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Yes, indeed there are. There are millions of direct descendants of Niall Noígíallach (believed to have ruled in the 4th or early 5th century) and of the 44 high kings from the Uí Néill dynasty that he founded, There are also probably hundreds of thousands of people descended from three other dynasties that held the high kingship in the 11th and 12th centuries.Ireland traditionally was divided into five kingdoms, and in theory the ruler of any one of them could become high king if he subdued the others. In practice, the high kingship was dominated for hundreds of years by the Uí Néill who ruled the kingdoms of the North and Mide. After their monopoly was broken at the turn of the 11th century, rulers of the five kingdoms competed for the high kingship. Because the Irish practiced polygyny and kings could afford to support multiple wives, the kings tended to have many children and thus likely have many living descendants today.The Uí Néill of Mide and the NorthThe Irish epic Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley) describes a war between the kingdom of Ulaid in the northern part of Ireland and its perennial enemy the Connachta in the west. In early medieval times, an offshoot of the Connachta, the Uí Néill, encroached on the territory of the Ulaid and by the 6th century had pushed the Ulaid to the east of the River Bann. Ulaid - Wikipedia; Uí Néill - WikipediaThe Uí Néill also invaded and conquered the kingdom of Mide (the “Middle”), which at its peak occupied the northern half of the present-day province of Leinster. Kingdom of Meath - WikipediaThe Irish annals list an unbroken line of Uí Néill high kings from 479–1002 AD, with the high kingship apparently rotating between the northern and southern (Mide) branches. List of High Kings of Ireland - WikipediaThe name “Uí Néill” means “[descended] from Niall,” and the Niall in question was Niall Noígíallach (“Niall of the Nine Hostages”), whom the annals identify as king of the Connachta and high king of Ireland in the late 4th century. Until fairly recently, most historians thought that Niall Noígíallach was likely mythical, invented by early medieval scholars sympathetic to the Uí Néill to provide them with a suitably royal lineage.That changed with the advent of DNA analysis. About ten years ago, researchers found that a significant proportion of men in the north of Ireland carry a specific Y-DNA pattern called the M222 sub-clade. These men tended to have surnames associated with the Uí Néill such as O’Neill, Gallagher, O’Donnell, O'Doherty, and McLoughlin. Further research dated the M222 sub-clade to the early 5th century—at around the time when, according to the annalists, Niall Noígíallach was high king.Over the past decade, DNA research has revealed that there are millions of men around the world with the M222 sub-clade, and these men are overwhelmingly of Irish descent with surnames associated with the northern or southern Uí Néill. In other words, it is highly probable that Niall Noígíallach, high king of Ireland and the ancestor of another 44 known high kings, has millions of descendants worldwide. The genetic imprint of Niall of the Nine Hostages Irish genes span the globe, and one king spawned nearly all; Niall of the Nine Hostages - DNA breakthrough or load of old tosh?Kingdoms of Ireland, around 900 AD. The kingdom of the Ulaid was by then a vassal state to the Northern Uí Néill, and Airgialla was an Uí Néill satellite kingdom. Bréifne, which almost bisects the Northern and Southern Uí Néill kingdoms was a satellite of Connacht. Source: Ulaid - WikipediaAfter the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169–71, the territory of the Northern Uí Néill remained relatively aloof from English encroachment, protected by a ring of natural defenses—lakes, bogs, rivers, and hills. Following the defeat of Hugh Mór (“the Great”) O’Neill in 1603, he and other northern Irish lords fled to the continent. Various O’Neill descendants became prominent warriors and noblemen in Spain, Portugal, and the Habsburg realms. The O’Neills of Clanaboy were recognized as the senior branch of the dynasty. The current Chief of the Name is a Portuguese nobleman, Hugo Ricciardi O'Neill, Titular Prince and Count of Clanaboy.The Uí Bríain of MunsterIn 1002, Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill of the Southern Uí Néill, king of Mide and high king of Ireland, submitted to Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (now known as “Brian Boru”), lord of the Dál gCais and king of Munster. The 500-year Uí Néill monopoly on the high kingship was at an end. Brian Boru - WikipediaBrian Bóruma is regarded by many historians as the first true high king of Ireland. Previously, the high kingship had largely been ceremonial but Brian used the office to exert real power over the provincial kings. His hopes of of establishing a lasting national dynasty ended at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when many of his sons and other close relatives died alongside him in one of the bloodiest single day’s fighting in Irish history. Battle of Clontarf - Wikipedia. After his death, the high kingship was seized again by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, but in 1022 it passed to Brian’s son Donnchad mac Briain who ruled until 1064. One of Brian’s grandsons, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, was high king from 1072–86.Source: Wesley JohnstonBrian’s successors took the surname Ua Briain or O’Brien, and many people with that name today can claim descent from high kings. Tracing their ancestry is a different matter: During the terrible religious wars of the 17th century, most of the Gaelic Irish remained Roman Catholic and ultimately lost their lands following the defeat of the Stuart cause.Not all Irish nobles lost their patrimony, however. In 1543, Murrough O’Brien, Prince of Thomond and a direct descendant of Brian Boru, surrendered his title to Henry VIII and became a member of the Anglican Church. He was created Earl of Thomond and Baron Inchiquin. His descendant, Conor Myles John O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin and Titular Prince of Thomond, is the current Chief of the Name O’Brien.The Uí Conchobair of ConnachtLet us turn next to the western kingdom of Connacht. From the reign of Conchobar mac Taidg Mór (died 882) it was unified under the rule of the Uí Briúin Aí dynasty, whose ruling sept took the surname Ua Conchobair. Connacht supplied two high kings of Ireland, Tairrdelbach Mór Ua Conchobair (Turlough Mór O’Conor) (1088-1156, r. 1119–1156) and his son Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Rory O’Conor) (c.1115-1198, r. 1156-83). Connacht - Wikipedia; Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair - Wikipedia. It was Ruaidrí’s bad luck to be high king when the Anglo-Normans invaded Ireland in 1169–71. After the initial rapid conquest of much of the eastern part of Ireland, Ruaidrí submitted to the English king Henry II, who recognized Ruaidrí as king of the parts of Ireland still under Irish control. Ruaidrí was powerless to stop the never-ending encroachments on Irish lands by Anglo-Norman settlers, however, to which Henry II turned a willful blind eye. Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair - WikipediaIn 1186, worn out by conflict with the aggressive Anglo-Normans and internal feuding among the Uí Conchobair, Ruaidrí abdicated and retired to a monastery where he lived until 1198. He was the last of the high kings. The last of his descendants to be mentioned in the annals was his grandson, Niall mac Domnall Mór Ua Conchobair (killed in 1242). Thus, there are no discernible male descendants of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair after the 1240s.There are, however, descendants of Ruaidrí’s father Tairrdelbach who was high king before him. Tairrdelbach had 23 children by six wives, and must have many living descendants even if they can no longer be identified as such. Three recognized branches of the family survived into early modern times: the Uí Conchobair Donn (O’Conor Don) and Uí Conchobair Rua (O’Conor Roe), both descended from Tairrdelbach through his son Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair (r. 1202–24), and the Uí Conchobair Sligigh (O’Conor Sligo), descended from another of his sons. Only the O’Conor Don branch survives today. The current head of the clan is Desmond O’Conor Don, Titular Prince of Connaught, who lives in England.Mac Murchada of LeinsterAfter the year 1042, the eastern kingdom of Laigin (Leinster) was ruled by the Uí Cheinnselaig. Leinster supplied one high king of Ireland, Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (r. 1062-1074), of the Mac Murchada dynasty of Uí Cheinnselaig. Diarmait mac Máel na mBó - Wikipedia. His great grandson, Diarmait mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurrough) became king of Leinster in 1126 but was deposed in 1166 by a coalition led by high king Ruaidri Ua Conchobair. Diarmait fled to England and Wales, where he recruited Cambro-Norman mercenaries to help him regain his throne. The Norman-led invasion of Ireland that followed changed the course of Irish history. Henry II of England arrived in 1171 to install himself as overlord of Ireland. Diarmait had died a few months earlier and thus did not live to see who badly his plan had misfired. Diarmait Mac Murchada - WikipediaTwo of Diarmait mac Murchada’s sons survived him. One, Énna, took the surname Cheinnselaig (Kinsella) and another, Domnall Caomhánach mac Murchada (who succeeded Diarmait as king of Leinster) took the surname Caomhánach (Kavanagh). Thus, many people named Kinsella and Kavanagh (or its variants) are descendants of Diarmait mac Murchada and thus of his ancestor, Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, high king of Ireland. Diarmait’s brother Murchad retained the mac Murchada surname and it is likely that many McMurroughs, McMorrows, and Morrows are descended from his branch of the dynasty. Despite the family's loss of power and property, the line of descent from the last duly inaugurated Chief of the Name, Brian Kavanagh, The Mac Murchadha, remained unbroken down to relatively recent times. There is no accepted chief of the name today, however.A surprising descendant?Finally, let me identify one perhaps surprising descendant of Irish high kings. When Diarmait mac Murchada recruited Cambro-Norman mercenaries to regain his throne, he gave their leader Richard de Clare, former Earl of Pembroke, the hand of his daughter Aoife in marriage and a promise of the kingship of Leinster after Diarmait’s death. The daughter of Richard and Aoife, Isabel de Clare, married William Marshall, who became the 1st Earl of Pembroke in a second creation. The descendants of William Marshall and Isabel married into the Scottish and English royal families, and from them are descended all the monarchs of Scotland since Robert I (Robert the Bruce) (1274–1329), and all those of England since Henry IV (1367–1413). Thus, this woman is a direct descendant of Diarmait mac Murchada (the man who brought the English to Ireland) and Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, who was high king from 1062 to 1074:

For those of you who are just beginning on your Chinese language journey, Chinese pinyin is a phonetic system to help people learn Chinese easier and make sense of it quicker. The alphabet is the key tool for learning Mandarin Chinese as it encompasses every sound in Mandarin Chinese.There is a pinyin “alphabet” (not to be confused with characters, which pinyin helps you sound out) that includes all Mandarin Chinese syllables. There is a chart where you can click on each pinyin sound and listen to the audio in all different tones.There is much more to the finals if you want to learn the standard Beijing accent. It can be difficult to figure out how to pronounce the Chinese word "儿 (ér)", for example, which is a retroflex syllable in Chinese Pinyin.(This video explains initials (z, c, s) and the final "儿 (ér)")Leave these charts to the linguists…!To further break it down, Mandarin Chinese phonetics is often learned through pinyin.Pinyin is a Chinese system for transliterating Mandarin Chinese with 25 European characters (the letter "v" is never used). The pronunciation of most of the letters is similar to pronunciation to the European counterparts, but there are notable differences. Pay special attention to the letters that are not pronounced entirely as you'd expect: "c", "ch", "j", "q", "r", "sh", "x", "z" and "zh"!In Chinese, each character corresponds to 1 syllable. Chinese syllables consist of three elements: initial sound, final sound, and tone. We won’t get into tones here though.The initial sounds are consonants and the final sounds contain at least one vowel. Some syllables consist only of an initial sound or a final sound.In Mandarin Chinese there are 21 initial sounds and35 final sounds as well as additional syllables in Mandarin Chinese:7 special cases:er, hm, hng, m, n, ng, ~rThe initial and final sounds make a total of 56 basic sounds. Combinations of initials and finals plus the special cases result in 413 possible combinations. Applying the four tones of Mandarin Chinese to this, we get a total of around 1,600 unique syllables.That is still fewer than the 15,000+ syllables that are used in English!(This is why tones exist)Beyond this point, you can take this information and get a teacher that can guide you naturally through the sounds and language progression, or you can continue and learn as a linguist or hobbyist does.It really depends on your goals.Are you planning to speak naturally? Or study linguistics in a scientific way?If you want to SPEAK NATURALLY, stop now and get a teacher to show you the way.....Otherwise, proceed with caution to get a very in-depth explanation.How to perform unaspirated v/s aspirated consonants:Aspiration means exhalation, a puff of air. In many European languages, the difference between the sounds of "b/p", "d/t" and "g/k" is usually that the first in each pair is voiced (i.e. you can feel your larynx "buzzing" when you pronounce the letters) and the second not voiced (i.e. there is no "buzzing"). In Chinese, the difference between these consonant pairs is that the first in each pair is unaspirated (i.e. you exhale very little) and the second is aspirated (i.e. you exhale noticeably).In Chinese we find the following pairs of the pairs of unaspirated/aspirated consonants: "b/p", "d/t", "g/k", "j/q" and "z/c". Pay special attention to make the difference clear when pronouncing these letters!Unvoiced v/s voiced fricatives:Fricative consonants are produced with articulatory restriction sufficient to produced friction. A voiced fricative should cause your larynx to "buzz" (e.g. the sounds "v" and "z" in English) and an unvoiced fricative will not affect your larynx (e.g. English "f" and "s"). In Mandarin Chinese, the voiced fricatives are "l" and "r", while the unvoiced fricatives are the "blowing" sounds "f", "h", "s", "sh" and "x".Initial SoundsSome Chinese consonants are rather similar to English consonants, but it's important to hear the differences and get all details as accurate as possible!Labial: a sound made with the use of one or both your lips.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentbAs in English, but with no vibrations in the vocal cords. Like an English "p" with no exhalation!pAs in English, but with strong exhalation!mAs in English.fAs in English.Alveolar: formed with the tip of the tongue against the bony ridge behind the upper front teeth.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentdAs in English, but with no vibrations in the vocal cords. Like an English "t" with no exhalation!tAs in English, but with strong exhalation!nAs in English.lAs in English.Velar: formed with the back of the tongue close to or touching the soft part of the roof of the mouth.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentgAs in English, but with no vibrations in the vocal cords. Like an English "k" with no exhalation! As the "g" in "girl", "go".kAs in English, but with strong exhalation!hAudible and strong!Palatal: formed with the back and middle of the tongue close to or touching the roof of the mouth.The syllables "ji", "qi" and "xi" all contain similar "ch"-like sounds.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentjSounds like the "dj"-sound in "jam", "jump", with minimal exhalation. Similar to the Pinyin letter "q", but without exhalation!qSimilar to the Pinyin letter "j", but with strong exhalation! As the ending sound in "watch", "switch" and the "ch" in "cheese".xSounds like the English "ch" as in "church", but without the "t"-the sound at the beginning. Also comparable with the "ch" in "chock". In some Chinese dialects pronounced just as "s".Dental sibilant: formed with the tip of the tongue close to or touching the back of the upper front teeth.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentzPronounced as the Pinyin letters "d" + "s". Similar to the Pinyin letter "c", but with no exhalation! Compare with English words such as "cats", "hats".cPronounced as the Pinyin letters "t" + "s". Similar to Pinyin "z", but with strong exhalation! Comparable with the "tsh"-sound in "it's heavy".sAs in English.Retroflex: formed with the tongue curled back so that it touches (or almost touches) the hard part of the roof of the mouth.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentzhIn this sound, the tongue is thrown forward from the curled back position. Rather similar to the "dj"-sound in "jam", "jewels", "George".chIn this sound, the tongue is thrown forward from the curled back position. Rather similar to the "tch"-sound in "church", "chain".shThis sound is pronounced with the tongue resting in the curled back position. Somewhat similar to the "sh"-sound in "wash", "shower".rThis sound is pronounced with the tongue vibrating in the curled back position. Somewhat similar to the "r"-sound in "war", "raw".Other comments on initial letters in Mandarin Chinese:Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentwAs in English. Special case: the syllable "wu" is pronounced as the Pinyin "u" (the letter "w" is in this case used to mark the beginning of a new syllable. See the following descriptions of simple finals!yAs in the words "yes", "yet". Special cases: the syllable "yi is pronounced as the Pinyin "i" #1 and the syllable "yu" is pronounced as the Pinyin "ü" (the letter "y" is in these cases used to mark the beginning of new syllables). See the following descriptions of simple finals!Final SoundsSimple finals = single vowels.The Chinese vowels all have quite logical pronunciation, but there are some details to be noted – especially the three types of "i", two types of "e" and two types of "u"!Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentaAs the "a" in "far" and "father".e / ê1: As the English "e" in "send", "very.2: If the "e" stands as a single vowel at the end of a syllable (e.g. "de", "ne", "zhe"), the pronunciation becomes more similar to the vowel sound in "bird" and "sir".3: Note the special cases: "er" and "eng"!Comment: If the "e" is the only phoneme in a syllable, the pronunciation of type #1 is transcribed as "ê", and pronunciation of type #2 as "e".i / yi1: As the vowels in "sit", "it", "machine". The spelling "yi" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.2: When preceded by "c", "s" or "z" (dental sibilants), you get a sound like a mosquito buzzing ("ziii...").3: In the syllables "chi", "shi", "zhi" and "ri" (retroflexes), the entire syllable is pronounced as one retroflex sound. Pronounce all letters of the syllable with your tongue curled back!oAs the vowels in "saw", "all". Exception: the combination "ong" (back nasal)!u / wuAs the vowel "o" in "too", "woman", "loop". The spelling "wu" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable. Special cases: In syllables beginning with "ju", "qu", "xu" and "yu", the "u" is to be pronounced as an "ü".ü / yuAs the German "ü". Try to say "yeee", keep your tongue exactly where it is and let the sound continue while you form your lips to the shape they'd have when you say "yuuu".Compound finals = two or three vowels together.Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentaiAs the "ai"-sounds in "byes", "bike", "high".aoAs the "ow" in "how", "down".eiAs the "ay"-sounds in "cake", "say".ia / yaAs the "ya"-sounds in "maya", "playa". The spelling "ya" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.iao / yaoAs the "ya"-sounds in "maya", "playa" followed by an English "w". The spelling "yao" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ie / yeAs a combination of the Pinyin sounds "y" + "ê" – i.e. NOT quite as the English "ye", as in "yes", but rather "tight"! The spelling "ye" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.iou / iu / youThe spelling "iou" is never used, but describes the sound best. Pronounced as a Pinyin "y" + the English "ow"-sounds in "go", "note", "row". The spelling "you" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ouAs the "ow"-sounds in "go", "note", "row".ua / waAs an English "w" followed by a Pinyin "a". Compare with the final vowels in the Italian word "acqua". The most probable English spelling of this sound would be "wah". Do NOT pronounce this combination as the English "wa"-sounds in "water" or "Wales"! The spelling "wa" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.uai / waiEnglish "w" + Pinyin "ai". Compare with the English word "why". The spelling "wai" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ue / üe / yuePinyin "ü" + "ê". The "ü" is written as "u" in the syllables "jue", "que", "xue" and "yue". The spelling "yue" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.uei / ui / weiThe spelling "uei" is never used, but describes the sound best. Compare with the initial sounds in "waiter", "wage". Try to pronounce the "ê", even if it is not explicitly written a syllable such as "hui". The spelling "wei" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.uo / woSounds like "woah", but the "a" is hardly audible. Similar to the "wuo"-sounds in "war", "quark". The spelling "wo" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.Nasal finals = single or compound vowel followed by "n" or "ng".Nasals are pronounced through the nose. In Mandarin Chinese, sounds ending in "n" (an alveolar nasal) are known as front nasals, while sounds ending in "ng (a velar nasal) are known as back nasals.Front nasals = sounds through the nose formed with the tongue in the front of the mouth (i.e. in alveolar position).Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentanThis "a" is similar to the Chinese "a" as described above. It can possibly be compared with the "an" in "Russian". Do NOT pronounce this combination as the English "an" in "man" and "manager"!en"e" #2 + "n". Usually as the "en" in "men", but sometimes more similar to the "urn" in "burning" or "fern" with practically no sound of the "r".ian / yanPinyin "y" + "an", but here the "an" becomes broader, as in "man", "manager". The spelling "yan" is used when there is no consonant at the beginning of a syllable.in / yinAs in English ("bin"). The spelling "yin" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.uan / wanPinyin "u" + "an". In "juan", "quan", "xuan" and "yuan", the "u" is pronounced as "ü". The spelling "wan" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.üan / yuanPinyin "ü" + "an", but here the "an" becomes broader, as in "man", "manager". This sound occurs only in the syllables "juan", "quan", "xuan" and "yuan", and is then spelled with a "u".uen / un / wenThe spelling "uen" is never used, but describes the sound best. If a syllable begins with a different consonant than "w", the pronunciation is Pinyin "u" + an almost inaudible "e" #2 + "n". When there is no initial consonant, this sound is spelled "wen", and the pronunciation is an English "w" + Pinyin "en".ün / yunPinyin "ü" + "n". This sound occurs only in the syllables "jun", "qun", "xun" and "yun", and is then spelled with a "u".Back nasals = sounds through the nose formed with the tongue in the back of the mouth (i.e. in velar position).Mandarin PinyinEnglish EquivalentangThis "a" is similar to the Chinese "a" as described above, followed by an "ng"-sound. Do NOT pronounce this combination as the broad "ang" in "language"!eng"e" #2 + "ng" (almost similar to the "ang" in "language", but the "e" has a little "taste" of the vowel sound in "bird" and "sir").iang / yangPinyin "y" + "ang". The spelling "yang" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ing / yingAs in English ("sing"). The spelling "ying" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.iong / yongThis syllable corresponds to the Pinyin "y" + "u" + "ng". The "o" is here most similar to the "o"-sound in "too", "woman", "loop". The spelling "yong" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ongThis syllable corresponds to the Pinyin "u" + "ng". The "o" is here most similar to the "o"-sound in "too", "woman", "loop".uang / wangEnglish "w" + Pinyin "ang". The spelling "wang" is used when there is no consonant in the beginning of a syllable.ueng / wengThis sound only occurs in the syllable "weng". Pronounced as English "w" + Pinyin "eng".Special Cases - additional syllableserRather similar to the vowel sound in "bird" and "sir", with an audible retroflex "r" at the end. Sometimes more like the English word "are". Could possibly be written as "ehr" in English. Pronounced as a retroflex.hmPronounced as in English. This syllable is only used as an interjection.hngPronounced as a Pinyin "h" + a back nasal. This syllable is only used as an interjection.mPronounced as in English. This syllable is only used as an interjection.nPronounced as in English. This syllable is only used as an interjection.ngPronounced as a back nasal. This syllable is only used as an interjection.~rSometimes the syllable "er" () is added to the end of words – especially on nouns. This is most common in Chinese spoken by people from Beijing. If the "" is written in a text, and is to be interpreted as a suffix rather than "er2" = "child", then the transcription is usually written only as "r" (e.g. "yi4 dian3r" = "a little"). Basically, this added "~r" changes the pronunciation of the previous syllable, so that the entire final part of the syllable is pronounced as a retroflex with an "~r" at the end. In short, the "~r" moves the pronunciation of the syllable backward in the mouth.All Possible Syllables in Mandarin ChineseIt is not possible to create Chinese syllables by grouping characters at random. The phonemes of Mandarin Chinese can only be combined into a fixed number of possible syllables. I have made a list of 413 syllables, which I believe to be every one of the possible combinations. Use the chart I provided above to practice most of them.a, ai, an, ang, aoba, bai, ban, bang, bao, bei, ben, beng, bi, bian, biao, bie, bin, bing, bo, buca, cai, can, cang, cao, ce, cei, cen, ceng, cha, chai, chan, chang, chao, che, chen, cheng, chi, chong, chou, chu, chua, chuai, chuan, chuang, chui, chun, chuo, ci, cong, cou, cu, cuan, cui, cun, cuoda, dai, dan, dang, dao, de, dei, den, deng, di, dian, diao, die, ding, diu, dong, dou, du, duan, dui, dun, duoe, ê, ei, en, erfa, fan, fang, fei, fen, feng, fo, fou, fuga, gai, gan, gang, gao, ge, gei, gen, geng, gong, gou, gu, gua, guai, guan, guang, gui, gun, guoha, hai, han, hang, hao, he, hei, hen, heng, hm, hng, hong, hou, hu, hua, huai, huan, huang, hui, hun, huoji, jia, jian, jiang, jiao, jie, jin, jing, jiong, jiu, ju, juan, jue, junka, kai, kan, kang, kao, ke, kei, ken, keng, kong, kou, ku, kua, kuai, kuan, kuang, kui, kun, kuola, lai, lan, lang, lao, le, lei, leng, li, lia, lian, liang, liao, lie, lin, ling, liu, long, lou, lu, luo, luan, lun, lü, lüem, ma, mai, man, mang, mao, mei, men, meng, mi, mian, miao, mie, min, ming, miu, mo, mou, mun, na, nai, nan, nang, nao, ne, nei, nen, neng, ng, ni, nian, niang, niao, nie, nin, ning, niu, nong, nou, nu, nuo, nuan, nü, nüeo, oupa, pai, pan, pang, pao, pei, pen, peng, pi, pian, piao, pie, pin, ping, po, pou, puqi, qia, qian, qiang, qiao, qie, qin, qing, qiong, qiu, qu, quan, que, qunran, rang, rao, re, ren, reng, ri, rong, rou, ru, rua, ruan, rui, run, ruosa, sai, san, sang, sao, se, sei, sen, seng, sha, shai, shan, shang, shao, she, shei, shen, sheng, shi, shou, shu, shua, shuai, shuan, shuang, shui, shun, shuo, si, song, sou, su, suan, sui, sun, suota, tai, tan, tang, tao, te, teng, ti, tian, tiao, tie, ting, tong, tou, tu, tuan, tui, tun, tuowa, wai, wan, wang, wei, wen, weng, wo, wuxi, xia, xian, xiang, xiao, xie, xin, xing, xiong, xiu, xu, xuan, xue, xunya, yan, yang, yao, ye, yi, yin, ying, yong, you, yu, yuan, yue, yunza, zai, zan, zang, zao, ze, zei, zen, zeng, zha, zhai, zhan, zhang, zhao, zhe, zhei, zhen, zheng, zhi, zhong, zhou, zhu, zhua, zhuai, zhuan, zhuang, zhui, zhun, zhuo, zi, zong, zou, zu, zuan, zui, zun, zuoSyllables spelled with "u", but pronounced with "ü":ju, juan, jue, junqu, quan, que, qunxu, xuan, xue, xunyu, yuan, yue, yunSyllables where "u" and "ü" must not be mixed up:lu, lü, lüenu, nü, nüeIf you made it THIS FAR. Congratulations. Go take a nap to preserve your studies.