The Elder Brewster Press A Publication Of The Elder William Brewster Society Volume: Fill & Download for Free

I wonder what is the tone of this question. Is it a sincere and innocent request for information? Or some sort of cynical rhetoric suggestion that the answer should be “very little”?I will give credit that it is a sincere “Ask” and answer accordingly. So here is a list of the inventions of just 10% of Great Britain - the Inventions of Scotland. If I included the inventions from the other 90% of Great Britain, I would swamp Quora!Road transport innovationsMacadamised roads (the basis for, but not specifically, tarmac): John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836)[3]The pedal bicycle: Attributed to both Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813–1878)[2] and Thomas McCall (1834–1904)The pneumatic tyre: Robert William Thomson and John Boyd Dunlop (1822–1873)[9]The overhead valve engine: David Dunbar Buick (1854–1929)[10]Civil engineering innovationsTubular steel: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)[11]The Falkirk wheel: Initial designs by Nicoll Russell Studios, Architects, RMJM, Architects and engineers Binnie Black and Veatch (Opened 2002)[12][13]The patent slip for docking vessels: Thomas Morton (1781–1832)[14][15]The Drummond Light: Thomas Drummond (1797–1840)[16]Canal design: Thomas Telford (1757–1834)[17]Dock design improvements: John Rennie (1761–1821)[18]Crane design improvements: James Bremner (1784–1856)[19]"Trac Rail Transposer", a machine to lay rail track patented in 2005, used by Network Rail in the United Kingdom and the New York Subway in the United States.[20][21][22]Aviation innovationsAircraft design: Frank Barnwell (1910) Establishing the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow.[23]Power innovationsCondensing steam engine improvements: James Watt (1736–1819)[1]Thermodynamic cycle: William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872)[24]Coal-gas lighting: William Murdoch (1754–1839)[25]The Stirling heat engine: Rev. Robert Stirling (1790–1878)[26]Carbon brushes for dynamos: George Forbes (1849–1936)[27]The Clerk cycle gas engine: Sir Dugald Clerk (1854–1932)[28]The wave-powered electricity generator: by South African Engineer Stephen Salter in 1977[29]The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter ("red sea snake" wave energy device): Richard Yemm, 1998[30]Shipbuilding innovationsEurope's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767–1830)[31]The first iron–hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)[32]The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803–1882)[citation needed]Marine engine innovations: James Howden (1832–1913)[33]John Elder & Charles Randolph (Marine Compound expansion engine)[33]Military innovationsLieutenant-General Sir David Henderson two areas: Field intelligence. Argued for the establishment of the Intelligence Corps. Wrote Field Intelligence: Its Principles and Practice (1904) and Reconnaissance (1907) on the tactical intelligence of modern warfare during World War I.[34]Special forces: Founded by Sir David Stirling, the SAS was created in World War II in the North Africa campaign to go behind enemy lines to destroy and disrupt the enemy. Since then it has been regarded as the most famous and influential special forces that has inspired other countries to form their own special forces too.Intelligence: Allan Pinkerton developed the still relevant intelligence techniques of "shadowing" (surveillance) and "assuming a role" (undercover work) in his time as head of the Union Intelligence Service.Heavy industry innovationsCoal mining extraction in the sea on an artificial island by Sir George Bruce of Carnock (1575). Regarded as one of the industrial wonders of the late medieval period.[35]Making cast steel from wrought iron: David Mushet (1772–1847)[36]Wrought iron sash bars for glass houses: John C. Loudon (1783–1865)[37]The hot blast oven: James Beaumont Neilson (1792–1865)[38]The steam hammer: James Nasmyth (1808–1890)[39]Wire rope: Robert Stirling Newall (1812–1889)[40]Steam engine improvements: William Mcnaught (1831–1881)[41]The Fairlie, a narrow gauge, double-bogie railway engine: Robert Francis Fairlie (1831–1885)[42]Cordite - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel (1889)[43]Agricultural innovationsThreshing machine improvements: James Meikle (c.1690-c.1780) & Andrew Meikle (1719–1811)[44]Hollow pipe drainage: Sir Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (1700–1753)[45]The Scotch plough: James Anderson of Hermiston (1739–1808)[46]Deanstonisation soil-drainage system: James Smith (1789–1850)[47]The mechanical reaping machine: Rev. Patrick Bell (1799–1869)[48]The Fresno scraper: James Porteous (1848–1922)[49]The Tuley tree shelter: Graham Tuley in 1979[50]Communication innovationsPrint stereotyping: William Ged (1690–1749)[51]Roller printing: Thomas Bell (patented 1783)[52]The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark: claimed by James Chalmers (1782–1853)[53]The Waverley pen nib innovations thereof: Duncan Cameron (1825–1901) The popular "Waverley" was unique in design with a narrow waist and an upturned tip designed to make the ink flow more smoothly on the paper.[54]Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827–1915)[55]Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899)[56]The underlying principles of Radio - James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[57]The Kinetoscope, a motion picture camera: devised in 1889 by William Kennedy Dickson (1860-1935)[58]The teleprinter: Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957)[59]The British Broadcasting Corporation BBC: John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1922) its founder, first general manager and Director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation[60]Radar: A significant contribution made by Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) alongside Englishman Henry Tizard (1885-1959) and others[61]The automated teller machine and Personal Identification Number system - James Goodfellow (born 1937)[62]Publishing firstsThe first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–81)[63]The first English textbook on surgery(1597)[64]The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776). The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease'. His ideas survive in the terms nervous energy and neuroses (a word that Cullen coined).[65]The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK[66]The first eBook from a UK administration (March 2012). Scottish Government publishes 'Your Scotland, Your Referendum'.[67][citation needed]The educational foundation of Ophthalmology: Stewart Duke-Elder in his ground breaking work including ‘Textbook of Ophthalmology and fifteen volumes of System of Ophthalmology’[68]Culture and the artsScottish National Portrait Gallery, designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1889): the world's first purpose-built portrait gallery.[69]Fictional charactersSherlock Holmes, by Sir Arthur Conan DoylePeter Pan, by J.M. Barrie, born in Kirriemuir, AngusLong John Silver and Jekyll and Hyde, by Robert Louis StevensonJohn Bull: by John Arbuthnot although seen as a national personification of the United Kingdom in general, and England in particular,[70] the character of John Bull was invented by Arbuthnot in 1712[71]James Bond was given a Scottish background by Ian Fleming, himself of Scottish descent, after he was impressed by Sean Connery's performance.Scientific innovationsLogarithms: John Napier (1550–1617)[72]Modern Economics founded by Adam Smith (1776) 'The father of modern economics'[73] with the publication of The Wealth of Nations.[74][75]Modern Sociology: Adam Ferguson (1767) ‘The Father of Modern Sociology’ with his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society[76]Hypnotism: James Braid (1795–1860) the Father of Hypnotherapy[77]Tropical medicine: Sir Patrick Manson known as the father of Tropical Medicine[78]Modern Geology: James Hutton ‘The Founder of Modern Geology’[79][80][81]The theory of Uniformitarianism: James Hutton (1788): a fundamental principle of Geology the features of the geologic time takes millions of years.[82]The theory of electromagnetism: James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[83]The discovery of the Composition of Saturn's Rings James Clerk Maxwell (1859): determined the rings of Saturn were composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting the planet. At the time it was generally thought the rings were solid. The Maxwell Ringlet and Maxwell Gap were named in his honor.[84]The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution by James Clerk Maxwell (1860): the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, that speeds of molecules in a gas will change at different temperatures. The original theory first hypothesised by Maxwell and confirmed later in conjunction with Ludwig Boltzmann.[85]Popularising the decimal point: John Napier (1550–1617)[86]The first theory of the Higgs boson by English born [87] Peter Higgs particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh (1964)[88]The Gregorian telescope: James Gregory (1638–1675)[89]The discovery of Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to the Sun, by Robert Innes (1861–1933)[90]One of the earliest measurements of distance to the Alpha Centauri star system, the closest such system outside of the Solar System, by Thomas Henderson (1798–1844)[91]The discovery of Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus, by James Dunlop (1793–1848)[92]The discovery of the Horsehead Nebula in the constellation of Orion, by Williamina Fleming (1857–1911)[93]The world's first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry: James Young (1811–1883)[94]The identification of the minerals yttrialite, thorogummite, aguilarite and nivenite: by William Niven (1889)[95]The concept of latent heat by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)[96]Discovering the properties of Carbon dioxide by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)The concept of Heat capacity by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766–1832)[97]Identifying the nucleus in living cells: Robert Brown (1773–1858)[98]An early form of the Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsay (1799-1862)[99]Colloid chemistry: Thomas Graham (1805–1869)[100]The kelvin SI unit of temperature by Irishman William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)[101]Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds: Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922)[102]Criminal fingerprinting: Henry Faulds (1843–1930)[103]The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)[104]The cloud chamber recording of atoms: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959)[105][106]The discovery of the Wave of Translation, leading to the modern general theory of solitons by John Scott Russell (1808-1882)[107]Statistical graphics: William Playfair founder of the first statistical line charts, bar charts, and pie charts in (1786) and (1801) known as a scientific ‘milestone’ in statistical graphs and data visualization[108][109]The Arithmetic mean density of the Earth: Nevil Maskelyne conducted the Schiehallion experiment conducted at the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion, Perthshire 1774[110]The first isolation of methylated sugars, trimethyl and tetramethyl glucose: James Irvine[111][112]Discovery of the Japp–Klingemann reaction: to synthesize hydrazones from β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) and aryl diazonium salts 1887[113]Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty: John Boyd Orr (1880–1971)[114]Ferrocene synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955[115]The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): Was conducted in The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996 by English scientists Ian Wilmut (born 1944) and Keith Campbell (1954–2012).[116]The seismometer innovations thereof: James David Forbes[117]Metaflex fabric innovations thereof: University of St. Andrews (2010) application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject. Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric.[118]Tractor beam innovations thereof: St. Andrews University (2013) the world's first to succeed in creating a functioning Tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level[119][120]Macaulayite: Dr. Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.[121]Discovery of Catacol whitebeam by Scottish Natural Heritage and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1990s): a rare tree endemic and unique to the Isle of Arran in south west Scotland. The trees were confirmed as a distinct species by DNA testing.[122]The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocating piston meter by Thomas Kennedy Snr.[123]Sports innovationsMain article: Sport in ScotlandScots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:Australian rules football Scots were prominent with many innovations in the early evolution of the game, including the establishment of the Essendon Football Club by the McCracken family from Ayrshire[124][125][126][127][128]several modern athletics events, i.e. shot put[129] and the hammer throw,[129] derive from Highland Games and earlier 12th century Scotland[129]Curling[130]Gaelic handball The modern game of handball is first recorded in Scotland in 1427, when koKing James I an ardent handball player had his men block up a cellar window in his palace courtyard that was interfering with his game.[131]Cycling, invention of the pedal-cycle[132]Golf (see Golf in Scotland)Ice Hockey, invented by the Scots regiments in Atlantic Canada by playing Shinty on frozen lakes.Shinty The history of Shinty as a non-standardised sport pre-dates Scotland the Nation. The rules were standardised in the 19th century by Archibald Chisholm[133]Rugby sevens: Ned Haig and David Sanderson (1883)[134]The Dugout was invented by Aberdeen FC Coach Donald Colmanin the 1920sThe world's first Robot Olympics which took place in Glasgow in 1990.Medical innovationsPioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Firstly in 1842 by Robert Mortimer Glover then extended for use on humans by Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870)[135] Initial use of chloroform in dentistry by Francis Brodie ImlachThe saline drip by Dr Thomas Latta of Leith in 1831/32The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817–1884)[136]Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[137]First diagnostic applications of an ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910–1987)[138]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841): James Braid (1795–1860)[139]Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)[140]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931)[141]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926)[142]Discovery of Staphylococcus: Sir Alexander Ogston (1880)[143]Discovering the Human papillomavirus vaccine Ian Frazer (2006): the second cancer preventing vaccine, and the world's first vaccine designed to prevent a cancer[144]Discovering insulin: John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others[8] The discovery led him to be awarded the 1923 Nobel prize in Medicine.[145]Penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)[7]General anaesthetic - Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[146]The establishment of standardized Ophthalmology University College London: Stewart Duke-Elder a pioneering Ophthalmologist[68]The first hospital Radiation therapy unit John Macintyre (1902): to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and illness at Glasgow Royal Infirmary[147]Pioneering of X-ray cinematography by John Macintyre (1896): the first moving real time X-ray image and the first KUB X-ray diagnostic image of a kidney stone in situ[147][148][149]The Haldane effect a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane (1907)[150]Oxygen Therapy John Scott Haldane (1922): with the publication of ‘The Theraputic Administration of Oxygen Therapy’ beginning the modern era of Oxygen therapy[151]Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[152]Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s[153]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland)[154]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964[155] The discovery revolutionized the medical management of angina[156] and is considered to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century.[157] In 1988 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.Developing modern asthma therapy based both on bronchodilation (salbutamol) and anti-inflammatory steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate) : Sir David Jack in 1972Glasgow coma scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974)[158]Glasgow Outcome Scale Bryan J. Jennett & Sir Michael Bond (1975): is a scale so that patients with brain injuries, such as cerebral traumas[159]Glasgow Anxiety Scale J.Mindham and C.A Espie (2003)[160]Glasgow Depression Scale Fiona Cuthill (2003): the first accurate self-report scale to measure the levels of depression in people with learning disabilities[161]ECG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead. First recording of a human ECG (1869)[162][163]The first Decompression tables John Scott Haldane (1908): to calculate the safe return of deep-sea divers to surface atmospheric pressure[164]Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Strathclyde University (2014) A laser and nanoparticle test to detect Meningitis or multiple pathogenic agents at the same time.[165]Household innovationsThe television: John Logie Baird (1923)The refrigerator: William Cullen (1748)[166]The first electric bread toaster: Alan MacMasters (1893)The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775)[167]The vacuum flask: Sir James Dewar (1847–1932)[168]The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey:[169]John Jameson (Whisky distiller)The piano footpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812)[170]The first automated can-filling machine John West (1809–1888)[171]The waterproof macintosh: Charles Macintosh (1766–1843)[172]The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)[173]Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) - The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee.The modern lawnmower: Alexander Shanks (1801–1845)[174]The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897)[175]The self filling pen: Robert Thomson (1822–1873)[176]Cotton-reel thread: J & J Clark of Paisley[177]Lime cordial: Lauchlan Rose in 1867Bovril beef extract: John Lawson Johnston in 1874[178]The electric clock: Alexander Bain (1840)[179]Chemical Telegraph (Automatic Telegraphy) Alexander Bain (1846) In England Bain's telegraph was used on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company to a limited extent, and in 1850 it was used in America.[180]Barr's Irn Bru, refreshing soft drink produced by Barr's in Cumbernauld Scotland and exported to all around the world, The drink is so widely popular that in Scotland outsells both American colas Coca-Cola and Pepsi. And ranks 3rd most popular drink in the UK with Coca-Cola and Pepsi taking the first two spots.[181]Weapons innovationsThe carronade cannon: Robert Melville (1723–1809)[182]The Ferguson rifle: Patrick Ferguson in 1770 or 1776[183]The Lee bolt system as used in the Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield series rifles: James Paris Lee[184]The Ghillie suit[185]The percussion cap: invented by Scottish Presbyterian clergyman Alexander Forsyth[186]Miscellaneous innovationsBoys' Brigade[187]Bank of England devised by William PatersonBank of France devised by John LawThe industrialisation and modernisation of Japan by Thomas Blake Glover[188]Colour photography: the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[189]Buick Motor Company by David Dunbar Buick[190]New York Herald newspaper by James Gordon Bennett, Sr.[190]Pinkerton National Detective Agency by Allan Pinkerton[190]Forbes magazine by B. C. Forbes[190]The establishment of a standardized botanical institute: Isaac Bayley Balfour major reform, development of botanical science, the concept of garden infrastructure therein improving scientific facilities[191]London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: founded by Sir Patrick Manson in 1899[78]SERIES-B by JAC Vapour - first UK designed and engineered electronic cigarette[192]See alsoList of British innovations and discoveriesList of domesticated Scottish breedsHomecoming Scotland 2009References"BBC - History - James Watt". Retrieved 2008-12-31."BBC - History - Kirkpatrick Macmillan". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Encyclopædia Britannica: John Loudon Mcadam (British inventor)". Retrieved 2010-06-13."Scottish Science Hall of Fame - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)". Retrieved 2010-02-20."BBC - History - John Logie Baird". Retrieved 2008-12-31.The World's First High Definition Colour Television System. McLean, p. 196."Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Nobelprize.org: John Macleod - Biography". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Robert William Thomson, Scotland's forgotten inventor". Retrieved 2010-06-13.Pelfrey, William (2006). Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History. AMACOM. ISBN 978-0-8144-2961-7."Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn". Retrieved 2010-06-14."Falkirk Wheel & Visitor Centre". Retrieved 2015-11-30."SKF Evolution online". Retrieved 2010-06-13."Clydesite Magazine: The Real Inventor of the Patent Slip". Retrieved 2010-06-13.The Edinburgh philosophical journal, Volume 2 Printed for Archibald Constable, 1820"The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Thomas Drummond". Retrieved 2010-06-14.The life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer: With an introductory history of roads and travelling in Great Britain J. 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YeoThe Early history of surgery William John Bishop - 1995Twenty Medical Classics of the Jefferson Era http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/rare_books/classics/#CullenPicture Postcards By C W Hillhttp://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/03/ebookref08032012. Retrieved 2012-04-04.Lyle, T. K.; Miller, S.; Ashton, N. H. (1980). "William Stewart Duke-Elder. 22 April 1898-27 March 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 85. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0003http://www.nationalgalleries.org/visit/about-the-portrait-gallery/Taylor, Miles (2004). "'Bull, John (supp. fl. 1712–)'". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68195.http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304946/John-BullErnest William Hobson. John Napier and the invention of logarithms, 1614. The University Press, 1914.Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. 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I’m not sure when this supposed shock happened. It never happened to me. Joseph Smith’s polygamy was common knowledge at the time of the Reed Smoot hearing in 1904. See Reed Smoot hearings - Wikipedia. I don’t ever remember not knowing about Joseph Smith’s polygamy. My mom was never comfortable about polygamy as I grew up. She was converted to the Church when I was 7 years old. We all knew Brigham Young and the 19th Century leaders practiced polygamy and I always believed Joseph Smith did too. I remember hearing about an angel with a drawn sword at some point but I don’t remember when.Here is a list, put together by Ted Jones, of sources which mentioned that Joseph Smith himself practiced polygamy. He hoped it would refute the claim by critics of the church that the Church was hiding its history. Some of these sources were extremely popular with LDS readers; many were published numerous times. I have edited some of the details he included in his list to make this answer a bit shorter:1884 Eliza R. Snow, Biography of Lorenzo Snow, 69 [Joseph Smith teaches plural marriage to Lorenzo Snow] (1884; and numerous reprints)1902 Improvement Era (October, 1902) http://archive.org/stream/improvementera0512unse#page/988/mode/2up1903 Elder Joseph W. McMurrin, “An Interesting Testimony”, Improvement Era 6. 7 (May 1903): 507-510. https://archive.org/stream/improvementera0607unse#page/506/mode/2up1905 Smith, Joseph Fielding jr. Blood Atonement and the Origin of Plural Marriage. A Discussion. Correspondence between Elder Joseph F. Smith, jr., and Mr. Richard C. Evans [of the RLDS] (Deseret News [1905]. [numerous reprints: 1915; 1929 [Mormon Bibliography, Flake and Draper (2004): volume 2: 292]1909 Joseph Smith, History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, vol. 5, edited by B. H. Roberts (Deseret Book 1909; 1949; 1980): 29-46. [numerous reprints]1919 The Doctrine and Covenants containing revelations given to Joseph Smith, Jr., Revised edition 1962 (1951; 1st published 1919) [1919, 1923, 1927, 1945, 1951, 1960, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978; Kindle versions recently made available] [GospeLink uses 1923 edition] [many editions]1933 John Henry Evans, Joseph Smith an American Prophet (1933 (Macmillan); 1940 (Macmillan); 1960 (Macmillan) 1961 (Amy W. Evans); 1961 (Deseret Book 2010 [gospelink.com 1946 Deseret Book] [Offered for sale, Improvement Era 48. 1 (January 1945): 5; April 1945] [many editions] [Photo page 267, caption reads] Five Plural Wives of Joseph Smith - Left to right, top to bottom:Zina Huntington-Smith, Prescindia Huntington-Smith, Eliza Snow-Smith, Helen Kimball-Smith, Emily Partridge-SmithWilliam E. Berrett. The Restored Church. A Brief History of the Growth and Doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [gospelink.com 1958 edition] 1936; 1947; 1958; 1961; 1964; 1965; 1969; 1973 Deseret Book) (Deseret Book. 1964; 12th edition; 10th edition, revised and Enlarged 1961): 181-3, 185; [1947 edition: 260-4]1938 Life of Joseph F. Smith, Joseph Fielding Smith © 1938 Deseret Book Company, Chapter 291951 John A. Widtsoe, Joseph Smith; Seeker after Truth, Prophet of God (Bookcraft 1951; Collector’s edition 1991; Second Collectors edition 1993; Deseret News Press 1952; 1957; 1993; Kindle 2009) Chapter 38 Plural Marriage: 234-242.1965 Carter, Kate B. compiler. Our Pioneer Heritage volume 8 (1965).Eliza R. Snow as plural wife of Joseph Smith 1331965 Roy W. Doxey, Latter-day Prophets and the Doctrine and Covenants , vol. 4 (Deseret Book 1965): 415-458.Wilford Woodruff: D&C 132. 52I bear record before God, angels and men that Joseph Smith received that revelation, and I bear record that Emma Smith gave her husband in marriage to several women while he was living, some of whom are to-day living in this city, and some may be present in this congregation, and who, if called upon, would confirm my words. But lo and behold, we hear of publication after publication now-a-days, declaring that Joseph Smith had nothing to do with these things. Joseph Smith himself organized every endowment in our Church and revealed the same to the Church, and he lived to receive every key of the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods from the hands of the men who held them while in the flesh, and who hold them in eternity. (JD, May 14, 1882, 23:131.)1973 Hyrum Andrus, Doctrines of the Kingdom (Bookcraft 1973): 450-459.Lucy Walker Smith Kimball being first duly sworn, says:I was a plural wife of the Prophet Joseph Smith and was married for time and eternity in Nauvoo, State of Illinois, on the first day of May, 1843, by Elder William Clayton. The Prophet was then living with his first wife, Emma Smith, and I know that she gave her consent to the marriage of at least four women to her husband as plural wives, and she was well aware that he associated and cohabited with them as wives1977 Francis M. Gibbons. Joseph Smith. Martyr. Prophet of God (Deseret Book 1977): 285-9; 302-10. [additional editions 2009; Chapter 28: The Twelve Return: New Directions and Problems. “In April 1841 the Prophet had married his first plural wife! ,,,” (302-10)1977 Kate B. Carter. Compiler. Our Pioneer Heritage volume 20 (1977).Polygamy 71, 102, 136 (ER Snow Smith), 2781979 Keith and Ann Terry, Emma. The Dramatic Biography of Emma Smith (Santa Barbara, Calif. Butterfly Publishing 1979):Whether or not Emma accepted polygamy, it is a documented fact that her husband practiced that order of marriage, and did so long before the official revelation on the subject was read before the High Council of the Church on July 2, 1843.1979 Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton. The Mormon Experience. A History of the Latter-day Saints (Vintage Books 1979; 1980)“Closely related is the question of when and to what extent was plural marriage practiced during the lifetime of Joseph Smith (a) mentioned polygamy to associates as early as the Kirtland period of the mid-1830s; (b) had himself formed several plural relationships before 1843, when a revelation was announced; (c) had contracted some plural marriages that were platonic ‘eternity only’ relationships; (c) may have sired in polygamy several children whose identities were obscured by their being raised under other surnames (but there is no hard evidence of any children except to his wife Emma); had difficulty persuading Emma, his first wife, that the practice was approved by God…. The number of women so sealed to Joseph Smith is not known” (194-8)1979 Joseph Smith’s Reputation By Dean C. Jessee, Ensign September 1979): 56-61.https://www.lds.org/ensign/1979/09/joseph-smiths-reputation?lang=engOne of the Prophet’s plural wives, having lived three years in his home, reflected late in her life, “I have known of his outgoings, and his incomings, his sorrows and joys, his troubles and afflictions in public and in private. He was one of the noblest of men and those who knew him best, loved him most.” [footnote 14: Emily Dow Partridge Young, Diary, typescript, 27 June 1898, Church Hist. Dept. Archives.]1981 Keith and Ann Terry. Eliza. A Biography of Eliza R. Snow (Santa Barbara, Calif. Butterfly Publishing 1981)She later wrote: ‘Then Prophet Joseph had taught me the principle of plural, or Celestial Marriage, and I was married to him for time and eternity. In consequence of the ignorance of most of the Saints, as well as people of the world, on the subject, it [37] was not mentioned only privately between the few whose minds were enlightened on the subject.’1981 The CES manual for D&C quotes Wilford Woodruff as follows: "I bear record before God, angels and men that Joseph Smith received that revelation, and I bear record that Emma Smith gave her husband in marriage to several women while he was living, some of whom are to-day living in this city, and some may be present in this congregation, and who, if called upon, would confirm my words" (In Journal of Discourses, 23:131). [The Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual (Religion 324-325), 1981, has references to plural marriage on pp. 327, 333-34, 361-363.]1982 Buddy Youngreen. Reflections of Emma (Orem, Utah: Grandin Book Company 1982, 1990, 1994).Emma reconciled, at least partially, to the idea of Joseph’s taking other wives, she swallowed her pride and announced to the prophet, ‘I will give you two wives if you will let me choose them.’ Accordingly, she chose Emily and Eliza Partridge and taught them herself the essential principles of plural marriage. Later she gave Sarah and Maria Lawrence also to the Prophet as plural wives. It was a notable sign of devotion to her husband. (32)1984 Studies in Scripture, Vol. 1: The Doctrine and Covenants by Robert L. Millet, Kent P. Jackson (Sandy, Utah: Randall Book 1984). “In speaking to a gathering of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Plano, Illinois in 1878, Orson Pratt ‘explained the circumstances connected with the coming forth of the revelation on plural marriage. Refuted the statement and belief of those present that Brigham Young was the author of the revelation; showed that Joseph Smith the Prophet had not only commenced the practice of that principle himself, and taught it to others, before President Young and the Twelve had returned from their mission in Europe, in 1841, but that Joseph actually received revelations upon that principle as early as 1831’ [513, citing Millennial Star 40 (1878): 788, cited in Robert Matthews, A Plainer Translation: 258]... “ Helen Mar Whitney, one of Joseph Smith's plural wives, recalled that Joseph "said that the practice of this principle would be the hardest trial the Saints would ever have to test their faith." [Woman’s Exponent 10 (1881): 83].1985 Breck England. The Life and Thought of Orson Pratt (University of Utah Press 1985).“According to Orson’s own account, Joseph Smith had received a revelation as early as 1831 that plural marriage was a correct principle because it added to the posterity, increase, and potential eternal glory [76] of man…. By the time Orson returned from Britain, Joseph Smith had formally taken at least one plural wife, Louisa Beaman. Joseph Bates Noble, her brother-in-law and the man who had performed the ceremony, later wrote that a heavenly messenger had commanded Joseph Smith to live the ‘principle’ The Prophet accordingly married Louisa on April 5, 1841” (75-6)1985 Leonard J. Arrington. Brigham Young. American Moses. A Biography (Knopf 1985).“The second new doctrine or practice was plural marriage. In 1831, while studying the Old Testament with Oliver Cowdery, Joseph Smith became persuaded that plural marriage was a biblical principle and that in restoring all correct ancient practices God required it for the Latter-day Saints. Although there is some evidence that Smith (and possibly Cowdery as well) married plural wives in Kirtland, he unquestionably began to introduce the principle to some associates in the spring of 1841” (chapter 7) “Plural marriage, taught and practiced by Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders at least as far back as 1841, was not publicly announced until August 29, 1852, at a conference in Salt Lake City” (323).1988 Hoyt W. Brewster. Doctrine and Covenants Encyclopedia (1988 Deseret Book Company). SV “Plural Marriage.”1989 The CES manual Church History In the Fulness of Times also states that Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage,:His first recorded plural marriage in Nauvoo was to Louisa Beaman; it was performed by Bishop Joseph B. Noble on 5 April 1841.12 During the next three years Joseph took additional plural wives in accordance with the Lord’s commands.[ See Church History In the Fulness of Times (Religion 341-343), 1989, pp. 256, 424-425, 440-441.]1992 “History of Plural Marriage” By Danel Bachman and Ronald K. Esplin. Encyclopedia of Mormonism, volume 3 (1992). “Evidence for the practice of plural marriage during the 1830s is scant. Only a few knew about the still unwritten revelation, and perhaps the only known plural marriage was that between Joseph Smith and Fanny Alger.... Emma Smith vacillated, one day railing in opposition against it and the next giving her consent for Joseph to be sealed to another wife (see comments by Orson Pratt, JD 13:194).1992 Joseph Smith and the Doctrine and Covenants. Ed. Richard O. Cowan, Milton V. Backman (Deseret Book 1992)According to Joseph F. Smith, "Joseph Smith was commanded to take wives, he hesitated and postponed it, seeing the consequences and the trouble that it would bring and he shrank from the responsibility, but he prayed to the Lord for it to pass as Jesus did, but . . . the Lord had revealed it to him, and said now is the time for it to be practiced but it was not until he had been told he must practice it or be destroyed that he made the attempt—in 1841 he had wives sealed to him—from that time until his death he had wives sealed unto him. Emma, his wife yielded but it was not without considerable argument that she consented and with her own hand gave to Joseph Smith four wives in this new and everlasting covenant their names are Emily and Eliza Partridge and Sarah and Maria Lawrence the latter two being sisters. . . . Soon after the marriage of Joseph to the four ladies mentioned Emma repented of having given them to Joseph and told Joseph that if [he] would not give them up, she would bring him up before the law and became very bitter about this time under this threat and on account of the determined manner of Emma, Joseph went to his brother Hyrum and had a talk with him about it. Hyrum told Joseph if you will write the Revelation [D&C 132] I will take it and go and see Emma for I can convince her that it is true. Joseph smiled at Hyrum saying you do not know Emma as well as I do—but Hyrum said he still had faith that he could do as he said, and to satisfy his brother Hyrum, Joseph caused the Revelation to be written on the 12th July 1843. Joseph with Hyrum went into the office and Joseph commanded Wm. Clayton to write as he should dictate. Joseph was asked by Hyrum to get the Urim and Thummim. Joseph said he knew it from beginning to end, he then dictated it word for word to Wm. Clayton as it is now in the Doctrine and Covenants it was written for this purpose at Hyrum's suggestion, after it was done, Joseph said there that is enough for the present, but I have a great deal more, which would be given hereafter; Hyrum went to Emma and returned without making any impression upon her" (Lyndon W. Cook, ed. Revelations of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Deseret Book 1985), pp. 347-48; citing Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877-88, Church archives).Sunday School D&C manual used in virtually every ward and branch in the Church, we read:In this dispensation, the Lord commanded some of the early Saints to practice plural marriage. The Prophet Joseph Smith and those closest to him, including Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, were challenged by this command, but they obeyed it. Church leaders regulated the practice. [Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual, Lesson 31: “Sealed … for Time and for All Eternity," p.176.]1992 Bruce A. Van Orden Prisoner for Conscience' Sake: The Life of George Reynolds (1992 Deseret Book Company). CHAPTER 7 Chosen as the Polygamy "Test Case": 58ff.1993 William G. Hartley. My Best for the Kingdom. History and Autobiography of John Lowe Butler, A Mormon Frontiersman (Salt Lake City, Utah: Aspen Books 1993).Smith as early as 1831…. At Nauvoo Joseph secretly married several women as plural wives and taught the doctrine to a few trusted colleagues [citing Donna Hill, The First Mormon 339-40]. On July 12, 1843, he dictated a formal revelation authorizing polygamy [D&C 132]. …. When the revelation was presented to the Nauvoo Stake High Council a month later, it astonished and divided the group [Hill, The First Mormon, 345]” (136)1994 The Journals of William E. McLellin. 1831-1836. Edited by Jan Shipps and John W. Welch (BYU Studies and University of Illinois 1994)McLellin said to Joseph Smith III, ‘I do not wish to say hard things to you or your father, but Joseph, if you will only go to your own dear mother, she can tell you that he believed in polygamy and practiced it long before his violent death! That he delivered a revelation sanctioning, relegating and establishing it.” McLellin then begged Joseph, take not your own dear father for a pattern in your religious career. Altho he might have had some good traits, yet in all that constitutes pure God-like goodness he was woefully lacking! If you have determined to be great in the eyes of God, then do carve out your own course, but not pattern after his.’ [note 300]. McLellin was relentless in his disparagement of the Prophet Joseph Smith’s character and of his activities in the period after 1833” (348, citing William McLellin to Joseph Smith III, January 10, 1861)1994 Martha S. Bradley Polygamy, Historical Atlas of Mormonism editors, Richard H. Jackson, Donald Q. Cannon, S. Kent Brown (1994 Deseret Book Company)1995 The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow. Edited by Maureen Ursenbach Beecher (University of Utah Press, 1995). “Eliza R. Snow also had arrived at a position of prominence in Mormon society. In 1842, just before she was married in polygamy to Joseph Smith, the founding prophet of Mormonism,(2). I was sealed to the Prophet, Joseph Smith, for time and eternity, in accordance with the Celestial Law of Marriage which God has revealed (17). “Even when in October 1844 Brigham Young took her as a plural wife, as he did others of Joseph’s widows….” (110).1996 Worth Their Salt. Notable But often Unnoted Women of Utah. Edited by Colleen Whitley (Utah State University 1996):Chapter 1: Donna Toland Smart, “Patty Bartlett Sessions. Pioneer Midwife”, in Worth Their Salt. Notable But Often Unnoted Women of Utah. Edited by Colleen Whitley (Utah State University Press 1996): 1-12“In a sacred ceremony on March 9, 1842, Patty was sealed, as a plural wife, for ‘time and all eternity’ to [Joseph] Smith1996 Todd Compton, “Fanny Alger Smith Custer: Mormonism’s First Plural Wife?”, Journal of Mormon History 22. 1 (1996): 174-206, republished in Todd Compton, In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1999), chap. 21997 Terryl L. Givens. The Viper on the Hearth. Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy (Oxford 1997)“It is not clear when Smith first taught the principle of plural marriage to a small circle of associates. He probably married his first plural wife, Louisa Beaman, in April of 1841, though it is possible that he began the practice in the 1830s [Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy 1986): 7].” (35)http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1092&index=71997 Gordon B. Hinckley, Teachings of Gordon B. Hinckley (1997 Deseret Book Co.): 457Polygamy To many people Mormonism has meant one thing only—polygamy. This has been the subject of lurid tales in all parts of the world. Once such stories were extremely popular. But as the facts have come to be known, such writings have largely disappeared.2000 Scott H. Faulring, “The Return of Oliver Cowdery”, in The Disciple as Witness. Essays on Latter-day Saint History and Doctrine in Honor of Richard Lloyd Anderson. Edited by Stephen D. Ricks, Donald W. Parry, and Andrew H. Hedges (BYU and FARMS 2000): 117-174. In this period, [1830s] Joseph Smith married his first plural wife—‘Fanny Alger (131-2).2002 Gary James Bergera. Conflict in the Quorum. Orson Pratt, Brigham Young, Joseph Smith (Signature Books 2002).“According to John Taylor’s 1881 recital, Orson Pratt’s demotion began thirty-three years earlier in 1842 after Joseph Smith introduced ‘the Celestial Order of Marriage’ to his closest associates [Taylor, Succession in the Priesthood, 18]….[8] During Pratt’s sixteen-month absence from church headquarters, Joseph Smith began taking plural wives as part of the ‘restoration of all things.’ His first recorded plural marriage (‘sealing’) [9] occurred in early April 1843 to twenty-six-year-old Louisa Beaman. By the end of August 1842, Smith had married at least twelve other women ranging in age from seventeen to fifty-three; he was also still married to his first wife, Emma Hale. Eight of his plural wives (nearly two-thirds) had living husbands. A few of the husbands were non-believers or estranged from their spouses, but a majority, according to historian Todd Compton, were faithful Latter-day Saints [/Compton, Sacred Loneliness, 4-7]” (7-9).“[late July 1842]…Smith married, with her parents’ permission, the seventeen-year-old daughter of presiding bishop Newell K. Whitney” (25)“Sometime after 8 August [1842], a still recalcitrant Pratt received a visit from fellow apostles Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George A. Smith. All three knew of Joseph ‘s plural marriages, and Young and Kimball had already joined the ‘patriarchal order’” (26).2007 Terryl L. Givens. People of Paradox. A History of Mormon Culture (Oxford University Press 2007)224 [Joseph Smith’s involvement in polygamy; and Church leadership regarding post-manifesto marriages]2010 Wixom, Hartt. Edward Partridge. The first bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (CFI 2010).[passim, including Joseph Smith practicing: 109-110]2012 Turner, John G. Brigham Young. Pioneer Prophet (Harvard 2012); 88-912014 Jennifer Ann Mackley. Wilford Woodruff’s Witness. The Development of Temple Doctrine (Seattle, Wash.: High Desert Publishing, 2014)319n 254 Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage: Fanny Alger; Louisa Beaman74-83 Joseph Smith taught Twelve about plural marriage; Woodruff’s experience and defense of it; cites Jacob 2224 Woodruff testifies that Joseph was commanded to introduce and practice plural marriage JD 23. 132-3 May 14, 1882248-51 Manifesto327n345 lists those women who were married to Joseph, while married to other men.2015 Terryl L. Givens. Wrestling the Angel. The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity (Oxford University Press: 2015)279-90 [general discussion of its prevalence in LDS thought and practice, beginning with Joseph Smith]“Because plural marriage was never publicly taught (or acknowledged) by Joseph Smith, the origins of the practice and theology behind it are shrouded in darkness. Smith believed God had directed him to initiate the practice…. Helen Mar Whitney, one of his wives, wrote that the doctrine was revealed to him in 1831, and it was a few years thereafter that he entered into relationship with his first alleged plural wife, Fanny Alger (though no record of an actual ritual has appeared)” (280)“Of his thirty or so alleged plural wives, none is known definitely to have borne him a child, though reports existed” (281)The only members that might have been shocked by Joseph Smith’s polygamy were likely those who did not read church manuals or books and articles about early Church history. I don’t think they should blame the Church for their ignorance.