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75 Best Things to Do in (New) Delhi (India)Delhi, the national capital of India, will never cease to amaze you. It happens to be the only city in the world with a unique distinction of having not one but three UNESCO World Heritage sites within its boundaries.If you have the will and energy to explore Delhi, there is no dearth of interesting things to do here. The city is full of bars, cafes, bazaars and other fun places, which can make this culture capital give some better known cities of the world a run for their money.Let’s explore the best things to do in Delhi:1. Gawking at the Qutab MinarQutab MinarQutab Minar is one of Delhi’s top attraction and a renowned UNESCO world heritage site.Standing 240 feet tall, this tower was established in the year 1192, by the very first ruler of Delhi – Qutb-ud-din Aibak. This minaret is named after its creator.This five storey tower is built purely from marble and red sandstone and has a spiral staircase which takes you to the top in 379 steps. However, this has been closed to public since 1974.2. Find Inner Peace at Lotus TempleLotus TempleLotus Temple is an architectural delight. The whole complex from top to bottom is made of pure marble.The universal symbol of peace, a lotus flower, gives the temple not only its name but shape as well.Photography is restricted in the inner sanctum and there is a strict code of silence to be maintained at all times. Open to all castes and creeds, the temple is an ideal place for anyone who wishes to meditate and pray. The temple is also known as the place of Baha’i faith.3. Take a walk to India GateIndia gateDedicated to the memory of the soldiers who lost their lives in the Afghan war, a visit to this 42 m high iconic and historic landmark of Delhi is not only an educational experience but also a photographer’s delight.The walls bear the names of each of the 13,500 people who laid down their lives fighting on the Northwest Frontier.India Gate is best visited in the evenings when the monument is brilliantly lit up and the beautiful fountains around it give the place a truly magical look.4. Pay obeyence at the Akshardham templeAkshardham templeA place of worship, complete with exhibits, boat rides, water shows and lush gardens, the Akshardham temple situated in East Delhi is unlike any other, not only in India but the entire world.Considered to be among some of the largest Hindu temples in the world, the architectural beauty and decoration of the area is sure to leave you spellbound.Sadly, photography is strictly prohibited inside this temple.5. Visit the Rashtrapati BhavanRashtrapati BhavanThe official residence of the President of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan, is a splendid palatial building having more than 400 rooms. Apart from the President, it houses the bodyguards, stables and other utility staff.In size, it is second to only the residence of the President of Turkey. The palace doors are thrown open to visitors on weekends by a registration process which can be accessed online.The pride of the presidential place here are the stunning Mughal Gardens, which attract a large number of visitors, both local and foreign.6. Experience a different culture at Jama MasjidJama MasjidThe largest Islamic mosque in the city, Jama Masjid, was constructed way back in the 17th century. The imposing building is an iconic landmark of Old Delhi and an important place of worship.The mosque can hold up to 25,000 people and the sight of such a number, especially during Friday prayers, is a scene to behold.The main structure has multiple entry points, all of which eventually lead to the main deck. Entry is free and open to all nationalities, except that you need to cover up from head to toe. A nominal fee for photography is levied if one intends to take pictures.7. Party away at Connaught PlaceConnaught PlaceThe nightlife in Delhi may not be so vibrant, but it has its fair share of restobars, clubs and music outlets in Connaught Place, the commercial and party hub of Delhi.Joints like, Excuse Me Boss, Lord of the Drinks and Junkyard cafe have a large and energetic crowd following. Modeled like the Royal Crescent of Bath,England, Connaught Place is without doubt the number one night out destination of Delhi.8. Go boating at the Old FortBoating at Old FortThe Old Fort, or Purana Qila as called locally, has a quaint boating area set amidst the ruins of the Fort and the Delhi Zoo as a boundary.A perfect place to unwind on all days, except Monday, among the backdrop of the historical fort. The construction of this imposing structure was started by Sher Shah Suri and completed by Humayun.9. Take a rickshaw tour of Chandni ChowkRickshaws at Chandni ChowkChandni Chowk, translated as Moonlight street is the commercial heart of Old Delhi.One of the oldest markets of India, its small narrow lanes are a beehive of activity from daybreak, offering on sale every product you can imagine of under the sun.The best way to prevent getting carried away in the mass of humanity which assembles here is to take a leisurely tour by cycle rickshaw.The rickshaw driver doubles up as a local guide and happily imparts vital inputs on everything, including places to eat, shop and visit. To see how the real Delhi survives, a visit to Chandni Chowk should be high on every tourist’s agenda.10. Enjoy a meal at India Habitat CentreThe All American Diner at IHCThis spectacle 9 acre complex, adjoining the Lodhi Gardens, is a venue for conferences, art galleries, auditorium and hospitality areas.The top draw here are the number of restaurants serving finger-licking food from most corners of the world. Set among a stunning landscape full of gardens and fountains, adds to the ambiance of the this architectural marvel.11. Take a photo tour of Humayun’s TombHumayun’s TombThis monument was originally built as a tomb for the Mughal emperor Humayun in the sixteenth century. Depicting elaborate Persian design, the vast area today houses marble tombs of quite a few other Mughal rulers.A small museum is located near the entrance which showcases the history about the tomb and other relevant information. Being a UNESCO World Heritage site, the entry to this monument is a bit on the higher side compared to others.12. Marvel the beauty of the Chhatarpur templeChattarpur TempleLocated in South Delhi, the group of temples known as Chhatarpur are the second largest of their kind in India. The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Katyayani (Durga) and is made entirely of marble.The shrine of the revered Goddess is housed in a neighboring shrine which is on display only once in a season during the Autumn festival of Navratri.13. Savour the food at Paranthe Wali GaliParanthe Wali GaliThis narrow and famous street of Chandni Chowk, is home to some of the most lip-smacking paranthas, or fried bread. The recipes offered by some of the stalls are said to be generations old.The alleys are packed with customers at most times of the day, with the smell of oil and food filling the atmosphere all around.Different types of pastes and chutneys do the rounds with the main course. The din of the shopkeepers, calling for customers, fills the air as people jostle with each other to refill their plates for more and more of the delicious offerings.This can be quite a sight in itself even if you want to skip the oily stuffed Indian flat breads.14. Watch the fair at Pragati MaidanPragati Maidan FairPragati Maidan in New Delhi lies opposite the ramparts of the Old Fort aka the Purana Qila.The grounds are exclusively used to organise National and International exhibitions. Under one roof, a visitor can visit stalls ranging from textiles, food, beverages, automobiles, electronics, furniture and much more.Not only are the products authentic, but come from exhibitors in India and a host of foreign countries. There are hundreds of outlets displaying an astonishing array of products which attract customers from far and wide.15. Pay homage at Raj GhatRaj GhatRaj Ghat is the memorial to Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation. The memorial is located on the banks of the river Yamuna, amidst beautiful landscaped gardens. An eternal flame burns at one end in perpetual homage to the great man who laid down his life for the freedom of India.Memorials of other famous leaders surround this holy ground. A prayer meeting takes place here every Friday, while the teachings of Gandhi are portrayed through sound, light and sculpture narration between 1000 hrs – 1700 hrs daily, except Monday.16. Enjoy a heritage walkHeritage walk DelhiThe city of Delhi enjoys a long and chequered history, where several century old monuments mingle with towers of new buildings.To make the locals and visitors aware of this rich heritage and culture and maintain a harmonious relation with them, a series of Heritage walks were envisaged, way back in 2005.These now hugely popular walks are conducted every weekend by some extremely knowledgeable guides and tour leaders.For a nominal fee of around 5 $ per person, one can cover several important areas of rich culture and architectural heritage which are far removed from the usual tourist itinerary.17. Lose yourself at the Jantar MantarJantar MantarThe Jantar Mantar, or Maze Puzzle, is a complex in the heart of Central Delhi. The area comprises of an open air observatory, having thirteen different instruments, which involves the use of the different structures to observe the astronomic cycles.The walls of the structure are designed for astronomical observations that resemble a maize where a visitor can get easily disorientated, hence the name Jantar Mantar. A nominal entry fee is levied for all visitors.18. Join the chanting at the ISKCON templeISKCON templeSituated just a few kilometers away from the Lotus temple, this is the largest temple in Delhi devoted to ISKCON or International Society of Krishna Consciousness, as it is commonly called.It is an ideal place to walk around freely and participate in the constant drum and chant of Hare Krishna which resonates over the entire temple.19. Relive your childhood days at the Children’s ParkChildren’s ParkLocated in the backdrop of India Gate, the Children’s Park is a huge playground set in the sprawling lawns of Central Delhi. There are endless playing areas, rides, swings etc which can keep the young and old alike active the whole day.The park and its environs, light up during the evening hours, enhancing the beauty of the place by giving an enchanting look. Entry is free and unrestricted from dawn to dusk.20. Experience the haunting thrills of Feroz Shah Kotla fortFeroz Shah Kotla fortThe old version of the city of Delhi, Firozabad, was the spot where this fort was built. Sultan Feroz Shah Tughlaq founded this fort in early 14th century.The fort got its reputation as a haunted house due to the presence of supernatural spirits or Djinns, which have been known to inhabit this place.The fort is frequented by tourists and locals, who come here to appease the Djinns and in return get their wishes granted. The guides here will relate many a spooky experience and stories about the moody spirits which reside here. A thrilling feeling awaits those aspiring for the supernatural beings.21. Listen to soul stirring music at Nizamuddin DarghaNizamuddin DarghaIf you are into traditional soul stirring music, then the Qawwalis or lyrics sung at the Dargha of Nizamuddin every Thursday evening will amaze you.A popular location for Bollywood films, the song session here is attended by hordes of people from all religions from the world over.The Sufi music, which forms the background of the singers, will leave you in a trance and begging for more.22. Relish the food at Little TibetLittle Tibet foodEvery cosmopolitan city has at least one traditional place for specialty food. Very few people, including locals, are aware of the fact that a size-able number of refugees from Tibet have been residing in North Delhi for nearly a century.These Tibetans, in order to make a living, turned their humble homes into small food joints serving some of the most delicious Chinese, Korean and Tibetan cuisine one can find anywhere in Delhi.The food here is not only fresh and tasty, but extremely cheap as well. Restaurants like, Dolma and Ama on the main lane are constantly packed with customers.23. Enjoy budget street shopping at Sarojini Nagar MarketSarojini Nagar MarketThere is hardly a person who resides in or around Delhi or even overseas, who has not heard about the famous street market of Sarojini Nagar. An eating and shopping paradise thrown in one, a visit to Sarojini Nagar market is on top of everyone’s bucket list.If you are looking for pavement bargains or trendy shops, this market caters to most budgets, especially the low level ones. The lanes are packed with hawkers selling bags, cosmetics, clothes, dresses all at a price which will make you smile all the way to the bank.Shops selling mouthwatering delicacies line one end of the market, with choices which will make you come back for more.24. Pick your choicest spices at Sadar BazaarSadar BazaarSadar Bazaar, together with the Spice Market form one of the largest wholesale markets for commodities in the whole of Asia. From toys,household items,stationery, antiques and imitation jewellery.Some of the areas of this renowned market are home to exquisite dining outlets serving indigenous Indian dishes and hundreds of types of sweets. At prices much lower than other parts of the city, Sadar Bazaar is always crowded with shoppers, and more so on festive holidays.25. Grab a bargain at the Sunday book marketSunday Book MarketThe Sunday book market on the pavements of Old Delhi is an event eagerly anticipated by all bargain hunters. So popular it has been over the decades, that there is hardly any person who has not visited this iconic bazaar at least once.This mile long treat for book lovers has everything on any topic under the sun. Books of fiction, dictionaries, maps, novels, art & technology are all hidden under the congested piles on the pavement.To get the best deals, it is advisable to set out as early as possible. While getting a book of your choice may require some hard work, the amazingly low price will be well worth the effort.26. Take a toy train ride at National Rail MuseumNational Rail MuseumSpread over 10 acres of land in a sprawling open area, adjacent to the plush diplomatic enclave in New Delhi, the National Rail Museum displays the true heritage of the Indian Railways.The museum is literally a treasure trove of rare steam engines, rail artifacts, photos and working models of trains which run the length and breadth of India.The star attraction here is the toy train, which is enjoyed by one and all. The museum is a highly informative place and the souvenir shop an excellent place to take back a train model.27. Have coffee at Kunzum Travel cafeKunzum Travel CafeSet amidst the 14th century ruins of Hauz Khas village, this one of a kind cafe caters mostly to travelers. With the option of paying as you please and staying as long as you want, the Kunzum cafe is the only travel cafe in Delhi.The cafe has free wifi and you can plug your ipod into the music player too. This pocket friendly city hangout is the ideal joint for people who love to travel to meet up with like minded persons, make friends and even form new travel partners.28. Watch a performance at Kamani AuditoriumKamani AuditoriumLocated in the heart of Delhi, the Kamani Auditorium is the best and leading theatre hall of Delhi.This aesthetically designed structure, plays host to numerous national and international plays and dramas.The auditorium was inaugurated in 1971 by the then President of India and today enjoys a special pride of place among the theatre buffs of the capital.Witnessing a performance at this venue is an exhilarating experience because of the huge stage and impressive acoustics. The whole atmosphere inside gives a feeling of grandeur and an overwhelming feeling which enhances the performance. Famous artists from the country and other parts of the world, perform here regularly.29. Learn the art forms at Lalit Kala AkademiLalit Kala AkademiThe principal objectives of Lalit Kala Akademi are to encourage and promote the study of the various creative art forms like sculpture, painting, graphics and others.It further gives recognition to artists and other art associations for outstanding achievements. The Akademi provides an excellent platform to foster cultural contacts, not only within the country, but with other countries through art exhibitions and exchange of objects of art.30. Play real life escape gamesEscape RoomsThis unique adventure, based on the ‘room escape’ concept, after gaining enormous success in other parts of the world can now be experienced in Delhi itself. Though the idea is thrilling, it needs no large physical effort and is totally safe.Real life escape games are played in Mystery rooms, where the sole object is to find your way out of a theme based room, by cracking codes and solving puzzles, before the 60 minute clock ticks you out. An ideal way to spend time with families and loved ones, creating bonds and honing skills to experience the real time escape adventure.Games like ‘Lockout’ ‘Abduction’ and ‘The Hurt Locker’ are very popular, each with different difficulty levels.The games can be booked online from various parts of the city and are a must in the itinerary of every tourist. One hour of pure unadulterated fun and a cup of coffee is guaranteed.31. Immerse in the fragrance of the Flower MarketFlowers of Delhi blooms every morning around 4 am on the grounds of Ghazipur village. Considered to be the largest in Asia, with more than 100 vendors vying with each other to attract customers.The prices are affordable, with flowers procured from other countries too finding their way on the open pavements. Flowers from Holland, China and Thailand include roses,lilies,orchids,marigolds and even artificial ones have their fair share of buyers.Apart from flowers, bamboo and plants are also on display, as are a lot of accessories required by florists like bouquets, branches and baskets. The place is also a photographer’s delight, mesmerizing enough to open your eyes, even at this unearthly hour.32. Watch a street playJana Natya ManchIn spite of strong competition from television, cinema and other channels of entertainment, the street theatre scene in Delhi has established it’s roots firmly in the capital.The street theatre scheme has caught the fancy of most colleges too, with their numbers going up over the years.Street play competitions are held throughout the year, which in turn has significantly improved the quality of the theatre. The Jana Natya Manch is one such amateur theatre company specializing in Delhi since 1973.Delhi had rich theatre culture, with the street theatre scene bursting at the seams with activity. The various groups, perform regularly across Delhi on topics like Road safety, Clean India and other themes pertaining to welfare of the people.33. Get inspired at Ghalib ki HaveliGhalib Ki HaveliLocated in an obscure lane in a place known as Ballimaran, lies the home or haveli of one of the most noted Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib. A heritage site declared by the Archeological Survey of India, Mirza Ghalib penned all his poems in Persian and Urdu.For people who are familiar with his couplets and work, a visit to this home will be a fulfilling experience. One of the frequently visited places for those seeking inspiration and knowledge from the great poet.34. Go for a morning walk at Lodhi GardensLodhi GardensLodhi Gardens, in Central Delhi, is a public garden on a very grand and impressive scale. Amidst the sprawling greens you will come across ancient 500 year’s old structures and tombs of the Mughal era.The park is huge and one can easily spend the better part of the day exploring the ruins and wandering around. The garden is also a haven for birdwatchers, with almost 60 different species of birds being sighted here.An excellent indoor and outdoor restaurant called the Lodhi, lies adjacent to the garden entrance. The place serves delicious food, so make sure to make a reservation as there can be a long queue sometimes.35. Experience India’s cultural diversity at Dilli HaatDilli Haat is a one stop, open air craft bazaar and food plaza, displaying items for sale from every state of India. Not only that it serves as a one roof destination for arts,crafts and cultural activity, state by state.The bazaar lights up in the evenings as the shops offer everything from home decor to excellent food. Various events and festivals are organised here from time to time, making it an excellent gateway for families and friends.36. Attend a session of ParliamentDelhi ParliamentThe Parliament House, located in New Delhi, is the home of the Indian Parliament. Designed by the famous architect Edwin Lutyens, construction began in the year 1921 and the first session was held in 1927 by the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin.One can register online to witness a session and decision making from the visitor’s gallery of this circular building. A must visit spot if you are interested in being a part of the history and politics of India.37. Head to the Delhi ZooBaby Hippo At Delhi ZooThe Delhi Zoo, or the National Zoological Park, lies adjacent to the Old fort, with the ramparts forming a natural boundary at one end. These scenic environments are home to nearly 2000 different species of animals and birds.The zoo is best visited on foot, though a battery operated car does regular rounds as well. A library, cafeteria and opportunities for nature lovers to do photography and birdwatching abound.38. Get a taste of mythology at Birla MandirBirla MandirAlso known as the Laxmi Narayan Temple, this significant complex of Hindu temples lies in the central part of the capital.The temple was officially inaugurated by none other than Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, and attracts thousands of devotees from India and other parts of the world. Entry is free and unrestricted, though there is a separate section for foreign tourists to keep their shoes and belongings.39. Get up close to nature at the Garden of Five SensesLocated in South Delhi’s Saidulajab village, the Garden of Five Senses gets its name from the five theme parks present here. These are namely Mughal Garden, Herb Garden, Solar energy Garden and Pools of Water lilies etc.The entire area is beautifully landscaped in scenic natural surroundings. The Garden hosts various events all the year round, some of the more famous being Tourism Festival, Food Festival and much more.40. Partake in a Langar at Bangla SahibOne of the most friendly and welcoming Sikh shrine in Delhi is undoubtedly Bangla Sahib, located in the heart of New Delhi. Unlike other temples like Jama Masjid, for example, where you are likely to be pestered, this temple is a revelation.There is a continuous Sikh group playing music and religious songs which adds to the ambiance of this remarkable place. Every afternoon a massive free lunch (langar) is prepared for the devotees which is shared and enjoyed by everyone together.41. Take out time for the National Science CentreThe National Science Centre, lies adjacent to Pragati Maidan, the Old Fort and the Delhi Zoo, making it a convenient stop over on your local itinerary.Constructed over 8 floors this museum houses exhibits ranging from art, culture, heritage to prehistoric specimens in the Dinosaur gallery.Though it is a paradise of learning for all age groups, children in particular, can spend a full day at the fun packed multimedia centre, the first of it’s kind in the country. A sea water as well as a fresh water aquarium is also on display to enhance the educative value.The museum is high on the popularity list of students and visitors and gives total value for the time and is an excellent educational experience.42. Be Enthralled at the Dolls MuseumEstablished in 1965, the International Dolls Museum at Delhi houses an astonishing 6500 plus exhibits from more than 85 countries. The museum has two sections, one devoted to dolls from India and other Asian countries, while the other showcases US, Australia, Europe and New Zealand.The Indian section itself has around 500 dolls in different dresses from all over the country. There is a clinic on the premises, which attends to broken up dolls in need for restoration.This iconic place is a bonanza for children who flock here in large numbers, especially on Children’s Day.43. Have a ball at Kingdom of DreamsIf there is any place in India, which can be termed as the ultimate entertainment destination, it is without doubt the Kingdom of Dreams.The fabulous place, brings the visitor close to the culture, heritage, crafts and cuisine of the country through outlets from all over India.Kingdom of Dreams is Delhi’s first and India’s only one stop live entertainment destination. The centre is located in Gurgaon, a suburb of Delhi, and is constructed in such a way to keep the culture fabric intact.Two Bollywood musicals are staged exclusively here on all days except Monday, which is a closed day. Truly a place to visit to realize all your magical fantasies.44. Family fun at Worlds of WonderThis excellent theme park is located in Noida, another suburb of Delhi. Worlds of Wonder is a water cum entertainment park designed by the best consultants in the world. The park is conveniently located amidst shopping malls and other popular outlets, making it suitable for themed parties and social gatherings.Apart from the many themed rides, there are plenty of eateries to delight your taste buds. This largest amusement park in North India also has a go-karting track. The park has an exclusive area to host private parties, seminars and even weddings. The park opens from 1230 pm to 9 pm on all days of the week.45. Spend an exclusive evening at Kitty SuThe number one nightclub in India Kitty Su, is located within the premises of the The Lalit Hotel, in Connaught Place, Delhi. The luxurious club is an ideal venue for all night gatherings and DJ events, with music from pop, electro to fusion on offer.The only night club in India to feature in DJ Mag’s top 100 clubs, Kitty Su has been constantly bagging the best local night club award. If you want to spend a classic evening, with music, fashion and cuisine then Kitty Su is your best bet.46. Fly high at Delhi Flying ClubThis club was established in 1928 with the sole intention of training young men and women who were aspiring to become aviators. Former Prime Ministers and State Ministers have had the distinction of getting trained here. Currently the club runs classes for pilot licences and does routine maintenance of VIP aircraft .Though presently no flying activity takes here due to security concerns, the vision to make this club a premier flying and training centre for the country remains.47. Travel to space at the Nehru PlanetariumThe Nehru Planetarium, a vision of the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawharlal Nehru, opened its doors to the public in 1977. The planetarium is aptly located on the grounds of Teen Murti house, the former home of Nehru and now converted into a museum.Over the years, the planetarium has developed into a scientific study centre for astronomy and meetings and lectures concerning astronomical events.The daily shows running here are aimed at inspiring people to watch and study the various astronomical phenomenon on the screen as well as through the telescopes installed outside. Shows run throughout the day in Hindi, English and Marathi.48. Combine history with glamour at Hauz KhasThe Hauz Khas complex is situated in South Delhi. It is a collection of ancient ruins, which include tombs and mosques. A water tank, once a lifeline to this place, still stands in it’s original splendor with the ruins providing a spectacular backdrop.Today the area surrounding the ruins has been merged into an upscale outdoor shopping and pub street. People throng here for high end boutiques, restaurants, cafes, pubs and clubs.49. Take a HoHo city bus tourThe Hop on Hop off or HoHo buses, run across Delhi, covering popular tourist destinations. At an extremely nominal charge of Rs 500 or roughly $8, tourists can get on or off from any one of the 19 designated stops.The buses are low floor, fully air conditioned, with audio commentary in English, flexible boarding and cover more than 20 important spots. There is an on board guide on every bus for attending to any query.Booking can be done online and the first trip commences at 8 am and continues throughout the day at intervals of around 40 minutes from the Delhi Tourism office at Connaught Place. The visitors really admire the large windows, which offer a panoramic view of the city.50. Pamper yourself for a night at the Oberoi HotelLocated strategically in Central Delhi, a stone’s throw from some great tourist spots, the Oberoi Delhi has been serving clients for over 50 years. Even though the hotel is currently undergoing a change over, the prestigious property is taking reservations for future stay.The Oberoi enjoys the honour of being the first 5 star hotel of the capital, and even today a night spent in the luxurious settings can culminate to create a perfect holiday.The impeccable service, high class international cuisine and pampering treatments at the spa promise to conjure up memories for a lifetime.51. Marvel the architecture of Agrasen ki BaoliAgrasen ki Baoli, is the oldest part of Central Delhi, and the best preserved. Till today it lies hidden among the skyscrapers of Connaught Place, in the narrow Hailey Lane.The baoli is actually a form of an elaborate well with steps leading down to the water source and were the main water source for the citizens. The surrounding area bears intricate designs and excellent architecture with rooms on either side for the well users.The Archaeological Survey of India has, over the years, worked tirelessly to restore this stepwell. The baoli has 103 steps made of red sandstone and is now a protected monument. Entry is free and visitors can explore the various niches and rooms which at one time served as ritual rooms.The mystic baoli is considered haunted and is placed as the tenth most haunted place in India.52. Ride a segway at RajpathA segway tour , is considered to be the coolest way to move around the National Capital and take in the various sights.The segway tour around Raj Path allows one to view historic buildings, monuments and affords innumerable photo opportunities. Starting from India Gate, through the many ministry buildings on either side, you can ride up to the Parliament Building and onward till the gates of the Presidential Palace or Rashtrapati Bhavan.The tour is accompanied by tour supervisors and marshals, who not only look after the safety aspect, but provide valuable information as well.53. Hang out at Khan MarketKhan Market, in Central Delhi, has both hipster friendly hangouts and excellent street dining options. One of the most upscale retail properties in Delhi, the lively market is full of shoppers at all times of the day.Khan Market, today is a haven for locals and expats as well, with a variety of Indian and International brands available here. There are special outlets for authentic Indian jewellery and ethnic garments.Some of the best food joints can be found here. Delicious kebabs at Khan Chacha and mutton berry pulao of SodaBottleOpenerwala are not to be missed.54. Haveli tour of Old DelhiA serene and colorful trip awaits you through some of the most narrow but picturesque lanes of Old Delhi when you opt for a walking tour of the havelis. A haveli is an old but elegant mansion type structure depicting contemporary Indian architecture.As you slowly meander along these paths you will be gradually immersed in the color and grandeur of these historical buildings. Amazing sights of the silver market, wedding market, temples galore, saree bazaars will keep you enthralled. The tour ends with a traditional meal at one of the Havelis.55. Spend time at the Sacred Heart CathedralThe Sacred Heart Cathedral lies in the center of Edwin Lutyens Delhi and vies for attraction in comparison with the other stately structures surrounding it.This was only the second Catholic church in Delhi after St. Mary’s church in Old Delhi. The cathedral, which is a haven of peace, is visited daily by devotees from India and abroad.The church is best visited during Easter and Christmas when the surroundings are lit up. The prime mission of the cathedral is to experience the live of God in practical life.The church is open seven days a week from 0630 – 1800 hrs and entry is free. Designed by the British architect Henry Medd, the central altar is made of pure white marble and radiates a soothing and spiritual feeling.56. Explore the ramparts of Tughlaqabad ForFar away from the madding crowds of Delhi, lie two mighty forts facing each other. It is said that the Tughlaqabad fort was built by Ghiyas ud din Tughlaq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty in the year 1321.The fort itself is a large stone structure, with high walls and is about 6 km in length. The second fort, the Adilabad fort, which lies just across the road, though in an advanced stage of ruin still presents a symbol of the once mighty dynasty.The fort was part of a dream project when Tughlaqabad, the third city of Delhi was envisaged. Even though the crumbling ruins of the fort portray a sense of lost glamour, the engineering skills of the builders are visible in their attempt to construct a dual purpose fort.The place not only served as a defense establishment, but as the capital as well.57. Go birdwatching at OkhlaConveniently nestled on the banks of the river Yamuna, Okhla Bird Sanctuary is a haven for naturalists and bird watchers. The area was declared a sanctuary in 1990 and has more than 320 bird species on record. Apart from this there are more than 188 plants, 10 kinds of shrubs and 30 tree species in the park.This wetland came into existence when the barrage at Okhla was constructed. The habitat which consists of thorny shrubs and grasslands, became home to many different birds that had earlier been using the area as passing migrants.Okhla is a great place for birding throughout the year, though the winter months are best for migratory species.58. Visit Lahori GateThe main entrance to the iconic Red Fort, Lahori Gate, is as steeped in history as the famous fort itself. While one entrance leads to the bustling market of Chandni Chowk, the road led all the way to the city of Lahore, hundreds of miles away in Pakistan.The gate was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and was one of the chief 14 entrances of the city of Shahjahanabad. There are only 3 other gates left now namely Kashmiri gate, Mori gate and Ajmeri gate.59. Step back in time at the Jamali Kamali mosqueA mosque and a tomb of two people, Jamali and Kamali occupy a small place in the Archeological village complex at Mehrauli, in South Delhi. The tomb dates back to 1528, and since both these people were buried side by side here the place got its name.The historic place gained in popularity after many sightings of ghosts and stories associated with them were reported. As the sun sets people have heard noises emanating from the surrounding graves.60. Experience the culture at Lal KotLal kot, or red fort was the first military bastion constructed in South Delhi. Not to be mistaken with the massive Red Fort, Lal kot was the first defense building of that era AD 731. The fort is currently in a state of ruins, but still displays it’s glory in certain parts.The fort is open all days and there is no entry fee. It affords stunning views of Qutab Minar from the top. The fort has seven entrances in total and is on the list of Indian National Trust for Art and Culture as a heritage monument.61. Find peace at Begumpuri MasjidThe Begumpuri Masjid is deemed to be one of the 7 mosques built by Khan -i-Jahan Junan Shah during AD 1351 and 1388 . The mosque has 24 arched openings, flanked by minarets which are tapered, as in Tughlaq architectures type.A must for architecture freaks, this medieval masjid is only one of its kind in the whole of Delhi. The mosque is located in a by lane near the Aurobindo Ashram in south Delhi.62. Catch a cultural show at India International CentreEstablished in 1962, the India International Centre, just a stone’s throw from Khan Market, is one of the must visit culture spots of the Capital. Lectures, symposiums, dance recitals and food facilities showcase the intellectual, cultural and social faces of India.The centre is a must visit for travelers as it has plenty of exhibition halls, museums and a cultural centre having a daily special program.63. Get up close to fluttering patients at the Bird’s hospitalThe red colored Digamber Jain complex at the entrance of Chandni Chowk displays a fascinating devotion by the Jain religion to preserve bird life in particular. This one of a kind hospital tends to sick and injured birds, and the rows of cages full of these fluttering birds is sure to make your heart reach out to these winged patients.Treatment here is free of charge and the noble mission has been going on since 1956. The hospital runs on donations and encouragement from other well wishers. The birds are fed and bathed regularly and released when cured.Open on all days from 0800-2000 hrs. A haven for bird lovers, but will need all one can do by way of donation as every penny is significant.64. Khooni DarwazaKhooni Darwaza, or Bloody Gate, is located in the heart of Old Delhi. It enjoys its place in history being the place where the three sons of the erstwhile ruler of Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar, were executed by the English General William Hudson.Since it is rumored that if any white man passes the gateway, the spirit of the three sons will return to haunt him or her for the rest of life.65. Join a Delhi photography tourThis tour gives the perfect opportunity to aspiring and professional shutterbugs to experience the rich heritage of Delhi through the camera.The exclusive 4 hour tour covering important sites comes with a private guide. You can choose your own location from Mehrauli Archeological Park, Old Fort, Delhi zoo or Humayun’s tomb.The guide will do all the ticketing and leg work and will impart information as you move. Tours are available at any time between 0700-1700 hrs depending on the convenience of the customer.66. Pay respect at the Indira Gandhi MemorialThe Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum was at one time the official residence of the first woman Prime minister of India. After Mrs Gandhi’s assassination on these very grounds of her palatial home, the place was converted into a memorial dedicated to her.The photographs portray the simple way of living of the Prime minister and her early childhood days.The entire path where she took her last walk on that fateful morning of 31st October 1984 is covered with a glass frame. The exact spot where she fell down has also been covered and framed.Till today one can see dry blood spots at the place she fell as well as the blood stained sari she had on at the time of her death.67. National gallery of Modern ArtThe National Gallery of Modern Art, is situated in Jaipur House, near India Gate. This premier institution opened it’s doors to the public in 1954. The museum used to be the residence of the then Maharaja of Jaipur.The museum has a splendid collection of paintings, some as old as 150 years, which include such renowned British names like Thomas Daniell and his nephew William.The gallery today has an impressive collection of sculptures, paintings and photos of Indian and Internationally acclaimed modern artists.68. Tomb of SafdarjungSafdarjung tomb was built in 1754 as the burial place for Safdarjung, who was the Viceroy of Awadh. This exquisite garden tomb was the last of it’s kind in Delhi depicting Mughal architecture. Designed by an Ethiopian architect, the tomb lacked the fame and grandeur of the Humayun tomb, located a few kilometres away.This beautiful garden tomb is open to visitors all day from sunrise to sunset. The mausoleum is under maintenance of the Archeological Survey of India which also controls a library located at the main gate.69. Lodhi art DistrictIf you want to see color and art with a different vibe, head to India’s first open air Art District in Lodhi colony. The concept first took shape in 2015, after which 26 murals have adorned the building walls of the area.The latest addition ‘Facing Walls’ has been inspired by the Brazilian artist pair of Douglas Castro and Renato Reno, to highlight the flora and fauna of the capital in a vibrant manner.Every wall mural has an interesting story behind it. The Lodhi Art District has truly changed the landscape of Delhi. So don’t wait any more. Just grab your camera and go for a stroll in this amazing place.70. Delhi Eye at Kalindi KunjThe 200 feet tall Delhi Eye, a giant Ferris wheel, installed at Kalindi Kunj on the banks of the river Yamuna claims to be the Indian equivalent of the iconic London Eye.The wheel has 36 air conditioned cabins that can carry six passengers each. On a clear today, many important landmarks like the Lotus temple, Akshardham temple, Red Fort and Qutab Minar can be seen in the distance.A great place for adventure lovers, fun seekers and photo fanatics, the ticket for the ferris ride includes rides at the water park which forms a part of this entertainment center.71. Book cafesWhat else do you yearn for at the end of a hard day-a good book and some excellent coffee to go with it. There are some very good book cafes to enjoy but none better than Cha Bar in Connaught Place.A visit to the Oxford Book Store is anyway an experience in itself. Now you can just choose a book and walk into the Cha Bar, adjacent to it, and order your drink that cheers from over a 100 select varieties.Cafe Turtle in Khan Market is another place where reading and eating go hand in hand. The well stocked bookshop has ample space to sit both inside and outside to make for a great day of reading while soaking in the rays of the sun.72. Light and Sound Show at Red FortThe Light and Sound show at the Red Fort, a UNESCO world heritage site combines artistic story telling with visual animation.This incredible experience, where expert musicians and artists portray historical events through narratives and music, is next to none.The hour long extravaganza comes in English and Hindi at different times. During this period the ramparts of the fort come alive with colorful lights, music and perfectly synchronized narration. An ideal way to gain insight on the history of the capital through the wonders of technology.73. Shahpur jat- Boutiques, Cupcakes and ArtShahpur jat is actually a village set among the urban areas of Delhi. The paved streets and narrow lanes are dotted with homes occupied by the Jats, a caste native to the neighbouring state of Haryana.The village has a vibrant collection of bars, rest and boutiques patronized by the upper class of the capital and visitors from abroad.A new generation of Indian and foreign designers have made deep forays in this quaint locality and opened up a chain of vintage clothing outlets. The place is a real treasure house of clothing, street art, accessories and home products.74. Shake a leg on Raahgiri dayAs the city of Delhi led towards unchecked commercialization, a method to find way out of this madness had to be found. The reason Raahgiri, or Relief day was created.This was one such day when the average citizen of Delhi could lay total claim over the roads and lanes of a particular part of the city for a few hours every Sunday morning.During these early morning hours all roads leading to the destined place are blocked and no traffic is allowed to pass. A variety of activities like yoga, cycling, jogging take place or even aerobics by experts. A great way to socialise in the old fashioned manner.75. Sway to the beats of Delhi Drum CircleThe Delhi Drum Circle has it’s fair share of followers since inception. Located in Hauz Khas village, the members include eminent lawyers, doctors, students and artists from both India and abroad.This wonderful community strives to socialise casually by playing drums every fortnight in the park. Other instruments like dholak, flutes and pipes add to the sounds drawn from all parts of the world.As time passes, the music reaches a crescendo setting the stage for an open air jam session like none other. Entry is unrestricted and you are free to bring any musical instrument of your choice along for an entirely fuss free time.

1. India and Afghanistan have a strong relationship based on historical and cultural links. The relationship is not limited to the governments in New Delhi and Kabul, and has its foundations in the historical contacts and exchanges between the people. In recent past, Indo-Afghan relations have been further strengthened by the Strategic Partnership Agreement signed between the two countries in 2011. As Afghanistan was undergoing three simultaneous political, security and economic transitions in 2015, India had allayed its fears about its future by making a long-term commitment to the security and development of Afghanistan.The Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) between the two sides, inter alia, provides for assistance to help rebuild Afghanistan's infrastructure and institutions, education and technical assistance to re-build indigenous Afghan capacity in different areas, encouraging investment in Afghanistan's natural resources, providing duty free access to the Indian market for Afghanistan's exports support for an Afghan-led, Afghan-owned, broad-based and inclusive process of peace and reconciliation, and advocating the need for a sustained and long-term commitment to Afghanistan by the international community. As the lead country for Trade, Commerce and Investment CBM of Heart of Asia Process, India hosted Senior Officials Meeting of the Heart of Asia countries in New Delhi in January 2014 and with the help of FICCI, India is organising a 6th Regional Technical Group (RTG) in New Delhi on November 2015.MoS Gen V K Singh led the Indian delegation to participate in Heart of Asia Ministerial Meeting in October 2014 in Beijing and the London Conference in December 2014. Secretary of M&ER Division, Shri. Sujata Mehta led the delegation to participate in the RECCA VI conference held in Kabul in September 2015.2. There also exists a high-level political engagement with Afghanistan, which is reflected in the large number of bilateral high-level visits. There have been frequent high level visits from both sides, including among others, Prime Minister in May 2011; Vice President in March 2014 (to Participate in the funeral of FVP Marshal Fahim) and September 2014 (Inaugural Ceremony of National Unity Government), External Affairs Minister (EAM) in January 2011, February 2014 (inauguration of ANAASTU) and September 2014 (unveiling of the monumental flag and New Chancery premises inauguration) ; National Security Adviser (NSA) in March 2011, February 2013 and October 2014; Special Envoy to PM to Kabul in June 2011 for a meeting of the International Contact Group; Foreign Secretary in September 2011, August 2013 and May 2014; Minister of Law & Justice in September 2011 and June 2014, Minister for Steel in April 2013, and by Shri S. Ramadorai, Adviser to the Prime Minister of India in the National Council on Skill Development and Shri M.S. Swaminathan, Chairman of National Farmers Commission.3. Hon’ble EAM Smt. Sushma Swaraj visited Afghanistan and called on the President Karzai and jointly inaugurated a monumental Afghan Flag on 10 September 2014. This flag, a symbol of Afghan unity and nationhood was organized with assistance from various sponsors including the Flag Foundation of India. India announced US $ 1 million for creation of a national public park around the flag. Indian initiative was widely appreciated by Afghans and the international community. EAM also inaugurated the new chancery complex in Kabul from which the Embassy has started operating since July 2014. She pointed out that this was the clearest statement of ‘no exit’ policy by India. During Heart of Asia 2015, Hon’ble EAM Smt. Sushma Swaraj led a high level delegation to Islamabad. In the conference EAM stressed on increased connectivity, regional trade and openness with Afghanistan, and also "extended India’s hand towards Pakistan" in this regard.4. From the Afghan side, high level visits to India included Former President Hamid Karzai's visit in May, 2013, following closely after his state visit in November, 2012, when he delivered the prestigious Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial lecture, had intensive discussions with political and business leaders and oversaw the signing of four MoUs with India. India also hosted the Upper House of the Afghan Parliament, Meshrano Jirga, for a study visit from 11-18 February, 2013. The former President Hamid Karzai visited India to attend the swearing in ceremony of the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in May 2014. Mr Karzai visited India in November 2014 to participate in HT Leadership Summit and also attended the 125th Birth Anniversary of the First PM Pt Nehru, organized by the Indian National Congress. PM Modi met the new President Dr Ghani on the sidelines of the SAARC Summit in Kathmandu in November 2014. Gen. Karimi’s visited IMA Dehradun as the Chief Guest at passing out parade in December 2014 and also met with COAS Gen Suhag.5. The Presidential elections were held in 2014 in Afghanistan. After a protracted electoral process for two rounds of elections and UN mediated audit process, a Political Agreement was signed between two leading contenders – Dr Ashraf Ghani and Dr Abdullah Abdullah which led to the formation of national unity government, inaugurated on 29 September 2014. The ceremony was attended by our Vice President Dr Hamid Ansari. Our consistent signaling on the political inclusivity and peaceful transfer of power was addressed and appreciated by all sections of the Afghans. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in his congratulatory message wholeheartedly welcomed the agreement between the two Afghan leaders and mentioned that wisdom they have shown respects the strong democratic aspirations of the people of Afghanistan, which was also manifested by the poll turnout. PM also conveyed that India will stand steadfastly with the new government of Afghanistan as it continues the task of building a strong, developed and peaceful nation.6. In 14 March 2015, Abdullah Abdullah, Chief Executive of arrived in India for a three days visit. During his visit he met with Mohammad Hamid Ansari, the Vice President of India and some other high ranking government officials. He also participated in India Conclave Conference organised by India Today magazine. The President Dr Ashraf Ghani, after seven months in April 2015 paid an official visit to India in April 2015. During the visit, President Ghani met President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee; Prime Minister of India Shri. Narendra Modi; and External Affairs Minister Shri Sushma Swaraj. Both side discussed about the cooperation and assistance in various sectors including the health, education, agriculture, disaster management, power sector and electoral management. As a result of President Ghani’s visit, India has gifted Afghanistan three Cheetal helicopters; assistance for the annual maintenance of M/s Habibiyar School, Kabul and Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health; USD 5 million fund to ARCS to treat Afghan child with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in India for 5 years; extension of ICCR scholarship till 2020 and indicated readiness to sign a bilateral motor vehicle pact to allow vehicles from both sides to traverse each other's countries.7. The National Security Adviser of Afghanistan, Mohammad Haneef Atmar visited India on November 8-9, 2015. During his two-day visit, the Afghan NSA engaged in bilateral talks with the relevant Indian government authorities. The meetings focused on cooperation in the political, security and economic areas including the current situation in Afghanistan and the region. The National Security Adviser of Afghanistan and the Indian authorities discussed and exchanged views on mutual efforts in fighting against terrorism in line with the provisions of the Strategic Partnership Agreement. On bilateral economic cooperation, H.E. Atmar discussed with the Indian authorities expedition of investments by Indian companies in Afghanistan.8. The Deputy Foreign Minister of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Hekmat Khalil Karzai paid an official visit to New Delhi from November 16 – 20, 2015. Deputy Foreign Minister Karzai during his four day visit conducted meetings with Indian authorities to discuss a host of issues and the state of progress in the bilateral ties between Afghanistan and India and interacted at India based think-tanks. Accompanied by a number of relevant delegates, the Afghan Deputy Foreign Minister paid his first official visit to India.The Afghan authority met with the Indian Hon’ble Vice- President H.E. Hamid Ansari, Minister of External Affairs H.E. Sushma Swaraj, Minister of Skills Development and Employment opportunities H.E. Rajiv Pratap Rudy, Foreign Secretary H.E. S. Jaishankar, Special Secretary (ER) Smt. Sujata Mehta, Home Secretary, H.E. Rajiv Mehrishi, BCCI Secretary General Mr. Anurag Thakur, and And the Director General of Indian Council of Cultural Relations Mr. C.V Rajasekhar. The Deputy Foreign Minister discussed with the authorities of the host country key issues related to the bilateral arrangement between Afghanistan as well as those of mutual interest and concern for the two countries. The head of Afghan delegation also interacted with members of Vivakananda International Foundation (VIF) under Chatham House Rule and spoke at the Observer Research Foundation on “Indo-afghan Relations: the Way Forward”. During the visit the Afghan authority also met with the National Congress Party’s Vice President Mr. Rahul Gandhi, and BJP’s National Secretary General Mr. Ram Madhav.9. In 25th December 2016, Prime Minister along with a high level delegation paid a visit to Afghanistan. During his visit he called on President Ashraf Ghani; he met Chief Executive, Dr Abdullah and Former President Hamid Karzai. During his visit he inaugurated the newly built Afghan Parliament; he announced 500 scholarships for the children of the martyrs of Afghan Security Forces in school and colleges both in Afghanistan and in India; and Prime Minister gifted four Mi25 Attack helicopter to Afghan Air forces. During the visit, it has been decided to conduct the first Strategic Partnership Council meeting headed by the Foreign Minister of the both country in the first quarter of 2016 along with four joint working group meetings.10. His Excellency Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan visited India from 31 January- 4 February 2016. During this visit, he met Prime Minister on February I and held discussions on bilateral, regional and global issues of mutual interest including the security situation and peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan. EAM and NSA called on H.E. Dr. Abdullah, on February l & 4, respectively. India reiterated its abiding commitment to stand by Afghanistan in all possible ways during the latter's on-going political, security and economic transitions. The two sides strongly condemned the recent terrorist attacks in Afghanistan and Pathankot in India, and stressed the need to fully eliminate all forms and manifestations of terrorism as well as support to it, for peace and stability in the region.11. In the context of continued bilateral development cooperation, the decision of the Government of India to approve the 3rd phase of Small Development Projects comprising of 92 projects in Afghanistan was conveyed. Both sides agreed to develop connectivity through Chahbahar port in Iran on priority. An Agreement on Exemption from Visa Requirement for Holders of Diplomatic Passports was signed. On 3rd February, H.E. Dr. Abdullah addressed a joint interaction with the three leading chambers of commerce and industry in lndia, namely ASSOCHAM, CII and FICCI.12. H.E. Dr. Abdullah delivered the Keynote Address at the Counter Terrorism Conference organised by India Foundation in Jaipur on February 2, where the inaugural address was by Rashtrapatiji.13. Bilaterally, India has played a significant role in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Afghanistan. India's extensive developmental assistance programme, which now stands at around US 2 billion, is a strong signal of its abiding commitment to peace, stability and prosperity in Afghanistan during this critical period of security and governance transition. This makes India one of the leading donor nations to Afghanistan, and by far the largest from among the regional countries.14. India believes that sustainable development of Afghanistan requires long-term investment in Afghanistan that can help it exploit its natural resource wealth. India is, thus, at the forefront of the promotion of investment in Afghanistan and a consortium of public and private Indian companies has been selected to make one of the biggest investments in the country's mining sector, in the Hajigak iron ore reserves.15. Indian and Afghan authorities consult regularly regarding early completion of Salma Dam (by 2016); New Afghan Parliament building was inaugurated by the PM Modi in December 2015; Charikar sub station project was inaugurated by the Chief Executive of Afghanistan in December 2015; Doshi sub station will be ready in the first quarter of 2016; Restoration of Stor Palace is expected to be completed in 2016. India has provided high protein biscuits through WFP in schools in Afghanistan in all provinces. India also gave US$ 1 Million assistance for flood relief programme in Badakshan in May 2014. During PM’s visit in December 2015, India assured to expedite the supply of 1,70,000 MT wheat to Afghanistan, which is part of 1.1 Million MT wheat donation committed by us.16. India, under small development projects (SDPs) Phase I& II (US$ 20 million) and Phase III (US$ 100 million) along with Ministry of Economy of Afghanistan has undertaken/committed more than 200 projects of small projects with less gestation period covering Public Health, Education, and community infrastructure in various provinces of Afghanistan. During the Chief Executive of Afghanistan Dr Abdullah’s visit to India in 2016, Government of India conveyed the approval of the 3rd phase of Small Development Projects comprising of 92 projects in Afghanistan.17. Under Aid to Afghanistan budget, India established Agriculture University ANASTU in Kandahar in 2014. In July 2015, the Embassy completed the ICCR scholarship cycle for the academic year 2015-2016, utilizing all the 1000 slots dedicated to Afghans. Besides a record of 100 % achievement, it also had record number of women students – 90. In May 2015, Prime Minister of India extended ICCR Scholarship for Afghan students till 2020. India also sent more than 500 Officials under ITEC programme for various capacity building courses in India. Apart from the above training program, India also provides various training program for the Afghan government officials from various fields on ad-hoc basis under special discretionary slots.18. India also realises that stability can result in Afghanistan only if all the major actors and countries have a stake in its stability, growth and prosperity. India has, thus, been championing efforts to attract regional and trans-regional investment into Afghanistan that provides a viable alternative to the dominant narrative of extremism and offers job opportunities to its population, by pioneering events like the Delhi Investment Summit on Afghanistan in June 2012. Recognising that the region holds the key to peace in Afghanistan, India is spearheading commercial Confidence Building Measures in the region within the purview of the Heart of Asia Process. Multilaterally, it helped initiate a dialogue on Afghanistan through various platforms like the Afghanistan-India-US trilateral and the Afghanistan-India-Iran trilateral that seek to bring together international partners with disparate worldviews in pursuit of the common goal of securing peace and prosperity in Afghanistan. India also expressed its support to international cooperation on Afghanistan at the UN and at various international conferences focused on the future of Afghanistan, including the seminal Tokyo Developmental Conference in July 2012 and London Conference in December 2014.19. The bilateral trade at 683.02 million US$ for 2013-14 ($ 474.25 million export and $ 208.77 million import by India) is at a modest level given the vast potential between two countries. The top commodities exported by India were man-made staple fibres, cereals, tobacco, electrical machinery, dairy produce, eggs, honey, rubber products, pharmaceuticals, clothing accessories, boilers and machineries whereas the imports mainly comprised of fresh fruits, dried fruits/nuts, raisins, vegetables, oil seeds, precious/semi-precious stones etc. To achieve the possibilities of trade, India and Afghanistan signed a Preferential Trade Agreement in March 2003 under which India allowed substantial duty concessions, ranging from 50% to 100%, to certain category (38 items) of Afghan dry fruits. In November 2011, India removed basic customs duties for all products of Afghanistan (except alcohol and tobacco) giving them duty free access to the Indian market. India is one of the major export destinations of Afghanistan's goods with. The operation of the Chabahar port in Iran could substantially increase Afghanistan's exports by providing a new transit route for Afghan to trade with India and the rest of the world. Recently Indian government has approved USD 85 Million for upgrading the capacity of Chabahar Port in Iran for an alternate trade transit route for Afghanistan.20. India hosted the Delhi Investment Summit on Afghanistan on June 28, 2012 to help forge cross-country partnerships for investment in Afghanistan and to offer a counter narrative of economic opportunities in Afghanistan. Apart from above 100 business delegates from Afghanistan and around 160 from India, around 80 delegates from the countries in the region and beyond, including China, Pakistan and Iran participated in the event. Afghan Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Finance, Mines, Trade and Commerce and Agriculture participated in the Summit.21. MoU signed for developing Afghan Textiles industry: Afghanistan is endowed with rich quality of cotton, silk and cashmere and has significant potential for development of the textiles industry, which in turn may generate considerable employment opportunities. With this objective, a MoU was signed between India and Afghanistan on 7 January 2015, as per which India would provide the required assistance to develop Afghan textiles industry and assist in skill development, research and technical collaboration in product development and manufacturing, testing and certification and organize joint trade missions for mutual collaboration.In the last year, following events of business significance took place:Business Innovation fair was held in Mazar-e-Sharif in March 2014.Investment Road show in Ahmedabad, 15 Apr 2014 - FICCI in association with Indian Embassy, Kabul, Taskforce for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO), USA and Global Network, organized a ‘Road Show on Investment Opportunities in Afghanistan’ on April 15th, 2014 at Ahmedabad. This event was organized under the aegis of the Trade Commerce and Investment Opportunities Confidence Building Measure envisaged under the Heart of Asia Process for Afghanistan.IPHEX (Indian Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Expo), Mumbai, 21-23 May 2014. Seven Afghan pharma distributors attended the event.Signing of MoU by EPAA with FIEO and IIA - The Export Promotion Agency of Afghanistan (EPAA) signed two MoUs with Federation of Indian Export Organisation (FIEO) and India’s Importers Association (IIA) at New Delhi on 18 & 19 June 2014.Participation of Afghan delegation in India Mining Summit - An Afghan delegation led by Mr Jamil Hares, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Mines and Petroleum (MoMP) and Afghan mining companies attended the 7th “India Mining Summit –organized by ASSOCHAM on August 8, 2014 in New Delhi.Inauguration of ‘India Bazar’ - An ‘India Bazar’ comprising of all kinds of Indian manufactured products was inaugurated in Kabul on 18 Sep 2014.‘Make in India’ Campaign on 25 September 2014 - Indian Embassy in Kabul on organized a ‘Make in India’ campaign which was attended by more than 80 top ranking Afghan businessmen and members from the Chambers of Commerce and Industry.h. Afghanistan Investment Forum in Mumbai - An ‘Afghanistan Investment Forum’ was organized in Mumbai on 01-02 October 2014 by the Global Network, a private consulting firm based in Ahmedabad with the support of Navi Mumbai Chamber of Commerce and USTFBSO. The event was followed by B2B meetings on 02 October.India Product Show, Kabul, 2-4 November 2014 - FICCI and ACCI in collaboration with Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Indian Embassy, Kabul organized India Product Show on November 2 – 4, 2014 at Intercontinental Hotel, Kabul.34th IITF, 2014 at New Delhi, 14-17 Nov 2014 - 24 Afghan companies attended the 34rd Indian International Trade Fair (IITF, 2014) and showcased their products such as saffron, dried fruits carpet, jewelry and handicraft at Pragati Midan, New Delhi.This year, 45 Afghan Businessmen participated in PHARMEXCIL 2015 in Gujarat in Jan 2015 & also attended Vibrat Gujrat Summit 2015.3rd India-Afghanistan Innovation Fair: The event was organized with the support of USAID/FAIDA and Herat Chamber of Commerce and Industries. 20 Indian NGOs/business groups and 40 Afghan groups showcased their innovative models during the Exhibition, which was followed by B2B match making events. More than 1,000 visitors visited the Exhibition daily.IPHEX and Technical Seminar on Indian Pharma Copoeia, 13-15 May 2015, MumbaiIn Afghanistan, Indian medicines and health care system are perceived to be highly trustworthy. Thus, India is the most favoured destination for most Afghan tourists, especially for medical tourism. To promote tourism in India, the Mission has taken following efforts: (a) Liberalized tourist visa and medical visa regime and exemption from Police reporting as per rules. (b) Guidance to Afghan Medical tourists during visa interview (c) initiated measures to eradicate cheating/fraud by Afghan interpreters acting as touts for various hospitals/doctors (d) invited companies promoting medical tourism in trade fairs/exhibition in Kabul. The Mission organised a major Indian health care exhibition and B2B meet in Kabul, involving Department of Commerce and Pharmexcil from India and the Ministry of Health in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Expo Centre and Afghanistan Investment Support Agency during 28-30 September 2015.22. Under the Bilateral Agreement both the countries issue gratis visas to nationals each other’s. Over the years, the number of visas issued by Embassy and posts in Afghanistan has been increasing, in 2015 a total visa of 1.1 lakh were issued compared to 83, 224 in 2014, 16 % increase. In elderly applicants above 60 years of age, frequent travellers, reputed businessmen and minors of age less than 15 years are normally exempted from appearing in interview, And with a view to promote trade and business the Embassy has since December 2014 started issuing multiple entry Business Visas to reputed Afghan businessmen.23. Consular services are extended to Indian nationals stranded in Afghanistan and also Indian nationals in prison as well as to Afghan nationals per issues such as attestation of certificates, affidavits and commercial documents.24. The Embassy has proposed to MoFA signing of following MoUs which are under process of finalising the draft text.Bilateral Treaty for Mutual Legal Assistance in Commercial Matters;Bilateral Extradition Treaty;Agreement on Transfer of Sentenced Prisoners; andBilateral Treaty for Mutual Legal Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters.Agreement on visa free for diplomatic passport holdersBilateral Motor Vehicle Transit Agreement25. Mission has also proposed to the Ministry of External Affairs to review PRC status of Afghanistan and the requirements such as police/FRRO registration required by Afghan travellers to India within 14 days of arrival. And also to review of 60 days cooling off restriction imposed between two visits on a tourist visa for Afghan nationals.

Nuclear energy comes from transformation of the nucleus. Nuclear technology induces the transformation of a high energy nucleus to a lower energy nucleus releasing energy.Given the nature of the material world elements that are lighter than 56 nucleons (Iron) release energy when they fuse together. Elements that are heavier than 56 nucleons release energy when they break apart.The first process is called fusion. The second process is called fission.There is one naturally fissile material in nature Uranium 235. This isotope of Uranium is only 0.72% of all Uranium and must be enriched to make a fission device. Two other materials are artificially fissile. These are called fertile materials. That is they serve as source material to make fissile material that doesn’t occur in nature. These work by putting the fertile material in an environment where they pick up neutrons and transform into fissile materials.Uranium isotope 238 (the number counts the nucleons in the nucleus) converts to Plutonium 239 after it absorbs one neutron. Since nearly all the remaining natural uranium is of this type, breeding Plutonium is essential to making low cost nuclear energy. Plutonium is also used in atomic bomb construction and its use is prohibited generally.Thorium 232 converts to Uranium 233 after it absorbs a neutron. Since all Thorium of this type and thorium is as common as lead, this is the absolute lowest cost source of energy on the planet. And other planets as well.Humanity has generally ignored thorium since it does not efficiently produce atomic bombs.Fusion was the first nuclear reaction induced by humanity. John Cockcroft and Earnest Walton induced the fusion of deuterium in 1932. This was later perfected by Ulrich Jetter in 1940 with the Jetter cycleHere a neutron was absorbed by Lithium 6 to produce Helium 4 and Hydrogen 3 (Tritium) releasing 2.4 MeV of energy. The energy was nearly equally divided between the two nuclei, leaving the tritium with far more than enough energy to promptly fuse with any Deuterium (Hydrogen 2) forming another Helium 4 nucleus and giving the neutron back, releasing another 17.6 MeV of energy!!The net reaction isLi-6 + D → 2 He-4 + 22.4 MeVThis produces 270.2 trillion joules per kg of material, and the material is quite cheap and easily available. 7.5% of all lithium is lithium 6 and we produce enough of it to produce 5x as much energy as we produce today with zero pollution.Now lithium deuteride masses about 850 kg/m3. Its a powder with a low melting point. It is easily sintered and shaped and moulded.The problem from an energy use point of view is that most of the last step has the energy in the neutron. Furthermore, the process doesn’t grow like fission. However, if you add a method to take the energetic neutron and convert it to more non neutron energy, and make more low energy neutrons with it, then you can create a pseudo fission process. This entails adding Beryllium and Boron to the mix.The preparation, use purchase or selling of Lithium-6 is highly restricted and aspects of cross section at various energies not clearly available due to antiproliferation concerns of nuclear technology. This despite the fact that Korea has a hydrogen bomb.Commercial Fusion ReactorBack in 1956 Shell Geophysicist Marion King Hubbert predicted that oil output would peak in the USA by 1970 and in the world by 2000. In response to that dire prediction Leo Strauss AEC chair said that by 1970 energy would be too cheap to meter. He pointed to the findings of Project Sherwood which outlined the commercial use of Jetter cycle reactors. Brookings Institute outlined the following development;1950s - molten salt reactor 900 C 100 MW scale (HTRE-3)1960s - nuclear light bulb 4000 C 1 GW-10 GW scale (NERVA)1970s - nuclear pulse 100,000 C 100 GW-1000 GW scale (ORION)Sherwood scientists were asked to give testimony to Congress. They unfortunately died in a freak helicopter accident in the Pacific Range during a bomb test. Strauss testified in their stead. He wasn’t asked about Sherwood, but was caught up in some sort of financial misadventure at the AEC. This spawned the Strauss Affair and caused Eisenhower to dismiss him. At the same time Hubbert was dismissed from Shell citing his erroneous prediction. Eisenhower tapped energy executives from the major oil companies to look at the energy problem and they concluded the USA didn’t have to worry about the future of oil we had 100s of years of current demand in the US all we had to do was go to the Middle East to get it out of the deserts. The nomads there wouldn’t mind. Easy peasy. Democratic Congressmen weren’t so easily mollified. JFK congressman from Massachusetts wondered if the Soviets wouldn’t spend the resources to develop alternatives to oil since the USA surely would not. There was a move to look more closely into this energy thing by Congress. Eisenhower said no one would beat the USA in technology. Then Sputnik was orbited by the Soviets. This catapaulted the little known Congressman John Kennedy into the national spotlight. Then, Vermont Senator Joseph McCarthy began hearings looking into the problem with Soviet influence in the USA. In our media, our industry and in our government. Did they steal our rocket secrets like they stole our atomic secrets? This was the beginning of the Red Scare. Energy was quickly forgotten.Hot fusion research has dominated fusion energy research since that time. Low Energy Nuclear Reactions that might be possible with other Jetter type cycles have not been discussed at all. Despite the fact there are a lot of intriguing possibilities.History of Nuclear EnergyBut how did we get to know all this stuff about nuclear energy? It really has nothing to do with relativity, except a very smart guy Albert Einstein explained that a little bit of mass makes a helluva lot of energy.It also had nothing to do with quantum theory, which is really the basis of chemistry and how electrons dance around the atom. This gives a lot of predictions related to electrical and optical properties as well.Nuclear theory as such is not taught at the same level in any sensible way due to anti-proliferation concerns. Nuclear science at least open nuclear science is really just a set of recipes and procedures that are permitted to be known.So, its only what you can glean from the public literature and a careful review of the history of the process that you get any idea of why things do what they do.Physicists have moved on to much higher energy levels beyond anything atomic nuclei can give.BeginningsMarie and Pierre Curie along with Henri Becquerel received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 for their discovery of spontaneous radioactivity and properly characterising it with a half life.The source of energy was mysterious until another fellow A. Einstein began thinking about the unusual results produced by two Case Western University fellows Michelson and Morley.Einstein figured out that the speed of light is constant in nature and that time dilated as you changed speed. Minkowski saw this as a sort of rotation in 4 dimensional spacetime.This insight had a lot of implications.It explained Michelson & Morley’s null result. It explained Lorentz contraction. It also explained the advancing perihelion of Mercury. Einstein also made new predictions. The bending of light beams as they pass a massive object like the sun. This was later confirmed by Eddington. One of the most interesting predictions is that in addition to the kinetic energy that Newton calculatedE = 1/2 * Mass * (Velocity)^2with another term - the rest mass energyE = Mass * (Speed of Light)^2 → E=mc2Could this be where the tremendous energy of the radium atom came from?Well, that’s what everyone wanted to know back in the day. So, A. Einstein was invited to the prestigious 1911 Solvay conference to discuss this possibility.Einstein's Letter to Marie Curie: Ignore the HatersFrom Biography: Historical & Celebrity ProfilesOn April 19, 1906, Marie Curie was widowed by an accident all the more tragic for its improbability.While crossing a busy Parisian street on a rainy night, Pierre slipped, fell under a horse-drawn cart, and was killed instantly. Curie grieved for years.In 1910, she found solace in Pierre’s protégé - a young physics professor named Paul Langevin, married to but separated from a woman who physically abused him. They became lovers.Enraged, Langevin’s wife hired someone to break into the apartment where the two met and steal their love letters, which she promptly leaked to the press.The press eviscerated Curie and portrayed her as“a foreign Jewish homewrecker”.In 1911, Albert Einstein wrote a Marie Curie encouraging her to ignore all the unfounded criticism she was facing at the time:Highly esteemed Mrs. Curie,Do not laugh at me for writing you without having anything sensible to say.But I am so enraged by the base manner in which the public is presently daring to concern itself with you that I absolutely must give vent to this feeling.However, I am convinced that you consistently despise this rabble, whether it obsequiously lavishes respect on you or whether it attempts to satiate its lust for sensationalism!I am impelled to tell you how much I have come to admire your intellect, your drive, and your honesty, and that I consider myself lucky to have made your personal acquaintance in Brussels.Anyone who does not number among these reptiles is certainly happy, now as before, that we have such personages among us as you, and Langevin too, real people with whom one feels privileged to be in contact.If the rabble continues to occupy itself with you, then simply don’t read that hogwash, but rather leave it to the reptile for whom it has been fabricated.With most amicable regards to you, Langevin, and Perrin, yours very truly,A. Einstein23 November 1911So, for those keeping track, humanity had discovered spontaneous radioactivity, wondered where the energy was coming from, and then figured it was spontaneous conversion of mass to energy.Now, how to control it?Meet this fellow;Leo Szilard was born in Budapest Hungary in 1898 and was drafted into the Hungarian army in 1916. Following the war Hungary became a Soviet state and Szilard went to Berlin Christmas day 1919. He joined is brother Bela at the Berlin Institute of Technology but became bored with Engineering. He was fascinated by physics. So, he switched to Friedrech Wilhelm University where he studied under Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Walter Nernst, and others.Einstein gave Szilard top honours for his PhD Thesis in 1922, resolving a long-standing puzzle in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Szilard recognised the connection between thermodynamics and information theory.In 1928 he submitted a patent for a linear accelerator. (A. Einstein was a former patent clerk). In 1929 he invented the cyclotron and the electron microscope. By 1930 Szilard had received his German citizenship, but was uneasy about the political landscape of Germany. When Hitler rose to power in January 30, 1933 he fled Europe and moved to London.Wikipedia Says of His Conception of the Chain ReactionThis is such a wonderful story, I thought I would put it down in its entirety so more people would read it! The story leads from the conceptual idea whilst crossing the street to the Atom Bomb a decade later all during upheaval and war.On the morning of September 12, 1933, Szilard read an article in The Times summarizing a speech given by Lord Rutherford in which Rutherford rejected the feasibility of using atomic energy for practical purposes. The speech remarked specifically on the recent 1932 work of his students, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, in "splitting" lithium into alpha particles, by bombardment with protons from a particle accelerator they had constructed.Rutherford went on to say:We might in these processes obtain very much more energy than the proton supplied, but on the average we could not expect to obtain energy in this way. It was a very poor and inefficient way of producing energy, and anyone who looked for a source of power in the transformation of the atoms was talking moonshine. But the subject was scientifically interesting because it gave insight into the atoms.Szilard was so annoyed at Rutherford's dismissal that, on the same day, he conceived of the idea of nuclear chain reaction (analogous to a chemical chain reaction), using recently discovered neutrons. The idea did not use the mechanism of nuclear fission, which was not yet discovered, but Szilard realized that if neutrons could initiate any sort of energy-producing nuclear reaction, such as the one that had occurred in lithium, and could be produced themselves by the same reaction, energy might be obtained with little input, since the reaction would be self-sustainingSzilard filed for a patent on the concept of the neutron-induced nuclear chain reaction in 1933, which was granted in 1936. Szilard was able to assign the patent to the British Admiralty to ensure its secrecy, which he did. Consequently, his patent was not published until 1949 when the relevant parts of the Patents and Designs Act (1907, UK) where repealed. Richard Rhodes described Szilard's moment of inspiration:In London, where Southampton Row passes Russell Square, across from the British Museum in Bloomsbury, Leo Szilard waited irritably one gray Depression morning for the stoplight to change. A trace of rain had fallen during the night; Tuesday, September 12, 1933, dawned cool, humid and dull. Drizzling rain would begin again in early afternoon. When Szilard told the story later he never mentioned his destination that morning. He may have had none; he often walked to think. In any case another destination intervened. The stoplight changed to green. Szilard stepped off the curb. As he crossed the street time cracked open before him and he saw a way to the future, death into the world and all our woes, the shape of things to come.In early 1934, Szilard began working at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Working with a young physicist on the hospital staff, Thomas A. Chalmers, he began studying radioactive isotopes for medical purposes. It was known that bombarding elements with neutrons could produce either heavier isotopes of an element, or a heavier element, a phenomenon known as the Fermi Effect after its discoverer, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. When they bombarded ethyl iodide with neutrons produced by a radon–beryllium source, they found that the heavier radioactive isotopes of iodine separated from the compound. Thus, they had discovered a means of isotope separation. This method became known as the Szilard–Chalmers effect, and was widely used in the preparation of medical isotopes. He also attempted unsuccessfully to create a nuclear chain reaction using beryllium by bombarding it with X-rays.Manhattan ProjectColumbia UniversitySzilard visited Béla and Rose and her husband Roland (Lorand) Detre, in Switzerland in September 1937. After a rainstorm, he and his siblings spent an afternoon in an unsuccessful attempt to build a prototype collapsible umbrella. One reason for the visit was that he had decided to emigrate to the United States, as he believed that another war in Europe was inevitable and imminent. He reached New York on the liner RMS Franconia on January 2, 1938.Over the next few months he moved from place to place, conducting research with Maurice Goldhaber at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and then the University of Chicago, University of Michigan and the University of Rochester, where he undertook experiments with indium but again failed to initiate a chain reaction.Army Intelligence report on Enrico Fermi and Leo SzilardIn November 1938, Szilard moved to New York City, taking a room at the King's Crown Hotel near Columbia University. He encountered John R. Dunning, who invited him to speak about his research at an afternoon seminar in January 1939.That month, Niels Bohr brought news to New York of the discovery of nuclear fission in Germany by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch. When Szilard found out about it on a visit to Wigner at Princeton University, he immediately realized that uranium might be the element capable of sustaining a chain reaction.Unable to convince Fermi that this was the case, Szilard set out on his own. He obtained permission from the head of the Physics Department at Columbia, George B. Pegram, to use a laboratory for three months. To fund his experiment, he borrowed $2,000 from a fellow inventor, Benjamin Liebowitz. He wired Frederick Lindemann at Oxford and asked him to send a beryllium cylinder. He convinced Walter Zinn to become his collaborator, and hired Semyon Krewer to investigate processes for manufacturing pure uranium and graphite.Szilard and Zinn conducted a simple experiment on the seventh floor of Pupin Hall at Columbia, using a radium–beryllium source to bombard uranium with neutrons. Initially nothing registered on the oscilloscope, but then Zinn realized that it was not plugged in. On doing so, they discovered significant neutron multiplication in natural uranium, proving that a chain reaction might be possible.Szilard later described the event: "We turned the switch and saw the flashes. We watched them for a little while and then we switched everything off and went home." He understood the implications and consequences of this discovery, though. "That night, there was very little doubt in my mind that the world was headed for grief".While they had demonstrated that the fission of uranium produced more neutrons than it consumed, this was still not a chain reaction. Szilard persuaded Fermi and Herbert L. Anderson to try a larger experiment using 500 pounds (230 kg) of uranium. To maximize the chance of fission, they needed a neutron moderator to slow the neutrons down. Hydrogen was a known moderator, so they used water. The results were disappointing. It became apparent that hydrogen slowed neutrons down, but also absorbed them, leaving fewer for the chain reaction. Szilard then suggested Fermi use carbon, in the form of graphite. He felt he would need about 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) of graphite and 5 tonnes (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons) of uranium. As a back-up plan, Szilard also considered where he might find a few tons of heavy water; deuterium would not absorb neutrons like ordinary hydrogen, but would have the similar value as a moderator. Such quantities of material would require a lot of money.Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility of nuclear weapons, warning of the German nuclear weapon project, and encouraging the development of a program that could result in their creation. With the help of Wigner and Edward Teller, he approached his old friend and collaborator Einstein in August 1939, and convinced him to sign the letter, lending his fame to the proposal.The Einstein–Szilárd letter resulted in the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government, and ultimately to the creation of the Manhattan Project. Roosevelt gave the letter to his aide, Brigadier General Edwin M. "Pa" Watson with the instruction: "Pa, this requires action!"An Advisory Committee on Uranium was formed under Lyman J. Briggs, a scientist and the director of the National Bureau of Standards. Its first meeting on October 21, 1939, was attended by Szilard, Teller, and Wigner, who persuaded the Army and Navy to provide $6,000 for Szilard to purchase supplies for experiments—in particular, more graphite.A 1940 Army intelligence report on Fermi and Szilard, prepared when the United States had not yet entered World War II, expressed reservations about both. While it contained some errors of fact about Szilard, it correctly noted his dire prediction that Germany would win the war.Fermi and Szilard met with representatives of National Carbon Company, who manufactured graphite, and Szilard made another important discovery. He asked about impurities in graphite, and learned that it usually contained boron, a neutron absorber. He then had special boron-free graphite produced. Had he not done so, they might have concluded, as the German nuclear researchers did, that graphite was unsuitable for use as a neutron moderator. Like the German researchers, Fermi and Szilard still believed that enormous quantities of uranium would be required for an atomic bomb, and therefore concentrated on producing a controlled chain reaction. Fermi determined that a fissioning uranium atom produced 1.73 neutrons on average. It was enough, but a careful design was called for to minimize losses.Szilard worked up various designs for a nuclear reactor. "If the uranium project could have been run on ideas alone," Wigner later remarked, "no one but Leo Szilard would have been needed."Metallurgical LaboratoryThe Metallurgical Laboratory scientists, with Szilard third from right, in the lab coat.At its December 6, 1941 meeting, the National Defense Research Committee resolved to proceed with an all-out effort to produce atomic bombs. This decision was given urgency by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the following day that brought the United States into World War II. It was formally approved by Roosevelt in January 1942. Arthur H. Compton from the University of Chicago was appointed head of research and development. Against Szilard's wishes, Compton concentrated all the groups working on reactors and plutonium at the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. Compton laid out an ambitious plan to achieve a chain reaction by January 1943, start manufacturing plutonium in nuclear reactors by January 1944, and produce an atomic bomb by January 1945.In January 1942, Szilard joined the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a research associate, and later the chief physicist. Alvin Weinberg noted that Szilard served as the project "gadfly", asking all the embarrassing questions.Szilard provided important insights. While uranium-238 did not fission readily with slow, moderated neutrons, it might still fission with the fast neutrons produced by fission. This effect was small but crucial. Szilard made suggestions that improved the uranium canning process, and worked with David Gurinsky and Ed Creutz on a method for recovering uranium from its salts.A vexing question at the time was how a production reactor should be cooled. Taking a conservative view that every possible neutron must be preserved, the majority opinion initially favored cooling with helium, which would absorb very few neutrons. Szilard argued that if this was a concern, then liquid bismuth would be a better choice. He supervised experiments with it, but the practical difficulties turned out to be too great. In the end, Wigner's plan to use ordinary water as a coolant won out.When the coolant issue became too heated, Compton and the director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., moved to dismiss Szilard, who was still a German citizen, but the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, refused to do so.Szilard was therefore present on December 2, 1942, when the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved in the first nuclear reactor under viewing stands of Stagg Field, and shook Fermi's hand.Szilard became a naturalized citizen of the United States in March 1943. The Army offered Szilard $25,000 for his inventions before November 1940, when he officially joined the project. He refused. He was the co-holder, with Fermi, of the patent on the nuclear reactor. In the end he sold his patent to the government for reimbursement of his expenses, some $15,416, plus the standard $1 fee. He continued to work with Fermi and Wigner on nuclear reactor design, and is credited with coining the term "breeder reactor".With an enduring passion for the preservation of human life and political freedom, Szilard hoped that the U.S. government would not use nuclear weapons, but that the mere threat of such weapons would force Germany and Japan to surrender. He also worried about the long-term implications of nuclear weapons, predicting that their use by the United States would start a nuclear arms race with the USSR. He drafted the Szilárd petition advocating that the atomic bomb be demonstrated to the enemy, and used only if the enemy did not then surrender. The Interim Committee instead chose to use atomic bombs against cities over the protests of Szilard and other scientists.Afterwards, he lobbied for amendments to the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that placed nuclear energy under civilian control.Enrico Fermi and Szilard filed patents for the first nuclear reactor during the war, but due to classification of the core physics the issue of the patent was delayed for 11 years until classified aspects were declassified.