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Here is a timeline of British history covering the 18th century. If you are studying British history this is one century out of the 2,000 years you will need to study.Without being dismissive I am sure you will appreciate that the “troubles” in the Southern Colonies of North America, form only one small part of the history you will need to study, and must be placed into the larger context of World affairs.British History Timeline“September 1715 - February 1716First major 'Jacobite' rising beginsIn September 1715, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, raised the standard for a 'Jacobite' rising, intended to restore the exiled Stuart monarchy to the throne, and proclaimed James Francis Edward Stuart (James II's son) king of Scotland. The Jacobites were defeated by government forces at the battles of Sheriffmuir and Preston in November 1715. Three months later the rebellion had been quashed. The Jacobite leaders were impeached and some were executed.1718British convicts start being transported to penal colonies overseasIn 1718, the Transportation Act introduced penal transportation. People convicted of capital crimes had their sentences 'commuted' to 14 years or life in the Americas. Convicts found guilty of non-capital crimes received seven-year sentences. Between 1718 and 1776, over 50,000 convicts were transported to Virginia and Maryland in the modern United States. The American Revolution made further transportation impossible.October - November 1720'South Sea Bubble' bursts and triggers a financial panicThe South Sea Company was a financial and trading organisation mainly dealing with Spanish America. It received trading rights to the South Seas in return for financing the British government's debt. Shares were issued and unrealistic expectations cultivated. A monopoly of the slave trade was envisaged. When it was discovered that the directors of the profitless company had sold out, it sparked a massive panic and a major financial crash occurred in the City of London. Huge fortunes were lost.April 1721Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first prime ministerIn April 1721, Sir Robert Walpole became first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, in the wake of the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. He confirmed the Whig party's allegiance to the Hanoverian monarchy. He never held the actual title of 'prime minister', but was given the powers that came to be associated with the office. George I also gave him 10 Downing Street, still the official residence of the prime minister.1723Poaching becomes a capital offencePoaching disturbances in Windsor Forest and Park led to clashes between 'blacks' (gangs of bandits and poachers who blackened their faces) hoping to maintain common rights and wardens and gamekeepers. The government issued the Black Act to handle the situation. This made various poaching misdemeanours into capital crimes.11 January 1727George I dies and is succeeded by the second Hanoverian king, George IIThe threat of a Jacobite rebellion (aimed at re-establishing the Stuart dynasty) continued into George II's reign. It continued to be a source of alarm until its final defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. As the country prospered, the king's early unpopularity - partially caused by his preference for Hanover over England - changed into a general respect.March - April 1733Excise crisis shakes Sir Robert Walpole's administrationIn 1733, British prime minister Robert Walpole tried to shift the burden of taxation on imports away from collection at customs. He devised an 'excise' scheme - a system of bonded warehouses for tobacco, wine and brandy, where imported goods could be lodged until the proper duty, or tax, had been paid. The project was abandoned after widespread political opposition.1739Methodist preachers begin their mission to the poorJohn Wesley, George Whitefield and other early adherents to Wesleyan views began preaching in fields. Their aim was to spread the gospels and save souls. They attracted large audiences and many converts to evangelical Christianity. Called 'Methodists' for their focus of rules, this marked the beginning of their mission to the poor.19 October 1739Britain declares war on Spain and the 'War of Jenkins's Ear' beginsBritain declared war on Spain after repeated depredations on British ships by Spanish 'guarda costas'. This was mainly a colonial war in Caribbean waters. It was named after a Captain Robert Jenkins, whose ear had been severed by the Spanish. The War of Jenkins's Ear lasted until 1748, but from 1742 effectively merged into the larger War of the Austrian Succession, which took place from October 1740 until October 1748.1740 - 1744George Anson sails around the worldBetween 1740 and 1744 the British naval commander George Anson sailed around the world in HMS 'Centurion'. Anson returned to England with nearly £500,000 of Spanish treasure. His account of the voyage became a bestseller.11 February 1742Sir Robert Walpole resigns as prime ministerAt the 1741 general election, Sir Robert Walpole's majority in the House of Commons numbered fewer than 20 seats. When parliament reassembled in December 1741, he suffered defeats in seven divisions. On 11 February 1742, Walpole resigned as first lord of the treasury after 21 years in power. Although he had effectively been prime minister, that was never his title. He died in 1745.13 April 1742Handel's 'Messiah' gets its first performance, in DublinGeorge Frideric Handel was one of the foremost baroque composers. Born in Germany, he lived most of his adult life in England and received a number of royal commissions, including 'Water Music' and 'Music for the Royal Fireworks'.27 June 1743George II becomes the last British monarch to lead his army into battleThe Battle of Dettingen, at which the British allies defeated the French, was just one engagement in the War of the Austrian Succession. The war began in 1740, when Prussia invaded the Austrian region of Silesia, but its underlying causes were rival claims for the hereditary lands of the Austrian monarchy, the Habsburgs. Prussia allied with France against Austria, Britain and the Netherlands. The war ended in 1748 with all seized lands returned, except Silesia, which Austria ceded to Prussia.23 July 1745'Bonnie Prince Charlie' lands in Scotland to claim the British throneCharles Edward Stuart, or 'Bonnie Prince Charlie', was the grandson of the deposed James II. He landed at Eriskay, Scotland, and quickly gathered an army, who proclaimed him 'Charles III'. On 21 September, he defeated the government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. He then marched south16 April 1746Jacobites are defeated at Culloden, the last battle on British soilCulloden, the last battle fought on British soil, marked the defeat of the Jacobite revolt of 1745-1746, also known as the '45 Rebellion. Led by 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' - Charles Edward Stuart, the grandson of the deposed king James II - the Jacobites were fighting to restore the exiled Stuarts to the throne. They reached as far south as Derby before being chased back to Scotland, where they were routed by an army under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and second son of George II.1747Liverpool overtakes Bristol as Britain's busiest slave trading portIn the mid-18th century, Liverpool slave ships made around 49 voyages a year against Bristol's average of 20. Bristol had itself overtaken London as the main slave trading port in 1737. Slave ship owners and the owners of Caribbean plantations, most of whom lived in Britain, became very wealthy and influential in government and society.1750Scottish landlords start evicting tenants in the Highland ClearancesFrom the 1750s, landlords in the Scottish Highlands began to forcibly remove tenants from their land, usually to replace them with more profitable sheep farming. The clearances resulted in whole Highland communities leaving Scotland and emigrating, most of them to North America. Many others moved to growing urban industrial centres such as Glasgow. This was part of a broader process of agricultural change in Britain, but in the Highlands it was marked by particular abruptness and brutality.May 1756Seven Years' War between Britain and France beginsThe war between Britain and France that began in May 1756 is arguably the first global war in modern history. Britain and her allies fought France in America, India and Europe. France forged alliances with Austria and Russia against Prussia. In 1762, Spain entered the war on the side of France. Britain emerged from the war victorious in 1763, and under the Treaty of Paris acquired Quebec, Florida, Minorca, large parts of India and the West Indies.23 June 1757Indian province of Bengal passes into British control after the Battle of PlasseyThe Battle of Plassey took place between Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal, and the forces of the British East India Company led by Colonel Robert Clive. The defeat of Daulah, who was backed by the French, led to the entire province of Bengal passing into Company control. This victory, and the enormous wealth of Bengal, are often seen as important factors in establishing eventual British control over all of India.April 1760Tacky leads a slave rebellion in JamaicaTacky's Revolt was the largest of many slave uprisings in the British West Indies in the 18th century, caused by the dreadful conditions enslaved people had to endure on the sugar plantations. Hundreds of slaves attacked plantations, killing about 60 whites and setting crops and sugar works alight. Tacky was captured and beheaded, and 400 other rebels died or were executed, but skirmishes continued for many months.25 October 1760George III succeeds his grandfather George IIGeorge III was the first of the Hanoverian kings to be born and brought up in Britain. He was nicknamed 'Farmer George' because of his passion for agriculture. During his reign, Britain lost its American colonies but emerged as a leading European power. From 1788, George suffered recurrent mental illness and in 1811 his son was appointed regent.April 1763Radical journalist John Wilkes is arrested for criticising the kingJohn Wilkes, a member of parliament and journalist, was charged with seditious libel for criticism of George III his paper 'The North Briton'. He was released and for the next 15 years campaigned for parliamentary reform. He was frequently in trouble with the authorities, and was expelled from the Commons a number of times, only to be re-elected. After his arrest in 1768, seven were killed in the 'Massacre of St George's Fields' when a crowd demanding his release was fired on by troops.March 1765Riots erupt in American colonies after parliament levies 'stamp' taxesIn 1765, British Prime Minister George Grenville's administration passed the Stamp Act to raise extra taxes from the North American colonists. The money was intended to pay for the colonists' own military defence against possible future French incursions. Stamp duties were levied on newspapers and legal documents. Six of the 13 American colonies petitioned against the act and riots broke out. The Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766.June 1767American colonists are taxed on importsIn 1767, Charles Townshend, the chancellor of the exchequer, drew up legislation to raise taxes from North American colonists on selected imports, including glass, paint, lead and tea. As with the repealed Stamp Act of 1765, the intention was to make colonists contribute towards their own defence against French incursions. Colonial protests led to the Revenue Act being repealed in 1770, except for the duty on imported tea.1768 - 1771Captain James Cook leads his first expedition to the PacificIn 1768, James Cook led an expedition on HMS 'Endeavour' to observe the astrological phenomenon of the transit of Venus from Tahiti. The voyage continued into the South Pacific Ocean, where Cook circumnavigated New Zealand and charted the east coast of Australia. His team of botanists and scientists brought back to England many important specimens and much scientific information. Cook made two further Pacific voyages. He was killed on the second of these in 1779 by warriors in Hawaii.January 1770Lord North becomes prime ministerFrederick, Lord North (an honorary title), became prime minister at the end of a decade that had seen six administrations come and go. George III hoped that his friend North could provide political stability. Lord North remained prime minister until 1782.1771'Factory Age' begins with the opening of Britain's first cotton millThe weaving of cotton cloth had become a major industry by the 1760s, with most of the labour being done by people in their homes. In 1771, inventor Richard Arkwright opened the first cotton mill at Cromford, Derbyshire. The spinning of yarn was carried out by his own patented machine, known as a water frame. This was a significant step towards the automation of labour-intensive industries and heralded the beginning of the 'Factory Age' in Britain.12 June 1772Slavery is effectively outlawed in EnglandWhen the enslaved James Somerset escaped from his owner in London, he was captured and forced on to a ship bound for Jamaica. With the help of abolitionist Granville Sharpe, Somerset's case was taken to court and Lord William Mansfield, the lord chief justice, ruled that Somerset should be freed. This was widely, and mistakenly, believed to mean that slavery was outlawed in England. Slave owners continued to capture their runaway slaves and take them back to the Caribbean, but the case marked a milestone in the struggle to abolish slavery.16 December 1773'Boston Tea Party' heightens tensions in North American coloniesIn 1770, taxes on imports to the American Colonies had been repealed on all goods except tea. In 1773, colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped chests of tea from East India Company vessels into Boston harbour in protest against this remaining levy. Political tensions between the American colonists and the British government escalated as a result.1774Methodist John Wesley publishes 'Thoughts Upon Slavery'John Wesley, founder of the Methodist church, was a lifelong opponent of slavery. In 1774 he published a pamphlet entitled 'Thoughts Upon Slavery', which examined how Africans were captured and transported, and proposed legal and moral arguments against slavery and the slave trade. In 1788, at considerable personal risk, he preached a sermon against slavery in Bristol, one of the leading slave trading ports. Nonconformists, particularly Quakers, were very active in the abolition movement, and included other well known individuals such as Joseph Priestley and Josiah Wedgwood.18 April 1775American War of Independence beginsOn 18 April 1775, a skirmish between British redcoats and the local militia at Lexington, Massachusetts, led to the fighting that began the American War of Independence. No one knows which side fired the first 'shot heard around the world'. About 15 months after the outbreak of war, colonial leader Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, which argued that the goals of the United States of America were 'life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness'. In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war.1779Penitentiary Act authorises state prisonsAn investigation into the state of English and Welsh prisons in the mid-1770s by penal reformer John Howard revealed the dreadful conditions, inadequate diet and corrupt administration of many jails. The Penitentiary Act was introduced with the intention of remedying the situation. This was the first British law to authorise state prisons.2 - 11 June 1780'Gordon Riots' break out in protest against the Catholic Relief ActIn 1778, parliament passed the Catholic Relief Act, which removed many of the traditional restrictions on Catholics in Britain. George Gordon, leader of the Protestant Association, was leading a huge crowd to parliament with a petition calling for repeal of the act when anti-Catholic violence erupted. The ensuing orgy of property destruction and disorder lasted a week. Hundreds died in fighting between protestors and troops. These were amongst the worst riots in English history.19 October 1781Americans defeat the British army at Yorktown, VirginiaBritish forces were besieged on the Yorktown peninsula, Virginia, by the American continental army in the west and the French fleet closing on Chesapeake Bay. Left in a hopeless situation, General Charles Cornwallis surrendered to American general George Washington, effectively ending the American War of Independence. The victory demonstrated beyond doubt that Britain could not hope to win a war so far from its own shores. The British government was forced into negotiations to end the conflict.29 November 1781133 Africans are thrown overboard the slave ship 'Zong'During a voyage from Africa to Jamaica, the captain of the slave ship 'Zong' ordered 133 slaves to be thrown overboard alive. The ship's owners then filed a fraudulent insurance claim for the value of the dead slaves. In March 1783 the case was heard in London as an insurance dispute rather than a murder trial. The case was widely publicised by outraged abolitionists, particularly Olaudah Equiano and Granville Sharp, and helped to attract new supporters to the abolition cause.1783Britain begins to evacuate loyalists from American coloniesWhen it became evident that the American colonists were winning their war of independence, those who had fought for the British faced an uncertain future. These included former slaves who had fought on the understanding that they would gain their freedom at the end of the conflict. Around 75,000 loyalists decided to leave, most of them going to the British North American colonies in what is now Canada, others to the West Indies and some to Britain. In 1792, more than 1,100 freed slaves and their families who had gone to Nova Scotia left Canada to settle in Sierra Leone, West Africa.December 1783William Pitt the Younger becomes prime ministerAfter three brief ministries had failed, the William Pitt the Younger became Britain's prime minister at the age of 23. (His father, William Pitt the Elder had held the office twice, in the 1750-1760s). His critics said that the nation had been 'entrusted to a schoolboy's care'. He successfully curbed the national debt, fought revolutionary France, restructured the government of India and passed the Act of Union with Ireland in 1801. Exhausted and in poor health, he died in 1806.13 May 1787First fleet of convicts sails to AustraliaSince 1718, Britain had transported convicts to its North American colonies, until this was ended by the American War of Independence. On 13 May 1787, penal transportation resumed with a fleet of convict ships setting out from Portsmouth for Botany Bay. This marked the beginning of transportation to Australia. Between 1787 and 1868, when transportation was abolished, over 150,000 felons were exiled to New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia.22 May 1787Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is formedThe committee was formed by 12 men, the majority of them Quakers. The two non-Quakers, Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson, devoted their lives to the cause of abolishing slavery. These men provided MP William Wilberforce with material to assist his parliamentary efforts to abolish the slave trade. They wrote books and pamphlets and produced prints and posters to publicise the cause. Clarkson travelled tirelessly through England, organising local abolition committees, rallies and petitions and collecting information on slavery from sailors and others who had been involved in the slave trade.1788Under pressure from abolitionists, parliament investigates the slave tradePressure from abolitionists and detailed information gathered on the transatlantic slave trade resulted in the first parliamentary investigation of the trade. Abolitionist Thomas Clarkson led the fact-finding mission, while member of parliament William Wilberforce became the parliamentary spokesman. There was mass public support for the abolition of the slave trade - in 1788 alone, 103 pro-abolition petitions were sent to Parliament, signed by between 60,000 and 100,000 people.1 January 1788First edition of 'The Times' of London is publishedOriginally founded in 1785 as the 'Daily Universal Register', the publication was re-named 'The Times' three years later. It is Britain's oldest surviving newspaper with continuous daily publication, and for much of its history has been regarded as the newspaper of record. Newspapers have been published in Britain since the early 16th century, but it was not until the early 18th century that regular daily newspapers were produced.November 1788 - February 1789George III's illness sparks a regency crisisGeorge III probably suffered from porphyria, a rare hereditary disease marked by severe attacks of pain and mental instability. For four months in 1788-1789 he was incapacitated by his illness, raising the possibility a 'regent' having to rule on his behalf. This regency crisis was averted by the George's sudden recovery.14 July 1789French Revolution begins with the storming of the BastilleThe storming of the Bastille prison in Paris is generally held to mark the beginning of the French Revolution. This was a world-shattering event, in which the French monarchy was overthrown, the king, Louis XVI, executed and a republic established. It stimulated political debate in Britain between British Jacobins (pro-revolutionaries, named after the Jacobin Club in Paris), some of whom were republicans, and loyalists, who stressed the virtues of the existing British constitution.19 April 1791Parliament rejects William Wilberforce's bill to abolish the slave tradeMP William Wilberforce introduced a bill to abolish the slave trade in May 1789. The bill was stalled and eventually consideration of the question was moved to a select committee. A general election again delayed progress and when the bill eventually came to a vote, it was passed by the Commons but defeated by the Lords. Between 1792 and 1806 a number of further unsuccessful attempts were made to enact parliamentary legislation which would either control or abolish the slave trade.1792 - 1794Radical artisans form the London Corresponding SocietyThe spirit of 'liberty, equality and fraternity' that stemmed from the French Revolution of 1789 had inspired the establishment of radical societies in Britain. In January 1792, the 'London Corresponding Society', the most prominent of these organisations, was formed under the leadership of Thomas Hardy, a Scottish shoemaker. The LCS debated the need for parliamentary reform. It advocated universal male suffrage, a secret ballot and annual parliaments. The government banned the LCS in 1794.7 March 1792Sierra Leone is established under British rule as a home for former slavesA British settlement had been established in the area of West Africa now known as Sierra Leone in 1787, but the community was almost entirely wiped out due to failed crops and disease. In 1792 a group of 1,100 people left Nova Scotia to establish a community of free black people in Sierra Leone. Many of these settlers were black men and women who had fought for the British in the American War of Independence.1 February 1793Britain goes to war with FranceThe French had been at war in Europe since 1792, but it was not until the execution of Louis XVI, king of France, that Britain joined the anti-French coalition. In 1805, Britain attained complete mastery of the seas at the Battle of Trafalgar, but by 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte, the emperor of France, was master of continental Europe. War continued until the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.1793British troops attempt to suppress Toussaint L'Ouverture's rebellion in HaitiSt Domingue had the largest slave population and was the wealthiest colony in the Caribbean. When a slave rebellion broke out, panic spread among slave owners all over the region. British troops were ordered to invade St Domingue, but disease and Toussaint L'Ouverture's irregular army forced them to withdraw. In 1802 Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion. Toussaint was captured and imprisoned in France, where he died, but his army triumphed and on 1 January 1804 declared the Republic of Haiti.April - June 1797Naval mutinies occur at Spithead and the NoreTwo mutinies broke out in the Royal Navy after clashes between seamen and officers over pay and conditions. There were fears in that such disturbances might be the trigger for a French-style revolution. The Spithead mutiny (near Portsmouth) ended in a royal pardon for the crew. At the Nore (on the Thames Estuary), the mutiny was starved out and one of the ringleaders, Richard Parker, was hanged. Mutinies occurred in several European navies in the 1790s.26 May 1798Society of United Irishmen rebel against British rule in IrelandIn 1798, Wolfe Tone, a Protestant lawyer, led the Society of United Irishmen in a rebellion against British rule in Ireland. The SUI recruited supporters among Catholics and Presbyterians, but was beset by internal divisions. After failing to secure French assistance, the rebellion was ruthlessly crushed by British forces. It effectively ended with the capture of Tone in October of the same year. He was sentenced to hang, but took his own life first.1799 - 1800Trade unions are outlawedWilliam Pitt the Younger's government passed two acts making it illegal for working men to form combinations in which their political rights were discussed. They were among several repressive measures designed to stifle any catalysts for a French-style revolution in Britain. The Combination Acts were repealed in 1824 and 1825.1 January 1801Act of Union creates the United KingdomGreat Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland were formally joined under the Act of Union to create the United Kingdom in 1801. The Irish parliament in Dublin was dissolved. Despite the Union, Catholics were still unable to vote at general elections or to hold parliamentary and most public offices.”

Slavery still exists in the US in the 2010s.Slaves today are cheap. In 1850, a slave in the American South cost $40,000 (in today’s money). Today, a slave costs $90 on average worldwide.Modern slaves are not considered investments worth maintaining. In the 19th century it was difficult to capture slaves and transport them to the United States. But today, when someone in slavery gets sick or injured, they are simply dumped or killed.I first heard about 1970s US slavery just after college in a late-1980s 4-part expose in the Washington Post - by a brave author who learned about the situation even though relatives would not tell him what they were hiding.Unfortunately the situation is/was much worse than what that one expose described, and there is lot more information on the 2016 internet (30 years later).Excerpts from 5 links:(1) Neo-slavery in the American SouthMs. Harrell, a genealogist, became aware of modern manifestations of slavery while exploring the issue of reparations. Based on conversations with workers, Ms. Harrell says she found many did not know they could actually leave.Ms. Harrell is unsure of how many people may be in this condition inside the United States. She has been able to access these areas by networking, researching plantation histories and locations and through the story of Mae Miller.Ms. Miller, whose life as a modern slave in Mississippi and Louisiana has been documented, escaped captivity in 1961.The problem exists today, she declares. Ms. Miller, who says she was raped by a slave master beginning at age five, told The Final Call her family and others who moved from one plantation to another where they worked and were kept in horrible conditions and weren't regularly fed. We were beaten and barely fed table scraps, she recalls.Ms. Miller says she didn't realize she had been kept illegally as a slave until 2001. She recalls that her father, her mother, her siblings, her grandfather were with her. She says she didn't know anything about other family members or what was happening in the outside world.Ms. Miller says she knows people that are still on these plantations—and who still live under the fear and conditions that she suffered from. Her story was told in 2007 in People magazine, as well on ABC Nightline and CNN. She declines to talk about her family's experience—it brings up painful memories loved ones would like to forget. Her family's plight was called peonage in the People article.----“There is real slavery in the fields of Florida. This is not about lousy jobs, but violent control, vicious exploitation, and the potential for serious harm and even death,” adds Dr. Kevin Bales, of Free the Slaves, an international organization.The coalition is kicking off a July 25-Aug. 14 tour of its Modern-Day Slavery Museum, which will visit the northeast. The exhibit consists of a cargo truck designed as a replica of trucks involved in a 2008 slave operation in Florida.Dozens of farm workers from Mexico and Guatemala were kept in trucks and shacks, beaten, forced to pay for food and showers, and plied with alcohol. Some of victims suffered in bondage for years and were forced to work fields in Florida and other locations in North Carolina and South Carolina.Since 1997, the coalition says it has helped the Justice Dept. prosecute seven farm slavery operations and helped free over 1,000 people.The sixteen states that Ms. Harrell's research has shown were once involved in post-Emancipation slavery included Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas, Florida, Alabama, Missouri, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Arizona, New York, Illinois and Georgia. Today the problem exists in Louisiana and Mississippi, she says.“The documents are there from the slave holders; companies that insured our family members, our ancestors and once you start to look into records, you find something a little bit deeper,” Ms. Harrell says.She says she met people in St. Johns and St. Charles parish in Louisiana who were on sugar cane plantations well into the 1960s and 1970s.According to Ms. Harrell, letters appealing for investigations into the claims, filed at the National Archives expose that no fewer than three U.S. presidents knew of post-Emancipation slavery during their terms—Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Franklin D. Roosevelt.Digging through U.S. Department of Justice records in Washington, D.C., Dr. Walters, who is also director of the African American Leadership Institute at the University of Maryland, found the extent to which the federal government was aware of post-Emancipation slavery and its challenges with addressing the problem.Glendora, Miss., Mayor Johnny Thomas agrees bogus debt schemes like peonage and sharecropping were used to exploit Black people well into the 20th century. This was his experience growing up as a sharecropper in the late 1950s.“It's pre-meditated,” Mayor Thomas explains. “You were kept indebted to the point where you couldn't leave.” In these cases the plantation owner pays the debt, then the “debtor” and—in most instances—his entire family work the plantation to repay the money. Only the debt is never caught up.(2) The Last Slaves of Mississippi? – Vol. 67 No. 12By the 1940s, according to records in the National Archives, only rare cases of long-term peonage survived, mostly in rural areas and small towns. That places the Wall family—who say they lived in drafty shacks with grass-filled pallets for beds on white-owned farms until 1961—among a tiny minority.The family’s story might not be known at all if it weren’t for the work of a New Jersey lawyer, Deadria Farmer-Paellmann. In 2001 she began a national effort to claim reparations from corporations that long ago profited from slavery. She scoured the country for descendants of slaves and learned about the Wall family from Louisiana genealogist Antoinette Harrell.Farmer-Paellmann still marvels that the end of slavery had made no practical difference in their lives, even after the advent of TV and jet travel. “They didn’t know blacks were free, that’s what’s so incredible about their story,” says Farmer-Paellmann. “They thought freedom was for whites only.”Mostly out of fear, but also of shame, Mae Miller says she never breathed a word of her family’s history, even to her own children, until 2001.Mae’s father, Cain Wall Sr., she says, was born into peonage in St. Helena Parish, La. Census records place the date around 1902, though the family says he is even older. Now in frail health and bed-bound, he married when he was 17 (his wife died in 1984) and by the mid-1930s, the family says, was living across the Mississippi border in Gillsburg, working the fields for white families who lived near each other or attended the same church—the Walls (a common name in the region), the McDaniels and, mostly, the Gordons.While blacks in nearby towns like Liberty, Miss., attended school, owned businesses and protested Jim Crow laws that denied them civil rights, life in the countryside was a very different matter.The Walls had no electricity, phone or radio. Trips to town, to visit relatives, even to church, were forbidden. Once during World War II, according to the family, Cain Sr. escaped from the Gordon farm. Within two hours he was picked up by two white men; they said they were taking him to a military recruiting station in Jackson, but immediately returned him to the farm.(3) History of unfree labor in the United States - WikipediaAt least three U.S. presidents knew of post-Emancipation slavery during their terms—Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Franklin D. Roosevelt.Supreme Court heard peonage cases in Bailey v. Alabama (1911) and United States v. Reynolds (1914).The New Peonage - Wash. & Lee Law Review 1595 (2015)http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4476&context=wlulrAlthough the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in 1865, the text created an exception for the punishment of crimes “whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”Two years later, Congress passed The Anti-Peonage Act in an attempt to prohibit the practice of coerced labor for debt. Yet, in the wake of the Civil War, Southern states innovated ways to impose peonage but avoid violations of the law, including criminal surety statutes that allowed employers to pay the court fines for indigent misdemeanants charged with minor offenses in exchange for a commitment to work. Surplus from these payments padded public coffers (as well as the pockets of court officials), and when workers’ debt records were subsequently “lost” or there was an allegation of breach, surety contracts were extended, and workers became further indebted to local planters and merchants.Several decades later in Bailey v. Alabama (1911) and United States v. Reynolds (1914), the Supreme Court invalidated laws criminalizing simple contractual breaches, which Southern states had used to skirt the general provisions of the Anti-Peonage Act. Yet, these decisions ultimately had little impact on the “ever-turning wheel of servitude,” and the practice persisted under alternative forms until after World War II.——-(4) http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4476&context=wlulrThe New Peonage - Wash. & Lee Law Review 1595 (2015).This Article is the first to analyze the ways in which the contemporary justice tax has the same societal impact as post-Civil War peonage: Both function to maintain an economic caste system.This article posits that the reconfiguration of the South’s judicial system after the Civil War, which entrapped blacks in a perpetual cycle of coerced labor, has direct parallels to the two-tiered system of justice that exists in our juvenile and criminal courtrooms of today. Across the United States, even seemingly minor criminal charges trigger an array of fees, court costs, and assessments that can create insurmountable debt burdens for already struggling families.Likewise, parents who fall behind on their child support payments face the risk of incarceration, and upon release from jail, they must pay off the arrears that accrued, which hinders the process of reentry.Compounding such scenarios, criminal justice debt can lead to driver’s license suspension, bank account or wage garnishment, extended supervision until debts are paid, additional court appearances or warrants related to debt collection and nonpayment, and extra fines and interest for late payment.When low-income parents face such collateral consequences, the very act of meeting the most basic physical and emotional needs of their children becomes a formidable challenge, the failure of which can trigger the intervention of Child Protective Services, potential neglect allegations, and further court hearings and fees.For youth in the juvenile court system, mandatory fees impose a burden that increases the risk of recidivism.In short, for families caught within the state’s debt-enforcement regime, the threat of punishment is an ever-present specter, and incarceration always looms.Ironically, rather than having court fees serve as a straightforward revenue source for the state, this hidden regressive tax requires an extensive infrastructure to turn court and correctional officials into collection agents, burdening the system and interfering with the proper administration of justice.Moreover, states frequently divert court fees and assessments to projects that have little connection to the judicial system.(5) Free the Slaves (Organization)I'm glad "Free the Slaves" exists now. Since 1997, it has helped the Justice Dept. prosecute seven farm slavery operations and helped free over 1,000 people.----World-wide slavery today:Slaves today are cheaper than ever. In 1850, an average slave in the American South cost the equivalent of $40,000 in today’s money. Today a slave costs about $90 on average worldwide.Modern slaves are not considered investments worth maintaining. In the 19th century it was difficult to capture slaves and transport them to the United States. But today, when someone in slavery gets sick or injured, they are simply dumped or killed.Researchers estimate that 21 million are enslaved worldwide, generating $150 billion each year in illicit profits for traffickers.Labor Slavery. About 78 percent toil in forced labor slavery in industries where manual labor is needed—such as farming, ranching, logging, mining, fishing, and brick making—and in service industries working as dish washers, janitors, gardeners, and maids.Sex Slavery. About 22 percent are trapped in forced prostitution sex slavery.Child Slavery. About 26 percent of today’s slaves are children.

This is a super long answer that will take you on a photo tour of history.1.Charming Einstein. CNN article, Einstein and sandals.2.In 1974, a child who first heard a sound with a hearing aid.3.In 1920, U.S. border inspectors stopped refugees from fleeing to Mexico.4.On Sweden's first day of changing traffic rules to right in 1967, all drivers were at a loss what to drive.5.In 1920, a tramp asked King George V of England for money.6.Slimming machines in the 1930s in the United States.7.In 1956, 3.75MB hard disk was removed from Pan Am aircraft.8.In 1955, a father prepared a surprise for the child.9.Austrian children receiving new shoes during World War II.10.One of the earliest photos of the Sphinx in Egypt, taken in 1880.11.In 1944, 18-year-old Norma Jane Mortensen worked in a California factory. Later, she changed her name to "Marilyn Monroe".12.In 1979, Obama took photos with other basketball team members at his alma mater.13.In 1969, Hillary Rodham, who had just graduated from college, changed her name to Hillary Clinton after she got married.14.1958: Elvis Presley in the army.15.In 1944, British distilleries used fighter planes to transport barreled beer to officers and soldiers on the front line.16.In 1975, Vietnam War Orphans were shipped to Los Angeles.17.In 1998, Sudan's civil war killed at least 100 people a day. In MSF's camp, the scrawny boy lines up to get his food, but at this moment is snatched by another man, then strides away…18.In 1932, construction workers rested on steel beams during construction of RCA buildings in New York City.At that time, in the era of the great depression, the unemployment rate was very high, many college students became construction workers, and even six Harvard graduates interviewed for an elevator operator position.19.Hitchcock served tea for the MGM lion. Yes, the one who often appeared at the beginning of a movie.20.On June 17, 1991, a small truck fled from the foot of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. This is the second largest eruption in the 20th century.21.Soldiers share bananas with lambs during the war, 194422.Tomb of women and husbands of different religions, 1888.23.French little girl kisses American soldiers on Valentine's day, 1945.24.In 1992, Michael vs. Michael. Michael Jordan and Michael Jackson.25.In 1990, Michael Jackson was invited to attend an opening ceremony. The owner who invited him became president of the United States 26 years later. His name is Donald Trump.26.In 1955, customers at the London record store auditioned for records in a soundproof room.27.In 1911, the diving suit developed weighed 250 kg, which was the ancestor of diving suit later.28.In 1994, Bill Gates sat on 330000 pieces of paper with a CD in his hand and told the world:The CD can record more than 330000 pieces of paper.29.Little girl with penguin in zoo, 1937.30.Blind women swimming with guide dogs, 196631.Black kitten waiting for milk, 195432.In 1964, a hotel owner poured sulfuric acid into a swimming pool because he could not tolerate black people swimming in a "clean" pool.33.The last kiss of World War II soldiers before going to sea.34.In 1956, Grace Kelly and Audrey Hepburn were backstage at the Oscars.35.In September 1960, Chiang Kai Shek, who had always been serious in front of the media, put out his tongue to make a face.36.Courts of the Qing Dynasty in China.37.In 1923, the British tested the new bulletproof vest.38.In 1958, elephants were surfing.39.Nuns and children dancing.40.On May 29, 1974, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai finally shook hands and said goodbye, and Zhou was admitted to the hospital that night.41.A group photo of Mei Lanfang, a master of art in the East, and Chaplin, a master of art in the West.42.In the winter of the late Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi enjoyed the snow.43.Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, was being renovated at the Fushun war criminals Management Institute and was sewing his own clothes.44.Girls on the streets of Kabul, Afghanistan in the 1970s45.During the cold war, a West Berlin man kicked the East Berlin police46.The statue of liberty in 1970s47.Former US President Ford, playing traditional games with Japanese Geisha in Tokyo.48.A soldiers of the Royal Guard fainted during a review by Queen Elizabeth II.49.Princess Elizabeth, who served in the army in World War II, later the queen of England.50.The imperial garden of the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century -- Yuanmingyuan.It will soon be destroyed by the British and French invaders.51.In 1944, in order to prevent Hitler from running away in disguise, the Allied forces released this set of pictures of "Hitler's possible disguise".52.Iran, 1960, women in fashion. It's very different from today.53.In 1960, ruby bridges was the first African American to enter a white primary school in the south of the United States.54.In 1947, the 23-year-old woman jumped from the 86th floor of the Empire State Building and smashed into the roof of a car on the street. Strangely, she didn't suffer too much shock. Her death was quiet and elegant, just like sleeping.55.In 1952, the paramount theater in Hollywood, the first color 3D film in history, Bwana devil.56.It was on April 18, 1955, when Einstein left the office with the table set, he died that night.57.In the early 1990s, when AIDS was spreading, a father was comforting his dying son in his hospital bed. The photo, published in the November issue of life in 1990, is widely believed to have changed public awareness of AIDS.58.In Arlington, Texas, in 1991, then President H.W. Bush kicked off for major league baseball.59.In 1963, Arnold Schwarzenegger was in his first bodybuilding competition when he was just 16 years old.60.In 1945, after the capture of Berlin, a Soviet soldier held a statue of Hitler.61.During the first World War, a British photographer shot a trench battle. What was on the night sky was not fireworks, but the light track formed by the mutual firing of mortars.62.Anthony Biddle, a famous Colonel, is a master of unarmed combat. In this picture, he ordered his trainees to stab him with bayonets, but they never did, because he was able to disarm them by himself.63.Many people forget the impact of war on nature and human beings. In this photo, a Russian Reindeer is watching as Hurricane fighters bombard a hillside in Murmansk.64.A group photo of the legendary fighter Ali and the Beatles.65.This photo was taken by Fortune magazine in 1981 and is being discussed by two technology leaders. What are they talking about? Maybe it's the future of technology.66.Titanic before sinking, 705th survivor photographed by RMS Carpathia photographer on board.67.Mark Zuckerberg started Facebook in his dorm when he was a sophomore at Harvard. He looks like he's drunk, and no one knows that the social software will bring him tens of billions of dollars.68.The picture of 1862 shows for the first time the actual operation of the metro train at edgewell Road Station in London. It is only composed of wooden train carriages.69.Stalin made funny moves between the documentary.70.American astronaut Buzz Aldrin may not be the first man to land on the moon, but he is the best self portrait ever taken. Completed the selfie at the Gemini space ship in 1966.Although the length of this answer will be too long, I will continue to add some historical photos, you can choose to continue reading~71.Dubai 22 years transformation.72.1912, test football helmets.73.In 1940, after the London air raid, a young man read in the ruins, the title of the book is "the history of London". Churchill and Rufus were in chatterwell in 1950.74.On August 23, 1989, two million Lithuanians,Latvians and Estonians joined hands to form an adult wall to protest peacefully against Soviet rule.75.1981 LEGO ad.76.In 1965, Hawking married Jane Wilde.76.In 1885, the statue of Liberty was completed in Paris.77.In 1961, Fritz, a TV star bulldog.78.On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. made a speech on "I have a dream". it looked at the Washington Monument from the Lincoln Memorial.79.The B-29 bomber flew over Mount Fuji.80.The 14-year-old signed for Manchester United.81.In the 1960s, London, the classic red double decker bus, the little boy crossing the street and his "mini double decker bus".82.In November 1963, de Gaulle attended Kennedy's funeral.83.In 1966, George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the US Nazi party, gave a speech in Lafite square near the White House to support the US Army in Vietnam.84.In 1946, the cemetery of Henry chapel in Belgium, where 7992 American soldiers died in World War II were buried.85.In 1968, IGBO soldiers in Nigeria's civil war.86.On May 1, 1919, Lenin gave a speech on International Labor Day in red square.87.In 1918, in front of Grand Central Station in New York, a pyramid was made of helmets of German soldiers.88.In 1965, the man skated in New York Central Park.89.In 1948, the redecorated White House.90.In 1942, the Ukrainian city of Kerch was slaughtered by the Nazis.91.In 1972, Americans were in Vietnam.92.On April 29, 1945, American soldiers found a boxcar full of corpses in DAHAO concentration camp.93.In 1970, old Truman was in his hometown,independence city.94.When Nixon visited China in 1972, he was thinking about how to use chopsticks.95.On September 12, 1953, the Kennedy couple married.96.In 1957, in Berkshire, Elizabeth II drove by herself, carrying Prince Charles and Princess Anne on the road.97.In 1960, the Sydney Opera House was under construction.98.In 1965, the pageos balloon satellite was tested in a airship hangar in North Carolina. It looks like an alien spaceship or a product of the future, with a strong sense of technology.99.In 1971, the men of the Corleone family.The welcome of this answer surprised me!At the same time, a photo causes controversy, and I will replace it.The choice of these photos is random. You can see that they can be "big" or "small". You may find that a picture of a person who influences the world is a life scene. This is what I think of as history - these people, regardless of their influence, are part of history. They will all live in the memory of some people.I am willing to share those most precious memories, and I choose to continue this answer and finally complete it.100.The little actors in the movie Harry Potter, Emma and Rupert.101.The Empire State Building after it was hit by B-25 on July 28, 1945.102.Theodore Roosevelt, the US president who took part in boxing at Harvard.103.In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution.104.In 1992, when the "Rodney king" uprising in Losangeles, South Koreans were defending their homes.105.In 1944, the Royal Albert Hall in London, "a salute to the Red Army".106.Goering in the Nuremberg trial.107.Halloween, 1925.108.In September 1997, outside Kensington Palace, people gave flowers to Princess Diana.109.John browning and his m1917 water-cooled machine gun.110.Kennedy and Johnson were at Cape Canaveral Air Base during the Cuban missile crisis.111.In the spring of Prague in 1968, Soviet tanks entered Czechoslovakia.112.Fidel Castro and the world's first astronaut Yuri Gagarin warmly embraced.113.Castro laid a wreath for Lincoln in Washington.114.In 1980, Spielberg examined the model at the scene of the shooting of "the Raider.".115.Star Wars, Millennium Falcon cockpit.116.Hitler examined the 800mm Gustav super heavy rail gun.117.On the wedding day of Joseph Goebbels, Hitler was his best man. Hitler walked behind the bride and groom in his coat and hat.118.The first picture in space, 1946 after World War II, was taken by some soldiers and scientists with a German V2 rocket equipped with a camera.119.Henry Ford.(Ford founder), Edison(phonograph, camera, light bulb inventor), Warren Harding(29th president of the United States) and Harvey Firestone (founder of Firestone)chat together.120.During World War II, the B-29 super fortress bomber, the "little boy", was hurled over Hiroshima.121.The quagga, a subspecies of the common zebra, died out in the late 19th century. It is the only live burro photographed, London Zoo, 1870.122.This is the cover photo of the Beatles' famous album Abbey Road, right? No, this is a picture of them coming back to the opposite side of the street in the opposite direction.123.In 1962, F1 pilots launched at ultra-low altitude. The pilots survived but suffered multiple fractures.124.Manhattan, 1908.125.On April 12, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested in Birmingham for an unauthorized demonstration.126.Before NASA had PowerPoint.127.Fallen man, World Trade Center, 9.11, 2001.128.In 1945, Mona Lisa returned to the Louvre after World War II.129.Memphis, Tennessee, the first Piggly wiggly, opened in 1916, which is the first truly self selected supermarket.130.Around 1930, Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Party headquarters.131.At the end of World War II, the Soviet sniper Lyudmila pavrichenko, who had killed 309 enemies, was the most capable female sniper in history.132.In 1963, John Lennon was at Abbey Road studio.133.In 1943, German soldiers took a break and played with a kitten.134.Staff canteen of Disneyland in 1961.135.The first McDonald's uncle, Willard Scott.136.A steamboat on the Mississippi River in 1907.137.On September 11, 2001, there was no airliner over the United States. They landed at the airport nearby. Many small airports have a lot of large wide bodied airliners parked, and they are waiting for instructions to resume.138.A Japanese plane that was killed in the battle of Saipan in 1944.139.In 1909, Tolstoy told his granddaughter a story.140.California loggers cut redwoods.141.Japanese samurai probably photographed between 1860 and 1880.142.Osama bin Laden, 14, second from the right.143.In 1999, Google employees.144.Churchill went swimming.144.In 1868, a Native American looked down on the newly built first transcontinental railway. Build the statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro.145.1911 Times Square, New York.146.Che Guevara.147.1944, London, Ronald Dahl and Hemingway.148.1870s, Fiji mountain warrior.149.In 1942, Erwin Rommel, known as "Fox of the desert", was in the western desert of the North African battlefield.150.On April 22, 1970, the first World Earth Day, more than 7000 people gathered in Philadelphia's Independence Square.continue151.In 1947, when the prisoners of war returned to Vienna, a mother was asking for information about her son.152.A worker lies on the arm of a mercury statue at Grand Central Station in New York.153.In 1891, the old Bismarck and his two dogs.154.1940 anti war protesters in Washington, D.C.155.In 1974, a Chinese martial arts delegation visited the United States. Kissinger shook hands with a young man. He later became a Chinese martial arts superstar, Jet Li.156.The crew of the Soviet cruiser "red Caucasus" and its pet bear.157.On May 3, 1963, in Birmingham, the United States, these children were arrested for violating the apartheid law.158.On November 1, 1952, the first nuclear fusion weapon, "Ivy Mack".159.March may 1871, roadblocks in the Paris Commune Movement.160.On July 21, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Marina ginesta, a 17-year-old girl who is a member of the Youth Federation of the Communist Party of Spain, overlooks the chaotic Barcelona.161.On New Year's Eve in 1977, Shah of Iran and Jimmy Carter met. Shortly afterwards, a revolution broke out in Iran.162.In 1911, East London police disguised themselves as dockmen in an investigation into drug smuggling.163.Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Federation of fascists, East London, October 4, 1936.164.In 1925, stuntmen Gladys Roy and Ivan Unger played tennis on a flying plane.165.In 1963, Shi Guangde burned himself in South Vietnam to protest against the religious oppression of the South Vietnamese government and the United States.166.In 1914, Brooklyn bridge builders.167.In April 1954, the West Germans released balloons full of propaganda materials to the East.168.In 1935, “big” cats and “small” cat at the zoo in Tacoma, Washington.169.In October 1927, the fifth Solvay conference was held in Brussels, Belgium. This is the most complete photo of the world's heavyweight scientists.the photo includ:The Nobel Prize winners in physics are Lorentz 1902, Curie 1903, Bragg 1915, Planck 1918, Einstein 1921, Bohr 1922, Compton 1927, Heisenberg 1932, Schrodinger 1933, Dirac 1933, Pauli 1945, born 1954. The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Madame Curie in 1911 and Debye in 1936.170.The three giants of Yalta: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.171.Life magazine published on December 2, 1957 has a humorous animal column. At that time, the picture title was "high-income Alpaca in big cities". The note is "Alpaca Linda is driving home on Broadway. She just finished filming a TV show on ABC New York, and now she can relax and stretch her neck to enjoy the lights on the most famous street in the world. "172.It's hard to imagine Soviet soldiers and American soldiers doing so well. After the anti fascist victory in 1945, the Soviet Union and the US army got together.173.In 1985, the guerrillas attacked the Ministry of justice of Bogot á, and even the tanks entered!174.Moscow, 1977. The lights on the tall building make up the "CCCP", which is very spectacular.175.Soviet fashion women in the 1970s.176.In 1961, ham, the first chimpanzee in space, returned to earth.177.Kennedy played "Princess and Prince" with his daughter.178.Around 1935, Ferdinand Porsche showed Hitler the Volkswagen Beetle.179.During the London bombing, St Paul's Cathedral remained intact after an air raid.180.During the 1973 oil crisis, people had a picnic on the highway.181.In 1939, people entered the temporary air raid shelter in Chongqing.182.In 1958, a car theater in the United States broadcast "Ten Commandments".183.In 1943, native people in the Pacific Ocean appreciated the F4U pirate fighter.184.1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall.185.In 1963, American pilots watched a napalm bomb attack from the cockpit in Vietnam.186.In 1990, when Eastern Europe was in chaos, a 106 year old Armenian man defended her house with a gun.187.Windows 95 is available.188."The Last Jew of Vinica," Ukraine, 1942.189.One of the best representatives of the great depression was "wandering mother" in Oklahoma in 1936. Florence Owen Thompson, 32, has seven children.190.In 1945, two Soviet soldiers held up the Soviet flag on the roof of the German parliament building in Berlin.191.In the Nanjing Massacre, which began in 1937, Japanese soldiers killed 300000 people by cruel means.192.In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Chinese soldiers rescued a child from the ruins. This famous picture is called "unite as one, hold up life".193.The opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is known as the grandest opening ceremony in history.194.In 1956, an apartheid ice cream shop in Alabama.195.On July 16, 1969, the rocket carrying Apollo 11 broke through the sound barrier.196.In 1945, allied soldiers jeered at Hitler's Nazi gestures on the balcony of the German Chancellor's office.197.In the 1950s, Soviet soldiers fed polar bears in armored vehicles.198.1970s, Los Angeles, the bus to the beach.199.In 1938, Tibetan noble soldiers drinking tea in Suozi armour.200.In 1950, a steam engine passed the Detroit highway.This picture gives us the illusion that two times are combined.201.At the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, the Hindenburg airship flew over the main venue.202.In 1916, Diana Manas, 24, was called "the beauty of the century".203.In 1924, Lenin and Stalin.204.The cover of Time, May 19, 1980.205.On August 1, 1971, Apollo 15 members placed an aluminum sculpture "fallen astronauts" on the moon in memory of 14 American and Soviet astronauts who died in space flight or training.206.In 1944, the Soviet Union took action in baghlakion.207.On December 7, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, New York citizens snapped up newspapers.208.In 1957, the first computer of Norwich City government was transported to the office of the financial department.209.In 1972, IRA fighters opened fire on British troops in Northern Ireland.210.In 1965, a civil rights activist was arrested during a protest in front of the Los Angeles government building.211.In the 1950s and 1960s, American real estate companies began to advertise nuclear bomb hole.212.The Kalinan diamond (star of Africa), discovered in South Africa on January 26, 1905, is the largest natural diamond raw stone to date.Top: raw stone;middle: 9 diamonds after cutting;bottom: glass imitation.213.On December 15, 1941, a week after the Pearl Harbor incident, Ruth Lee, a waitress in a Chinese restaurant, planted the flag of the Republic of China on the beach in Miami to avoid being recognized as a Japanese.214.In 1994, in Rwanda, more than 1.5 million people died in the Holocaust in three months.215.Khmer Rouge, an organized "self extinction".216.Chernobyl in 1981, the most serious nuclear accident in history. Soviet helicopters are throwing sand to bury radioactive dust.217.Tagore, an Indian poet, was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for literature.218.Nehru and Gandhi.219.In 1994, friends began broadcasting.220.In January 2007, the first generation of iPhone was released, which opened the "Apple mobile era".221.On July 8, 2011, during the sts-135 mission, the space shuttle Atlantis lifted off, marking the end of the space shuttle era, which lasted for 31 years.222.It's the first picture ever taken in France in 1825. It took eight hours to exposure.end