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If you search for sales books on Amazon, over 100,000 titles come up. I’m a big believer in education, and books are the best way to develop your craft. But where should you start?I only know of one highly successful CEO that doesn’t read at all, but he’s quite the exception to the rule. All other highly successful founders, CEOs and sales leaders are voracious readers. They all attribute their success to reading, from Warren Buffett to Elon Musk, from Peter Thiel to Mark Cuban.To help you get started and navigate the plethora of books on the sales topic, I’ve put together a list of my top sales books for modern sales, and broken them out into categories.More important than the list itself is taking action, picking up one of the books and reading it! That’s why the second part of this post explains how I read 50+ books per year. I’ll share with you valuable tips on how you can read every book on my list in the next 6-12 months.Let’s dive in!Sales Process and Pipeline Generation:Fanatical ProspectingAuthor: Jeb BlountAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 169 reviews) Best SellerHardcover: 304 pagesDate Published: October 5, 2015Why You Need To Read This BookI had the pleasure of interviewing Jeb for the podcast that we host with Datanyze, and he was one of my favorite guests. He also happens to have one of the best books I’ve read recently for sales reps who need to prospect more effectively and generate more pipeline.What This Book CoversIn this book, Jeb covers how to leverage the Law of Familiarity to reduce prospecting friction and avoid rejection, how to use social selling to build relationships with prospects, a more effective script for cold calling, how to get more replies with cold emails, and some of the hottest new tools in the space.Read this book if you’re a sales rep responsible for creating your own pipeline or an SDR looking to up your game.Amp Up Your Sales Author: Andy PaulAmazon Rating: 4.9 (from 39 reviews)Paperback: 240 pagesDate Published: November 26, 2014Why You Need To Read This BookThis is another highly tactical sales book for reps who want an edge in selling, or for entrepreneurs setting up their own sales process. Andy, another good friend of PersistIQ and a guest on our podcast, explains that in order to get the edge in sales today, it’s not about what you sell. It’s about how you sell. Another sales veteran with years in the trenches, he uses his own experience to illustrate some of the points in the book.What This Book CoversAndy breaks his book into 8 parts: 1) simplifying your sales 2) accelerating your responsiveness 3) maximizing value 4) growing through follow up 5) amp up your prospecting 6) Qualification: doing more with less 7) mastering stories that sell 8) selling through customer service;This is another must read if you’re looking to create more qualified pipeline or refining your own sales process. It’s also a good read for SDRs.New Sales. SimplifiedAuthor: Mike WeinbergAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 173 reviews)Paperback: 220 pagesDate Published: September 4, 2012Why You Need To Read This BookMuch like his book Sales Management. Simplified., Mike’s writing is very easy to read, and the concepts are further illustrated with stories and examples. I put this book in the same camp as Fanatical Prospecting and Amp Up Your Sales in terms of the problem it’s helping solve. The main differences are Mike provides more compelling stories (in my opinion) but covers less on social selling and tools/technology (a lot has changed in the 4 years since this was published).What This Book CoversThis is a great education on strategies for finding more and better prospects, creating your “sales story”, honing your cold calling skills, perception management, building rapport, managing your day, getting more meetings and having more productive and effective conversations.Buy this book if you’re a rep looking for ways to differentiate in starting more conversation and closing more deals. SDRs will find value in this book too.SHiFT Selling Authors: Craig Elias and Tibor ShantoAmazon Rating: 4.7 (from 12 reviews)Paperback: 256 pagesDate Published: June 28, 2010Why You Need To Read This BookIf you’ve been at any sales conferences and seen a guy wearing a bright orange shirt, that’s most likely Craig! His book is dressed in the same bright orange. This book is all about using Trigger Events to close more deals. I was really impressed with the level of thought that the authors put on defining, identifying, and leveraging trigger events. Selling is all about timing, and this book breaks down everything you need to know about timing around major events.What This Book CoversCraig and Tibor cover everything from conducting a Won Sales Analysis, to identifying trigger events that cause people to enter the window of dissatisfaction, how to become the emotional favorite to buyers, how to get more referrals, and how to gain more credibility.Pick up this book if you’re on the front lines and need to break into larger accounts.Sales Strategy and FrameworksSPIN Selling Author: Neil RackhamAmazon Rating: 4.2 (from 289 reviews) Best SellerHardcover: 216 pagesDate Published: May 1, 1988Why You Need To Read This BookThis may be the oldest book on this list, but that speaks to its timelessness. Personally, I believe this book should be the cornerstone of all sales reps training. Yet perhaps that’s because I was mentored by a Huthwaite SPIN Selling trainer :). Huthwaite and Dr. Rackham’s research was the first real in-depth scientific look into the non-scientific art of selling, which forever changed the way we sell. Every sales rep must memorize chapter 4 of this book, then start to build out their own methodology as they take bits and pieces from other books and frameworks.What This Book CoversBy investing in this book, you’ll learn the stages of a sales call, a breakdown of classic closing techniques and their effectiveness, the right way to obtain commitment from buyers, how to uncover and develop needs, the SPIN framework (Situation, Problem, Implication and Needs-Payoff), and handling objections.You MUST read this book if you are in sales. Period!The Challenger Sale Author: Matthew Dixon and Brent AdamsonAmazon Rating: 4.4 (from 394 reviews)Hardcover: 240 pagesDate Published: November 10, 2011Why You Need To Read This BookAll good salespeople are aware of the consultative sale, but this takes it to the next level, adding a little more data and another layer of sophistication. The sales is not just about building a relationship and getting a buyer to like you. The most successful sales reps — the challengers — are able to push their prospects to think (usually contrary to their normal beliefs, hence the challenger) in a new way and teach them something new.What This Book CoversThe Challenger Sale will teach you the different types of sales reps, how Challengers will teach, taylor and take control in a sales situation, how to lead with your strengths while tactfully challenging the prospect’s assumptions, and how managers can be better coaches.This is the perfect book if you’re in a closing role and frequently on the phone or face-to-face with prospects.Agile Selling Author: Jill KonrathAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 78 reviews)Paperback: 272 pagesDate Published: July 7, 2015Why You Need To Read This BookJill’s book SNAP Selling was the first sales book that I read when I got into sales. I don’t remember how it ended up in my hands, but ever since then, I’ve followed her closely. Her latest book Agile Selling, gives sales reps tactics and methodologies to keep up in the rapidly change sales space. Today’s best sales reps are flexible, adaptable and, well, agile. This is not a new, ground-breaking methodology, but the tips and tactics are still highly valuable. Chapters are broken into small, easily-digestible pieces, so there are many of them (over 60).What This Book CoversDiving into this book, you’ll learn about time management tools, tactics to keep personal motivation high, how to gain creativity and break the monotony of your day, and gamification strategies for modern reps.This book is perfect for reps who have been selling a while but need to get caught up with the modern time.Management:The Sales Development Playbook Author: Trish BertuzziAmazon Rating: 4.9 (from 69 reviews)Paperback: 262 pagesDate Published: January 15, 2016Why You Need To Read This BookIt’s been called, “The sales development Bible” by numerous sales leaders, and I won’t argue. Sales development may be one of the biggest innovations in the sales space over the last decade, and Trish is the perfect person to be writing the book on it. This is a true playbook with step-by-step tactics and strategies for building, managing and leading a modern sales team. This gets my award for the most actionable sales book that I’ve ever read.What This Book CoversAt a high level the 6 sections that Trish covers are 1) Strategy: A framework for aligning your sales model with market dynamics 2) Specialization: How to segment your prospect universe 3) Recruiting: How to find, hire and compensate good sales talent 4) Retention: How to engage, develop and motivate reps 5) Execution: How to properly conduct outbound sales 6) Leadership: How to be a good sales team leader, from establishing quota to performance metrics to building out our sales stack.You especially need to read this book if you’re scaling or restructuring your sales team.Sales Management. Simplified Author: Mike WeinbergAmazon Rating:Hardcover: 224 pagesDate Published: October 21, 2015Why You Need To Read This BookThis was one of those books that I just couldn’t put down, which is especially impressive because it’s a sales management book, not a graphic novel about vampires or wizards (I actually read zero fiction). It was very easy to read with advice and anecdotes all along the way.What This Book CoversSome of the main topics that Mike covers in the book are implementing a simple framework for leadership, fostering a healthy and high-performing culture, conducting productive meetings, establishing an effective compensation plan, finding the right people for the right roles, retaining top talent, telling your sales story and mastering your calendar.Buy this book now if you’re in a sales leadership role managing a team of more than a handful of reps.Sales Acceleration Formula Author: Mark RobergeAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 123 reviews)Hardcover: 224 pagesDate Published: February 24, 2015Why You Need To Read This BookMark’s book is required reading for our new sales reps because it’s that good. The engineering degree from MIT was the perfect background for a leader who challenged the conventional methods of selling by utilizing metrics and processes to build a sales machine that sent the Hubspot team on a rocketship to the top. He literally engineered sales success at Hubspot.What This Book CoversMark breaks down his book into sections: 1) The Sales Hiring Formula 2) The Sales Training Formula 3) The Sales Management Formula 4) The Demand Generation Formula and 5) Technology and Experimentation.If you’re building your sales team, this book is another must-read.Coaching Salespeople into Sales Champions Author: Keith RosenAmazon Rating: 4.7 (from 96 reviews)Hardcover: 352 pagesDate Published: March 14, 2008Why You Need To Read This BookThe first of two books on this list by Keith Rosen is all about taking your existing sales force and coaching them into sales stars, along with some solid advice on how to cut the underperformers. What I love about Keith’s approach is that he doesn’t believe that Sales Champions are made using pressure and fear to perform better. If you’ve read management theory by Drucker or Carnegie, some of the concepts here won’t be new, but they’re always worth a refresher.What This Book CoversSome of the most valuable takeaways from this book are universal principles of coaching, the biggest mistakes coaches make and how to avoid them, different styles of managing for different types of managers, how to conduct an effective coaching session, and how to turn around or let go of underperformers.This book is perfect for any manager or coach of a sales team.First, Break All the Rules Authors: Marcus Buckingham and Curt CoffmanAmazon Rating: 4.5 (from 545 reviews)Hardcover: 271 pagesDate Published: May 5, 1999Why You Need To Read This BookThis book came on my radar over 5 years ago, and it’s always been on my reading list. But when I finally read it, I regretted not reading it sooner. Based on findings from their in-depth study of great managers across a wide variety of situations, industries, and company sizes, the authors have delivered one of the most important books on people management. The management principles shared in this book are timeless and will help you build strong foundations for a healthy culture with your sales team.What This Book CoversIn this book, you’ll learn how to find and keep the top talent, leverage compensations, benefits and promotions in the right way, the most efficient way to train employees and what to look for beyond hard skills in predicting success.Every manager and HR personnel needs to read this book.Wooden on Leadership Author: John WoodenAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 192 reviews)Hardcover: 302 pagesDate Published: April 26, 2005Why You Need To Read This BookBeing a huge sports fan, there are several other great books written by top sports coaches that I was tempted to include in this list — books from Bill Belichick, Bill Walsh and Phil Jackson, but I figured one is enough. In his book, Coach Wooden outlines the mental, emotional, and physical qualities that are essential to building a winning organization, which are applicable to whether you’re building a basketball team or a sales team. Both professions require you to work hard in developing your skills, confidence, and competitive fire.What This Book CoversThe book is organized into 3 parts: 1) The Foundation of My Leadership, where the Coach explains his pyramid of success 2) Lessons in Leadership, in which he offers lessons and anecdotes from his professional career (along with numerous basketball stories) and 3) Lessons From My Notebook, which is filled with “notes, observations, reminders, suggestions, and lists of relevant goals and how to achieve them.”This book is for you if you’re leading a team, need to motivate the troops, and/or love sports.Cold Calling and Phone ProspectingSmart Calling Author: Art SobczakAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 131 reviews)Hardcover: 256 pagesDate Published: April 8, 2013Why You Need To Read This BookWhen I was an SDR, I was on the phone for 6+ hours per day. That wasn’t time blocked off for calls, that was actual talk time. I would have killed for this book. This is not a book where you can sit down and breeze through it in one reading. It’s a book where you need to read one section at a time, then go apply it, them come back later.What This Book CoversArt covers areas like creating a value proposition, gather intelligence to make your calls smart, using “social engineering” to get insight on your prospect, how to work with screeners, gatekeepers, and assistants, perfecting opening statements, minimizing resistance, getting a commitment for the next action, and stay motivatedYou need this book if you’re an inside sales rep constantly on the phone.The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Cold Calling Author: Keith RosenAmazon Rating: 4.6 (from 53 reviews)Hardcover: Paperback: 336 pagesDate Published: August 3, 2004Why You Need To Read This BookThis book pairs well with Art Sobczak’s book Smart Calling if you just getting into sales and cold calling. While Art’s book is more situational and practical, Keith’s book is more process oriented. There’s not a whole lot of new information in this book, so if you’ve been on the phones for years, this may not be for you.What This Book CoversSection one of his books covers preparation and the inner game of prospecting. Section two is about generating new business with systems and proper planning. Section three is about having better conversations. Section four covers getting returned calls and getting past the gatekeeper. And the final section is about how you can continue to refine your process.Pick this up if you’re new to calling and need to hit your dials for the day.Take the Cold Out of Cold CallingAuthor: Sam RichterAmazon Rating: 4.9 (from 74 reviews)Paperback: 312 pagesDate Published: July 9, 2009Why You Need To Read This BookDon’t judge a book by it’s cover, literally. Once you get past the ugly cover and slightly misleading title, Sam Richter dives into how to prospect for cold calling. He doesn’t dive into how to call at all, but rather how to do the right research on prospects so that they’re warm and receptive once you do call them. Though it was written 7 years ago and the online landscape has, much of what Sam writes about is as valid today, if not more so.What This Book CoversYou’ll learn ways to access highly qualified lead lists, tips and tricks for leveraging search engines to prospect, use social networks to get more sales insights, how to access premium information resources at no or very low cost, how to massively increase your credibility with prospects and existing clients, and expert “Warm Call Scripts.”Read this if you’re in inside sales and need to do a lot of outbound prospecting on your own.Account Based SalesWhale Hunting Author: Tom Searcy and Barbara Weaver SmithAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 32 reviews)Hardcover: 288 pagesDate Published: January 2, 2008Why You Need To Read This BookSome people criticize the title, but the authors draw the analogy of the Inuit people hunting a whale being like a sales team going after a large account. Not just any account, but an account that would dramatically impact the bottom line for your business. There’s a lot written out there about how individual sales reps can increase sales, but this book shows you how a team can collaborate and work together.What This Book CoversThe phases for hunting whales are: 1) Pre-Scouting 2) Scouting 3) Planning 4) Hunting 5) Capture 6) The Big Show 7) Servicing 8) Understand the process.Pick this book up if you’re selling to large enterprise accounts that require team collaboration.Selling to Big Companies Author: Jill KonrathAmazon Rating: 4.7 (from 147 reviews)Paperback: 272 pagesDate Published: December 1, 2005Why You Need To Read This BookHaving read her other books, I almost skipped over this one because I thought it may be outdated, but I’m glad I picked it up. It focuses on a very specific problem that sales reps and teams face — how to get conversations started with these big companies.What This Book CoversPart one covers what is required of those who attempt to sell to “big(ger)” companies. Part two expands on building a foundation for what eventually should become a cohesive, comprehensive, and cost-effective system for effective selling. And part three is all about executing and launching your campaign.Read this book if you’re a rep or a manager deploying an account based sales model.Dealstorming Author: Tim SandersAmazon Rating: 5 (from 21 reviews)Pages: 242Date Published: February 23, 2016Why You Need To Read This BookAlthough the author never explicitly states that this book is for people going after larger deals, there are two reasons I put it in this category. First, the general principles align very closely with how a sales team operating in an account based approach works. Second, I needed more books to put in this section. In all seriousness, Dealstorming is a problem solving technique. This book offers great insight into how a sales rep can create a structured, scalable, and repeatable process that can break through any sales deadlock.What This Book CoversThis book is broken up into 3 sections: 1) The Case for Sales Collaboration, where the issue of how large, more complex deals are currently handled 2) The Dealstorming Methodology of organize, prepare, convene, execute, analyze and report 3) Tools for Innovation, where he outlines some useful tools for building a process and nurturing relationships.This is great for reps dealing with large, complex sales.Other GemsJab, Jab, Jab, Right Hook Author: Gary VaynerchukAmazon Rating: 4.6 (from 697 reviews)Hardcover: 224 pagesDate Published: November 26, 2013Why You Need To Read This BookGary is one of my favorite entrepreneurs of all time, and the only highly successful CEO I know how doest read. In fact, he admits the number of books he’s written exceeds the number of books he’s read. However, the first time I saw his videos, I was put off by what I thought was arrogance. But when I set that aside, I fell in love with his message and content. This book is a highly tactical book that breaks down exactly how to use social to build your brand and get ROI. Many of his examples (which are in full color, full page) are in the B2C space but are still highly applicable to B2B sellers.What This Book CoversGary covers how you should be thinking about social strategy, how to tell stories and how to sell on Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Tumbler and some of the platforms there were “emerging” in 2013 (Vine, SnapChat, Google+).Read this if you’re building a brand on social, whether you’re an entrepreneur or an individual rep.To Sell Is Human Author: Dan PinkAmazon Rating: 4.4 (from 614 reviews)Paperback: 272 pagesDate Published: December 3, 2013Why You Need To Read This BookThis was as entertaining as it was informative. I love all of Dan Pink’s book as they offer insight into the human psychology and how it works. If you read this book and like it (which you probably will), pick up one of his other books, Drive. His counter-intuitive insights not only keep you turning pages, but they’ll help you influence people more effectively.What This Book CoversIn this book, Dan covers how sales is changing and what it means for both the buyers and sellers, the new A-B-Cs of sales, more effective alternative to the elevator pitch, how to improvise and how to serve your clients better.Great for reps and entrepreneurs, pick this up if you want to be entertained while learning sales.Influence Author: Robert B. CialdiniAmazon Rating: 4.6 (from 364 reviews)Paperback: 272 pagesDate Published: August 8, 2008Why You Need To Read This BookThis is my most recommended book of all time to sales, marketing, and business people. Though it’s pretty much like a textbook, it reads like a novel. To me, sales and marketing have always been about the psychology of buying, and this is the best in-depth look at human behavior out there. Great research, great stories, great thought, and great time went into writing this book.What This Book CoversDr. Cialdini teaches the 6 principles of influence: reciprocity, social proof, commitment and consistency, liking, authority, and scarcity.If you are in sales or marketing, then you MUST read this book (which is probably everyone reading this post).The Go Giver Author: Bob BurgAmazon Rating: 4.8 (from 873 review)Hardcover: 144 pagesDate Published: December 27, 2007Why You Need To Read This BookThis is a business parable that teaches timeless principles through protagonists experiences. Think of it as a Nicholas Sparks book but for business people. It’s a quick read, and deserves prime real estate on your bookshelf. I’d recommend revisiting this book once a year.What This Book CoversThe main principles covered throughout the story are 1) The Law of Value: Your true worth is determined by how much more you give in value than you take in payment 2) The Law of Compensation: Your income is determined by how many people you serve and how well you serve them 3) The Law of Influence: Your influence is determined by how abundantly you place other people’s interests first 4) The Law of Authenticity: The most valuable gift you have to offer is yourself 5) The Law of Receptivity: The key to effective giving is to stay open to receivingThis is another book that everyone in business should read.How to Read That Entire List in the Next 6 MonthsOk, now you have some reading to do!This list is only valuable if you do something with it. Don’t just order the book on Amazon and put it on your shelf. I know too many people who have a bookshelf full of valuable titles but haven’t read half of them. Everyone has the best of intentions for reading, but very few are able to fully follow through.The rest of this post is going to be about how you can take this list and read every book it in the next 6-12 months.People are astonished that I can get through 50+ books per year. I’m going to share with you exactly how I do that (hint: I’m not a speed reader).Reading takes time, something that we all wish we had more of. People feel guilty for taking time to read when they’d rather be selling or binge-watching Game of Thrones.Here are my best tips on how to read 50+ books per year.Time block at least 30 minutes per day for reading.Just by reading 30 minutes per days, you’d be surprised how much you can get through. Put it on your calendar and make it the same time every day. Start to build the habit. Just like any new habit, it may be hard at first, but eventually, it will come much more naturally.I’d suggest using your commute time in the morning, as you have much more willpower and mental capacity to take on new habits in the morning. If you drive to work, then reading isn’t an option, so listen to audio books instead! (more on that later).Here are some other great reading times. Find what works best for you:During breakfast or lunchRight after you arrive at work (you may have to get in 30 minutes early to avoid getting in trouble)Right after you get home from workWhile working out (books are great when you’re on stationary cardio machines, otherwise, use audiobooks)Right before you go to bedWhen are you going to block your 30 minutes of reading?Always have your next book lined upWhen you’re close to completing one book, make sure you have the next one lined up. It’s too easy to finish a book, then break the habit while you’re searching for your next book or waiting for it to be delivered.If you read on this Kindle, this isn’t a problem, but if you like physical book like I do, then create a wishlist on Amazon. You can gather titles and easily purchase the next one in minutes. I have over 200 books in my wishlist, and it’s only growing.What’s the next book on your list?Always have a book with youI probably get an hour or two of reading done reach week during the empty space while I’m waiting, whether it’s at the doctor’s office, dinner date, or a meeting. Rather than spending that extra time on Facebook or texting, this is prime reading time. It can really add up.If you don’t want to be that nerd who is always carrying around a book, this is where having a Kindle really comes in handy. Personally, I have the Kindle App for my iPhone and keep a few books on there just for this. But recently, I’ve been using this time to catch up on my favorite blogs.How can you always have reading material with you at all times?Pick the right books to read, and put down the wrong onesA big part of the problem for most people is they start reading a book but don’t like it, then put it down. This stalls their reading efforts all together as they begin to dread their reading time.Nothing beats being really excited about what you’re reading. If you start a book and can’t get into it, don’t be afraid to put it down and move onto the next. There’s no shame in not finishing a book. You’re time is valuable, so use it wisely by reading things you’re interested in, deliver value, and hold your attention.What kind of books are you most interested in reading right now?When picking out your next book, here are some tips.Use apps like Goodreads and Blinkist to read summaries. This is meant to help you decide if the content of the book is what you’re looking for, not as a substitute for actually reading the book.Ryan Holiday, one of my favorite authors, suggests using the references in your current book to find your next book. This isn’t always possible, but I’ve found some of the best books with this approach lately.Another option is to use Amazon’s “Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought” list.What is the next book on your reading list?Set up the conditions that are most conducive for readingThe average American watches 5 hours of TV per day. That’s probably less for working business people, but that’s a lot of time. Personally, I know cable TV (especially sports) sucks me in, and before I know it, I’ve been watching TV for hours. Because I know this is my weakness, I don’t have cable.Setting conditions for reading means when it’s time for reading, it’s easy to do. Here’s what I mean – if you want to read at night before you go to bed, have your book next to your bed, and don’t wait to go to bed until you’re so tired you can’t keep your eyes open.How can you set up your environment to be most conducive for reading?Learn to read fasterThis is the easiest way to get more books read. I’m not talking about speed reading. I don’t think you can get the value out of a practical business book by speed reading — too much comprehension is lost. However, the average adult reads at about 250 to 300 words per minutes.Getting to 500-600 words per minutes is relatively easy if you have the right method for doing so. I recommend starting with this blog post by Tim Ferriss called Scientific Speed Reading: How to Read 300% Faster in 20 Minutes.You can also use apps like Spritz, Accelareader, Syllable and Accelerator.How fast can you read?Use audiobooksMost books come in audio form now, so leverage that during times you can’t read, like on your commute or while you’re working out.Audible.com is the most well-known player in the audiobook space with over 850,000 titles, but you can also get audiobooks on iTunes or directly from Amazon or Kindle. One of the coolest things about Kindle is if you’re a Kindle Unlimited subscriber, look for titles that are on “whispersync,” which gives you the audio and text versions. You can begin reading the text, then if you need to switch gears and want to listen to the book, the audio will pick up on the page where you left off reading. Then, if you want to switch back to reading, it will be on the page that the audio left off. Amazing, right?!

Rajeev Motwani.!!Rajeev Motwani, wanted to study mathematics and become another Gauss! His father, however, persuaded him to study computer science. Little did he know how closely the two are related? He graduated with B.Tech. in computer science from IITK in 1983 and PhD from Berkeley in 1988. Rajeev was a wise theoretician that had the rare knack and desire to turn theory into practical applications. Whenever you use a piece of technology, there is a good chance a little bit of Rajeev Motwani is behind it.Rajeev played an important role in the founding of Google 15 years ago. He was snatched away from us on June 5, 2009, at the age of 47, in a drowning accident in the backyard swimming pool of his Atherton home after a party celebrating the end of the school year!Growing upRajeev Motwani was born on March 24, 1962 in the Indian city of Jammu to Lt. Colonelotchand Motwani, an officer in the Indian Army, and Namita Motwani. His family included brothers Sanjeev and Suneev. Given his father’s army career, Rajeev’s family moved often and lived in various parts of India before settling down in New Delhi.When Rajeev was seven, his father was stationed in the scenic town of Devlali near Mumbai, India. His family would walk a kilometer to the local library to get books, and the seven-year-old Rajeev would be seen reading the books they had borrowed from the library as they walked home! His brothers recall that not a single day would pass when he did not read a whole book.Young Rajeev wanted to be a mathematician, like Gauss. “This was partly shaped by the books I had at home. My parents for some reason had a lot of these books – 10 great scientists or five famous mathematicians – their life stories and so on. As a child, whatever heroes you read about you want to become,” adds Rajeev. Rajeev would read books of all types, including novels, comics, autobiographies and scientific books. Rajeev also loved music, particularly rock music. One of his favorite bands was Indian Ocean. His friend from Berkley days, Rathin Sinha recollects Rajeev’s love for books by Asimov, music by Pink Floyd, and canned chili and rice meals!A turning point in Rajeev’s intellectual development came when his family moved to New Delhi in 1974. Rajeev’s father wanted to send his children to the prestigious St Columba’s High School in New Delhi. St Columba’s High School administered a difficult entrance exam to admit students, and Rajeev studied hard the night before taking the exam. Not only did Rajeev pass the exam, he did so well that the principal admitted all three brothers into the school!Reluctant Computer ScientistAfter 11th grade (in the 10+2 program) in 1978, he appeared in JEE earning third place in the northern zone of India. He did not stay at Columba’s to finish the 12th grade instead joined I I T Kanpur, which at that time had just started the undergraduate program in computer science. “I truly wanted to be a mathematician, and my parents were hesitant because how do you make money as a mathematician, how do you support a family. I was basically forced into going into computer science even though I did not want to, but it turned out to be a wonderful surprise that computer science is actually quite mathematical as a field,” recalls Rajeev in an interview.Even though IIT Kanpur had an outstanding computer science faculty in the late 1970s, formal computer science education at the undergraduate level was still in its infancy in India. Rajeev was a member of the very first cohort of undergraduate computer science students at IIT Kanpur. Rajeev often recalled that IIT Kanpur had attracted an amazing group of people, and there could not have been a better environment for studying computer science in India. As a student, Rajeev was inspired by Professor Kesav Nori, who taught Rajeev’s first class on programming — TA 306: Principles of Programming. Rajeev recalls, “Wonderful thing about Prof. Nori is that he was a very inspiring person. He did more than just teach. He created such a wonderful ecosystem and developed a personal connection with his students.”Prof. Nori thinks Rajeev gave him more credit than he deserves. It has been 35 years but he is still so enthusiastic talking about Rajeev – the chubby, smart boy. In a recent phone conversation one could sense enthusiasm in his voice when he said, “Rajeev knew that purpose of programing is not just coding; it is to formulate the problem. Rajeev’s thinking was clear; his expression direct. No unnecessary stuff. Rajeev had a knack for creating the most elegant and brief answers to the hardest of programming problems. It was a joy to read his papers.”Another instructor at IITK recollects, “Anyone who had taught Rajeev could not but be impressed by his class. At the same time, he was not at all competitive — if he did well, which he did, it was because doing well was so natural for him.”Gautam Bhargava, a classmate of Rajeev at IIT Kanpur remembers him, “As a fun loving, rock-n-rollin’ party guy, a super-smart classmate. Hardly anyone in IIT-days called him Rajeev. To us he was, and still is, Mots, which was not short for Motwani, as you would expect, but rather short for Motwayne! After the younger brother of the movie star John Wayne! But this alleged younger brother of John Wayne was never seen wearing a 10-gallon Stetson; rather he was most often seen in a kurta, jeans, chappals, with a cloth book-bag slung across his shoulder!Rajeev’s amazing brilliance might lead you to believe that Rajeev was this immensely studious type who spent all his waking hours studying and hitting the books hard. On the contrary, Rajeev was an incredibly fun loving guy always ready for a party! In his dorm room, next to his bed would always be a stack of science-fiction books waiting for eager consumption. Rajeev would spend endless hours solving the hardest crossword puzzles, playing bridge or volleyball, and hanging out with friends — then he would show up for the tests and magically ace them! Now if a course were “crazy hard”, say, like the one on Number Theory, Rajeev would effortlessly breeze through, with amazingly elegant answers to even the toughest of problems. However, if the class were “easy”, Rajeev could easily lose some interest. Rajeev thought time could be better spent listening to music or hanging out at the canteen eating hakka chowmein or anda parathas.”Gautam continues, “Rajeev was also quite a music lover with a particular fondness for Rock’n’Roll. During IIT years Rajeev was also the “Audio Club Secretary”. This was indeed a prestigious job as the Audio “Secy” controlled the keys to the Rock’n’Roll kingdom – and decided when and where the amps and the speakers and the other equipment would be made available. As usual, Rajeev took great joy in running that club and recruited a bunch of his friends to lug those heavy amps around! When this got too much he decided it was more fun to play the bass … his favorite tune for riffing on bass was “Badge”! Later he started doodling on the keyboard … and as our friend Madhavan recalls, they only played songs in the key of A-minor so Rajeev could just play on the white keys!!! Rajeev could also create musical wonders with another “instrument” – you just had to hear him use a wine glass and a fork to play the tune for the Bollywood hit Chura Liya Hai.”Rajeev’s undergraduate thesis (joint with Chilukuri K. Mohan and Amitabh Shah; advised by Professor Somenath Biswas) was quite theoretical: “Specification and Verification of Computer Communication Protocols.” This simultaneous interest in theory and programming percolated through Rajeev’s career. Rajeev’s friends recall that in college he was not only brilliant, but also incredibly fun-loving and always ready for a party. There would always be a stack of science-fiction books waiting for eager consumption in his dorm room, and he would spend endless hours solving difficult crossword puzzles, playing bridge or volleyball, and hanging out with friends. He never lost this undergraduate spirit. Through his time at Berkeley and as a faculty member at Stanford, Rajeev approached research and entrepreneurship with joy.Never do work today that you can defer to tomorrowEverybody else was coming to the US for PhD or Masters or whatever. Actually Rajeev did not want to come to USA for some unexplainable reasons. He got a job at DCM Data Products because getting visas at that time (1983) was a big problem. He was also interviewed by the top three guys at Wipro – a small enterprise then. The interviewer said we would love to give you a job looking at your track record but isn’t every one with your kind of back ground going to the US on a scholarship? So have you applied to US? Rajeev said, “Yes I have an offer from Berkley.” He asked do you have a scholarship. Rajeev said, “Yes, but I am not sure if I will get a visa.” He got the visa and landed up at Berkley.In 1983, Rajeev became a PhD student at UC Berkeley. He found Berkley to be a very politically charged university – he would call it the JNU of the US. For 3 years Rajeev had a blast. Did not do any work and fully enjoyed the environment. His advisor was Prof. Richard Karp, who won the Turing award – which is like the Nobel Prize in computer science in 1985-86. When Rajeev had finished those 3 years without publishing any papers, he thought that he was not doing anything and letting this man down. So from then on he worked really hard and was quite productive for the next two years.In an advanced course on algorithms taught by Prof. Richard Karp the class was asked to solve a homework problem. With a fellow student and Prof. Karp, Rajeev developed this problem into a theory of deferred data structures: data structures that are built-up incrementally. This resulted in Rajeev’s first published paper, and he summarized it jokingly as his philosophy in life, with the words: Never do work today that you can defer to tomorrow.This is how Rathin Sinha remembers his days with Rajeev at Berkley, “Rajeev was perhaps my closest friend in UC Berkeley. We arrived in the same August of 1983 and I remember spending countless evenings at his Durant apartment going through his full collection of Isaac Asimov, having tea and ending the evening with fried chili and rice. …and then we went our separate ways. I discontinued my PhD program, took up a job, but lived in the neighborhood.When I got laid off in 1986, he helped me with my resume, in job search, and most importantly kept me motivated. He even gave me his answering machine in case an interviewer calls and I am not there to take the call. He was always smiling. Very mellow and soft spoken. I never saw him getting frustrated or rattled in spite of his heavy work load. He never complained about life, teachers, tests, or grades. He knew how to enjoy himself.10 years later – one email and we were connected again. His first request to me was to see if I could help a budding entrepreneur who was looking for some technology. So was Rajeev. For me it was like growing up with Greatness. Rajeev was always ready to help. ”In 1988 Rajeev was about to graduate from Berkley with PhD (His Dissertation: Probabilistic analysis of matching and network flow algorithms) and was wondering what to do next. Go back to India or stay in the US. Again other people made the decisions for him. Don Knuth, one of the founding fathers of computer science, came over to meet Rajeev’s advisor and told him that they wanted to hire someone young for algorithms at Stanford. So Karp suggested Rajeev’s name. Rajeev was then invited by Knuth at Stanford for lunch. Rajeev was wondering why this great man wants to have lunch with him. Anyway, Rajeev went to Stanford and met him at a restaurant near the church at the quad. He then told him to be with Stanford for a year and see if they liked him and vice versa after which if things worked out well they would hire Rajeev.He was offered a visiting faculty position at Stanford. He did not want that job as he was getting better offers and permanent jobs at other places but since it was an offer by Knuth it was hard to turn down. Rajeev thought, “It’s the like Einstein inviting you to Princeton for a job!” He joined Stanford and taught several courses and had a very good time.Stanford liked what they saw and he was appointed as tenure-track faculty. Based on his thesis work at Berkeley, Stanford realized that it was getting an extraordinary and promising theoretician in this 27 year old man. However, everyone underestimated the incredible scholar, teacher, advisor, colleague, entrepreneur, and friend that Rajeev would become.3 – 4 months after his first year at Stanford he got married. Rajeev met his soon-to-be wife Asha Jadeja in May 1989. Asha graduated from the University of Southern California and relocated to the San Francisco Bay area. Rajeev and Asha were married on March 22, 1990 in Delhi. They liked living in Stanford, and decided to stay. Asha started graduate school at UC Berkeley in 1991, studying urban planning and urban transportation, and joined the department of political science at Stanford in 1994. Two daughters were born from their marriage, Naitri (b.1991) and Anya (b.2003). In their tribute to Rajeev, Asha’s younger brothers, Yashwant and Yogi said, “Rajeev, who we called Jamaisaheb, was to the world a famous scientist, entrepreneur, and mentor. For us, he was the rock star of an elder brother that we never had. When our dear sister Asha married Rajeev, we used to pinch ourselves and wondered how we ever got so lucky — that this brilliant, humble, and incredibly handsome man entered our family and immediately became part of a large, cantankerous family — with such ease. In our 20 years of close association, we never saw Rajeev ever lose his cool, was always generous even to people he did not know, and became the darling son of our parents, and all aunts and uncles in the family. He will be with us forever.”Robots Taught Him Something SpecialRajeev enjoyed teaching at Stanford. Since so many people were retiring or leaving Stanford there were a lot of courses to be taught. Rajeev ended up teaching variety of courses. He even created and offered his own courses such as topography and algorithms and complexity theory. Since he did not know a lot of these areas but he learned a lot by teaching these courses. He did not get enough sleep! He used to say, “I am a perfectionist and I still get nervous to talk before a class even today. I get nervous, what if someone asks me a question and I find myself unable to answer it. So for this reason I always over prepare.”The nervousness taught him more than what he learned as a student. He landed up working in many different areas and it broadened his thinking, knowledge, and experience. It also helped not get bored. He used to say, “I have tendency to get bored easily and so if I stay in one area for too long I quickly move over to another area. My threshold of working in one particular area is about 5 years.”Jean Claude Latombe from France, in robotics area, inspired him to see robots from a very different angle. He told Rajeev that there were a lot of algorithms in robotics which are needed to plan the actions of the robot. Robots require very high dimensional planning. It is like having a starting point A and end point B in space, and moving from A to B without being hit by any obstacles. The same task would be easier with 2 points on the table. Rajeev worked on solving robot related problems for 5 years, putting high dimension geometry and randomization together. Seeing the robots move and perform using his algorithms, he realized that he could do something mathematical but practical. He realized that his ideas, his work could have practical implications.He could now move over from the paper pencil world to the real world. He gave lot of credit to Stanford for creating an environment where people in different areas could work together making the whole greater than the sum of its parts. He spent one third of his time in doing his work in a theoretical and mathematical way and the rest in collaborating with people.Pfizer wanted to fund research on computational drug design. And while finishing the work on random motion planning in robots he realized that molecules and robots actually behave in a very similar way. His team came up with software based on his theory and they added some new theories. The project was called RAPID (Randomized Pharmacophore Identification for Drug Design). It went very well. Rajeev learnt a lot. He said, “It was an intriguing experience. I had to go back and learn my high school chemistry and biology and the other fun stuff.” The software is being used by Pfizer labs for their drug design.There wasn’t a startup he didn’t loveRajeev was fascinated by the transformation of academic ideas into commercial ventures. To quote his friend and coauthor, Madhu Sudan from MIT, “Having worked with Rajeev at an early stage of my career I knew how smart he was, but it really took Stanford to bring out his true talent, which was the ability to recognize the importance of ideas quicker than anyone else around.”Rajeev was active in the venture industry, and had a reputation of being extremely helpful to entrepreneurs. Rajeev’s students and industry colleagues remember him for his uncanny ability to connect people: he was a catalyst in bringing teams together and getting companies started with an element of inspiration and strategic guidance. Through Deutsche Bank, to which he had been an advisor, he became one of the first investors in PayPal, and Rajeev and Asha started a venture fund called Dot Edu Ventures in 2000. He was also a special advisor to Sequoia Capital, and was active in entrepreneurial student groups at Stanford, including Business Association of Stanford Engineering Students (BASES) and Stanford Student Enterprises.Sep Kamvar, a student of Rajeev who later became an entrepreneur recalls, “Rajeev had a selfless heart. At one point early on in our company, I had a conversation with somebody who told me he thought our company wouldn’t succeed. Upset, I called Rajeev the next day, met up with him at the University Cafe, and told him about this conversation. After he listened to me rant for half an hour about how I was going to prove this guy wrong, he smiled and simply said: “Yes, you will. That’s why you’re an entrepreneur. Now your challenge is to use that energy to do something good for the world.”Another former student and now an entrepreneur remarked, “His ability of porting ideas from one to the other was unparalleled.” Jennifer Widom, fellow faculty from Stanford in her tribute to Rajeev said, “In entrepreneurial circles, many call him “the world’s greatest connector.” He had an uncanny ability to recognize that by bringing together certain people, magical things would happen. On a smaller scale, I recently realized that’s exactly what he was doing in our research enterprise. He clearly had a knack for matchmaking. deeply thought-out insights on most any issue, a willingness to help anyone anytime, and an understated but ever-present sense of humor.We faculty have a tendency to blather on. Rajeev, on the other hand, would sit quietly and then get right to the point. Rajeev left one hole that simply can’t be addressed. He forged a unique connection between the department and the entrepreneurial world—a connection that was broad, deeply technical, and full of integrity. That is something we simply can’t replicate with any other human being known to us.”Ram Shriram, a family friend remembers, “Rajeev had a photographic memory and seemed to have a limitless capacity to remember people, numbers, events, companies and the like. He was always accessible and approachable. His business acumen rivaled his technical prowess which made him a unique and potent force in the venture community.”Gaurav Garg noted, “Rajeev was one of those rare people who operated at the highest level of excellence in multiple disciplines. He was exceptionally observant, practical, thoughtful, yet decisive, with an unerring instinct for the right questions or issues around any topic, be it the game of cricket or a startup. I was always impressed by his kindness, fondness, and open door policy with young entrepreneurs.”Rajeev was a nurturing force for many startups, according to a close friend and GigaOm editor Om Malik. As an investor and advisor, he sat on the boards of Google, Kaboodle, Mimosa Systems, Adchemy, Baynote, Vuclip.Then Came the World Wide WebAround this time the world wide web was coming up and Rajeev got sucked into it. Rajeev in his interview with Shivanand Kanavi in 2002 recollects, “There was this guy Jeff Ullman, another one of the grand old men of computer science, who retired this year. He was in the office next to me and was in database. I was talking to him and a new student – Sergey Brin, and I remember at that time we were using Mosaic, and we were looking at the web and I was sitting there and thinking that we could randomize the web in some way because that was going to grow and become big and randomness was going to be important; though I did not know how and why. So I thought about doing random walks on the web and there was this problem of crawling on the web. At that time a search engine called Inktomi had just come out of Berkley. Excite and Yahoo had come out from Stanford so we had seen the first signs of all of this.I remember going to Inktomi and searching for the word Inktomi and it could not find itself. I don’t know if that is still true but at that time if you went to Inktomi and typed in the word it said no results found. My Godelian past induced me to do these self-referential queries but what amazed me was that this is a simple thing that people screw up on. So in the context of all this I was listening to some people from IBM talk on Data mining and Ullman had just introduced me to some problems in databases. I broke them down with a student and was getting pretty excited about the concept of databases. Ullman took me for this talk on data mining which sounded very interesting to me. So Sergey and Ullman and we decided to do some data mining on the web because it sounded like a nice mix. We then formed this research group called Midas which stood for Mining Data At Stanford. We did a lot of good work on data mining. Then there was this guy called Larry Page who wasn’t really a part of the Midas group but was a friend of Sergey and would show up for these meetings. He was working on this very cool idea of doing random walks on the web.When I understood what the World Wide Web would look like, I knew I had to somehow force randomness into it. When Larry showed us what he was doing, it was like a complete epiphany, we thought it was absolutely the right thing to do. So Sergey got involved and it became a sub group inside Midas. I was really a good sounding board for Sergey and Larry and I could relate to what they were doing through randomness. They then created a search engine called Backrub. It was running as a search engine from Stanford just like Yahoo ran till the traffic got big and the IT guys sent it off the campus. So these 2 guys would come to the office and say “hey we need some more disc space”. They were completely non respectful of me, which was a wonderful thing. They treated me like an equal. These 21 year old guys were demanding things from me. They needed more disc space because it’s getting bigger. So we need more disc and more money. There are still pictures around the building of how they used to use Legos, to create a box inside which the discs were being put. These discs were those cheap ones bought from the back of a truck and were generating a lot of heat. So they put it in Legos to allow for air circulation.For me it was a fun research project. We had a lot of ideas which we shared. At some point this thing started getting very serious and we wanted a better name for this than Backrub. So somebody came up with the name Google. Google means 10 raised to the power of 100. It is actually spelt as GOOGOL but somebody miss spelt it and that’s how the search engine got its name. Of course the official story is we deliberately spelt it that way but my guess is we miss spelt it.So Google started and pretty soon everybody in the world was using Google. The results were much better than all the other search engines going around. It was by word of mouth like I tell my brother to use it, he would tell his wife, wife would tell her kids and so on. At some point these guys said we want to start a company. Everybody said it was not worth it. There were 37 search engines already there. How would you raise money? How would you form the company? But they decided to do it and they did it. There were some big names which supported the company. Andy Bechtolsheim, an ex-Stanford guy who along with Vinod Khosla had founded the Sun Microsystems, put in a little bit of money. They managed to raise a million dollars. They started the company and it was right here in the university avenue. It used to be on my drive home so I used to go and hang out with these guys. It used to be wonderful.Then they took over the world!Right now the other search engines don’t even compare and I remember people who I don’t want to name saying why do you need another search engine? Today it is the most used search engine. Feels like I was part of a little bit of history and contributed to that history.”Sergy Brin and Larry Page founded Google on September 4, 1998.In his tribute to Rajeev, this is what Sergy Brin said, “Officially, Rajeev was not my advisor, and yet he played just as big a role in my research, education, and professional development. In addition to being a brilliant computer scientist, Rajeev was a very kind and amicable person and his door was always open. No matter what was going on with my life or work, I could always stop by his office for an interesting conversation and a friendly smile.When my interest turned to data mining, Rajeev helped to coordinate a regular meeting group on the subject. Even though I was just one of hundreds of graduate students in the department, he always made the time and effort to help. Later, when Larry and I began to work together on the research that would lead to Google, Rajeev was there to support us and guide us through challenges, both technical and organizational.Eventually, as Google emerged from Stanford, Rajeev remained a friend and advisor as he has with many people and startups since. Of all the faculty at Stanford, it is with Rajeev that I have stayed the closest and I will miss him dearly. Yet his legacy and personality live on in the students, projects, and companies he has touched. Today, whenever you use a piece of technology, there is a good chance a little bit of Rajeev Motwani is behind it.This is how Larry Page remembered him, “Rajeev was a wise theoretician that had the rare knack and desire to turn theory into practical applications. Rajeev was always willing to lend an ear and a brain to anyone, even to me as a confused student. With his always open door and clever insights, Rajeev was instrumental in the early work that led to Google.”Ron Conway, early stage investor in Google, Ask Jeeves and PayPal, recollects, “Rajeev was always so generous with his time. I was talking last night to Rajeev’s brother, Sanjay, and we concluded that there must have been THREE of him!!! ….one was always at university café and another was always at Stanford and the other one at google!!”Humble to the CoreDavid Hornik of August Capital remembered Rajeev as a friend, “It is one thing to be friendly with someone in the business world. It is another thing altogether to consider them a friend. Rajeev genuinely liked people and people genuinely liked him.”One of his instructors from IITK recalls, “I met him only infrequently since 1983, but I’d get in touch with him whenever any need arose, either for myself or for a student. Rajeev would render his help promptly and he’d answer e-mails without any delay. Only now I realize, reading about him, how busy though he had been all through. I recall that in 1999 June I went to his office to meet him. When I reached, an undergraduate student of his theory of computation course was there to clear some doubts. From the questions the student was asking, it was evident that the student had put in hardly any effort in the course. Most of us would be very impatient with such students. Rajeev, however, was not only patient but also friendly– I still remember how beautifully, without using the whiteboard, Rajeev explained, just through words, why the problem of checking if an input TM would ever make a left move when started on a blank tape is decidable. I could see that the student understood the argument, and he left the office very happy. It was a lesson to me — I realized that people of true excellence have no problems at all in accepting shortcomings in others.”When Rajeev received Godel Prize in 2001, this is what he so humbly said, “I got the Godel prize for my theoretical work. In science it is said that one guy stands on the shoulders of another and another on his and so on. The guy on top gets the prize. In my case I was on the tip of the pyramid and so got the prize. Everyone forgets the pyramid.”Rajeev was a school mate of Shahrukh Khan, the Indian film star, at St Columba’s High School in New Delhi and had great admiration for him. In his self-effacing style he would say, ‘that guy (Shahrukh) is brilliant and will be the No.1 in anything he takes up’. Pushing into background his own remarkable intellectual achievements.Not feeling so lucky!Prakash Tripathi met Rajeev as a 17 year old at IIT Kanpur campus in 1979. Rajeev spoke to Prakash, ironically, by the IITK poolside.“Can you jump into the waters?,” Rajeev asked.“Yes, I can,” Prakash replied. Not because Prakash knew how to swim, but as a fresher in a campus of India’s engineering schools, in a hot summer afternoon in Kanpur, dying in a pool was a far dignified way to reject life’s conditions then to submit and surrender.Rajeev didn’t tell Prakash whether he could swim. Nor Prakash had the courage to ask. But Rajeev inspired Prakash to convert our lies into truth as a homage to future. First thing Prakash did, after graduating from IITK, was to learn to swim in IIT Delhi pool. Prakash recollects, “It’s traumatic to me today that Rajeev didn’t. That was his failing as a human.”Rajeev, 47, died June 5, 2009 in the backyard swimming pool of his Atherton home after a party celebrating the end of the school year. Rajeev’s blood alcohol level was .26 when he died, San Mateo County Coroner Robert Foucrault said. The legal limit for operating a motor vehicle is .08. Rajeev did not know how to swim.On June 6, 2009, day after Rajeev’s death, Deepak Nayar, wrote, “I was one year senior to him at IITK and when he arrived at Berkeley, I picked him from the San Francisco airport and had a run-down room ready for him (next to our run-down room above Pasand restaurant). Four of us lived above Pasand. He and his success were admired by so many of us. So many of us looked up to him and referred to him as an IIT Baap. We were proud of him. Sad it ended this way. This is not how it is supposed to be!!!!” In the classic American movie, It’s a Wonderful Life, the angel who has been sent to save George Bailey, says: “Strange, isn’t it? Each man’s life touches so many other lives. When he isn’t around he leaves an awful hole, doesn’t he?”Rajeev’s life touched so many of us. His death has certainly left a big hole.Every time you Google, you are in touch with Rajeev.==========================================================Rajeev Motwani graduated with BTech in Computer Science from IITK in 1983 and PhD from Berkeley in 1988. He taught at Stanford till his accidental death in 2009. A fun loving highly accomplished theoretician who could find practical application of his ideas was an early investor in several start-ups. He helped Brin and Page in 1998 to found Google. He received Godel Prize in 2001 and Distinguished Alumnus Award from IITK in 2006. A Computer Science Building at IITK in Rajeev’s name is being constructed through generous donation from his family.This story has been prepared from personal interviews and by cutting and pasting material found through, interestingly, Google search! All credit to original contributors who are too many to be named individually.===========================================================You can read more here.!!1: Rajeev Motwani2: Remembering Rajeev Motwani 13: Remembering Rajeev Motwani 24: Rajeev Motwani

Google Search is a web search engine, which is Google's core product. It receives over 3 billion search queries per day. Google also offers regional search by its 189 regional level domains. (see List of Google domains#Localized & regional domains)Hummingbird – Expanded query analysis. For example, if you search for 'best pie place in Seattle' Google will also search for 'best pie restaurant in Seattle'.PageRank – link analysis algorithm.Snapshots – mechanism that indexes PDFs, Word documents, and more.Google Search functionality – Google Search includes Boolean logical operators, wildcards, and more, to help users refine their searches.Multiple languages – Google Search is supported by a large number of different languages.Google Author Rank – The idea that an online author can have topical authority within Google Search Results.Experimental Search options for testing new interfaces while searching with Google, including Timeline views and keyboard shortcuts.Encrypted Search – In May 2010 Google rolled out SSL-encrypted web search.[1] The encrypted search can be accessed at Google [2]Google Alerts – email notification service, which sends alerts based on chosen search terms, whenever there are new results. Alerts include web results, Groups results news, and video. The system is not functioning correctly beginning in 2013.[3]Google Books (formerly Print) – search engine for the full text of printed books. Google scans and stores in its digital database. The content that is displayed depends on the arrangement with the publishers, ranging from short extracts to entire books.Google Custom Search – allows a user to create a customized search experience for his/her own website. Renamed from Google Co-op, which in turn replaced Google Free Search.Google Finance – searchable US business news, opinion, and financial data. Features include company-specific pages, blog search, interactive charts, executives information, discussion groups and a portfolio.Google Groups – web and email discussion service and Usenet archive. Users can join a group, make a group, publish posts, track their favorite topics, write a set of group web pages updatable by members and share group files. In January, 2007, version 3 of Google Groups was released. New features include the ability to create customized pages and share files.Google Hotel Finder – Provides searches similar to other Online Travel Agencies (Travel website) that searchers can search for check-in and check-out dates.[4] Now directly available through searching, for example searching 'hotels in Seattle' will result in an info box under advertisements.[5]Google Flight Search – a service that allows users to search for flights from many airlines to many destinations, offering tools such as price comparisons and travel recommendations.[6]Google Image Search – image search engine, with results based on the file name of the image, the link text pointing to the image and text adjacent to the image. You can also make a search by uploading a picture from your computer. When searching, a thumbnail of each matching image is displayed.Language Tools – Collection of linguistic applications, including one that allows users to translate text or web pages from one language to another, and another that allows searching in web pages located in a specific country or written in a specific language.Life Search (Google China) – Search engine tailored towards everyday needs, such as train times, recipes and housing.Google News – automated news compilation service and search engine for news. There are versions of the aggregator for more than 20 languages. While the selection of news stories is fully automated, the sites included are selected by human editors.Google Patent Search – search engine to search through millions of patents, each result with its own page, including drawings, claims and citations.Google Recipe View – lets you narrow your search results to show only recipes, and helps you choose the right recipe amongst the search results by showing clearly marked ratings, ingredients and pictures. First mentioned on Google's blog in February 2011.[7]Google Scholar – search engine for the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and scholarly fields. Today, the index includes virtually all peer-reviewed journals available online.Google Shopping (was Google Product Search and Froogle): price engine that searches online stores, including auctions, for products. Beginning in Fall of 2012, it will become a fully commercial product, only indexing paid listings.[8]Suggest – auto-completion in search results while typing to give popular searches.Google Video – video search engine. Google's main video partnerships include agreements with CBS, NHL and the NBA. It also searches videos posted on YouTube, Metacafe, Daily Motion, and other popular video hosting sites. In the past Google Video itself offered a video hosting service, but this feature was shut down on August 20, 2012.[9]Web History (was Google Search History, Personalized Search) – web page tracking, which records Google searches, web pages, images, videos, music and other data. It also includes bookmarks, search trends and item recommendations. Google released Search History in April 2005, when it began to record browsing history,[10] later expanding and renaming the service to Web History in April 2007.[11]Knowledge Graph – a knowledge base used to enhance search results with semantic information gathered from several sources.Zagat – a source of consumer survey-based information for restaurants and other leisure activities.Advertising services[edit]AdMob is a mobile advertising network that Google acquired in November 2009.[12] It offers advertising solutions for Android, iOS and Windows Phone 8.[13]Google AdSense – Offers a contextual advertising solution to web publishers, and delivers text-based Google AdWords ads that are relevant to site content pages.Google Ad Planner – Ad Planner has been replaced with Google Display Planner.[14]Google AdWords – advertise with Google AdWords ads in the Sponsored Links section next to search results to boost website traffic and sales.Adwords Express – Local online advertising made easyGoogle Certification Program – Google AdWords partner certification program, providing AdWords qualifications to agencies that pass exams and other criteria. Replaced Google Advertising Professionals in April 2010.DoubleClick – ad management and ad serving technology foundation for buyers, creators and sellers of digital media.DoubleClick for Publishers by Google – Set of tools for driving direct sales revenue and maximizing yield on non-guaranteed inventory.Google Ad Grants – in-kind donation program awarding free AdWords advertising to select charitable organizations.Google Think InsightsCommunication and publishing tools[edit]Google Cultural InstituteGoogle Art ProjectFeedBurner – news feed management services, including feed traffic analysis and advertising facilities.Google Keep – note keeping (like Evernote)Google 3D Warehouse – online service that hosts 3D models of existing objects, locations (including buildings) and vehicles created in Google SketchUp by the aforementioned application's users. The models can be downloaded into Google Sketch-up by other users or Google Earth.Google Apps for Work – service for businesses, enterprise, and education providing independently customizable versions of several Google products under a custom domain name. Features included are Gmail, Google Hangouts, Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Forms, Google Slides, Google Sites, Google Contacts, and Google Groups.Blogger – weblog publishing tool. Users can create custom, hosted blogs with features such as photo publishing, comments, group blogs, blogger profiles and mobile-based posting with little technical knowledge.Google Bookmarks – free online bookmark storage service, available to Google Account holders[15] launched on October 10, 2005.[16]http://Boutiques.com – personalized shopping experience that let users find and discover fashion goods. http://Boutiques.com was launched in November 2010, and consolidated with Google Product Search on October 14, 2011.[17]Google Business Solutions – collection of services offered by Google specifically directed at webmasters and businesses.[18] Products included are Feedburner, Google AdWords, Google AdSense, Google Analytics, Google Enterprise Search solutions, Google Apps, Google Checkout, Google Local Business Center, Google Merchant Center, Google Trusted Stores, Postini, Google Webmaster Central, Google Ad Manager, Google Maps and Earth Solutions, Google Website Optimizer and Google Site Search.Google Calendar – free online calendar, includes Gmail integration, calendar sharing, and a "quick add" function that allows inserting events using natural language input. It is similar to those offered by Yahoo! and Windows Live.Google Charts - interactive, Web-based chart image generation from user-supplied JavaScript.Google Docs – document, spreadsheet, drawing, survey, and presentation application, with document collaboration and publishing capabilitiesGoogle Domains (United States only) — a domain registration service, with website publishing partnersGoogle Drive – an online backup service and storage space. This service is connected with Google Docs.Google Hangouts – an instant messaging and video chat platform launched on May 15, 2013, serving as a unified replacement for Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, and Hangouts, the video chat system present within Google+.Google Helpouts – Hangout-based live video chat with experts (defunct since April 20, 2015)Gmail (also termed Google Mail) – free webmail IMAP and POP email service provided by Google, known for its abundant storage, intuitive search-based interface and elasticity. It was first released in an invitation-only form on April 1, 2004. Mobile access and Google Talk integration is also featured.Google Inbox – an email app for Android, iOS, and web platforms that attempts to organize emails for the user and automate to-do lists using information provided in emails.Google URL Shortener – URL shortener for both Google and non-Google websites. (Also referred to as Google URL Shortener).Google Play Music - upload up to 50,000 songs for free for cloud media accessGoogle+ – Google's social networking servicePanoramio – Photos of the worldGoogle profile – allows controlling how users appear and present themselves on Google products, to other Google users, and tell others a bit more about who they are.Google Sites (was Jotspot) – Website creation tool for private or public groups, for both personal and corporate use.SMS Channels (Google India only) – Launched September 2008, allows users to create and subscribe to channels over SMS. Channels can be based on RSS feeds.Spaces, a cross-platform application for group messaging and sharing.Speak To Tweet – telephone service created in collaboration with Twitter and SayNow allowing users to phone a specific number and leave a voicemail; a tweet is automatically posted on Twitter with a link to the voice message stored on Google's SayNow.Google Voice (United States only) – known as "GrandCentral" before 2009-03-11, Google Voice is a free voice communication system. Google Voice provides a phone number, but is not a last mile provider (unlike POTS, which does provide the last mile connection). It includes a follow-me service that lets users forward their Google voice phone number to simultaneously ring up to 6 other phone numbers. It also features a unified voice mail service, SMS and free outgoing calls via Google's "click2call" and 3rd party dialers.Google Fonts – interactive directory of free hosted web font-API's.YouTube – free video sharing Web site which lets users upload, view, and share video clips. In October 2006, Google announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for 1.65 billion USD in Google stock. The deal closed on 13 November 2006.Google Ventures – a radically different kind of venture-capital fundGoogle Classroom – a content management system for schools that aids in distribution and grading of assignments and providing in-class communicationGoogle Cloud Search - Launched February 2017, a smart search engine that allows G Suite business customer users to search across G Suite products, including Google Drive, Gmail, Sites, Google Calendar, Docs, Contacts and more.[19][20]Development tools[edit]Google App Engine – tool that allows developers to write and run web applications.Google Developers (was Google Code) – Google's site for developers interested in Google-related development. The site contains open source code and lists of their API services. Also provides project hosting for any free and open source software.Dart – a structured web programming language developed by Google.Go (programming language) – compiled, concurrent programming language developed by Google.OpenSocial – set of common APIs for building social applications on many websites.Google PageSpeed Tools – tool for helping developers to optimize the performance of their webpages.Google Swiffy – tool that converts Adobe Flash files (SWF) into HTML5.Google Web Toolkit – open source Java software development framework that allows web developers to create Ajax applications in Java.Google Search Console (was Webmaster Tools and formerly Google Sitemaps): Sitemap submission and analysis for the Sitemaps protocol. Renamed from Google Sitemaps to cover broader features, including query statistics and robots.txt analysis.Translator Toolkit – collaborated translation toolSecurity tools[edit]reCAPTCHA – a user-dialogue system use to prevent bots from accessing websitesMap-related products[edit]Google Map Maker – Map editor used to submit changes to Google Maps.Google Maps – Mapping service that indexes streets and displays satellite and street-level imagery, providing driving directions and local business search.Google Street ViewGoogle Street View Inside Trusted (formerly Google Business View) – A 360°, interactive tour.[21] Customers will be able to truly experience a business by walking around, exploring, and interacting with the business using the same Street View technology used in streets around the world. These virtual tours are created by Google certified trusted photographers or trusted agencies.Google My Maps – Social custom map making tool based on Google Maps.Google Maps Gallery – Collection of data and historic mapsGoogle Mars – imagery of Mars using the Google Maps interface. Elevation, visible imagery and infrared imagery can be shown. It was released on March 13, 2006, the anniversary of the birth of astronomer Percival Lowell.Google Moon – NASA imagery of the moon through the Google Maps interface. It was launched on July 20, 2009, in honor of the first manned Moon landing on July 20, 1969.Google Sky – Internet tool to view stars and galaxies, can be used via browser version of "Google Sky".Google Transit – Public transport trip planning through the Google Maps interface, now fully integrated with maps. Released on December 7, 2005.Google Santa Tracker – Tracking Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.Zygote Body (previously Google Body) – 3D anatomical model of human body.Build with Chrome – a initiative between Lego and Google to build the world using Lego.[22]Statistical tools[edit]Google Analytics – Traffic statistics generator for defined websites, with strong AdWords integration. Webmasters can optimize their ad campaigns, based on the statistics that are given. Analytics is based on the Urchin software and the new version released in May 2007 integrates improvements based on Measure Map.Google Consumer Surveys – Market research tool similar to Survata.Google Correlate – Search patterns relating to real world trends.Freebase - Open, Creative Commons Attribution licensed collection of structured data, and a Freebase platform for accessing and manipulating that data via the Freebase API. (Deprecated)Google Fusion Tables – Tool for gathering and visualizing arbitrary data.Google Ngram Viewer – Tool for charting year-by-year frequencies of any set of comma-delimited strings in Google's text corpora.Google Public Data Explorer – Provides public data and forecasts from a range of international organizations and academic institutions including the World Bank, OECD, Eurostat and the University of Denver. These can be displayed as line graphs, bar graphs, cross sectional plots or on maps.TensorFlow - Machine Learning service that allows for making effective neural networks in an easier and more visible fashionTrendalyzer – Data trend viewing platform to make nations' statistics accessible on the Internet in an animated, interactive graph form. Acquired from the Gapminder Foundation in 2007.Google Trends – Graph plotting application for Web Search statistics, showing the popularity of particular search terms over time. Multiple terms can be shown at once. Results can also be displayed by city, region or language. Related news stories are also shown. Has "Google Trends for Websites" sub-section which shows popularity of websites over time.Zeitgeist – Collection of lists of the most frequent search queries. There used to be weekly, monthly and yearly lists, and topic and country specific lists. Closed 22 May 2007 and replaced by "Hot Trends, a dynamic feature in Google Trends". An annual Zeitgeist summary for the US and other countries is still produced.Google Activity Report – A service that provides a monthly report including statistics about a user's Google usage, such as sign-in, third party authentication changes, Gmail usage, calendar, search history, and YouTube.Operating systems[edit]Android – Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.Chrome OS – Linux-based operating system designed by Google to work exclusively with web applications. Runs on the Chromebook and the nettop Chromebox, the first of which (Samsung Series 3) was released in May 2012.[23]Android Wear – A version of Google's Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables.Android Auto – A version of Android made for automobiles by Google with the help of the Open Automotive AllianceAndroid TV – A version of Android made for TVs. Similar to Google TVTelevision Fanatic - Mindspark Interactive NetworkGlass OS – Operating system for Google GlassGoogle FuchsiaDesktop applications[edit]AdWords Editor – desktop application to manage a Google AdWords account; lets users make changes to their account and advertising campaigns before synchronizing with the online service. (Supports Mac OS X (10.7 or later), Windows 7, and Windows 8.)Google Chrome – web browser. (Supports Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, Linux (specifically Debian- and Red Hat/Fedora-based versions), and Mac OS X.)Google Earth – virtual 3D globe that uses satellite imagery, aerial photography, GIS from Google's repository. (Supports Linux, Mac OS X, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, iPhone, iPad, and Android.)Google Input Tools – input method editor that allows users to enter text in one of the supported languages using a Roman keyboard. (Supports Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.)[24]Google Japanese Input – Japanese input method editor. (Supports Windows XP SP2+, Windows Vista SP1+, 7, and Mac OS X Leopard+.) (Google Japan)Google Pinyin – input method editor that is used to convert Chinese Pinyin characters, which can be entered on Western-style keyboards, to Chinese characters. (Supports Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista.) (Google China)Google Toolbar – web browser toolbar with features such as a Google Search box, pop-up blocker and ability for website owners to create buttons. (Supports Internet Explorer 6 and up.)Android Studio – development tool for Android. (Supports Windows, Linux, and Mac.)Google Web Designer – WYSIWYG editor for making rich HTML5 pages and ads intended to run on multiple devices. (Supports Windows, Linux, and Mac.)Google Drive – Client software to synchronize files between the user's computer and Google Drive storage. (Supports Windows and Mac.)Google Photos Backup – Back up photos and videos to Google Photos service. (Supports Windows and Mac.)Nik Collection - Make your Photoshop more HDTilt Brush - A painting game for the Vive and Oculus RiftMobile applications[edit]Mobile web applications[edit]These products can be accessed through a browser on a mobile device.Blogger Mobile – Available on some US and Canadian networks only. Allows updating Blogger blog from mobile devices.Google Calendar – Displays a list of all Google Calendar events on a mobile device; users can quickly add events to personal calendars.Drive – View documents on a mobile device, previously known as Google Docs.Gmail – access a Gmail account from a mobile device using a standard mobile web browser. Alternatively, Google provides a specific mobile application to access and download Gmail messages quicker. User must now provide phone number to verify account.Google Keep – Quickly create, access and organize notes, lists and photos with Google Keep. (This product can be accessed through a browser on a mobile device.)Google Maps – Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. (This product can be accessed through a browser on a mobile device.)Maps Navigation – Android navigation application for GPS-enabled mobile devices (such as Google Nexus One) with 3D views, voice guided turn-by-turn navigation and automatic rerouting. (Supports Android and iOS).Mobilizer – Optimizes web pages for mobile web browsers.Google News – Allows user to access Google News in a mobile-optimized view. Google AMP Integration is expected in the future.[25]Google Offers – Works with Google Wallet to combine coupons, discounts, and payments for people buying things through their phone.[26]Google+ – Social network, competing with FacebookGoogle Product Search – Updated version of the prior Froogle Mobile that allows users to easily search for information about a product.Google Photos – Provides unlimited video and photo storage for personal use.Google Search – Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. (This product can be accessed through a browser on a mobile device.)Google Search for Android – A Google Search app for the Android operating system.Google Wallet – Android app that makes your phone your wallet using near field communication, or NFC; its virtual plastic card. Will work together with Google Offers to combine coupons, discounts, and payments for people buying things through their phone.[26]Google Currents – Interactive magazine. Launched on December 9, 2011, it was discontinued in November 2013 and replaced by Google Play Newsstand.Google Translate – Google's free online language translation service instantly translates text and web pages.YouTube – Video hosting service that publishes to a public web site available for both desktop and mobileQuick, Draw! a online game based around a neural network guessing what a drawing represents, intended to teach people about machine learning.Mobile standalone applications[edit]Some of these products must be downloaded and run from a mobile device.Google Authenticator – A downloadable application for MFA (Multi-factor authentication) to enhance security by using your smartphone as extra authentication. (Supports Android, Blackberry OS, iOS)Google Play Books – A downloadable application that allows users to buy and download books and keep them stored on remote servers, allows reading one book on a variety of devices.[27](Android, iOS)Gmail – downloadable application that has many advantages over accessing Gmail through a web interface on a mobile at any time, such as the ability to interact with Gmail features including labels and archiving. Requires a properly configured Java Virtual Machine, which is not available by default on some platforms (such as Palm Treo).CatalogsDrive – Downloadable app that allows the user to access files and documents stored on Google Drive remotely through this application. This service was previously available as just a web-service and was called Google Docs.Google Keep – mobile application which integrates note-taking and web surfing.Google Goggles – downloadable application from Google Labs that uses image recognition to trigger searches based on pictures taken with a device's built-in camera; taking pictures of things (examples: famous landmark, product barcode) causes searches for information on them.[28] (Supports Android, iOS).Tango - downloadable application that includes augmented reality, indoor navigation, 3D mapping, physical space measurement and environmental recognition. It also allows developers to create applications using it's APIs.Google Maps – mobile application to view maps on mobile devices. Lets users find addresses and plot directions. Teamed with a GPS, it can use user geolocation and show current location on the map. Users can also share current locations with friends through Google Latitude. The device must have either a specific application to use Google maps or any phone with a properly configured Java Virtual Machine. (Supports Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, iOS, Symbian, Palm OS, Palm WebOS, and J2ME).Google Play Music – online music store which started operations on 16 November 2011.[29] Music is now available for free.Google Play Newsstand a news aggregator that combines the features of the discontinued apps Google Play Magazines and Google Currents into a single product. Newsstand serves subscriptions to magazines, web feeds and server-generated topical feeds.One Today – features nonprofits that are part of the Google for nonprofits program, and allows people to donate to them.Shopper – downloadable application that makes shopping easier and smarter. (Supports Android, iOS)Sky Map – augmented reality program displaying a star map which is scrolled by moving the phone. (Supports Android, Mobile).Google Sync – synchronizes mobile phones with multiple Google calendars and contacts using a Google Account.Google Talk – VoIP and text application for smartphones. The Android version is text only and lacks the VoIP function of BlackBerry version. (Supports Android, BlackBerry, iOS).Hangouts – is an instant messaging and video chat platform. (supports Android, iOS)Translate – allows users to translate conversations instantly. (Supports Android, iOS)Google Voice app – downloadable application for accessing Google Voice functions on selected devices. It is currently available for users around the world. (Supports Android, Blackberry, iOS).Yinyue (Music) (Google China) – site containing links to a large archive of Chinese pop music (principally Cantopop and Mandopop), including audio streaming over Google's own player, legal lyric downloads, and in most cases legal MP3 downloads. The archive is provided by Top100.cn (i.e., this service does not search the whole Internet) and is available in mainland China only.YouTube – downloadable application to view YouTube videos on selected devices.YouTube Remote – A downloadable application to view YouTube videos, it lets users browse and play videos, control television volume and essentially do everything the YouTube Leanback product supports, but from their mobile handset.[30] (Supports Android).Google Now – A application that acts as a personal assistant through voice commands (Supports Android and iOS).Google+ – A downloadable app that will allow the user to access the multilingual, social networking site by Google. It provides the user the ability to incorporate his/her accounts from YouTube, Google Photos in order to share photos and videos. Hangouts, Circles, Sparks and Ripples are some of the new features that have been added by Google into G+.Waze – A GPS application that allows users to input and view live traffic and alerts.Who's Down – An app to indicate your social availability to your friends.[31]Gboard (Google Keyboard for IOS and Android) - A keyboard for iOS and Android that features glide typing, GIF search, emoji search and Google search built in.[32][33]Hardware[edit]Google Search Appliance - a search appliance designed for indexing corporate data.Google driverless car – a driverless car.Nexus One – Smartphone running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 2.3 "Gingerbread".Nexus S – Smartphone running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 4.1 "Jelly Bean".Galaxy Nexus – Smartphone running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 4.3 "Jelly Bean".Google TV – Smart TV interface running on smart TVs and set-top boxes.Nexus Q – Media-streaming entertainment device in the Google Nexus product family. Discontinued.Nexus 7 (2012 version) – 7" Tablet manufactured by Asus running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Nexus 7 (2013 version) – 7" Tablet manufactured by Asus running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Nexus 4 – 4.7" Phone manufactured by LG running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Nexus 5 – 4.95" Phone manufactured by LG running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 6.0 "Marshmallow".Nexus 6 – 5.96" Phone manufactured by Motorola running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".[34]Nexus 9 – 9" Tablet running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Nexus 10 – 10" Tablet running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Nexus 5X – 5" Phone running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 6.0 "Marshmallow".Nexus 6P – 5.7" Phone running the Android open source mobile operating system, version 6.0 "Marshmallow".[35]Nexus Player – A streaming media player created in collaboration between Google and ASUS, the first device running Android TV, version 5.1 "Lollipop".Pixel C – 10.2" convertible tablet running Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow"Chromebook – Laptop personal computer running Chrome OS.Chromebook Pixel – High end laptop computer designed by Google running Chrome OS.Chromebox – Desktop personal computer running Chrome OS.Chromecast – A media streaming adapter produced by Google.Chromecast Ultra – A 4K capable media streaming adapter produced by Google.Chromecast Audio – An audio streaming adapter produced by Google.Google Glass – a wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display and camera that allows the wearer to interact with various applications and the Internet via natural language voice commands. It is still in development, after an initial version was discontinued.Google Contact Lens – a contact lens capable of monitoring the user's glucose level in tears. It is not yet released for public usage, but is in testing at Verily, a subsidiary of Google's parent company, Alphabet.Google OnHub – a brand new line of routers manufactured by TP-Link and Asus.Google Daydream - a virtual reality platformGoogle Home - an AI assistant competing with Amazon EchoPixel - A 5" smartphone running Android 7.1 "Nougat"Pixel XL - A 5.5" smartphone running Android 7.1 "Nougat"Services[edit]Google Cloud Platform – a set of modular cloud-based services for software development.Google Crisis Response – public project, which covers ongoing and past disasters, turmoils and other emergencies and alerts.Google Fiber is a project to build an experimental broadband internet network infrastructure using fiber-optic communication in Kansas City, Kansas, Kansas City, Missouri, Provo, Utah, and Austin, Texas.Google Get Your Business Online, launched by Google in 2011, aimed at increasing the web presence of small businesses and cities. Provides free advice on search engine optimization and helps business owners update their information on Google for free.[36]Google Public DNS – publicly accessible DNS server run by Google.Google Ideas – a cross-sector, inter-disciplinary "think tank" or "think/do tank" based in New York City, dedicated to understanding global challenges and applying technological solutions.Google Person Finder – an open source tool that helps people reconnect with others in the aftermath of a disaster.Google Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP) – an open source project and service to accelerate content on mobile devices.[37][38][39] After a technical preview, the service was launched in February 2016.[40][41][42] AMP provides a vast JavaScript library for developers and restricts the use of third-party JS.[43]Google Firebase - Firebase's primary product is a realtime database which provides an API that allows developers to store and sync data across multiple clientsGoogle Cast - Google Cast is a technology that lets you cast your favorite entertainment and apps from your phone, tablet or laptop right to your TV or speakers.[44]List of Google products - Wikipedia