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I’ve been able to name all 50 US states in alphabetical order since the age of at least two, maybe earlier. (My godmother taught me the 50 states song while pushing me on the swingset, and I’m a quick learner for songs.) I know places the way some people know pop stars. Therefore, this is the definitive, completely-100%-objective listing of the full personality stereotype of each US state, DC, and several of the territories, subregions, and Native nations. Trust me: I’m from Wisconsin.———EDIT: The original version of this list was written while I was extremely sleep-deprived in the fall of 2016. As of my last edit, here near the end of 2020, I noticed that the original phrasing on one of my descriptions had political overtones that were the opposite of my original intent. This was all the more startling to me, because the events which gave my words extremely sharp political meaning had literally not happened yet when I first wrote this answer.These descriptions are all meant at least a little bit light-heartedly; however, if you do think there are any things that I have phrased poorly, or which carry connotations that you think I might not be aware of, please let me know. I am always open to non-judgmental critical discussions.———Alabama: She’d be your stereotypical southern belle if she had the money. She’s always been poor, but since her mother sheltered her from the hard world of adulthood, she has a misguided desire to return to what she thinks was a better past.Alaska: Crazy prepper dude. Strong independent streak. Outdoorsman for life. Deserves credit for his hard-working attitude, but doesn’t always recognize how fortunate he is to work in such a rich land.American Samoa: Working-class islander, joined the US military as a kid, now works in the local tuna cannery. Down-to-earth and laid-back, likes the beach, but not much of a surfer.Arizona: Stay-at-home mom who posts Minions memes on Facebook. Ethnically Latina, but doesn’t really identify with that part of her culture. More liberal than her husband, Utah, but never uses the word “feminist”.Arkansas: Hard core Southerner. Grew up riding dirt bikes and shooting air soft and expecting he was going to learn a trade and raise a family in the country. He says racist things sometimes, and he knows he shouldn’t, but he wishes people could understand how hard he’s trying to change his habits. Secretly in a relationship with Oklahoma.NoCal: Techie. He’s half-white and half-Asian; his parents pushed him hard growing up, so he had a busy childhood and lots of good educational opportunities. He’s got that metro-hipster look where you can’t tell if he’s straight or gay (he’s bi). Follows the trends so religiously that nobody can tell if he even has his own distinctive style.SoCal: Hollywood Latino beach boy. Ridiculously photogenic. Kind of a flake, but he’s the life of the party when he shows up. Hangs with the popular crowd, but not in a Mean Girls sort of way; he’s genuinely nice to anyone who’s not a dick. Loves his mother, and it’s super cute. He and Hawaii are long-term partners.Colorado: Snowboard bum, sk8r boi, but in a very family-friendly way when he’s in public. In private, he’s still got a very down-to-earth personality at least when he’s not high as fuck.Connecticut: Yale graduate, but not the cool kind. He works in consulting for a major bank, but likes big houses and well-kept lawns too much to ever want to live in the city. Drinks expensive wine and cheap takeout because unlike his pizza chef dad, he doesn’t know how to cook.Delaware: Insurance analyst. A bit of a workaholic. She lives in a McMansion, but sometimes wonders what she’s doing with her life, and usually spends those nights raving at NYC’s place.D.C.: Big black policeman. Dedicated to law and order, the real kind, the kind with an unshakeable understanding that black lives matter. Definitely not the kind of guy to go in with guns blazing when there’s children present. Not a big fan of Eastern Washington-Oregon.Florida: Crazy old churchlady who catcalls the local pastor’s son out the window of her Mustang when she’s having a day out with her friends. She’s originally from up north, and is one of Upper Michigan’s only true friends. They used to go snow-mobiling together before she decided to move down south for good. Because of her age, she gets away with shit that the young kids never would, and everybody knows it, including her.Georgia: Old black distinguished southern gentleman. He’s been well-rewarded for his hard work in recent years, and he’s at the prime of his life. It is less well-known that he regularly goes on crazy adventures with Florida.Hawaii: The way she talks, she seems pretty laid-back, but when it comes time to act, she’s also pretty politically active. Strong independent streak. Surfer, smart, and proud of her island heritage. She and SoCal are long-term partners.Idaho: Pretty much your standard rural outdoors bum. Likes waterskiing, 4-wheeling, and fixing trucks. Had a fling with Nevada once, but that’s long past. Hangs out at the bar with the militiamen, but he’s too caught up in Utah’s church stuff to actually participate in their militia.Illinois: Successful black guy who runs several businesses, doesn’t always agree with Georgia, but they’re good friends. Played college football, and has a little home shrine to his glory days. Generous to folks he thinks have potential.Indiana: Total frat bro. Not all that political or intellectually-minded, and claims to see all sides, but pretty much only ever votes conservative.Iowa: Corn farmer. Works heavily with the local university extension. Can be seen flying her drone over her fields to monitor leaf chlorosis. If you only judged her by her looks, you’d be surprised how progressive she is on many fronts; her friends know her for exactly who she is.Kansas: Country girl through and through, but not necessarily ultra-conservative. Flirts with Texas, but there’s nothing serious happening there. Mixed feelings about Missouri. Likes long road trips and can hold her liquor. Good taste in music.Kentucky: He loves being a horse jockey, but it’s his main job at a fried chicken restaurant that pays the bills. No one’s sure how he stays skinny. He’s got the southern penchant for loyalty to friends, but he’s more easygoing than Arkansas. Best friends with Tennessee, though he can’t pay for the parties the way Tennessee can.Lakota Sioux Nation: Got bullied by the other states a lot growing up, and he’s still living with the scars. There’s a great tension in his soul between his rebellious streak and his practicality. He and Navajo Nation never knew each other growing up, but nowadays, they’ve become inseparable.Louisiana: Big, black, and beautiful. College roommates with Hawaii, but she’s had to work so hard lately to make ends meet that now she doesn’t have time to be politically active. She’d probably be happily married to Mississippi if they weren’t both so stressed from work.Maine: She was a bitter and rebellious soul in her youth, but she’s mellowed out with age. Former goth, runs a seaside bed-and-breakfast. Takes pride in her work, just as she was raised to by her fishing family.Maryland: A bit of a busybody. She’s a secretary, but she works in government because she likes to the idea of having influence over the powerful (which she does). Decided to live outside the city because she likes to have her own space.Massachusetts: Abrasive. Talks constantly about sports. Surprisingly well-educated for the owner of a blue-collar auto garage. Verbally abuses New Jersey, and anyone else with even a passing non-dislike for the Yankees. Recently became an uber driver.Lower Michigan: Blue-collar auto worker. Co-worker and longtime bowling rival of Ohio, a rivalry they both take a little too seriously. Quietly conservative in his personal life, but not too proud to take or vote for government money.Upper Michigan: He’s in his late 20s, but still has the personality of an angsty teenager. Doesn’t have his own place yet, and he’s been house-hopping between Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Lower Michigan. In theory, his bad luck finding a job has made him want desperately to rebel against the system, but in practice, he’s only as rebellious as he can be, given his dependence on others.Minnesota: The local introverted doctor. He doesn’t really like it when Upper Michigan asks to sleep on his couch, but he’s too agreeable to admit it. Can be passive-aggressive at times if he’s around loud mouths, or people who aren’t emotionally sensitive; but when his heart is in something, he goes way above and beyond the call of duty to do the right thing.Mississippi: Hard-working black guy who does whatever it takes to make ends meet. Had a very hard life growing up, but is finally starting to put the pieces back together. He’d probably be happily married to Louisiana if they weren’t both so stressed from work.Missouri: Too dark-skinned to pass as white, but so light-skinned that he doesn’t quite look black either. He’s been saying for twenty years that he’s only working at his current job until he can save up enough money to pursue his dreams of owning a small business. Not really sure of his place in the world. Vents a lot about his life when he gets drunk.Montana: Proud descendant of self-sufficient pioneers. Runs her own hobby cattle ranch to keep up appearances, but nowadays actually gets her money from the global economy, running a machine shop that makes parts for construction equipment. Not half as conservative as liberals think she is, but half as liberal as they’d prefer.Navajo Nation: She managed to survive her hard childhood a little better than Lakota Sioux Nation, but they’ve got so much in common that they’re tight friends. Hard working, and with a strong independent streak.Nebraska: He teases Iowa for her nerdiness all the time, but only because he doesn’t know what a real nerd is. He secretly likes her. He’s slightly resentful of his small-town upbringing, but is too scared to move to the big city, and resolves this emotionally by trying to act bigger than he feels.Nevada: Small-business owner. Very matter-of-fact about issues that Utah would instead moralize about. A bit of a tomboy, fixes cars as a hobby when she’s not out partying. Everybody loves to party at her place, and she’s down to let them, but she’s not as into the party scene as New York. In a long-distance relationship with West Virginia. Neither is sure how long that will last.New Hampshire: Libertarian, and won’t shut up about it. Bit of a neckbeardy personality, but he’s got enough sense not to let it always show.New Jersey: Works at Massachusetts’ auto garage. Similarly loud and opinionated, but has a bit of a country twang sometimes, and definitely a bit broier. Surprisingly centrist for someone who spends so many of his weekends partying with NYC, but definitely not as small-town as the usual Bruce Springsteen fan.New Mexico: Latino leader of the local agricultural workers’ union. Down-to-earth and loves-to-dance. On good terms with all his neighbors, Mexico included.New York City: Racially ambiguous pansexual person of color. Obviously LGB, but he’s a total gym bunny, so you’d never guess that he’s also trans if he weren’t so open about it. His place is a bit dirty, but only because he doesn’t have much time to clean between all the raves and orgies he hosts. By day, he’s all business, but if you meet him at a party, he’s super generous.Upstate New York: She and Vermont grew up together, and are good friends, but she doesn’t fully partake in all of his anti-establishment conspiracy theories. She works in retail at a car dealership, and parties with NYC a lot but has never really felt like one of the popular folks in the East Coast crowd. She kind of resents this, and bowls with Ohio and Michigan because of it. Best friends with PennsylvaniaNorth Carolina: Has a stable job in a well-established scientific field. Inherited a nice second house on the beach that he and Virginia like to vacation to. Pretty vanilla life, husband of Virginia.North Dakota: Recently won the lottery, and while he’s trying to do right with the money, he worries more than he lets on about whether his investments are paying off.Ohio: Blue-collar machinist. Co-worker and longtime bowling rival of Lower Michigan, a rivalry they both take a little too seriously. Quietly conservative on some economic issues, but he makes a mean chili.Oklahoma: Living with an older brother like Texas has been hard on him, and he often hangs out with the Midwest crowd. A bit conflicted in his identity, but he’s found peace on his cattle ranch. Hangs out with his cousins, Lakota Sioux Nation and Navajo Nation. Secretly in a relationship with Arkansas.Eastern Washington-Oregon: Militiaman. Gun-toting NRA member. Fully believes in taking matters into his own hands. Western Oregon-Washington doesn’t really know what to think of him, but she’s been thinking about purchasing a gun, just in case.Pennsylvania: Runs the local teacher’s union. High school principal in a district with a lot of poor and uneducated people. She’s had to deal with a lot of shit for her job, and it’s made her jaded, perhaps a bit too much so. Even when she’s got her tough love face on, it’s always motivated by the kids’ best interests, though people are divided on whether that tough love is really what’s best for them.Puerto Rico: Works three separate jobs, at a tourist marina, washing sheets at a hotel, and as a waitress at a restaurant, but she still finds it hard to make ends meet. Doesn’t hang out a whole lot with most of the states, except that NYC is one of her cousins, and she sometimes hangs out with Florida.Rhode Island: Hipster creative type, on-and-off vegetarian. Between hanging at the art houses with Western Washington-Oregon and raving with NYC, he’s pretty much never home. Nobody’s quite sure what he does for money.South Carolina: She has a big heart, bless her, but she’s uncomfortably persistent with her occasional racism.South Dakota: Morally conservative, and not the least bit apologetic about it. She wants a big family, and will by all indications be a good mother. Minnesota and Iowa are both hoping she doesn’t try to homeschool her kids.Tennessee: Wears old leather boots, but their old soles are intact, because he hasn’t actually worked hard enough to wear them out. Partyboy, hangs out with Indiana. Big on barbecue and bonfires and whiskey and country music.Texas: Exactly like you’d think. Strong independent streak. Cowboy boots, cowboy hat, jeans, lives on a ranch, the whole works. Drives a massive SUV, eats big. Was the quarterback of the football team in high school. Talks big about his guns, and is definitely competent with them, but not obsessive to the same degree as Eastern Washington-Oregon. He and Mexico are secret lovers.Utah: Straight-laced. Non-raunchy to a fault, and takes unspoken pride in that. He’s not quite judgy of others, but definitely quite satisfied with himself. Office manager. Married to Arizona, they share a well-kitted-out McMansion.Vermont: Total anti-establishment liberal. Strong independent streak. Long-haired guy who’s almost a hippie, but not quite. Doesn’t really fit in with the East Coast crowd, but feels too comfortable there to join in with Upstate New York when she hangs out with Ohio and Michigan.Virginia: Pantsuit-wearing professional with a good job in government. She’s got a pretty vanilla life, nice house, married to North Carolina. Hasn’t got much of a wild side. You’d never guess West Virginia is her twin sister. You’d especially never guess that her government job is with the NSA, because it is exceptionally boring.Western Oregon-Washigton: Vegan. Young urban creative / neo-hippie. What time she doesn’t spend in art houses, she spends at her tinyhouse. Illegally grows opium poppies to make poppy tea, and has tried a lot of different drugs, but definitely isn’t as frequently-blazed as Colorado.West Virginia: Hard-working Appalachian trucker woman. Doesn’t take shit from anyone. Made a lot more money when she worked in the coal mines, but is making do with what she’s got. In a long-distance relationship with Nevada. Neither is sure how long that will last.Wisconsin: She’s a snowmobiling water-skiing adrenaline-junky with a double football rivalry with both Minnesota and Illinois. Between her beer, cheese, sausages, and weight, her cardiologist (Minnesota) is worried about her, but she’s active, and it keeps her young-at-heart. She lost custody of Upper Michigan to Lower Michigan during the divorce, but they’ve really connected as adults.Wyoming: He joined Eastern Washington-Oregon’s militia, but he’s not so extreme about it. He’s more about self-reliance than truly anti-government.

UT Austin is the central Texas home of higher education and is rivaled by many but overshadowed by few or none.The Forty acresThe acre came into use during the Middle Ages and was defined as the amount of land that could be ploughed in one day by one man and an ox. Unless you grew up on a preindustrial farm, that won’t mean much to you. An acre is about 75 percent of a football field or the combined size of 16 tennis courts.The nickname is a big part of campus culture. Forty Acres Fest is a campus-wide festival each spring featuring more than 100 student organizations, entertainment, food, music and games. UT’s most prestigious scholarships, the Forty Acres Scholarships, are jointly sponsored by the university’s alumni association, the Texas Exes, and our various schools and colleges. For many decades, the shuttle bus that circled the original Forty Acres plus what is now known as “central campus” was “the 40.” When the city’s bus service absorbed the UT shuttle bus system, the route became “the 640,” which you can catch today.1928: A class change, as seen from the top floor of Garrison Hall. That's Battle Hall across the way, and the old Main Building on the right. A decade later, this spot would be transformed with the creation of the Main Mall and UT Tower.Now, UT’s main campus comprises 431 acres, with a perimeter of more than 4 miles, stretching from 15th to 30th streets and from office space in the West Campus neighborhood to Manor Road east of Interstate 35.But that’s just the main campus. The university’s J.J. Pickle Research Campus in North Austin is actually bigger than the main campus, at 475 acres. UT’s Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Southwest Austin adds another 284 acres. And the university’s Brackenridge Tract, including field laboratories, stretches for 350 acres along Lake Austin.Summer 1916: A view up University Avenue to the UT campus. With Old Main in the center (where the Tower stands today).But that’s just in Austin. UT’s McDonald Observatory in West Texas? That’s another 400 acres. Our Marine Science Institute in Port Aransas? There’s another 72 acres, with a 5-acre boat basin, and UTMSI manages the Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve, which totals 186,189 acres.Those “Forty Acres” are now in the thousands. Looks like you’ve got some exploring to do.A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890.The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to raise funds, to establish and endow "land-grant" colleges. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering (though "without excluding... classical studies"), as a response to the industrial revolution and changing social class. This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of higher education to focus on a liberal arts curriculum. A 1994 expansion gave land grant status to several tribal colleges and universities.Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that today offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are private schools, including Cornell University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Tuskegee University.The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to national attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857. The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan.Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was ultimately enacted into law in 1862.Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, on September 11, 1862. Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) as the land grant college on March 29, 1864. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863. The oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University (founded in 1701), which was named Connecticut's land-grant recipient in 1863. This designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature in 1893 under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut.A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's historically black colleges and universities. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.Later on, other colleges such as the University of the District of Columbia and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.In imitation of the land-grant colleges' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges (aquatic research, in 1966), space grant colleges (space research, in 1988), and sun grant colleges (sustainable energy research, in 2003).West Virginia State University, a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status (when desegregation cost it its state funding in 1957) and then subsequently regained it, which happened in 2001.The land-grant college system has been seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the US economy that led to its overtaking the United Kingdom as economic superpower, according to research by faculty from the State University of New York.The three-part mission of the land-grant university continues to evolve in the twenty-first century. What originally was described as teaching, research, and service was renamed learning, discovery, and engagement by the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities, and again recast as talent, innovation, and place by the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities.State law precedentsPrior to enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, Michigan State University was chartered under Michigan state law as a state agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, receiving an appropriation of 14,000 acres (57 km2) of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania, later to become The Pennsylvania State University, followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year.Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863.Older state universities – such as the University of Georgia, which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of state land grants. Indeed, land grants to educational institutions are a practice inherited from Europe, and are traceable all the way back to the societies ofThese earlier examples, however, offered a different "mission" than the practical education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act (or the Michigan legislature).Hatch Act and Smith–Lever ActThe mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of agricultural experiment stationsunder the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the Smith–Lever Act of 1914 to include cooperative extension—the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual Federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds.ExpansionWhile today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant colleges, only a few of the more than 70 institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.The University of the District of Columbia received land-grant status in 1967 and a $7.24 million endowment (USD) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment, American Samoa, Guam, Micronesia, Northern Marianas, and the Virgin Islands each received $3 million.In 1994, 29 tribal colleges and universities became land-grant institutions under the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.Land-grant universities are not to be confused with sea grant colleges (a program instituted in 1966), space grant colleges (instituted in 1988), or sun grant colleges (instituted in 2003). In some states, the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension have been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the original land-grant campus; an example is the Texas A&M University System, whose agricultural missions, including the agricultural college at the system's main campus, are now under the umbrella of Texas A&M AgriLife.

MAYBE. Common sense experience suggests DROUGHTS ARE THE OPPOSITE OF FLOODING AS HOT IS THE OPPOSITE OF COLD. When it rains or snows it is colder and when it is hot or warm it is drier. We have evidence not too long ago of what happened to the weather during the Little Ice Age and that evidence confirms that flooding dominated the climate and was devastating. Because the earth is cooling and temperatures are in decline therefore the recent flooding should concern us. Did we exit the Little Ice Age around 1780 or was there just a pause in cooling as part of natural variation?Niagara frozen over from Arctic Blast 2019Epic And Massive Flooding In Europe During The Little Ice AgePublished on June 24, 2016Written by http://iceagenow.orgKilled more than 500,000 people.Andrew McKillop has a new article posted at The Market Oracle. Here are some excerpts.This is the global cooling fearIntense flooding in the low countries of Europe became “darkly repetitive” during the Little Ice Age, writes McKillop. The cooling period lasted 450 years,For the Dutch, the Grote Mandrenke is nothing to do with Linux software, but means “The Great Drowning” and is named for the epic and massive flooding that occurred, more and more frequently in the Low Countries of Europe’s North Sea region as Europe’s Little Ice Age intensified.Grote Mandrenke flood killed at least 100 000Normal or predictable spring and autumn flooding was increasingly replaced by large-area and intense flooding, sometimes outside spring and autumn from about 1300, in recurring crises which lasted into the 18th century. In the Low Countries and across Europe, but also elsewhere, the cooling trend starting in the late 13th century became more intense. It brought long cold winters, heavy storms and floods, loss of coastal farmlands, and huge summer sandstorms in coastal areas further damaging agriculture. Climate historians estimate that major flooding on an unpredictable but increasingly frequent basis started as early as 1250. Extreme events like the Grote Mandrenke flood of 1362 which killed at least 100 000 people became darkly repetitive.Other giant floods probably killed 400 000Other giant floods in the region through the next 200 years probably killed a total of 400 000 persons in the coastlands of what is now Belgium, Germany and Holland. At the time, Europe’s population was at most a quarter of today’s, meaning that corrected for population size these were really catastrophic disasters. During this time, the Zuider Zee region of northern Holland was inundated and its former farmlands disappeared under water – for several centuries.Crop failures and faminesThe basic reasons was that the weather was getting colder, as well as more unpredictable. As the climate cooled, it also became wetter. Combined with the cold, this caused more crop failures and famines spread as the northern limit of farming retreated south. The start of the cooling – called Europe’s Little Ice Age by glaciologist Francois Matthes in 1939 – in the 13th century was in fact the start of a long, sometimes steep dip in temperatures that held sway on an unpredictable, on-and-off basis until at least the first decade of the 19th century. Overall, the cooling lasted about 450 years.Preceded by more than two centuries of much warmer more predictable weatherMaking things worse, the cooling had been preceded by more than two centuries of much warmer and better, more predictable weather. Farming moved northwards, seasons were predictable, food supplies had expanded. Europe’s population also grew, in some regions tripling in 200 years. The colonization of Greenland, which failed when the cooling intensified, was a well-known historical spinoff from the previous warming, but by the 16th century there was no trace of Europeans in Greenland. Only ruins of their farms and homes could be found, but with few or no tombstones dated beyond the early 15th century, leading to the theory that these early “Climate Refugees” packed their longboats and sailed south, to what is now the New England coast. Where they became easy prey for American Indian tribes along those coasts.And as more evidence shows that the Medieval Warm Period was no isolated event in Europe but was a global phenomenon, McKillop’s analysis takes on more immediate relevance:The climate historian Hubert H. Lamb in his 2002 book ‘Climate History and the Modern World’ dates the cooling to two main phases. The first leg of this change he places at about 1200-1400, but his second phase of about 1500-1825 which for some climate historians is Europe’s Little Ice Age, was marked by much steeper drops in average temperatures. Indicators used by Lamb and other climate historians like Emmanuel Leroy Ladrie and Wolfgang Behringer include food price peaks as cold summers followed cold and wet springs, with increasing examples of “climate wars”, such as Louis X’s Flanders campaign where the climate chilling was a sure factor in play.I fear that we’re headed into such a period of great cooling and repetitive catastrophic flooding right now.This while our leaders prattle on about global warming, leaving us almost totally unprepared.Andrew McKillop is former chief policy analyst, Division A Policy, DG XVII Energy, European Commission, and co-author of ‘The Doomsday Machine’, Palgrave Macmillan USA, 2012McKillop has more than 30 years experience in the energy, economic and finance domains. Trained at London UK’s University College, he has had specially long experience of energy policy, project administration and the development and financing of alternate energy. This included his role of in-house Expert on Policy and Programming at the DG XVII-Energy of the European Commission, Director of Information of the OAPEC technology transfer subsidiary, AREC and researcher for UN agencies including the ILO.Epic and massive flooding in Europe during the Little Ice Age | PSI IntlMore support for rain from cold drought from hot weatherNew research this year of PRIMEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE finds evidence of “Favourable climatic conditions (i.e. warm and dry summers) probably led to an increase in agriculture yields, the expansion of farming activities and resulting forest openings. Whereas unfavourable climatic conditions (i.e cold and wet summers) likely caused crop failure.Path through European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Forest in Autumn, Spessart, Bavaria, GermanyRESEARCH ARTICLECauses and mechanisms of synchronous succession trajectories in primeval Central European mixed Fagus sylvatica forestsFabian ReyErika GobetChristoph SchwörerOthmar WeyAlbert HafnerWilly TinnerFirst published: 16 December 2018Rey et al., 2019ABSTRACT SYNTHESIS“Our results imply that mixed Fagus sylvatica forests [SEE DEFINITION BELOW] with Abies alba and Quercus may re‐expand rapidly in these areas, if climate conditions will remain within the range of the mid‐Holocene climatic variability (with summers c. +1–2°C warmer than today). … [T]he rise and fall of early farming societies was likely dependent on climate. Favourable climatic conditions (i.e. warm and dry summers) probably led to an increase in agricultural yields, the expansion of farming activities and resulting forest openings, whereas unfavourable climatic conditions (i.e. cold and wet summers) likely caused crop failures, abandonment of agricultural areas and forest succession. A better understanding of the environmental and societal factors controlling coeveal land-use dynamics as shown in this study would require new climate proxy data (e.g. temperature reconstruction from well dated and complete Holocene tree ring series). On the basis of our results and considering the ongoing spread of temperate forests in lowland Central Europe, we conclude that the existing beech forest ecosystems are resilient to anthropogenic disturbances under a changing climate.”European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a large deciduous tree, widely distributed in Central and Western Europe. With around 250 known uses for its wood, beech is one of the most important and diversely used trees in Europe. The wood is highly appreciated for use in furniture, flooring, staircases and musical instruments, as well as for plywood, veneering and pulp. Due to its high energetic potential, beech is also coppiced for firewood and charcoal. The tree further provides nourishment to several birds and animals, especially when fruiting occurs, every 5 to 8 years.The European beech favours a humid atmosphere and well-drained soils which its roots can easily penetrate. On favourable sites, beech is widely distributed as it out-competes other tree species due to its excellent tolerance to shade.However there are science papers that find warming causes a more humid and temperate climate.Regional Environmental Changepp 1–13| Cite asObserved climatic changes in West Virginia and opportunities for agricultureAuthorsAuthors and affiliationsEvan KuttaJason A. HubbartAbstractIncreasing variability in temperature and precipitation patterns is reducing the security of natural resources including food, water, and energy in many locations globally. Changes in climate are particularly relevant to the agricultural sector, given the increasing demand for food, less predictable water supplies, and more expensive energy. Among these challenges, however, are opportunities to improve human health with climate-conscious approaches to field crop production. Such opportunities may be emerging in historically productive areas in the Appalachian region of the United States including West Virginia that are often typified by food deserts. Long-term records of farm count, farm area, and crop yield data for West Virginia’s most valuable crops are presented relative to national averages to better understand emergent challenges and opportunities associated with local climate changes. Observed datasets of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation for 18 climate observation sites in West Virginia dating back to at least 1930 were used to assess climatic trends between 1900 and 2016. To account for the regions’ complex physiography, daily data were averaged annually and spatially (all 18 sites). The maximum temperatures were shown to decrease significantly (− 0.78 °C/century; p = 0.001), whereas the minimum temperatures increased significantly (0.44 °C/century; p = 0.017), and precipitation increased (25.4 mm/century). Additionally, intra-annual variance of maximum temperatures decreased (− 0.22 °C/century), minimum temperatures increased significantly (0.39 °C/century; p = 0.041), and precipitation increased (25.4 mm/century). Observed climate trends suggest that local and regional changes in land-atmosphere interactions may result in a wetter and more temperate Appalachian climate characterized by longer growing seasons that may be supportive of a broader range of crops. Results suggest that strategically expanding local agriculture to adapt to changing climate could simultaneously improve human health and socioeconomic status in West Virginia, the broader Appalachian region, and other similar physiographic locations globally.Busted Hockey Sticks: 35 Non-Global Warming Papers Have Been Published In 2019The Midwest floods are going to get much, much worseAn “unprecedented” flood season lies ahead this spring, according to NOAA.By Umair Irfan Updated Mar 23, 2019, 1:41pm EDTSHAREHomes are surrounded by floodwater on March 20, in Hamburg, Iowa, following a massive storm. NOAA forecast this week that flooding in the central US is going to get worse through May. Scott Olson/Getty ImagesA massive deluge of rain and melting snow from a “bomb cyclone” and other recent storms is inundating several Midwestern states including Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska.The flooding has killed at least three people and caused at least $3 billion in damages so far. Rising water levels have breached levees along the Missouri River and forced several towns to evacuate. In southern Minnesota, flood impacts are expected increase substantially for the next three days, according to MPR News. In Nebraska alone, the flooding has already caused more than $1 billion in damages, with more than 2,000 homes and 340 businesses lost.But on Thursday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s spring outlook reported that the situation for the central US is soon going to get much, much worse.“The extensive flooding we’ve seen in the past two weeks will continue through May and become more dire and may be exacerbated in the coming weeks as the water flows downstream,” said Ed Clark, director of NOAA’s National Water Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in a statement. “This is shaping up to be a potentially unprecedented flood season, with more than 200 million people at risk for flooding in their communities.”Historic floods are in store for much of the United States through May, according to NOAA. NOAAWaterways including the Mississippi River and the Red River of the North are already soaked with precipitation levels that are 200 percent above normal. Alongside rapid snowmelt, heavy spring rains and ice jams have led to a massive, destructive rise in water levels.“It is possible that many parts of the Mississippi River will remain above flood stage ... into the first part of the summer in the slow-moving natural disaster,” AccuWeather meteorologist Alex Sosnowski told USA Today.More frequent and severe flooding resulting from massive rainfall is one of the more devastating consequences of climate change. As average temperatures rise, air warms and holds on to more moisture, roughly 7 percent more water for every degree Celsius increase. We’ve already seen the amount of rain dished out from major storms increase over the past century.The past five years were also the hottest on record. And as an El Niño weather pattern takes hold, forecasters think that 2019 could become the hottest year ever. So keep an umbrella close by. [This claim is false as anyone living in the US knows it has been much colder these past 5 years and longer.The Midwest floods are going to get much, much worseWRONG Data shows the US has experienced a sharp decline in temperatures during the past five years and more.Arctic blast in 2019 coldest winter in decades.Omaha breaks 1899 record for low temperature Wednesday; snow back in the forecastBy Jay Withrow and Nancy Gaarder / World-Herald staff writers Apr 4, 2018 1Unusually cold air massing over portions of the U.S. and Canada sent temperatures plunging Wednesday morning, scattering fresh ink across the record books.And more records are possible this weekend.Omaha’s low dropped to 13 Wednesday morning, a full 5 degrees lower than the previous record for the date, set in 1899.The Midwest US has recorded sixty-five March temperature readings above 90 degrees, all of which occurred more than 30 years ago, and sixty-three of which occurred more than 90 years ago. In 1907, 1910 and 1929, the Midwest experienced March temperatures above 95 degrees.6:34 AM - 15 Mar 2019To The Horror Of Global Warming Alarmists, Global Cooling Is HereAround 1250 A.D., historical records show, ice packs began showing up farther south in the North Atlantic. Glaciers also began expanding on Greenland, soon to threaten Norse settlements on the island. From 1275 to 1300 A.D., glaciers began expanding more broadly, according to radiocarbon dating of plants killed by the glacier growth. The period known today as the Little Ice Age was just starting to poke through.Summers began cooling in Northern Europe after 1300 A.D., negatively impacting growing seasons, as reflected in the Great Famine of 1315 to 1317. Expanding glaciers and ice cover spreading across Greenland began driving the Norse settlers out. The last, surviving, written records of the Norse Greenland settlements, which had persisted for centuries, concern a marriage in 1408 A.D. in the church of Hvalsey, today the best preserved Norse ruin.Colder winters began regularly freezing rivers and canals in Great Britain, the Netherlands and Northern France, with both the Thames in London and the Seine in Paris frozen solid annually. The first River Thames Frost Fair was held in 1607. In 1607-1608, early European settlers in North America reported ice persisting on Lake Superior until June. In January, 1658, a Swedish army marched across the ice to invade Copenhagen. By the end of the 17th century, famines had spread from northern France, across Norway and Sweden, to Finland and Estonia.Reflecting its global scope, evidence of the Little Ice Age appears in the Southern Hemisphere as well. Sediment cores from Lake Malawi in southern Africa show colder weather from 1570 to 1820. A 3,000 year temperature reconstruction based on varying rates of stalagmite growth in a cave in South Africa also indicates a colder period from 1500 to 1800. A 1997 study comparing West Antarctic ice cores with the results of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) indicate a global Little Ice Age affecting the two ice sheets in tandem.The Siple Dome, an ice dome roughly 100 km long and 100 km wide, about 100 km east of the Siple Coast of Antartica, also reflects effects of the Little Ice Age synchronously with the GISP2 record, as do sediment cores from the Bransfield Basin of the Antarctic Peninsula. Oxygen/isotope analysis from the Pacific Islands indicates a 1.5 degree Celsius temperature decline between 1270 and 1475 A.D.The Franz Josef glacier on the west side of the Southern Alps of New Zealand advanced sharply during the period of the Little Ice Age, actually invading a rain forest at its maximum extent in the early 1700s. The Mueller glacier on the east side of New Zealand’s Southern Alps expanded to its maximum extent at roughly the same time.Ice cores from the Andeas mountains in South America show a colder period from 1600 to 1800. Tree ring data from Patagonia in South America show cold periods from 1270 to 1380 and from 1520 to 1670. Spanish explorers noted the expansion of the San Rafael Glacier in Chile from 1675 to 1766, which continued into the 19th century.The height of the Little Ice Age is generally dated as 1650 to 1850 A.D. The American Revolutionary Army under General George Washington shivered at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78, and New York harbor was frozen in the winter of 1780. Historic snowstorms struck Lisbon, Portugal in 1665, 1744 and 1886. Glaciers in Glacier National Park in Montana advanced until the late 18th or early 19th centuries. The last River Thames Frost Fair was held in 1814. The Little Ice Age phased out during the middle to late 19th century.The Little Ice Age, following the historically warm temperatures of the Medieval Warm Period, which lasted from about AD 950 to 1250, has been attributed to natural cycles in solar activity, particularly sunspots. A period of sharply lower sunspot activity known as the Wolf Minimum began in 1280 and persisted for 70 years until 1350. That was followed by a period of even lower sunspot activity that lasted 90 years from 1460 to 1550 known as the Sporer Minimum. During the period 1645 to 1715, the low point of the Little Ice Age, the number of sunspots declined to zero for the entire time. This is known as the Maunder Minimum, named after English astronomer Walter Maunder. That was followed by the Dalton Minimum from 1790 to 1830, another period of well below normal sunspot activity.The increase in global temperatures since the late 19th century just reflects the end of the Little Ice Age. The global temperature trends since then have followed not rising CO2 trends but the ocean temperature cycles of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Every 20 to 30 years, the much colder water near the bottom of the oceans cycles up to the top, where it has a slight cooling effect on global temperatures until the sun warms that water. That warmed water then contributes to slightly warmer global temperatures, until the next churning cycle.Those ocean temperature cycles, and the continued recovery from the Little Ice Age, are primarily why global temperatures rose from 1915 until 1945, when CO2 emissions were much lower than in recent years. The change to a cold ocean temperature cycle, primarily the PDO, is the main reason that global temperatures declined from 1945 until the late 1970s, despite the soaring CO2 emissions during that time from the postwar industrialization spreading across the globe.The 20 to 30 year ocean temperature cycles turned back to warm from the late 1970s until the late 1990s, which is the primary reason that global temperatures warmed during this period. But that warming ended 15 years ago, and global temperatures have stopped increasing since then, if not actually cooled, even though global CO2 emissions have soared over this period. As The Economist magazine reported in March, “The world added roughly 100 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010. That is about a quarter of all the CO2 put there by humanity since 1750.” Yet, still no warming during that time. That is because the CO2 greenhouse effect is weak and marginal compared to natural causes of global temperature changes.At first the current stall out of global warming was due to the ocean cycles turning back to cold. But something much more ominous has developed over this period. Sunspots run in 11 year short term cycles, with longer cyclical trends of 90 and even 200 years.The number of sunspots declined substantially in the last 11 year cycle, after flattening out over the previous 20 years. But in the current cycle, sunspot activity has collapsed. NASA’s Science News report for January 8, 2013 states,“Indeed, the sun could be on the threshold of a mini-Maunder event right now. Ongoing Solar Cycle 24 [the current short term 11 year cycle] is the weakest in more than 50 years. Moreover, there is (controversial) evidence of a long-term weakening trend in the magnetic field strength of sunspots. Matt Penn and William Livingston of the National Solar Observatory predict that by the time Solar Cycle 25 arrives, magnetic fields on the sun will be so weak that few if any sunspots will be formed. Independent lines of research involving helioseismology and surface polar fields tend to support their conclusion.”That is even more significant because NASA’s climate science has been controlled for years by global warming hysteric James Hansen, who recently announced his retirement.But this same concern is increasingly being echoed worldwide. The Voice of Russia reported on April 22, 2013,“Global warming which has been the subject of so many discussions in recent years, may give way to global cooling. According to scientists from the Pulkovo Observatory in St.Petersburg, solar activity is waning, so the average yearly temperature will begin to decline as well. Scientists from Britain and the US chime in saying that forecasts for global cooling are far from groundless.”That report quoted Yuri Nagovitsyn of the Pulkovo Observatory saying, “Evidently, solar activity is on the decrease. The 11-year cycle doesn’t bring about considerable climate change – only 1-2%. The impact of the 200-year cycle is greater – up to 50%. In this respect, we could be in for a cooling period that lasts 200-250 years.” In other words, another Little Ice Age.http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2013/05/26/to-the-horror-of-global-warming-alarmists-global-cooling-is-here/#70576bb369bbhttp://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/13756/20150328/climate-change-not-to-blame-for-extreme-winters.htmArctic Outbreak Was One of the Coldest on Record For Late December Into Early January (RECAP)Jan 7 2018 02:30 AM ESTNational and Local Weather Radar, Daily Forecast, Hurricane and information from The Weather Channel and weather.comNews > State-RegionLong arctic blast again breaks recordsChris Fidler, left, of Halifax, and Ben Reigert, of Reading, walk out onto the ice at Sweet Arrow Lake, to fish on Saturday, Jan. 6, 2018, in Pine Grove, Pa. Freezing temperatures since December 26 have made for ideal ice fishing conditions. (David McKeown/Republican-Herald via AP) DAVID MCKEOWNGusty wind picks up snow accumulated on the ground as Jesse Sherwood, of Jersey City, N.J., jogs at Liberty State Park, Saturday, Jan. 6, 2018, in Jersey City. About 100 million people faced a new challenge after the whopping East Coast snowstorm: a gusty deep freeze, topped Saturday by a wind chill close to minus 100 on New Hampshire's Mount Washington that vied for world's coldest place. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez) Julio CortezBy STEVE LEBLANCAssociated PressSunday, January 07, 2018Like0BOSTON — The blast of arctic air that engulfed portions of the East Coast broke cold temperature records from Maine to West Virginia and stunned sea turtles in Florida — although a warm-up is coming Monday.Burlington, Vermont, and Portland, Maine set records, with Burlington falling to minus 20, beating a 1923 record by a degree, and Portland recording minus 11, also a degree below a 1941 record.The National Weather Service said Worcester, Massachusetts, which fell to minus 9, and Providence, Rhode Island, which dropped to minus 3, also set record lows, as did Hartford, Connecticut, where the temperature dropped to minus 9, smashing a 1912 record. Northampton’s low of minus 11 was also a record.Boston tied a low-temperature record set more than a century ago in 1896 of minus 2.Record-low temperatures were also set in parts of West Virginia.GLOBAL TEMPERATURES DROP BACK TO PRE-EL NINO LEVELSDate: 03/02/18Michael Bastasch, The Daily CallerThe onset of La Niña in the tropical Pacific Ocean has caused temperatures drop to levels not seen in six years, according to satellite temperature data.“Note that La Niña cooling in the tropics has finally penetrated the troposphere, with a -0.12 deg. C departure from average,” wrote atmospheric scientists John Christy and Roy Spencer, who compile satellite data at the University of Alabama, Huntsville.Satellite data, which measures Earth’s bulk atmosphere, show temperature anomalies dropped from 0.41 degrees Celsius in December to 0.26 degrees in January. The temperature drop was brought about by a La Niña cooling event in the tropics.La Niña is in full swing in 2018, plunging temperatures in the tropics to -0.12 degrees Celsius in January, down from 0.26 degrees the previous month. It’s the third-largest tropical temperature drop on record.“The last time the tropics were cooler than this was June, 2012 (-0.15 deg. C),” the scientists wrote.“Out of the 470 month satellite record, the 0.38 deg. C one-month drop in January tropical temperatures was tied for the 3rd largest, beaten only by October 1991 (0.51 deg. C drop) and August, 2014 (0.41 deg. C drop),” they wrote.La Niña settled in late 2017, with cooler waters reaching from South America, across to eastern Pacific islands. It’s the opposite of El Niño warming events.“The last time the Southern Hemisphere was this cool (+0.06 deg. C) was July, 2015 (+0.04 deg. C),” Christy and Spencer wrote.“The linear temperature trend of the global average lower tropospheric temperature anomalies from January 1979 through January 2018 remains at +0.13 C/decade,” they wrote.https://www.thegwpf.com/global-temperatures-drop-back-to-pre-el-nino-levels-2/200 Non-Hockey Stick Graphs Published Since 2017 Invalidate Claims Of Unprecedented, Global-Scale WarmingArctic Sea Ice Increasing For Eleven YearsPosted on 14 Oct 2017 by Iowa Climate Science EducationLeave a CommentDay 285 Arctic sea ice extent has been increasing since the start of MASIE records in 2006. This year is fifth highest since 2006.Meanwhile, criminals in the press and scientific community continue to report the exact opposite of what the data shows.Half a meter of fresh snow in Sierra Nevada, Granada, South Spain today, April 11! 2100 m. Report: Artur Zagrodzki ZagrodzkaCONCLUSIONThe bottom line again is our inability to understand fully the climate that is driven by many factors especially local factors. This reality should reduce the arrogance and certainty displayed by the alarmist champions like Al Gore James Hansen and Michael Mann. It rebuts anyone who argues the climate is settled and needs no further study. Dr. William Happer is right a new group of leading climate scientists is needed to review the shoddy science of the UNIPCC.Our doubt about climate drivers is essential to keep searching for what is valid and not fool ourselves by chaotic randomness such as the prediction of the end of snow of the United Nations alarmists.