Welcome To The John Carroll University: Fill & Download for Free

Loyola University Chicago is one of 34 Third level schools founded by the Jesuits in the USA, the first being Georgetown in 1791 by John Carroll of Maryland, himself a signatory to the Declaration of Independence and a patriot. The Jesuits offer a distinct philosophy of education in all of thschoolsLoyola Chicago was founded 1870 by Jesuits from Ireland and Germany to serve the needs of the many Catholic immigrants ( Irish in the beginning, Italians, Poles, Spanish, Afrivan Americans, etc. in the 21st century). Young people who desired a future in America. Loyola served the need for higher education access for Catholics, when other universities were serving non-Catholics. However, in the 20th century Loyola opened its doors to all ethnic groups And religious persuasions.Loyola U is among the top 100 universities in America, and its distinction is its preparation of students using subject institutes, not only law, medicine, business, also social sciences, nursing, psychology, etc where professional training and certification lends a hand in the broad range of careers in social service.US NEWS & WORLD REPORT places Loyola as one of the top 50 universities for “value” and in 2011, USA TODAY ranked Loyola 21st for hours of community service and its Graduate Business School is ranked 1st in ETHICS by BusinessWeek, a unique distinct among American Graduate Business Schools!the Jesuits deeded its ownership of Loyola Chicago to lay board of directors.The answer to the question: Loyola offers wide ranging tracks for specialised education, and welcomes students of all ages, particularly, second start students in full time, evening, and part-time course offerings. It's modern ethos is facilitating students who change educational tracks, or switch from full time status to part-time studies while holding a full time job. Loyola has over a dozen campus locations, and the courses are offered to suit the lifestyle of young and mature, men and women, without any hassle about the pace of learning. From age 21 until 29, I obtained a a BA in philosophy and Political Science working a part-time job, and then an MA in Urban Studies working in City Hall to gain a promotion, andthen a 4 year night program in Law. I was a millionaire by 35 because I increased wisdom while studying in three pathways growing in school that: “Prepares students for service to others.”PS I never knew anyone who was disappointed with a Jesuit education- no matter how long it takes!jack Sullivan

Note that at the time, “Canada” means a colony of New France, that recently was conquered by the British (who renamed it Quebec, but nobody used that term at the time). The “Canadians” are a French-speaking people, and in everything you will read from that time, the British stress the “Canadians” are different from themselves. It was reciprocal : anglophones were called « les Anglais » by the Canadians (Canadiens, or current-day Quebecers), and sometimes we still do today. English Canada only started to catch on as an identity somewhere in the 1960’s !In 1775, our news (the Gazette of Quebec, the only paper) were censored, so it would harder to know what exactly was going on in the South. Sometimes, agitators from the south would come, and they were dealt with extreme cruelty by the British when they were caught (quartering !!!).Note that Détroit, Chécagou ( = Chicago, recently founded by the French mulatto Créole Jean-Baptiste Pointe-du-Sable), Michilimackinac, etc. are also part of Canada (Quebec), since the old borders of Canada were restored in 1774. There were French lordships around the Lake Champlain (Vermont and New York State now), so despite it was in the “Indian territory”, it was still a sort of backcountry of Canada/Quebec. Crown Point was the old French fort Saint-Frédéric and the fort Ticonderoga was the old French fort Carillon. Note other colonies like Newfoundland, Saint John island and Nova Scotia are NOT Canada.We called the rebels « Bostonnais » (Bostonian), so that’s the term I will call them with.Examples :« Les Bostonnais demandèrent quartier en disant qu’ils se constituaient en prisonniers. » (Sanguinet)« Un grand nombre de marchands anglais se montrèrent publiquement dévoués en faveur des Bostonnais » (Sanguinet)“[…] and that they didn’t believe the Bostonians - like they call us” (A spy for the Continental Congress)« L’esprit bostonnais, si tenace pour les droits et privilèges » (A reader that wrote in the Gazette of Québec)Quebec never had any Parliament to rule itself, and France neither, so the entire agitation in British colonies about that issue was not of much relevance for the French population. The “province of Quebec” was ruled since 1774 by the governor (Murray, then Carleton, then Haldimand) and by a Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec whose members were appointed by the governor. The population never have known elections since forever (apart in their Conseils de Fabrique in parishes), so you understand that the entire “no taxation without representation” argument had not much impact on this population.The demographic supremacy of the French population was so great the British authorities had no choice but to be lenient with this population, otherwise they could easily take arms against the government. In fact, the French element would dominate all of British North America from the independence of the US to 1851.Québec was a manorial/feudal society (and remained so until… 1940), so the lords were quite very opposed to a Republic, and the catholic clergy was quite anxious about the notorious hatred of the catholics from the other colonies (that remained violent in the US until quite late in the 19th century, perhaps more… until the election of JFK). The general population however was quite ambivalent : for years they have suffered from hunger due to the previous war so they were not enthusiast for another war, they had no strong opinion either for or against the Bostonians, and basically they would be opportunist and side with whoever seems to win. Their attitude was WAY more ambiguous than lazy accounts of that history usually tell… you will see they were not so cooperative with the British authorities…1774–1775 : the Continental Congress tries to have Quebec send delegatesIn 1774, there would be a first letter from the Continental Congress of Philadelphia to the inhabitants of Québec (26th of October 1774), printed in 2000 copies. Several English merchants would distribute them while pretending to sell grain. The letter would point out no Parliament was created, that the status of the French laws was precarious and even appealed to the philosophy of Montesquieu. “Your province is the only missing ring” they said, and as for the catholic religion, they took the example of Switzerland, in which catholic and protestant cantons could coexist. The Canadiens were invited to elect delegates and to send them to Philadelphia. Simon Sanguinet said in his journal that the inhabitants of the countryside were impressed by the Bostonian rhetorics.(1774 Letter of the Congress in French : Lettre adressée aux habitans de la province de Québec, ci-devant le Canada, de la part du Congrès général de l’Amérique septentrionale, tenu à Philadelphie)The spy John Brown came to Montréal pretending to be a horse merchant and said :The French of Canada constitute a sort of people that know no other way to get riches and honour than by making of themselves court sycophants ; and, as the introduction of the French laws will give posts to the small French nobility, they gather around the governor.They [the people of La Prairie] appear to have no indisposition against the colonies, but they rather prefer to remain neutral.He went to La Prairie and the local priests asked for copies of the letter. Locals were neither for or against the Bostonians (that’s how we called them).The 8th of April 1775, Thomas Walter, James Price, John Welles and William Heywood, of the Comittee of Montréal, said in a letter to the Boston Comittee that they should not expect help from the Canadiens.1775 : the Campaign of Canada (the US War of Independence goes to Quebec)9th of May 1775, the Ticonderoga fort (former French Carillon fort) is taken by rebels.11th of May 1775, the Crown Point fort (location of the former Saint-Frédéric French fort) is taken by the rebels.18th of May 1775, the fort Saint-Jean (in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu) is taken as well.The governor Carleton was alarmed. Québec was not ready for attack or defense. He noticed that if nobles we eager to stand with him, they were powerless to make the general population loyal to the cause of the government. (7th of June 1775)29th of May 1775 : a second letter of the Congress was printed. This time, it says that France is going to support the rebel cause.4th of June 1775 : the governor Carleton had trouble recruiting the militia in the district of Montréal, and the inhabitants of Saint-Joseph and Saint-François resisted to the governor’s orders. (Letter of the bishop Briand to Jean-Marie Verreau)9 of June 1775 : Martial Law is proclaimed.Simon Sanguinet noted in his journal that the inhabitants of Montréal refused to form a militia because it was not consistant with a promise colonel Templer did to them.In Terrebonne, the son of the deceased lord, Louis II de La Corne, would menace the inhabitants of prison and bounds for their non-cooperation. 300–400 militiamen from the nearby parishes of Saint-Louis-de-Terrebonne, Saint-Charles-de-Lachenaie, Saint-Henri-de-Mascouche and L’Assomption-de-Repentigny read the 2nd letter of the Congress, got enthusiasted by it and went to Lachenaie to block the passage to the royal troops. Carleton sent the 15th Regiment to them, they got afraid and went back home.In Trois-Rivières and Québec city, recruitment was also difficult.The 3rd of August 1775, the indigenous Kanien’kehá:ka of Sault-Saint-Louis (future Kahnawà:ke) gathered in Montréal and decided to attack the rebels only if they were attacked.22th of August 1775, 16 rebels attack British scouts near the Lacolle river.4th of September 1775, the rebels are now camping on the île aux Noix.7th of September 1775, George Washington writes a letter to the Canadiens (300 copies) asks the inhabitants to join his cause, saying that we were no fools, that exciting the vanity of the nobility was not enough to deceive us. He said that the troops of Benedict Arnold that were coming would pay for everything that they took.Meanwhile, in Montréal, the major Prescott sent to the captains of the militias of the nearby parishes the order to levy 15 men per company, but they refused to obey.12th of September 1775, Schuyler, commander of the rebels camping in the île aux Noix, is sick and the commandment is transferred to Richard Montgomery. He’s quite disappointed by his men and wonders what would the Canadiens think if they saw those Bostonians.17th of September 1775 to the 3rd of November 1775 : siege of the fort Saint-Jean by Montgomery. Both sides have deserters. On the British side, Carte, Madore Desjardins, Adam Labranche, Joseph Hamelin, Joseph Chaîné and Cécile, all volunteers from Yamachiche, deserted. After the capture of the fort by Montgomery, the English would be kept as prisoners but the Canadiens would be freed with the condition of not taking arms against the rebels. (45 days of siege)(***Incidentally, we did the same for them in the siege of the fort William-Henry in 1757 : Montcalm let the British colonial militias go back home with the same terms.)24th of September 1775, Ethan Allen, with 36 rebels, tries to attack Montréal. He would sleep in the house of some inhabitant in the faubourg Saint-Marie outside of the walls, but the next day, 300 Canadiens and 30 English would defeat them and Allen would be sent to London as a prisoner (until 1778).29th of September 1775, a local Canadien in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse would speak against the government in the mass.18th of October 1775, the fort Chambly surrenders to the rebels after a siege of two days.30th of October 1775 : In the South, the army of Benedict Arnold reached Saint-Joseph in Beauce. Washington’s letter is read, the locals sell them all sort of products and there is even an old lady that sings the Yankee Doodle. The locals agreed to transport the soldiers on their canoes for 55 cents per man per 12 miles.3rd of November 1775, in La Prairie. The Canadiens of the Richelieu valley joined the rebel cause (incidentally, that very region was also very revolutionary and very anti-British in 1837 !!). In La Prairie, the inhabitants seem less enthusiast, but the fall of Saint-Jean impressed them ; they were starting to take the rebels more seriously. The Bostonian officer there praised the hospitality of the locals : whenever a soldier would enter in some house, the inhabitants would give them a bowl of milk and some bread.Meanwhile, the governor Carleton had the canons of Montréal nailed so the rebels would not be able to use them, had everyone go back home, burned the boats and had all ammunitions removed and sent to Québec city.8th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold is now in Sainte-Marie in Beauce, and he sleeps in the manorial house of the lord Taschereau. The local captain of the militia, Étienne Parent and his wife were enthusiast pro-rebels.9th of November 1775 : Trois-Rivières’ inhabitants decide to capitulate, but it will take them several days to agree on a text.The same day, the lieutenant-governor Cramahé writes :Possesing strenght, the rebels have on their side the Canadian peasants, that neither the zealed efforts of their nobility, of the clergy or the bourgeoisie would convince to fulfill their duties. We could not either persuade them or force them to. Two battalions, this spring, could have saved the province. I doubt that twenty of them could take it back.10th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold’s army is now in Lévis, in front of Québec city.11th of November 1775, landing of Montgomery one the île Saint-Paul in front of Montréal. Montréal is abandoned by the defenders ; it is useless to attempt to defend the city, especially since the walls were not designed to sustain an European-style siege.12th of November 1775 : landing in the Pointe-Saint-Charles, on the Montréal island. The inhabitants of Montréal send 4 delegates to enquire about Montgomery’s whereabouts. They are given four hours to write a project of capitulation.13th of November 1775 : Montréal capitulates (12 articles of capitulation). Montgomery enters the city trough the Récollets’ Gate. A lot of women come to see him to ask about their husbands or brothers that were made prisoner. The inhabitants of three faubourgs around Montréal congratulate Montgomery.16th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold captures the Hôpital général de Québec, outside of the walls of the city.20th of November 1775 : Montgomery accepts Trois-Rivières’ capitulation.28th of November 1775 : Montgomery departs from Montréal with British boats captured in Sorel. The city is left to the care of David Wooster.3rd of December 1775 : Montgomery’s and Arnold’s armies meet.Later they start a joint siege of Québec city. The rebels will be struck by smallpox. From the 10th of December onward, the bombardments would become regular. Some inhabitants of Québec city would put on the walls a horse with a sign saying “When this horse will have eaten this bundle of wheat, we will surrender.” There are so much deserters on Montgomery’s side, revealing all sorts of information, that he will be forced to change his plans. Rebels use a party of Canadiens of Livingston and some Provincials of the South to make a diversion on the Saint-Jean Gate. Meanwhile Montgomery starts attacking, it would be difficult to walk on the snow and getting past barricades and they would be prey of an ambush from Canadiens commanded by Joseph Chabot. Montgomery would die and his body would be found at the time of the new year of 1776. Arnold would also have trouble getting past the barricades, and he would be stuck in a crossfire. 416–426 rebels would be made prisoner. Arnold, wounded on the leg, would be sent to the Hôpital général. Some of the prisoners would pass on the British side and be added to the Royal Highland Emigrants.Meanwhile, in Montréal, David Wooster is getting harsher and harsher, grows impatient. Canadiens don’t know to whom be loyal to and it causes great disputes (Simon Sanguinet). The Americans are less and less welcomed. They don’t have money anymore. The failure of the siege of Québec city is hard on their nerves. The rebel soldiers start getting what they want by force, even kill people with their bayonets. In Trois-Rivières, some soldiers sought to steal all the food a family had. So they are losing the sympathy they managed to create…February 1776, third letter of the Congress, asking yet again that Canadiens elect delegates and send them to Philadelphia.12th of February 1776 : Moses Hazen and Prudent Lajeunesse are in Philadelphia to explain to the Continental Congress that the clergy and the lords are to blame for the lack of participation of the Canadiens to the rebel cause. The Congress decides to send Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll and John Carroll (Jesuit, catholic, cousin of Charles). They will arrive in Montréal the 29th of April 1776. They will only stay for a few days, as the situation is now desperate for the rebels.6th of May 1776 : British reinforcements arrive in Québec city.19th of May 1776 : Capitulation of a small rebel fort between the île Perrot and Beauharnois, after its attack by Canadien and indigenous forces commanded by George Forster. They also capture about 500 rebels that came in reinforcement.June 1776 : German mercenaries arrive in Québec city. (They would leave in August 1781, excepted some that will stay and be the origin of those families.)7th of June 1776 : Antoine Gauthier, a pro-British Canadien, betrays the rebels of William Thompson and asks his wife to tell he will be coming to Trois-Rivières with them. The Yankees are defeated.14th of June 1776 : Yankee rebels learn that German, Canadiens and indigenous are coming for them, so they decide to leave Montréal and retreat to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.18th of June 1776 : Rebels left Saint-Jean, after having burned the fort.The rebels will then go to l’île aux Noix and go back to Crown Point. The rest of the war will be conducted in the south.Fun fact : The US was in debt to the Ursulines of Trois-Rivières since their raid in 1775, and it’s only in 2009 that debt was paid.Inquiry about the loyalty of the Canadien militia in the district of Québec cityBetween the 22th of May 1776 and July 1776, there was an inquiry by the governor Carleton about who helped the Yankee rebels in the colony. The commissioners were François Baby, Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau and Jenkin Williams.In the parish of Vieille Lorette, Plamondon father and son and Pierre Drolet are found “bad subjects of His Majesty”.In Charlesbourg and Beauport, several inhabitants were sympathetic to the rebels and even took arms.In Beauport, the majority of the inhabitants assisted the rebels.In L’Ange-Gardien, 18 people were enthusiast pro-rebels.In Château-Richer, no one wanted a commission of captain of the militia.In Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, there was only one “bad suject”.In Saint-Ferréol, six militiamen collaborated with the rebels.The inhabitants of the île d’Orléans were more openly pro-rebels. Basile Bauché dit Morency and Louis Pépin dit Major even accepted a commission of captain of the militia from the rebels, and they were asked to burn it in public. The wife of Augustin Chabot, nicknamed “la reine de Hongrie” (the Queen of Hungary, a nickname given to women that would get involved in politics), did pro-rebel propaganda all over the parish of Saint-Pierre de l’île d’Orléans.In Cap-de-la-Madeleine, 7 militiamen were “bad subjects”, especially Dorval, father of Michel Dorval, that always made speeches against the government and that said the bishop of Québec was paid to preach for the King of Great Britain.From Bécancour to Saint-Jean-Deschaillons, few collaborated with the Yankees but a few. Everybody in Sainte-Croix was loyal.In Saint-Nicolas, Denis Frichet complained during the mass that his priest became an English.La Pointe de Lévis is considered very pro-rebel, very seditious.In all the Nouvelle-Beauce region, 35 militiamen were considered “bad subjects”.In Beaumont, 20 pro-rebels.Saint-Charles de Bellechasse was found suspicious : they attended the pro-rebel assembly in the Pointe de Lévis.Saint-Vallier de Bellechasse’s inhabitants were also quite pro-rebel and they took possession of the presbytary. The Gaboury widow, also nicknamed “the Queen of Hungary”, would hold assemblies against the government.Saint-Pierre-du-Sud was especially rebellious : only nine families were loyal to the King.Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Rivière-Ouelle and Kamouraska were also more rebellious than usual.Over the 4492 militiamen reviewed for the district of Québec city, 757 were rebellious. Another commission was made for the district of Montréal, but the documents were lost.Final hesitationsThe French, supporting the Bostonian rebels, also tried to get the Canadiens rebelling. The admiral Henri, count of Estaing, wrote a manifesto and it circulated in Québec. D’Estaing suggests that Québec joins the United States. His manifesto is displayed on the doors of several churches. Few priests complain about that and the new governor Haldimand is unhappy that they don’t react more. The abbot Gatien of the parish of Lotbinière would even warmly receive the emissaries of the rebellious colonies.Haldimand would be worried. Now that France joined the rebels’ side, the clergy is less loyal than it used to be. This is why he stroke hard against the abbot Pierre Huet de La Valinière, priest of Sainte-Anne-du-Sud, that would be exiled to England, and would then manage to go to France. He would only come back in 1792 to Québec, now called Lower Canada.Pierre de Sales Laterrière, director of the Forges du Saint-Maurice in Trois-Rivières, would be jailed because he gave tools and weapons to the rebels.Fleury Mespley, printer, and Valentin Jautard, journalist, would also be punished. They printed pro-rebel propaganda, they criticized the British judiciary system, etc.François Cazeau, merchant in Montréal and Charles Hay, merchant in Québec city, would be jailed because they gave information to the rebels.There was also a rumour that the oath made to the King of Great Britain in 1763 would expire after 21 years. (How convenient !)Joseph-Louis Gill, of Saint-François-du-Lac, would be arrested because he was suspected of delivering correspondance to the southern rebellious colonies.So was the doctor Pilon and Pierre du Calvet. Pierre du Calvet is especially famous because he wrote Appel à la justice de l’État. He is considered the precursor of all independentist thought in Québec, and the precursor of the Montréal School historiography. You can still visit his house in Old Montréal.Pierre du Calvet wrote in 1784 that Canadiens were« furent déclarés étrangers, intrus, esclaves civils dans leur propre pays »“were declared foreigners, intruders, civil slaves in their own country”Pierre du Calvet would stress the « droit des nations » (right of the nations/peoples), 134 years before Woodrow Wilson.Pierre du Calvet also wrote :« Qu'il est triste d'être vaincu, s'il n'en coûtait que le sang qui arrose le champ de bataille! À la vérité, la plaie serait bien profonde, bien douloureuse ; elle saignerait pour bien des années; après tout, la révolution des temps la fermerait, la consoliderait à la fin : mais être condamné à sentir la continuité de la main d'un vainqueur, qui s'appesantit sur nous ; mais être esclaves à perpétuité, sous l'empire d'un souverain qui est le père constitutionnel du peuple le plus libre qui soit dans l'univers; oh, pour le coup c'en est trop ! »“How sad is it to be vainquished, if it only cost the blood that sprays the battlefield! To say the truth, the wound would be much deeper, would hurt much more; it would bleed for many years; after all, the revolution of the times would close it, would strenghten it in the end: but to be condemned to feel the continuity of the hand of a victor, that weighs down on us; but being slaves in perpetuity under the empire of a sovereign that is the constitutional father of the most free people of the world that exists in the universe; oh, this time it’s too much!”Years later, revolutionary intellectuals would complain two opportunities were lost in 1775 and 1812 to join the US…You can get an anthology of all those texts to ask Canadiens to join the Bostonian cause in this book :Tentation américaine (La) de Marcel Trudel | Septentrion

“Canada” is ambiguous in your question because the regime you’re calling so did not exist then, and at the time people understood Canada as an ex-French colony that certainly did not cover the exact same territory it would do now and Québec would be its continuity. The colony of Nova Scotia was NOT in Canada then. Newfoundland was NOT in Canada then. Saint John island (future PEI) was NOT in Canada. So when you’re asking this question, you would most likely exclude those places, despite they would NOW be considered in “Canada” (the Federation).It’s worth mentionning East Florida and West Florida were two newly conquered British colonies as well. There never was only 13 colonies. There were at least 19 British colonies.So if you’re interested in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, those are DISTINCT colonies that were never in Canada until much later in history. Even when it was New France, none of those places were in Canada. Those were the colonies of Acadia and Plaisance.Another thing is that the population was different. That “Canada” mentioned in the article 11 of the Articles of Confederation was officially called “Province of Quebec” by the British government, but nobody used that term in daily conversation. Its population was (and still is) overwhelmingly French and at the time, there was just a few English administrators or merchants in Québec city and in Montréal, and barely any anywhere else. Today’s Québec would be MORE English than 1775 Québec. It’s because the English DID NOT WANT to go there because it had an alien population, an alien language, with alien institutions, alien customs, alien laws, and an alien religion. These laws and that religion were furthermore very unattractive in their opinion. Only the British defeat in the US War of Independence managed to convince them to settle there, and when they did, most of them went to an area in which there were few French and quickly obtained to make it a distinct colony that would not be subjected to French laws (the Custom of Paris).“Canadians” was exclusively the name of the French population. An anglophone was not called so by the French and they did not call themselves that way either. An English Canadian could not exist, or if that meant anything, it would be an English that integrated into the French society. A French Canadian would make even less sense since it was so obvious a Canadian was French. This is how Quebecers understood themselves until quite late in history.”French Canadian” is not a termed coined by the population it calls. It’s an exonym.“The English and the French merge so little that the latter exclusively keep the name of Canadiens, the others continuing to call themselves English.”(Alexis de Tocqueville, 1831)So there are a lot of misconceptions that you might assume, especially if you are USAmerican, if you do not know that history well.(The map should show two different colonies for “Floride”. The border between Nova Scotia, Québec and the colonies of Massachusetts and New York are not clearly defined.)From a Quebecer point of view, the rebels of the southern colonies (yes, the US is south of us) were called « Bostonnais » (Bostonians). So that’s how I will call them. So I hereby declare the Virginian George Washington a Bostonnais. A Bostonnais is a rebellious category of Anglais. Yep. You might be from Glasgow, Dublin or Boston, you are all Anglais as long as you speak English, so long as the national differences do not matter. So you gotta work to explain us how much more different is a Bostonnais from an Anglais, it’s not obvious at first glance, at least not yet.Examples :« Les Bostonnais demandèrent quartier en disant qu’ils se constituaient en prisonniers. » (Sanguinet)« Un grand nombre de marchands anglais se montrèrent publiquement dévoués en faveur des Bostonnais » (Sanguinet)“[…] and that they didn’t believe the Bostonians - like they call us” (A spy for the Continental Congress)« L’esprit bostonnais, si tenace pour les droits et privilèges » (A reader that wrote in the Gazette of Québec)Bostonians had strong prejudices against Québec. It was a place in which the Pope enforced his tyranny and wanted to enslave those poor British of the south and erect an Inquisition as soon as possible (there was an Inquisition in New Spain but there never was any in New France, but I guess they didn’t know that).“We may see an inquisition erected in Canada, and priestly tyranny may hereafter find as propitious a soil, in America as it ever has in Spain or Portugal.” —Alexander HamiltonThe Newport Mercury said it was futile to accomodate “free and Protestant Americans to that most detestable [Quebec] act” as it allegedly intended to bring “the whole force of the French Papists […] to destroy the British Protestant colonies.”Another paper said“that guns and bayonets were to be sent to America and put into the hands of Roman Catholics and Canadians.”It was rumored those evil Canadians would even invade the colonies , which is why it was urgent to equip well the fort Ticonderoga (formerly the fort Carillon) “to secure the people ‘from the incursion of the Roman Catholics”.Those people were bloodthirsty savages that would live in the forest, obviously not peaceful farmers. They had in mind a few raids we did against them in the 17th century…Schenectady massacre - WikipediaRaid on Deerfield - Wikipedia“The Canadian peasant is still the same unsophisticated animal whom we may suppose to have been imported by Jacques Cartier.”(Francis Hall, 1816–1817)We were so cruel we even enslaved a poor English woman. Everybody knew that tale in the early 19th century since her book was a best-seller.Susannah Willard Johnson - WikipediaWe were so savage we dressed like ones. We dressed with bottes sauvages in the winter. We transported wood with traînes sauvages. We did war like savages too (ambushes in the woods). We were allied with savages too and nearly all of them were on our side, especially those who were the most in conflict with the British.It was a place that was backwards. They had fiefdoms, lords, counts, barons… things that had barely any material existence left in England then. If I were a British businessman in Montréal then, I would have had to pay a tax to the lords of Montréal (the Sulpicians) to buy a property and I couldn’t erect a mill without their permission. Outrageous. I wouldn’t even able to speculate on lands properly because the rent of a land conceded by a lord could never be raised.They were so backwards that they did not allow men to do anything they wanted with the properties of women ! Imagine that ! In the Common Law, all the property of a married woman went to the husband. In the backwards 16th century Custom of Paris, a marriage was a community of acquest, and so property before marriage remained separed and property after marriage were shared, and had to be shared equally between spouses if there was a separation (not a divorce, divorce was illegal). So those backwards savages would not even let an honest man do everything he wanted. He was even forced to take care of widows, and so a part of any inheritence had to go to the widow so she could live, there was no full freedom of inheritance ! Outrageous !Those savages had no idea what a Parliament or Colonial Assembly was. They never had any. “No taxation without representation” was not a thing they cared about, they never were asked their opinion for anything, at least not formally. That was even true in catholic parishes : once in 1769 the bishop excommunicated the entire parish of Sainte-Rose-de-Lima because they disagreed with the bishop. They remained like that for a few years. Under the British, they had no Parliament either. The governor decreed what he wanted, but since last year he had advisors in the Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec.What British would want to go to such a backwards place that does not allow a convenient form of speculation and that gave a few rights to women !That was what the average Bostonian soldier imagined upon venturing in the frozen wastelands of “Canada”.1774–1775 : the Continental Congress tries to have Quebec send delegatesIn 1774, there would be a first letter from the Continental Congress of Philadelphia to the inhabitants of Québec (26th of October 1774), printed in 2000 copies. Several English merchants would distribute them while pretending to sell grain. The letter would point out no Parliament was created, that the status of the French laws was precarious and even appealed to the philosophy of Montesquieu. “Your province is the only missing ring” they said, and as for the catholic religion, they took the example of Switzerland, in which catholic and protestant cantons could coexist. The Canadiens were invited to elect delegates and to send them to Philadelphia. Simon Sanguinet said in his journal that the inhabitants of the countryside were impressed by the Bostonian rhetorics.(1774 Letter of the Congress in French : Lettre adressée aux habitans de la province de Québec, ci-devant le Canada, de la part du Congrès général de l’Amérique septentrionale, tenu à Philadelphie)The spy John Brown came to Montréal pretending to be a horse merchant and said :The French of Canada constitute a sort of people that know no other way to get riches and honour than by making of themselves court sycophants ; and, as the introduction of the French laws will give posts to the small French nobility, they gather around the governor.They [the people of La Prairie] appear to have no indisposition against the colonies, but they rather prefer to remain neutral.He went to La Prairie and the local priests asked for copies of the letter. Locals were neither for or against the Bostonians.The 8th of April 1775, Thomas Walter, James Price, John Welles and William Heywood, of the Comittee of Montréal, said in a letter to the Boston Comittee that they should not expect help from the Canadiens.1775 : the Campaign of Canada (the US War of Independence goes to Quebec)9th of May 1775, the Ticonderoga fort (former French Carillon fort) is taken by rebels.11th of May 1775, the Crown Point fort (location of the former Saint-Frédéric French fort) is taken by the rebels.18th of May 1775, the fort Saint-Jean (in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu) is taken as well.The governor Carleton was alarmed. Québec was not ready for attack or defense. He noticed that if nobles we eager to stand with him, they were powerless to make the general population loyal to the cause of the government. (7th of June 1775)29th of May 1775 : a second letter of the Congress was printed. This time, it says that France is going to support the rebel cause.4th of June 1775 : the governor Carleton had trouble recruiting the militia in the district of Montréal, and the inhabitants of Saint-Joseph and Saint-François resisted to the governor’s orders. (Letter of the bishop Briand to Jean-Marie Verreau)9 of June 1775 : Martial Law is proclaimed.Simon Sanguinet noted in his journal that the inhabitants of Montréal refused to form a militia because it was not consistant with a promise colonel Templer did to them.In Terrebonne, the son of the deceased lord, Louis II de La Corne, would menace the inhabitants of prison and bounds for their non-cooperation. 300–400 militiamen from the nearby parishes of Saint-Louis-de-Terrebonne, Saint-Charles-de-Lachenaie, Saint-Henri-de-Mascouche and L’Assomption-de-Repentigny read the 2nd letter of the Congress, got enthusiasted by it and went to Lachenaie to block the passage to the royal troops. Carleton sent the 15th Regiment to them, they got afraid and went back home.In Trois-Rivières and Québec city, recruitment was also difficult.The 3rd of August 1775, the indigenous Kanien’kehá:ka of Sault-Saint-Louis (future Kahnawà:ke) gathered in Montréal and decided to attack the rebels only if they were attacked.22th of August 1775, 16 rebels attack British scouts near the Lacolle river.4th of September 1775, the rebels are now camping on the île aux Noix.7th of September 1775, George Washington writes a letter to the Canadiens (300 copies) asks the inhabitants to join his cause, saying that we were no fools, that exciting the vanity of the nobility was not enough to deceive us. He said that the troops of Benedict Arnold that were coming would pay for everything that they took.Meanwhile, in Montréal, the major Prescott sent to the captains of the militias of the nearby parishes the order to levy 15 men per company, but they refused to obey.12th of September 1775, Schuyler, commander of the rebels camping in the île aux Noix, is sick and the commandment is transferred to Richard Montgomery. He’s quite disappointed by his men and wonders what would the Canadiens think if they saw those Bostonians.17th of September 1775 to the 3rd of November 1775 : siege of the fort Saint-Jeanby Montgomery. Both sides have deserters. On the British side, Carte, Madore Desjardins, Adam Labranche, Joseph Hamelin, Joseph Chaîné and Cécile, all volunteers from Yamachiche, deserted. After the capture of the fort by Montgomery, the English would be kept as prisoners but the Canadiens would be freed with the condition of not taking arms against the rebels. (45 days of siege)(***Incidentally, we did the same for them in the siege of the fort William-Henry in 1757 : Montcalm let the British colonial militias go back home with the same terms.)24th of September 1775, Ethan Allen, with 36 rebels, tries to attack Montréal. He would sleep in the house of some inhabitant in the faubourg Saint-Marie outside of the walls, but the next day, 300 Canadiens and 30 English would defeat them and Allen would be sent to London as a prisoner (until 1778).29th of September 1775, a local Canadien in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse would speak against the government in the mass.18th of October 1775, the fort Chambly surrenders to the rebels after a siege of two days.30th of October 1775 : In the South, the army of Benedict Arnold reached Saint-Joseph in Beauce. Washington’s letter is read, the locals sell them all sort of products and there is even an old lady that sings the Yankee Doodle. The locals agreed to transport the soldiers on their canoes for 55 cents per man per 12 miles.3rd of November 1775, in La Prairie. The Canadiens of the Richelieu valley joined the rebel cause (incidentally, that very region was also very revolutionary and very anti-British in 1837 !!). In La Prairie, the inhabitants seem less enthusiast, but the fall of Saint-Jean impressed them ; they were starting to take the rebels more seriously. The Bostonian officer there praised the hospitality of the locals : whenever a soldier would enter in some house, the inhabitants would give them a bowl of milk and some bread.Meanwhile, the governor Carleton had the canons of Montréal spiked so the rebels would not be able to use them, had everyone go back home, burned the boats and had all ammunitions removed and sent to Québec city.8th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold is now in Sainte-Marie in Beauce, and he sleeps in the manorial house of the lord Taschereau. The local captain of the militia, Étienne Parent and his wife were enthusiast pro-rebels.9th of November 1775 : Trois-Rivières’ inhabitants decide to capitulate, but it will take them several days to agree on a text.The same day, the lieutenant-governor Cramahé writes :Possesing strenght, the rebels have on their side the Canadian peasants, that neither the zealed efforts of their nobility, of the clergy or the bourgeoisie would convince to fulfill their duties. We could not either persuade them or force them to. Two battalions, this spring, could have saved the province. I doubt that twenty of them could take it back.10th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold’s army is now in Lévis, in front of Québec city.11th of November 1775, landing of Montgomery one the île Saint-Paul in front of Montréal. Montréal is abandoned by the defenders ; it is useless to attempt to defend the city, especially since the walls were not designed to sustain an European-style siege.12th of November 1775 : landing in the Pointe-Saint-Charles, on the Montréal island. The inhabitants of Montréal send 4 delegates to enquire about Montgomery’s whereabouts. They are given four hours to write a project of capitulation.13th of November 1775 : Montréal capitulates (12 articles of capitulation). Montgomery enters the city trough the Récollets’ Gate. A lot of women come to see him to ask about their husbands or brothers that were made prisoner. The inhabitants of three faubourgs around Montréal congratulate Montgomery.16th of November 1775 : Benedict Arnold captures the Hôpital général de Québec, outside of the walls of the city.20th of November 1775 : Montgomery accepts Trois-Rivières’ capitulation.28th of November 1775 : Montgomery departs from Montréal with British boats captured in Sorel. The city is left to the care of David Wooster.3rd of December 1775 : Montgomery’s and Arnold’s armies meet.Later they start a joint siege of Québec city. The rebels will be struck by smallpox. From the 10th of December onward, the bombardments would become regular. Some inhabitants of Québec city would put on the walls a horse with a sign saying “When this horse will have eaten this bundle of wheat, we will surrender.” (I guess it was written in French, but I would have to read the source to be sure.) There are so many deserters on Montgomery’s side, revealing all sorts of information, that he will be forced to change his plans. Rebels use a party of Canadiens of Livingston and some Provincials of the South to make a diversion on the Saint-Jean Gate. Meanwhile Montgomery started attacking, it was difficult to walk on the snow and getting past the barricades and they were be prey to an ambush from Canadiens commanded by Joseph Chabot. Montgomery would die and his body was found at the time of the new year of 1776. Arnold also had trouble getting past the barricades, and he got stuck in a crossfire. 416–426 rebels were made prisoner. Arnold, wounded on the leg, was sent to the Hôpital général. Some of the prisoners would pass on the British side and were added to the Royal Highland Emigrants.Meanwhile, in Montréal, David Wooster is getting harsher and harsher, growing impatient. Canadiens don’t know to whom to be loyal to and it causes great disputes (Simon Sanguinet). The Bostonians are less and less welcomed. They don’t have money anymore. The failure of the siege of Québec city is hard on their nerves. The rebel soldiers start taking what they want by force, even killing people with their bayonets. In Trois-Rivières, some soldiers sought to steal all the food a family had. So they are losing the sympathy they has managed to create…February 1776, third letter of the Congress, asking yet again that Canadiens elect delegates and send them to Philadelphia.12th of February 1776 : Moses Hazen and Prudent Lajeunesse are in Philadelphia to explain to the Continental Congress that the clergy and the lords are to blame for the lack of participation of the Canadiens to the rebel cause. The Congress decides to send Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll and John Carroll (Jesuit, catholic, cousin of Charles). They will arrive in Montréal the 29th of April 1776. They will only stay for a few days, as the situation is now desperate for the rebels.6th of May 1776 : British reinforcements arrive in Québec city.19th of May 1776 : Capitulation of a small rebel fort between the île Perrot and Beauharnois, after its attack by Canadien and indigenous forces commanded by George Forster. They also capture about 500 rebels that came in reinforcement.June 1776 : German mercenaries arrive in Québec city. (They would leave in August 1781, except for some that will stay and be the origin of those families.)7th of June 1776 : Antoine Gauthier, a pro-British Canadien, betrays the rebels of William Thompson and asks his wife to tell he will be coming to Trois-Rivières with them. The Yankees are defeated.14th of June 1776 : Yankee rebels learn that German, Canadiens and indigenous are coming for them, so they decide to leave Montréal and retreat to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.18th of June 1776 : Rebels left Saint-Jean, after having burned the fort.The rebels will then go to l’île aux Noix and go back to Crown Point. The rest of the war will be conducted in the south.Fun fact : The US was in debt to the Ursulines of Trois-Rivières since their raid in 1775, and it’s only in 2009 that debt was paid.Inquiry about the loyalty of the Canadien militia in the district of Québec cityBetween the 22th of May 1776 and July 1776, there was an inquiry by the governor Carleton about who helped the Yankee rebels in the colony. The commissioners were François Baby, Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau and Jenkin Williams.In the parish of Vieille Lorette, Plamondon father and son and Pierre Drolet are found “bad subjects of His Majesty”.In Charlesbourg and Beauport, several inhabitants were sympathetic to the rebels and even took arms.In Beauport, the majority of the inhabitants assisted the rebels.In L’Ange-Gardien, 18 people were enthusiast pro-rebels.In Château-Richer, no one wanted a commission of captain of the militia.In Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, there was only one “bad suject”.In Saint-Ferréol, six militiamen collaborated with the rebels.The inhabitants of the île d’Orléans were more openly pro-rebels. Basile Bauché dit Morency and Louis Pépin dit Major even accepted a commission of captain of the rebel militia, and they were asked to burn it in public. The wife of Augustin Chabot, nicknamed “la reine de Hongrie” (the Queen of Hungary, a nickname given to women that would get involved in politics), did pro-rebel propaganda all over the parish of Saint-Pierre de l’île d’Orléans.In Cap-de-la-Madeleine, 7 militiamen were “bad subjects”, especially Dorval, father of Michel Dorval, that always made speeches against the government and that said the bishop of Québec was paid to preach for the King of Great Britain.From Bécancour to Saint-Jean-Deschaillons, few collaborated with the Yankees but a few. Everybody in Sainte-Croix was loyal.In Saint-Nicolas, Denis Frichet complained during the mass that his priest became an English.La Pointe de Lévis is considered very pro-rebel, very seditious.In all the Nouvelle-Beauce region, 35 militiamen were considered “bad subjects”.In Beaumont, 20 pro-rebels.Saint-Charles de Bellechasse was found suspicious : they attended the pro-rebel assembly in the Pointe de Lévis.Saint-Vallier de Bellechasse’s inhabitants were also quite pro-rebel and they took possession of the presbytary. The Gaboury widow, also nicknamed “the Queen of Hungary”, would hold assemblies against the government.Saint-Pierre-du-Sud was especially rebellious : only nine families were loyal to the King.Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, Rivière-Ouelle and Kamouraska were also more rebellious than usual.Over the 4492 militiamen reviewed for the district of Québec city, 757 were rebellious. Another commission was made for the district of Montréal, but the documents were lost.Final hesitationsThe French, supporting the Bostonian rebels, also tried to get the Canadiens rebelling. The admiral Henri, count of Estaing, wrote a manifesto and it circulated in Québec. D’Estaing suggests that Québec joins the United States. His manifesto is displayed on the doors of several churches. Few priests complain about that and the new governor Haldimand is unhappy that they don’t react more. The abbot Gatien of the parish of Lotbinière would even warmly receive the emissaries of the rebellious colonies.Haldimand would be worried. Now that France joined the rebels’ side, the clergy is less loyal than it used to be. This is why he stroke hard against the abbot Pierre Huet de La Valinière, priest of Sainte-Anne-du-Sud, that would be exiled to England, and would then manage to go to France. He would only come back in 1792 to Québec, now called Lower Canada.Pierre de Sales Laterrière, director of the Forges du Saint-Maurice in Trois-Rivières, would be jailed because he gave tools and weapons to the rebels.Fleury Mespley, printer, and Valentin Jautard, journalist, would also be punished. They printed pro-rebel propaganda, they criticized the British judiciary system, etc.François Cazeau, merchant in Montréal and Charles Hay, merchant in Québec city, would be jailed because they gave information to the rebels.There was also a rumour that the oath made to the King of Great Britain in 1763 would expire after 21 years. (How convenient !)Joseph-Louis Gill, of Saint-François-du-Lac, would be arrested because he was suspected of delivering correspondance to the southern rebellious colonies.So was the doctor Pilon and Pierre du Calvet. Pierre du Calvet is especially famous because he wrote Appel à la justice de l’État. He is considered the precursor of all independentist thought in Québec, and the precursor of the Montréal School historiography. You can still visit his house in Old Montréal.Pierre du Calvet wrote in 1784 that Canadiens were« furent déclarés étrangers, intrus, esclaves civils dans leur propre pays »“were declared foreigners, intruders, civil slaves in their own country”Pierre du Calvet would stress the « droit des nations » (right of the nations/peoples), 134 years before Woodrow Wilson.Pierre du Calvet also wrote :« Qu'il est triste d'être vaincu, s'il n'en coûtait que le sang qui arrose le champ de bataille! À la vérité, la plaie serait bien profonde, bien douloureuse ; elle saignerait pour bien des années; après tout, la révolution des temps la fermerait, la consoliderait à la fin : mais être condamné à sentir la continuité de la main d'un vainqueur, qui s'appesantit sur nous ; mais être esclaves à perpétuité, sous l'empire d'un souverain qui est le père constitutionnel du peuple le plus libre qui soit dans l'univers; oh, pour le coup c'en est trop ! »“How sad is it to be vainquished, if it only cost the blood that sprays the battlefield! To say the truth, the wound would be much deeper, would hurt much more; it would bleed for many years; after all, the revolution of the times would close it, would strenghten it in the end: but to be condemned to feel the continuity of the hand of a victor, that weighs down on us; but being slaves in perpetuity under the empire of a sovereign that is the constitutional father of the most free people of the world that exists in the universe; oh, this time it’s too much!”The Refugee Tract in the United States was enacted to give lands to those French “Canadiens” that were accused of high treason by the British.Should Québec change its mind and join the Union, the article 11 of the Articles of Confederation anticipated that :Article XI. Canada [= the British Province of Quebec] acceding to this confederation, and adjoining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.For almost the entire 19th century, various intellectuals complained Québec missed the opportunity to join the much more civilized United States :« Bien souvent, Messieurs, dans mes trop courts passages sur le sol de la vieille Europe, bien souvent j’ai regretté, — non pas d’être Canadien, car qui dit Canadien dit descendant de la France, et je le dis hautement, je me fais gloire de cette origine, et je l’aurais choisie, si j’avais eu à choisir — mais regretté profondément, amèrement que les partisans par état et plus encore par calcul de l’absolutisme politique aient pu assez dominer nos pères, pour leur faire repousser à main armée, à deux reprises différentes [1775, 1812], le progrès, la prospérité, la liberté du pays ! deux fois ils n’ont eu qu’à tendre la main pour acquérir son indépendance, et deux fois ils l’ont repoussée parce qu’on a réussi à leur faire croire qu’elle serait funeste à leur langue, à leur nationalité, à leur religion, à leurs institutions, à leurs mœurs !Oui, Messieurs, deux fois, nous avons, de propos délibéré choisi le mauvais lot ! Deux fois nous avons volontairement manqué notre avenir ! »“Very often, gentlemen, in my too short passages on the soil of the Old Europe, very often I have regretted, not to be Canadien, because who says Canadien says descendant of France, and I say it highly, I take glory from this origin and I would have chosen it if I had to chose, but I have regretted deeply, bitterly that the supporters by condition but even more by calculus of political absolutism could dominate our forefathers enough to make them repel with weapons, in two occasions [1775, 1812], the progress, the prosperity, the liberty of the country ! Two times they only had to hold out their hand to acquire its independence, and two times they repelled it because someone managed to make them believe it would be gruesome for their language, their nationality, their religion, their institutions and their moors!Yes, gentlemen, two times, we have chosen, after intentional words the bad fate! Two times we have voluntarily missed our future!”(Louis-Antoine Dessaules, Six lectures sur l'annexion du Canada aux États-Unis, 1851)More details about the regrets to not be part of the US :Thomas de La Marnierre's answer to Has Quebec ever wanted to be a part of the U.S.?You can get an anthology of all those texts to ask Canadiens to join the Bostonian cause in this book :Tentation américaine (La) de Marcel Trudel | Septentrion