent Maternity Program. (CAMP) Specialized obstetrical care for teens. Emotional and social support.COLORADO: (HOUSING) Hope House of Colorado Quote from the website: “Hope House is metro-Denver's only resource providing free self-sufficiency programs to parenting teen moms, including Residential, GED, and College & Career Support programs. Additional supportive services include parenting and life skills classes, healthy relationship classes, and certified counseling, all designed to prepare them for long-term independence.” (ages 16 to 24)COLORADO: Yampah Mountain High School Non-residential, public School-based support for pregnant and parenting teens. High quality Infant and toddler childcare onsite.CONNECTICUT: Noank Community Support Services Clift House. Shelter care for ages infant to 18, either gender. Pregnant and Parenting teens.CONNECTICUT: Young Parents Program Public school-based services for pregnant and parenting teens. High School completion support and ONSITE childcare at High Schools for teen parents. Districts offering the Young Parents Program: Bridgeport, Griswold, New Britain, Torrington, Waterbury, Windham. Contact: Shelby Pons, MSW, [email protected] (860) 807-2126DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: (Non-Residential) Teen Alliance for Prepared Parenting Specialized Pre-natal care. Education support. Counseling. Teen fathers also served. Ages Served: Adolescents who are pregnant and aged 21 or younger are eligible to enroll at any time during their pregnancy. Young fathers may enroll if they are expecting a child, or if they have a child under the age of five years. Once enrolled, youth may continue to participate in the program until 23 years of age.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: http://tps://dcps.dc.gov/page/expectant-and-parenting-students (Non-residential). Expectant and Parenting Students. New Heights. “Supportive case management and assistance with securing services, such as a childcare voucher, WIC, housing, TANF, employment, job training opportunities, college/university admissions and more.” Public High School Programs: The following schools have the New Heights program in their buildings, and can be reached at the following phone numbers:Anacostia, (202) 645-4040Ballou, (202) 645-3400Ballou STAY, (202) 727-5344Cardozo, (202) 671-1995CHEC, (202) 939-7700 ext. 5063Coolidge, (202) 282-0081Dunbar, (202) 698-3762Luke C. Moore, (202) 678-7890Roosevelt, (202) 576-8899Roosevelt STAY, (202) 576-8399Washington MET, (202)727-4985Wilson, (202) 282-0120Woodson, (202) 939-20324. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (HOUSING) Perennial Transitional House for Teen Parent23.DISTRICT OF COLuMBIA: HBP Teens Non-residential. Support services and structured classes for pregnant and parenting teens. Case Management and Home Visiting. Centered particularly on the needs of young African-American parents. Multi-phase program. Ages Served:12–2124.DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: DC Social Innovation Project Non-residential. Teens to Doulas: This innovative program trains teens who are already parenting to serve as doulas for women in the community. The goal is for successful teen mothers to share their skills to reduce the risk factors in the community for other mothers.25. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Teen Parent Assessment Program (TPAP)(Non-residential) Financial Issues: This is an assessment program that evaluates teens for independent living in the D.C. area. Usually, teens can apply for TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) in D.C. , but must be living with their parents to receive this aid. The Teen Assessment program determines on a case by case if the pregnant/parenting teen in an independent or other living situation qualifies for the aid. Service Contact: Teen Parent Assessment Program Contact Phone: (202) 698-6671Contact TTY: 711. If you are unable to get an appointment for the Teen Parent Assessment Program, you may need to get a referral from your school guidance counselor or other social services.26.DELAWARE: Diocese of Wilmington Bayard House27.FLORIDA: (HOUSING) Group Home, Bellview FL, Hands of Mercy Everywhere Hands of Mercy Everywhere. Christian-oriented residence that also offers diverse practical, educational, and therapeutic services to teen mothers. Ages served not specified28.FLORIDA: Hannah's Transitional Living || ANCHORAGE CHILDREN'S HOME || (850) 763-7102 Transitional living apartments for pregnant and parenting young women. Ages 16–2229.FLORIDA: Home Our Mother’s Home. Keeps teen mothers who are in foster care with their children.30.FLORIDA: (Pinellas County) Transitional Living Programs - Family Resources SafePlace2BTOO-Young Moms. (Scroll down the page for maternity services. The first program listed on the page has the same name but is for LGBT youth.) Housing and support. 18 month program. Ages 16–21.31.FLORIDA: Woman to Woman - Children & Family Services Gulf CoasJewish Children & Family Services. Non-residential mentoring and goal-setting for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified.GEORGIA: House of Dawn: Changing Lives, Changing Generations770–477–2385Housing👩‍🎓Educational SupportCareer and Life skillsCounselingAges 13–23GEORGIA: Home | The Living Vine Christian Maternity Home.HousingProgram emphasizes strict Christian environment, so possibly suitable only for committed Christians.Hawaii: Hale Kipa: Independent Living Program808.754.9844Emergency ShelterAges 12–17HAWAII: Neighborhood Helping Pregnant and Parenting Teens Neighborhood Place of Puna. Non-residential. Practical, material and emotional support.37.HAWAII: (HOUSING) Mary Jane Home | Catholic Charities Hawaii The Mary Jane Home. Ages Served: 18 and over.38. IDAHO: (and Eastern Washington) Alexandria's House | Volunteers of America Ages Served: 16–20.39.IDAHO: (Burley) Cassia High School Alternative Public High School. Serves teens who would benefit from an alternative school, including pregnant and parenting teens. Childcare for teen parents provided.40.IDAHO: Marian Pritchett School Marian Pritchett School. (Serving pregnant teens since 1964) Public High School for pregnant and parenting teens. Includes Giraffe Laugh Childcare for students attending Marian Pritchett School. Marian Pritchett - Giraffe Laugh.41.ILLINOS: (HOUSING) (Chicago) response-Ability Pregnant and Parenting Program (RAPPP) The Night Ministry operates 120-day housing programs for youth and for pregnant and parenting young mothers and their children. Call toll-free 877-286-2523. Ages 14–19.42.ILLINOIS: http://theharbour.org/successful-teenseffective-parents.html The Harbour. STEPS Program. Individual subsidized apartments for teens and their children. Parenting classes, counseling and case management. Age range served: not specified.43.INDIANA: Maternity Home With A Heart Hannah’s House. (HOUSING.) Faith-based/Christian. Parenting classes, counseling, referrals to community resources, emotional support. Serves ages 13 up. (Website states youngest resident they have served was 13 and the oldest was 43.)44. Indiana: Project Home IndyResidency for Teenage Mothers (Link leads to application page)HousingMedical CareEducational SupportParenting ClassesLife Skills ClassesAges 15 -19 at admission.45.INDIANA: Young Families of Indiana Network Future Promises. Non-residential school-based support for pregnant and parenting teens.46.INDIANA: (South Bend) Youth Service Bureau of St. Joseph County Young Mom’s Self-Sufficiency Program. (YMSSP) Non-residential support services.47. IOWA: Ruth Harbor - Pregnant? Christian orientation. Counseling, midwife care, doula services, recreation, outings. Ages ?-24. Does not specify minimum age.48.IOWA: Transitional Living for Teen Parents United Action for Youth. (UAC) Housing and other supports. Ages 17–21.49. IOWA: Transitional Living Services - Youth & Shelter Services, Inc. - Iowa50..KANSAS: About Us | Wichita Children's Home 1. Bridges. Housing for pregnant and parenting teen mothers 2. Moving on to Motherhood (MOM-Non-residential case management and support.)52. KENTUCKY: (HOUSING)Mother & Baby Home All God’s Children Mother & Baby Home. Faith-based. Nationally Accredited Childcare program onsite provides care for resident’s babies so they can attend school. Support, therapy, classes. Ages 13–21.53.KENTUCKY: (Louisville) Teenage Parent Program Georgia Chaffee Teenage Parent Program (TAPP). Non-residential. Provides support and services to help pregnant and parenting teens complete their high school educations.54. KENTUCKY: 👩‍⚕️ Young Parents Program (YPP.) Non-residential. Specialized obstetrical care, support and counseling. Ages served: Under age 18.55. LOUISIANA: I'm Pregnant. Now What?Phone : (318) 925-4663Crisis Line : (318) 277-9506Email : [email protected] Sanctuary for Women. Faith-based/Christian. Counseling, goal-setting, career planning, parenting classes, life skills and recreation. Participation in religious activities may be required. Onsite accredited education/certified teacher for High School completion or GED. Ages served: 13–23.56. LOUISIANA: Parenting Jus4me. Non-residential. Support and parenting classes for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified.57. LOUISIANA: http://ttp://www.lighthouseministriesinc.org/ The Lighthouse Child Residential Center. Faith-based. Cares for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Licensed to care for children from birth through age 18.MAINE: FINANCIAL HELP: TANF and Teen Parents58. MAINE: rgh Rumford Group Homes Teens are housed in several different apartments supervised by the program and are provided with various services. Ages 16–21.59. MAINE: Crisis Center | Bangor, ME Shepherd’s Godparent Home. Ages served: teens to thirties.60. MARYLAND: Programp=s for Pregnant Teens and Teen Mothers | Hearts & Homes for Youth Damamli. This program is for pregnant and parenting teens in the foster care or juvenile justice system. The program starts the teen in a specialized foster home and later she lives independently with her child, with support from the program in her own apartment. Age range: 16–20.61. MARYLAND: Housing & Support Saint Ann’s: Grace House, Hope House and Faith House. Residence with onsite High School. Ages 13–21.62. MASSACHUSETTS: Programs Bridge Over Troubled Waters. Single Parent Housing. Transitional Housing for teen parents. Does not specify age range served.63. MASSACHUSETTS: (Boston) St. Mary’s Home Faith-based history but apparently no religious requirements or programming for participants. Housing. Case management, onsite high school completion, parenting classes, therapy. Ages 13–21.64. MICHIGAN: Shelter - Alternatives For Girls Provides emergency shelter for homeless teens and their children. Transitional housing program also available. Website did not mention specific maternity care programs offered. Ages 15—MICHIGAN: Eastpointe. Gianna House now open, but the website isn’t up currently. RESIDENTIAL. Ages 13–17. Contact information will be posted here ASAP>65. MICHIGAN: MI Health Family - MOASH Websites provide information on help for pregnant and parenting teens in Michigan. Michigan Organization on Adolescent Sexual Health. (MOASH) PREGNANT & PARENTING TEENS Ages served not specified.66. MICHIGAN: Michigan Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenting Program (MI-APPP) Case Management for pregnant and parenting teens. No are range specified.MINNESOTA: LEGAL RIGHTS OF TEENS: The Rights of Teen ParentsMINNESOTA: A School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens Longfellow High School. Non-residential public high school.MINNESOTA: The Nest: A Maternity Home The Nest. Focuses on ages 18–25 but may accept minors placed by parents. More information soon.MISSISSIPPI: http://mchms.org/pdfs/MCH_Two_of_Us_Brochure_032314_RGB.pdf Two of Us Therapeutic Maternity Home. Full-time licensed nursing staff. Highly specialized intensive care and education for mothers and infants. Ages 10–18.MISSOURI: 👩‍⚕️ https://www.barnesjewish.org/Medical-Services/Obstetrics-Gynecology/Women-Infants/Childbirth-at-Barnes-Jewish/Teen- Pregnancy-Center Barnes Jewish Hospital. Non-residential services, including specialized obstetrical care, classes and support. Ages 17 and under.MISSOURI: Mother's Refuge - Supporting Young Mother (HOUSING). Ages 12-21. Does not appear to focus on excessive religious pressureMISSOURI: Nativity House KC Faith-based. Roman Catholic.MISSOURI: Youth Services - reStart reStart Youth Services. Four transitional housing units for pregnant and parenting teens. Ages 16–21.MISSOURI: Home The Sparrow's Nest. (HOUSING) Ages 19 and under.MONTANA: Blackfeet Teen Pregnancy/Parenting Coalition Teen Pregnancy Parenting Coalition. Non-residential. GED tutoring. Case Management. Peer support. Nutritional Counseling. Childcare. Ages Served not specified.MONTANA: Mountain Home Montana Non-religious, comprehensive program. Housing. Bonnie Hamilton Home. (Group living) Mountain Home Apartments. (Individuals living with child.) Licensed Therapy. 24–7 mental health crisis line. Other resources. Ages 16–29.MONTANA: Nurtured baby, Healthy adult, Strong community Florence Crittenton . (Needs updating)NEBRASKA: CARES. ( info needs updating-program may be closed.)NEBRASKA: Center for Healthy Families Nebraska Mental Health/Project Harmony. Non-residential. Support services for pregnant and parenting teens. No age range specified. (Omaha residents only).NEBRASKA:Teen & Young Parent Program - Nebraska Early Childhood CollaborativeNNEVADA: “Living Grace” website is not available as of 8/15/2019. Will update as I get more information.NEVADA: Pregnant and Parenting Teen Saint Jude’s Ranch. Most residents are youth placed here by state social service and juvenile justice agencies.NEVADA: Contact Casa De Vida. (HOUSING) —More information available soon.NEW HAMPSHIRE: (Littleton)TRANSITIONAL LIVING PROGRAM (HOUSING). Case management, GED/Highschool completion, parenting classes and other services for pregnant and parenting teens and young adults. Ages served 18–21.NEW HAMPSHIRE: Our Place | Catholic Charities New Hampshire Our Place. Non-residential Faith-based. (Roman Catholic) Prenatal, breastfeeding, parenting and other classes and resources for parents of all ages.NEW JERSEY: http://ttps://www.cge-nj.org/program-offerings/adolescent-program/ The Center for Great Expectations (Adolescent Program) (HOUSING) AOther programs for women also available. Licensed Clinical Staff. Ages served: 13–18,NEW JERSEY: Capable Adolescent Mothers Crossroads Programs. (HOUSING) Intensive Long-term program. For General Program Information regarding Crossroads’ programs and services, please contact Michelle Wright at 609 880 0210, ext 109. Ages: 16–21.NEW JERSEY:services and Programs that help young homeless mothers and pregnant women Raphael’s Life House, Inc. Housing, licensed counseling, parenting classes, GED completion and career development. Ages served: Not specified.NEW MEXICO: Catholic Charities of Gallup NM (HOUSING)Casa San Jose. Residential care for pregnant and parenting teens. Ages Served: Not specified.NEW MEXICO: 14 to 17 Information Page Information from Pegasus Legal Services for Children about legal rights of minors in New Mexico, including teen pregnancy and parenting.NEW YORK: Residential Services Catholic Charities Community Maternity Services. Multiple programs: Heery Center-Ages 12–21, focuses on pregnant and parenting girls placed by juvenile and state agencies. Joyce Center is the transitional living maternity home.NEW YORK: Pregnant/Parenting Teens Children’s Village-Inwood House. Age range served not specified.NEW YORK: (Rochester) http://ttp://centerforyouth.net/index.php?cID=89 The Center For Youth. Chrysalis Program. 18 month program. Residential setting for pregnant or parenting young women. Ages 16–21.NEW YORK: Supportive Housing (Brooklyn) Diaspora Community Services/ “Mother’s Gaining Hope”. Federally funded “Maternity Group Home”. (MGH) I have not further details on ages served or its programs at this writing.NEW YORK: SERVICES SUSPENDED DUE TO BUDGET. (Concerned readers please consider donating. )(Niagara region) https://hannahhouse.ca/ Ages: through age 24. No lower age limit stated.NEW YORK: Regina Maternity Services Catholic Charities of Rockville Centre. Housing For pregnant teens and their children. Regina Residence is a structured program with case management. Mary Residence is supported independent living for graduates of Regina Residence. Ages 11–24.NORTH CAROLINA: http://www.angelhousematernityhome.org/admission_information0.aspx Angel House Maternity Home. Minimum Age: 17NORTH CAROLINA: Services for single, pregnant, & non-pregnant teens, women and their families | Florence Crittenton Services | Charlotte, NC Multiple residential programs. Ages 10 and up.NORTH DAKOTA: St. Gianna Maternity Home (HOUSING) Residents required to participate in prayers and attend Mass. Ages Served: Serves minors but does not specify age range.NORTH DAKOTA: Home | The Perry Center Serves minors placed by parents, but does not give age-range. Christian oriented services, apparently placing emphasis on evangelism but also offering life-skills and other practical services.OHIO: (Franklin County) The Center for Healthy Families The Center for Healthy Families. Non-residential. School and Community based services for pregnant and parenting teens offered at four high schools. Services for teen fathers also included. Ages: 13–19.OHIO: (Mentor, Ohio) Pregnancy - Hannah’s Home. Minimum age 18. More information available soon.OHIO: The Highlands - Shelter Care (HOUSING) Residential care for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Ages 14–20.OHIO: (Columbus) 👩‍⚕️Teen and Pregnant Program Nationwide Children’s (Hospital). TaP. Non-residential. Comprehensive medical care, classes, counseling, referrals for pregnant girls and women ages 21.5 and under.OHIO: WIC (Supplemental food for Women, Infant Children) WIC - American Pregnancy Association\http://file:///C:/Users/17074/AppData/Local/Pa/TempState/Downloads/158843%20(1).pdfOKLAHOMA: Broken Arrow Public Schools Mentoring Healthy Parents (Formerly Margaret Hudson Program). Non-residential. Support for pregnant and parenting teens. Age range not specified.OKLAHOMA: J.A.M.E.S., INC. WEBSITE CURRENTLY DOWN> CHECK BACK SOON> Educational support and college scholarships for pregnant and parenting teens. High School seniors and college students.OKLAHOMA: http://s://www.choctawnation.com/tribal-services/member-services/choctaw-support-expectant-and-parenting-teens-sept Choctaw Support for Expectant and Parenting Teens. (SEPT) Services for teens pregnant with or parenting a Native American child under the age of one year. Must live within the 10.5 county service area of Choctaw Nation. Ages 13–21.OKLAHOMA: (Owassa) Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children . (HOUSING) (Owassa) Maternity Cottage and transitional living apartments for Mother and Child Program. Participants must attend Southern Baptist church while in residence. Age range served not specified.OKLAHOMA: Transitional Living Program (HOUSING) Housing offered to youth, including pregnant and parenting teens and their children. Ages 16–21.OREGON: Safe Haven Maternity Home Safe Haven Maternity Home.OREGON: Dedicated to helping young mothers Saint Child. Housing for pregnant girls and women and their infants. May stay for up to a year after birth of baby. Faith-based (Christian). Counseling, education, job training, life skills and other supports. Participants are offered bible study and other Christian activities but are apparently not coerced. Ages 14–24.Pennsylvania: (Lansdale) (HOUSING) Home Morning Star Maternity Home. Ages 13–25.Pennsylvania: Maternity & Pregnancy Services - Catholic Charities of Harrisburg PAPENNSYLVANIA: http://ttps://www.valleyyouthhouse.org/programs/transitional-housing/maternity-group-home-mgh/RHODE ISLAND: (HOUSING) (may be for 18 and above only) Little Flower Home - Serving RI & Southern MA - Housing for 'Pregnant Homeless' WomenRHODE ISLAND: About Nowell Leadership Academy (Public Charter High School) For Pregnant and Parenting teens.SOUTH CAROLINA: Help for pregnant and parenting young women in South CarolinTENNESSEE: Comprehensive Resource Center The Hagar Center. Non-residential. Classes, support and material assistance.102. TENNESSEE: http://ttps://mercymultiplied.com/about-us/ Mercy Multiplied. Faith-based/Non-denominational Christian. Residential programs are located in four states for girls including a facility in Nashville, Tennessee. The programs are designed to work with on many issues, including pregnancy. The website states that the program does not demand that the pregnant mother relinquish her child to adoption, however, neither is there any indication of housing or services offered for the mother/child family. Adoption services prominently noted on website. Counseling is strongly centered on Christian teachings, although Mercy Multiplied states that its counselors are Master’s Level or graduate student interns. Counseling process includes/demands “commitment to Christ”. This program might be appropriate for young women who of their own free will wish to pursue Christianity. Ages Served: Unknown at this writing.107. TEXAS: Annunciation House: Apply for Services108. TEXAS: Apply | LifeHouse Houston. Housing and other support. Strong focus on Christian evangelizing. Ages 12 and up. (Other services for non-residential clients also available.)109. TEXAS: Teen Parenting Help - Jane's Due Process Information and support for pregnant teenagers concerning Texas legal rights.110.TEXAS: Viola's House111. UTAH: 👩‍🎓Horizonte Instruction and Training Center. Young Parent Program. Programs Non-residential. High School completion and vocational education with onsite childcare provided by Head Start. Parenting and other skills. Flexible scheduling. Contact Person: Kathy Williams (801) 578-8574 ext. 233.112. UTAH: Teen Mother & Child Program Non-residential. University of Utah/Teen Mother and Child Program. Obstetrical care/Nurse-Midwives. Social and psychological support and referrals for other needed services. Ages served: 19 and younger.113. UTAH: YWCA Of Salt Lake City. Referrals to Transitional Housing. No other details as of this writing.114. VERMONT: Family Literacy Center (Non-residential) Educational center for pregnant and parenting teens and young adults. Infants may attend classes with parents until they are four months old and after that Onsite Nationally Accredited childcare is available full-time. Onsite licensed therapy, parenting and nutrition classes and other social supports. Ages served: High school freshmen age through age 25.115. VIRGINIA: Grace Home Ministries. (HOUSING) Program is long-term and residents encouraged to stay for as long as two years with their babies. Faith based/Christian. Program includes participation in Christian experiences. However, Grace Home states: “We believe religion is a matter of personal conviction; therefore, we don’t put any pressure on program participants in matters of personal faith or beliefs. Mentoring, childcare classes, case management. Ages 1–20.116. VIRGINIA: (Lynchburg) ADOPTION-ORIENTED! Liberty Godparent Maternity Home. Services | Liberty Godparent Home If you have decided for adoption AND you are a Baptist or of a similar faith, you might consider this facility, as its emphasis is on adoption. The program does offer “Mommy and Me” support if you decide on raising your baby yourself, however, the emphasis is clearly adoption. Faith-based. (Baptist) Residents attend Thomas Road Baptist church. Other services from their website: All residents are required to attend school, pursue a GED, or participate in vocational training. Classes are offered off site at Liberty Christian Academy through Liberty University Online Academy (grades 6-12). Tutoring services for GED and SAT exams are available as needed. To help each young lady build a positive future, the LGH staff is committed to educating the residents on Life Skills and other topics such as Decision-Making, Parenting, Adoption, and Nutrition. About Us Overview | Liberty Godparent Home Ages Served: Not specified.VIRGINIA: (Fairfax County) Second Story for Young Mothers - assistance for mothersSecond Story for Young Mothers. (HOUSING) Residential services offered through independent living in townhouses for young mothers between the ages of 18–21. Pregnant and parenting teens between the ages of 16 and 18 receive non-residential community based support, education and services. Follow-up support and case management also offered. 24/7 Crisis Hotline - Call 1-800-SAY-TEEN or text “TEENHELP” to 855-11 TTY 711VIRGINIA: (Alexandria) Keep it 360 | The Alexandria Campaign on Adolescent Pregnancy (ACAP) T.C. Futures. (Non-residential.) From website: The T.C. Futures Group provides parenting meetings and developmental playgroups specifically for Alexandria’s teenage parents and their children. Parents learn about positive parenting skills, child development, and local resources. The group meets every other week after school at T.C. Williams High School. Participation is not limited to T.C. Williams students; all teenage parents in Alexandria are invited to attend. Participation is free, and Spanish translation is available. For more information, contact David Wynne, TC Williams Social Worker, at 703.824.6800.VIRGINIA (Fredricksburg) Mary's Shelter Mary’s Shelter. (HOUSING) Faith-based. Provides residential care for up to three years. Minimum Age: 18.VIRGINIA: Mommy and Me Program. ( A program component of “Youth For Tomorrow”.). (RESIDENTIAL/HOUSING) Faith based/Christian. Intensive program for pregnant teens and their infants. Education for teens at accredited school on campus, health care, parenting classes, in-house therapy and nursing staff. ) Admissions are either by court placement or social service agency referral. Teens may stay until their child is four-years-old. Ages: 12–18.VIRGINIA: (Winchester.) About | New Eve Maternity Home New Eve Maternity Home. (HOUSING). Faith-based/Roman Catholic. Help with education, employment, life skills. Ages served: 18 and above. (?)VIRGINIA: (Norfolk) THIS LISTING NOT ACTIVE CURRENTLY. WILL UPDATE ASAP. Eastern Virginia Medical School. Non-residential. Specialized obstetrical care. Classes, parenting skills, emotional support, transportation to prenatal appointments.WASHINGTON: (Seattle area.) Housing Cocoon House. (HOUSING) Housing for pregnant and parenting teens and their children. (Short -term and long-term.) Support for education, life skills and employment. Ages 12–17.WASHINGTON: (Spokane) Alexandria's House | Volunteers of America (HOUSING). “Spacious historic home”. Mentoring, support, doulas, other services. Ages: 16–20.WASHINGTON: (Spokane)http://ttp://gracesonhousingfoundation.org/ Hope and Housing for Teen Moms and their Children Graceson Housing Foundation. (Housing.) Faith-based/Christian but spiritual activities are left up to choice. This program is strong on community and nurturing. Classes, life skills, and employments skills also offered. Ages 13-18.WASHINGTON (Seattle) 👩‍⚕️ "Family Medicine Residency Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Clinic. (A program of Kaiser Permanente but you DO NOT have to be a Kaiser Permanente member to receive services.) Non-residential. Accepts Medicaid and other insurance. Prenatal care with delivery at Swedish First Hill Hospital. Offers help getting medical care coverage, nutritious food, childbirth classes, parenting classes and well-child care for the baby until two years of age. (Well-child care is only for the babies whose mothers used the Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Clinic for their prenatal care and delivery.) Open Tuesdays and Thursdays. Drop by or call: Kaiser Permanente Capitol Hill Campus, West Building 206-326-2656. On the bus line. Ages served: Not specified.WEST VIRGINIA: Crittenton Services, Inc. A Florence Crittenton program. (More information to follow)WISCONSIN: (Milwaukee) Pregnant and Parenting Youth Program (PPYP). Non-residential public school-based support.WISCONSIN: (Sheboygan) 👩‍🎓 Sheboygan Area School District Non-residential. TAPP/Parenting Lab. School-based support for pregnant and parenting teens. Guidance counselor assists pregnant students with educational plan/ONSITE childcare/parenting lab for teen parents. Classes designed/flexible to accommodate pregnancy related issues. Pregnant or parenting students in Sheboygan contact your school guidance counselor to access these services.

Many answers have extrapolated what a President Gore would have done if he won the 2000 general election but we need to explore the initial decision of the Bush v Gore case before the Supreme Court. Note: I’m not a lawyer so objective lawyerly corrections are welcome. As opposed to popular rhetoric, SCOTUS ruled in favor of Bush for logical reasons. In short, SCOTUS ruled that Florida was required to use the same accounting method for all counties, as opposed to what some wished (to only recount some counties using varying methodologies), and that doing otherwise would be a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. There was also the issue of whether or not the case required an answer to a political question (something fundamentally political in question and thus not appropriate for the court to make a legal ruling on). If SCOTUS ruled in favor of Gore, it would have set a new legal precedent regarding state-federal interactions and general election law. I can’t speak to how later cases would be affected by a Gore victory (hopefully experts will answer that in this question) but it would signify a change in how SCOTUS conducts business (i.e. the political question issue).Now, onto the details of a Gore Presidency…Candidate Gore’s Platform: As opposed to the lack of details in many political campaigns in the past few years, the Gore-Lieberman campaign offered many proposals. Thankfully http://4presidents.us has the text of the campaign’s platform site pages (this is gold for analytical folks like me). The points listed below are things he would have changed (as opposed to continuing to support). A Gore-Lieberman Administration would:Economy:Award new grants for universal broadband Internet coverage and accessBan soft money in political campaigns and create a fund to publicly fund political campaignsBoost spending for research and developmentBuild on Clinton’s Equal Pay Initiative (training for employers to comply with pay requirements)Encourage independent or assisted living of and employment for disabled individuals through new fundingEnsure that “third generation” wireless spectrum is available to telecommunications companiesExpand eligible businesses under the Family and Medical Leave ActExpand the safety net for farmers with augmented crop supportsGrow the number of housing vouchers and homeownership in urban areasIncentivize more individuals to get off welfare and begin working through grants and tax incentivesIncrease labor union protectionsIncrease the minimum wage by $1 over two yearsProvide funding for mass transit systems (such as light and high-speed rail)Strengthen child support collections and other fatherhood requirementsEducation:Establish universal voluntary preschool and boost Head Start fundingEventually fully fund educations for students with disabilitiesIncrease funding for non-traditional schools (such as charters)Offer grants to educate or reeducate workers and lengthen the period displaced workers receive Trade Adjustment AssistanceProvide funds to repair or rebuild schools, wiring classrooms for Internet accessQuadruple the number of students at 21st Century Leaning Centers and further support other after-school programsRaise teacher payRecruit 100,000 new teachersRequire student testing 3 times between 3rd grade and graduation, rewarding successful districts and turn around failing onesEnergy and Environment:Create a trust fund and tax credits to help consumers buy energy efficient goods and make buildings more efficient and weatherizedEncourage the development of alternative energy sources (such as solar)Establish a cap-and-trade carbon emissions system and incentivize companies to reduce pollution through creditsFund projects to reduce America’s dependence on foreign oilPrevent drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and in sensitive offshore areasRestore the “polluter pays” funding mechanism for Superfund sitesFederal Spending:Create IRA-style savings accounts for retirement, managed by private firms and parallel to current Social Security benefitsEnsure employee pension portability and protections from changes by employersHave every agency functionally online, accepting applications, providing services, etc.Increase Social Security benefits for stay-at-home parents and widows/widowersPay down the national debt (with budget surplus funds)Shore up Social Security (by paying down the national debt with budget surplus funds) and create tax-free savings accountsForeign Policy and Defense:Change how the Pentagon operates for efficiency and cost savingsDevelop a limited national missile defense systemFully fund the military’s TRICARE health care systemRequire labor and environmental standards in international trade agreementsWork to improve health care access, the variety of services, and long-term benefits provided by the Veterans AdministrationHealth Care:Allow 55 to 65 year olds buy Medicare health insuranceCover up to 50% of prescription drug costs for seniors (up to $5,000 annually)Create an initiative to support families with disabled individualsDouble funding to find cures for cancer (spending increases for other diseases, especially HIV/AIDS)Encourage competition in Medicare insurance plansExpand Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) child and family eligibility and the ability to enrollExpand Medicaid coverage for nursing home expensesGive greater negotiating and cost saving authority to traditional Medicare plansMandate full child mental health coverage for private insurers and CHIPPass a Patients’ Bill of Rights (greater negotiation with insurance companies)Reach underserved populations by growing the National Health Service Corps and the Projects for Assistance in Transition from HomelessnessSeparate Medicare payroll taxes from the regular budget with a Medicare “lock box”Streamline and simplify Medicaid and food stamp enrollmentStrengthen community, public, and academic health and mental centersLaw Enforcement and Immigration:Expand the number of drug courts and their authority to order drug tests of offendersHire 50,000 new police officers, 10,000 community prosecutors, 500 ATF agentsImpose new gun regulations (including databases, background checks, and waiting periods)Restore benefits for legal immigrants (such as welfare, Medicaid, and Social Security)Taxes:In general, Gore aimed to expand or introduce new tax credits for working class families, stay-at-home parents, low-income earners, retirees, soon-to-be retirees, environmental causes, and innovative research. It is unclear how exactly the credits would be paid for other than his mention of the budget stimulus. He did not mention in writing raising tax rates.New Credits: a long-term care tax credit, a small business premium health care tax credit, an individual health insurance tax credit, a school modernization bond tax credit, the College Opportunity Tax Credit (college tuition and training), the New Markets Incentive (tax benefits for capital investments in distressed communities), business tax incentives for energy efficiency and environmental improvementExpanded Credits: the Earned Income Tax Credit, increase the Standard Deduction for marriage penalty relief, simplify estate tax exemptions for small businesses and family farms, the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Brownfields tax incentives (made permanent)Made Refundable Credits: the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (fully), the After-School Tax Credit (new and fully), the Research and Experimentation Tax Credit (partial) Note: refundable tax credits give money to households and businesses in excess of their tax liability so it is counted as new spending (not decreases in revenue) in the federal budget.The Political Environment: In 2001, a new Congress was sworn in along with the new President. Between the 106th and 107th Congresses, the Republicans maintained their majority of the House, while the Senate went from a 55-45 Republican majority to a 50/50 split. I assume that the new Congress would have this make up because the Bush v Gore case came just after the election, thus not influencing the lower elections.The nation faced some shorter-term issues in those first 6 months. Here they are along with the Bush-Gore differences (if any):Economic Downturn: Where Bush enacted his broad tax cuts, Gore would have pushed for economic stimulus. When Congress would disagree, he would put together a targeted tax package that reflect parts of this campaign platform (larger credits for the eligible, new cuts for small businesses). The plan would generally be supported, especially with budget surplus money burning a hole in the national pocket. Long-term result, Congress would still need to reauthorize these changes, potentially causing debates like that of the 2011 Fiscal Cliff negotiations.Education Reform Package: Though Bush and Gore had some overlap (using testing as a key means to measure student process and to barter with districts), Gore’s proposals were a bit more Obama-ish with the roots of Race to the Top and an ever-shrinking student-to-teacher ratio in classrooms. While there would be no No Child Left Behind as we know it, Gore would spend some of this initial political capital on a similar big move. I see two possibilities: Gore pushes a Democrat version of NCLB that grows teacher ranks and tries to retrain more workers OR he uses that capital on a completely different issue (knowing how Gore is now, I’d vote on a start to a cap-and-trade system, likely state-based, that tries to start to monetize carbon pollution – my money would still be on education reform).China Spy Plane “Crisis”: Remember this one? A U.S. spy plane collided with a Chinese plane, forcing the U.S. plane to land in China. In President Bush world, we all tensely sat as the servicemembers were returned in not so a dissimilar fashion as the recent Iranian naval situation (i.e. “oh God, what are we gonna d—oh, they’re back already?”). I don’t see a different result with Gore as president. He would work the channels to get our boys back but not make any rash statements of going to war or whatnot.Budget Surplus: There would be a battle for the balance of the surplus. Republicans would want to cut taxes or at least give some back to folks whereas Gore (and Bill Clinton) wanted to pay down the debt and shore up Social Security. With tax cuts in a way being neutralized with Gore’s quasi-stimulus package, he would have some leverage to strengthen Social Security (I would say mostly because Republicans could just as easily use it as a campaign bright point as Gore come reelection).Then 9/11…A President Gore would seek a similar path as Bush in at least the first few months after the attacks. He would send whatever the military told him to on a conquest cruise through Afghanistan, he would authorize intelligence and law enforcement agencies to step up terrorist investigations, and he would pledge any and all domestic resources to rebuilding NYC and the pentagon. I also think that the US PATRIOT Act would pass, the anthrax mail attacks would still occur, and the U.S. would yet again be seen as a policeman (but this time a policeman with a cause). What I can’t say is if Gore would have employed torture. He would at least not boast about possibly doing it like Bush did, nor would he classify terrorists as enemy combatants and grant them rights under the Geneva Convention. To top all of this off, he would likely declare a war on terror, through I think it would be a bit keyed back and without the black-or-white declarations of Bush’s address to Congress in 2001.Now for a surprise. I don’t think that a President Gore would have created the Department of Homeland Security. He would have thrown tons of money at the FBI, CIA, NSA, and ATF to better coordinate their efforts but he would have had to play politics, even just after 9/11. Instead of appearing like a big government Democrat, he would hold back on creating drastically more bureaucracy in favor of building up existing agencies. He might have changed this policy after the 9/11 Commission report came out in 2004 or if other terrorist attacks occurred but initially I think he thinks of what resources were available to him for the previous eight years and acts on those capabilities instead of trying to make new ones. To pile on, I also think that he does not federalize airport security screeners, instead imposing a mandate on states to figure it out.In this respect, we’d still have whistleblowers like Edward Snowden because mass data collections would still occur (though I think that Gore would have changed some policies when he himself found out about them – something likely not happening during his administration). However, on the bright side, having no DHS would mean the Federal Emergency Management Agency would have remained independent and wouldn’t have experienced the brain drain it continues to suffer being weighed down by DHS bureaucracy and de-prioritization. This means that relief for Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, and Gustov would look more like Hurricane Andrew recovery operations. The ripple effects here would be felt by many.Later in his term (I’m assuming he would get reelected after facing a possible Jeb Bush or Newt Gingrich challenge in 2004), Gore would push for and face a few more challenges:Drug Plans: Bush created the Medicare Part D program that helps the elderly get prescription drugs. This was also something Gore spoke about during his campaign so I would expect something similar to today’s Part D to be in a Gore-run world.Africa and AIDS: President Bush increased funding for AIDS relief in Africa more than any previous President. Though Gore called for something similar, I think it was a few steps behind Bush’s actions. Advantage Bush.Alito and Roberts No More: With the retirement of O’Connor and death of Rehnquist, Gore would have nominated left-of-center judges. This would likely have bearing on cases concerning campaign finance, handguns, and an infinite number of cases going forward. The court wouldn’t necessarily be a shoe in for left cases as the court tends to shift voting blocks for each case.China in the WTO: The People’s Republic would still gain access to freer trade with western nations but Gore called for greater consideration for labor and environmental practices in foreign trade negotiations so it’s interesting to see what he would do, especially as China gained membership in late 2001 as the U.S. was recovering from recession.Russo-Georgian War: In the twilight of his presidency, Russia would likely still have invaded parts of Georgia, claiming the tiny nation acted against ethnic Russian people and so on (remind you of Ukraine today?). Gore’s response would likely have been similar to Bush’s. Condemn Russia’s actions, supply humanitarian relief, but don’t offer any military assistance or the chance of U.S. servicemembers getting killed in the area.Great Recession: The last thing in the Gore presidency would have likely been a big economic shock like we what we felt in 2007. It might have been different (Gore wanted more homeownership, which could have worsened things, but he might have had a better federal balance sheet without the invasion of Iraq) but government financial and housing policies would have met with changing economic conditions and market distortions to equal a large amount of job loss and market volatility. Gore would have likely bailed out the large banks for fear of greater damage and he might have accompanied them with a stimulus not unlike President Obama’s, thus doubling down on more market intervention.In summary, I think that a President Gore would have conducted business differently than President Bush but both would marginally match each other’s actions in instances that were going to happen regardless who was in the White House or in control of Congress. Perhaps this is a good sign of how Americans are alike (Democrats, Independents, and Republicans) but times were also very different at the start of the new millennium. The budget stimulus was thought to make things easier for everyone and, like winning the lottery, it might have been better if it never existed, making elected officials fundamentally address challenges without the need to throw too much money at problems.I wholly admit I missed a million things that went on during the Bush years.

Excellent answers here already, but let me try and place things in a bit more context here…First of all, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), originally known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) when it was formed in 1977 (to combine the administration of Medicare and Medicaid under one agency), provides the funding for the vast majority of medical residencies in the United States through “Payments for Graduate Medical Education”. These payments are further sub-divided into “Payments for Direct Graduate Medical Education” (DGME) and “Payments for Indirect Medical Education” (IME), and cover “Medicare's share” of the costs of having medical residents in the hospital (essentially, Medicare was to pay for a fraction of graduate medical costs equal to the proportion of patients treated at a hospital eligible for Medicare- usually the vast majority of patients in a hospital, as the elderly, disabled, and ALS/dialysis patients covered by Medicare get sick far more often than young, non-disabled people…)CMS has acted as the primary source of residency funding for decades now- but with the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA, passed in April 1986), Congress voted to permanently fix the Per Resident Amounts (PRA’s) for all hospitals at 1984-1985 levels, annually adjusted for inflation: essentially preventing hospitals from increasing the money spent on residents over time, even to improve the quality of training or as things like the Cost of Living rose near a hospital.This was considered patently unfair by many hospitals which were spending less than their peers in 1984-1985, such as due to a low Cost of Living which subsequently rose (increasing necessary resident salaries) or due to simply investing less in their residents than more prestigious hospitals. Ivy League-affiliated residency programs tended to spend far more than their peers in 1984-1985, for instance, and got to continue to enjoy large residency payments from Medicare whereas other hospitals which had been carefully controlling costs (and perhaps not investing as much in their residents) were permanently tied to their previous spending levels, greatly limiting their upward mobility in terms of residency quality/prestige…As such, several refinements were made to this funding scheme- eventually raising all Per Resident Amounts to a minimum of 70% (set in 1999) and then 85% (set in 2000) of a locality-adjusted national average PRA- meaning factors like rises in the Cost of Living could now be accounted for. Further, effective in 2003, PRA's which exceeded 140% of the national-average PRA would not be increased with inflation each year through 2013 (effectively bringing the highest-compensated hospitals for residency training more in line with the national average…)Then, 10 years after COBRA of 1985 (passed in 1986), in 1996, Congress *further* limited residency funding by permanently capping the number of residencies receiving Medicare funding to 1996 levels at all US hospitals- a move that was once again viewed as widely unfair, this time by hospitals with a particularly small number of residents in 1996 that saw an increased demand for residents over ensuing decades due to population growth and aging (hospitals in Florida were particularly hard-hit by this, for instance, as Florida's population increased by 41.3% in the ensuing 21 years, from 14.85 million in 1996, to 20.98 million by 2017, as well as seeing a significant increase in the average age of its populace during this same period due to “snowbirds” and Florida becoming an increasingly popular retirement state…)As a result of these draconian caps to residency funding, the US has suffered an increasing shortage of residencies over the ensuing years. Teaching Hospitals have historically relied heavily on Medicare funding to pay for their residency programs, and without this funding have been largely unwilling to fund new residencies entirely out of the other resources available to them.It is worth noting that this behavior stems in large part from the false belief that medical residents substantially increase the cost of providing medical care. This is *highly* inaccurate.The cost of trading a medical resident averages $120,000-$145,000, including the costs of residency program administration (about $25,000 per resident) resident salaries (typically about $50,000), and resident perks/benefits (another $50,000). Consider this article (which refrains from calling outright BS on hospitals’ claims that they are “subsidizing” their residency programs, but comes darn close), for instance:Hospitals say they subsidize graduate medical education, but cost-benefit unknownBut hospitals *receive* an average of $125,000-$200,000 per resident from state (many states also supplement federal Graduate Medical Education funding with funding of their own) and federal sources for their residency programs- meaning that the vast majority of hospitals pay for their residents on this basis alone!But residents don't just spend all day watching the fully-trained doctors at work (although many residents already spent years doing that as pre-meds while ‘shadowing” doctors and volunteering in hospitals…) Residents typically provide 40-60% of patient care at teaching hospitals- meaning they are also responsible for a large proportion of hospital revenue! (although the exact fraction is debateable, as residents tend to care for patients with simpler illnesses for which insurance pays less…) This is in large part due to the much longer medical residents are expected to work than other healthcare professionals (and for less pay)— often as much as 80 hours per week (the limit on how long residents are allowed to work each week- although many are pressured to “break work hours” and work even longer…)The numbers should speak for themselves (and many studies also back this general relationship between resident costs and hospital revenue)— Residents pay for themselves many times over by providing patient care that would otherwise need to be provided by more expensive providers such as Physician Assistants (typically making $95,000 in salary alone, plus easily costing that much again in administration and benefits, and needing to be overseen by an MD at all times) and Nurse-Practitioners (median salaries just over $100,000 though typically requiring less oversight from MD's).More importantly, hospitals which train Medical/Surgical Residents have a better shot of recruiting them to remain there as attending physicians after completion of their residency than other hospitals- improving the selection of MD's that teaching hospitals have to draw from (and potentially allowing teaching hospitals to pay MD’s relatively less for their skill level and responsibilities, although teaching stipends mean they end up paying more in absolute terms…)It is also worth noting that medical schools have the saying “See one, do one, teach one” for a REASON- teaching a skill makes you better at it, and attendings teaching residents ultimately makes the attending MD's better, more capable, wiser physicians…The shortage of residencies is a major crisis in medicine- and one which drives up the cost of medical care in multiple ways.For one, as I have just outlined, residents provide low-cost medical care to a hospital. Even at a net cost of $140,000 (on the high end as far as resident costs go), they still are some of the *most affordable* healthcare providers in a hospital.Even RN's make more than residents (a median salary of $72,980 when working in a hospital, less for facilities like nursing homes…) And like Residents, RN's incur substantial perks/benefits and administrative costs, as well as requiring the oversight of MD's… So RN'sprobably don’t cost much less than Residents overall- despite having a substantially narrower Scope of Practice and shorter work hours…If just looking at the salaries and benefits alone, one might be tempted to think RN's, NP's and PA's are slightly cheaper than Residents if the costs are lower than I estimated (say if PA's only cost an additional $40,000 in benefits, perks, and admin costs instead of an additional $95,000 on top of their $95k salaries…) However, there is one MAJOR additional factor that needs accounting for- Residents work close to twice as many hours as do RN’s, NP's and PA's! Without overtime, a RN, NP, or PA only works 40 hours/week. By contrast, Residents are usually expected to work 80 hours/week (and are capped at this due to a limit set in place after hospitals routinely expected 100-120 hour work weeks out of residents… Many still do, unofficially…)Secondly, a shortage of residents *DIRECTLY* translates into a shortage of fully-trained and certified physicians. This in turn drives up physician salaries (Supply and Demand- if there are more fully-trained MD's competing for each job, hospitals can offer those physicians lower salaries…), as well as forcing many rural and community hospitals to do without an adequate number of physicians… (in a bidding-war for offering MD's the highest salaries, large urban hospitals almost always win over smaller community or rural ones…)Nurse-Practitioners and Physician Assistants can fill *some* of the gap left by the physician shortage, but not all of it. NP's and PA's simply don't receive the length or scope of training that MD's do— and as such are insufficiently qualified to deal with many more serious medical issues (and could very reasonably be expected to make many potentially fatal mistakes when attempting to practice beyond their level of training…)Finally, a shortage of MD's, particularly MD-PhD's, hurts clinical research and innovation.Because they receive the most academic education (spending years more in the clkassroom) and acquire the most research experience by the time they are fully-trained (many medical students even take an extra year in med school just for research), MD's do the most of any of the major clinical levels to fuel research efforts.These efforts ultimately being down the costs and improve the effectiveness of medical care, doing far more to improve the cost-effectiveness of medical care in the very long run (over decades and centuries) than any small cost-savings that might be attainable from replacing MD's with PA's and NP's (who, if doing work that ought to be done by MD's, are also far more likely to make costly/fatal mistakes) ever could…Now that I have outlined the causes and effects of the residency shortage in some detail, the question is, what can be done about it?I don't hold all the answers, but there are several concrete moves that I can suggest that might help alleviate this crisis:The AMA and AAMC need to take a *far* more proactive stance in favor of increasing residency funding from Congress. Residency-training is an investment in the future and will yield better care and innovation worth its cost many times over from the larger pool of trained MD's it will ultimately produce. Therefore, lobbying Congress to lift its caps on Graduate Medical Education funding should be these organizations' #1 priority.Hospitals need to be *far* more proactive in filling the gap in residency funding themselves. The fact is, even when paid for directly out of hospital revenues, Residents provide more cost-effective medical care than most other healthcare practitioners. This is particularly true when considering the additional research revenue that residents bring to hospitals (many residency programs expect their residents to actively participate in clinical research, and publish at least one paper during their residency…) and the longer hours residents work than almost any other healthcare professionals… (meaning that 20 residents can do the clinical work of at least 30 nurses, and the research work of at least 4 attending physicians, due to the much longer hours and significant research expectations…) This means hospitals actually *SAVE* money by creating new residency slots rather than hiring other additional healthcare professionals…Government, and the federal Executive Branch in particular, need to take a leadership role in encouraging hospitals and nonprofits/foundations (which also donate to hospitals money which helps support residencies) to provide more funding for residency training. Trump wants to “Make America Great Again”? Then how about he works to make medical training great again. (On second thought, maybe it's best if Trump *NOT* stick his tiny, incompetent hands in healthcare any more than he already has, for fear of making things worse. But this would be good advice for his successor, whenever he eventually leaves office…)Nonprofits and Foundations, as I just mentioned, are ENTIRELY capable of endowing new residency slots at hospitals, much like they already endow academic research chairs at universities… (and would be wise to do so- after all, Residents are paid much less than University Professors, and far fewer residency slots are named after major donors…) I am aware that residency slots are not typically “named”— and see no reason why this can't change… (even hospital wards/building are named after donors- why not the residencies that fill them?)U.S. Medical Schools need to increase their class-sizes. Yes, I am aware that they are unwilling to do so due to declining residency match-rates. But if there are more U.S. Medical Graduates each year, residency programs will feel they have a better selection of applicants to choose from- and hospitals might be persuaded to create more residency slots as a result…More career options need to be available for Medical Graduates who *FAIL* to match with a residency, and existing options need to be more widely publicized. This in itself will persuade more medical schools to increase class-sizes, and this in turn might make hospitals more willing to increase residency program sizes (understanding that they have their pick of the “cream of the crop” of medical school graduates, and students who graduate at the bottom of their medical school class with poor recommendations and test-scores need not be offered a residency at all…)More “feeder programs” need to be offered for medical schools (such as postbaccs and Master's programs specifically geared at pre-meds), and more financial aid (particularly, subsidized loans from the federal government- which used to be available gor ALL graduate education, but were recently cut by Congress, ironically under Tea Party leadership…) needs to be offered for students seeking to enroll in these programs. This will encourage medical schools to accept more students, potentially increase medical school graduation rates (as well as entering and graduating class sizes), and in turn provide more Medical Graduates who can apply to residencies (encouraging hospitals to create more slots, due to having a better selection of applicants…)Sources:Medicare Direct Graduate Medical Education (DGME) Payments — AAMCIndirect Medical Education (IME)— Center for Medicaid and Medicare ServicesMedicare (United States) — WikipediaFlorida - resident population 1960-2017 — StatisticaHospitals say they subsidize graduate medical education, but cost-benefit unknown