Naming Acids Usually Incorporates The: Fill & Download for Free

Usually they are just called amino acids. Some amino acids can be described by their characteristics however. The amino acids that are incorporated into proteins in living things (viruses too) are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. All of them are “alpha-“ or “2-“ amino acids because the amino and carboxylic acid groups are attached to the first carbon atom. They are also “L-“ or “left-handed” stereoisomers except for glycine which has a structure too simple to have chirality. The 9 amino acids humans need to survive are called essential amino acids.

Nucleic acid is general term that refers to the entire class of biopolymers whose subunits are made up of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate backbone. This term does not distinguish between free subunits or polymers, or between the type of sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), or between the number of attached phosphates - it is the overall term that includes all forms.DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and refers specifically to the nucleic acid that is formed with a deoxyribose sugar. Other than the fact that it usually incorporates the base thymine instead of uracil, DNA is otherwise identical with the other major nucleic acid: ribonucleic acid or RNA. In both cases, the term is used regardless of the polymerisation status (i.e. it is just as valid to refer to a single nucleotide DNA as it is for a long, double-stranded sequence).Nucleosides and nucleotides both refer to the individual subunits of the nucleic acid. Technically, the terms nucleoside and nucleotide both refer specifically to the forms with ribose sugars, being the subunits of RNA. The deoxyribose (DNA) forms should be distinguished as “deoxynucleosides” or “deoxynucleotides” (and for specific forms, deoxyadenosine, etc.) however in practise this distinction is rarely made.Nucleoside refers only to the 5-carbon sugar and nitrogenous base, and do not include any phosphate groups. However, the term is often used as part of a compound name that indicates the number of phosphate groups attached, for example nucleoside monophosphate refers to a nucleoside plus a single phosphate, while nucleoside triphosphate refers to a nucleoside plus three phosphates. Because the phosphate groups form part of the backbone of nucleic acid polymers, the term nucleoside is only ever used to refer to the free subunits, and never when they are incorporated into a longer sequence.The nucleosides are given names based on their nitrogenous bases; so adenine becomes adenosine, guanine becomes guanosine, thymine becomes thymidine, cytosine become cytidine, and uracil becomes utidine.Nucleotides are technically defined as a nucleoside (nitrogenous base and 5-carbon sugar) plus a single phosphate group, although in practise nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates are often referred to as nucleotides. Since this is the repeating subunit of nucleic acid polymers, this term can be used for individual subunits within a chain, or simply to free subunits.

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