Classe Export Technical Guide 2013: Fill & Download for Free

Great decision, Before giving you some ideas on where to start, Lets first analyse the current Automotive scenario in India. Is it growing? Whats the automotive future in India?1. Major Automotive Hubs in India.The big names are having manufacturing plants in India, Lets go further and see the break up based on segments.2. SegmentsTwo wheeler and Passenger cars run the show in Volumes.3. RevenuesCars and Trucks run the show in Revenues.So overall how it looks?14.2 % CAGR 2007-2013.From 09th place in 2007we are at 06 th place ( 2013) ,we would have climbed one rank up for sure in 2015.Based on above figures its evident Automotive industry in India is healthy, Though this industry still face a lot of problems due to competition and raising raw material prices. Manufacturers are forced to do cost cutting to keep the prices competitive. We will witness more platform sharing and more modular systems.4. FDI inflows and opportunitiesGrowing Middle class and the population of more than 1.2 Billion and a poor Public transport system in India has opened very big opportunities for Automotive industry in India, Well, See how FDI flows helped this industry in recent years.5. Opportunities for Auto Component ManufacturersNow comes your part, The Auto component manufacturers who support these biggies from R&D till Sales-Service.The major product range in Auto Component Industry areEngine partsDrive transmission and Steering PartsSuspension and Braking partsBody and ChassisEletrical PartsSpark Ignition and partsOther Plastic AccessoriesSo you need to find out your area of interest based on your Technical Knowledge and capability, also considering the Capital Expenditure and ROI on product ranges.Also most important is to which segment you will be supplying to. Is it for Two wheeler or Passenger vehicles? right now this is the break up of Auto component manufacturers who serve different segments.Attend meetups conducted by ACMA , You will get lot of mentors who can guide you on right type of parts to select for your region, the export scenarios, the process of applying licenses and land acqusition, Financial support from Banks and acquiring talent.More about ACI.Though we have good manufacturing capabilities, Due to costs and lack of technical knowledge lot of Imports are eating the pie, may be you can study these parts which are imported and develop local sources which will surely be supported by OEMs/Manufacturers6. ChallengesInitial Investment ( High Cost of Capital)Infrastructural ChallengesSkilled ManpowerCombating Counterfeit PartsCost pressures from OEMs/ ManufactureresBargaining Power of Suppliers ( you will have less pricing power due to competition)Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India ( ACMA ) sees an enormous growth in this Industry , With right product selection and Cost optimization methods you can be a real winner. You need to really get deep , associate with experienced people and invest strategically.OEMs/ Manufacturers love suppliers who are innovative and cost conscious with Long term associations.I would suggest you to study the history of companies like Amtek Auto, Mothersonsumi etcAll the best.Data and Chart Sources : ACMA Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India and Auto Components Manufacturers in India

This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)

For a fighter aircraft development project, success is three-fold according to me.1) Technological success2) Business success3) Diplomatic successDesigning, developing and manufacturing a fighter from scratch is a big technological success.After development completion, selling it in big number to own armed force is the primary business success. Exporting it to various other nations enhances the business success manifold.With this export success, the diplomatic success also come. The nation that is taking a warplane from nation X will certainly be a friend of nation X or at least a neutral one. Just purchase doesn't end the relation. There is maintenance which is a very vital part of such deal. These deals can create a strategic partnership or alliance between the vendor and customer nations. This is a diplomatic success of a fighter project. Also, a nation that is capable of developing a highly-complex machine like fighter receives respect from the world and others avoid direct aggression against them. It’s also an important diplomatic/strategic factor in favour.We consider few examples.1) HAL HF-24 Marut:It was India’s first indigenous fighter, although German engineer Kurt Tank was the man behind the design. HAL developed and manufactured it and it was a beautiful combat aircraft that time. Marut fought with glory in 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. It was a technological success.Indian Air Force took 147 numbers of Marut. It’s not a tiny number in absolute term but for a force like IAF, it’s quite small, especially when Marut was a nice aircraft and even performed great in real full-blown war. So Marut was not a business success or at most, a semi-success. With this, India missed a golden opportunity to export it to many countries and also be a respected aeronautical power. So diplomatic success was nil, very sadly. (Nasty lobby and propaganda against it destroyed its bright future).2) Dassault RafaleIt is a very advanced medium multi-role fighter developed by Dassault Aviation. It is a big technological success of them.French Air Force has placed an order of 180 units and 280+ are planned. In 2017, 149 have been delivered. Rest 31 will be delivered within 2022. More 84 units are also ordered (total) by India, Egypt and Quatar Air Force. So Rafale are getting remarkable business success. In coming days, it will definitely get more and more orders. So along with technological success, Rafale is very likely to have big business and strategic success too.3) F-16 Fighting FalconLockheed Martin of USA developed this fine light-medium multi-role air-superiority fighter. It was a big technological success. It has also performed greatly in many battles.Up to 2017, 4573 F-16 have been built. It’s a tremendous business success. It has been used by 27 countries and still more number of countries are in the list of future potential operators. With this absolute business success, USA has also got huge strategic success.Now coming to our talk on HAL Tejas.Is it a technological success?Let’s discuss.Fighters are designed and developed to fulfill specific requirements. Tejas is developed with the primary objective of replacing MiG-21 and 27 fleet of Indian Air Force and play the role of an interceptor with air-superiority capability. But it is also expected to have ground support and attack as well as anti-ship capability i.e. a multi-role capability.1) Tejas has high maneuverability and agility and can fire Close-combat Air-to-Air missile (which are required for ‘Within Visual Range’ dogfight and combat),2) It can fire ‘Beyond Visual Range’ (BVR) missiles (which is required for BVR combat),3) It can launch conventional and laser-guided smart bombs and air-to ground missiles (which are required for ground attack and strike) as well as anti-ship missiles.4) It can also carry multiple drop tanks and will have in-flight re-fueling feature so capable of deep penetration.So it’s a multi-role aircraft and covers the required roles it has been developed for.ManeuversDerby BVR firingAerial re-fueling probeIs it modern or obsolete?It has been continuously modified and upgraded to be fit for twenty-first century warfare strategically and technologically.Some of the advanced technologies used are:Tail-less cropped-compound delta-wing and single (monolithic honeycomb-structure) tail-fin design (having high maneuverability and agility and various other positive technical effects in aerodynamics and combat capability).Blended-wing body with 45% (by weight) or 90% (by surface area) advanced composite material and RAM (Radar Absorbent Material) coating (these give some stealth, make it lighter and also production & maintenance friendly)Tejas has ‘Relaxed static stability’. Tejas is actually a highly unstable aircraft (for giving it high maneuverability) and computer system (the fly-by-wire system) gives it an artificial stability so as a fighter, it’s easily maneuverable being unstable but for the pilot, it’s beautifully stable (a pseudo-sense of stability created by the computerized fly-by-wire system) and also safe.Quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system powered by a Digital flight control computer.The Control laws (CLAW) recover Stability and provide nice Handling Qualities to the Pilot. They provide invariant response with respect to variation in aerodynamics, fuel etc. and facilitate robust performance. The CLAW is carefree and the computer limits the aircraft parameters automatically. If the pilot takes the fighter beyond its limit, the computer takes over and brings it down to the safe level. That’s why Tejas is very safe and alright with carefree handling.It also has autopilot capability. The pilot can focus on mission activities in times when the fighter is put to fly on autopilot. It is equipped with advanced features like auto level (which helps the pilot recover the aircraft if he gets disoriented and also during night flying), safe altitude recovery (which automatically pulls up the aircraft if it comes too close to the ground) and navigation modes (which steer the aircraft automatically along a pre-determined flight path).Open Architecture computer powered glass cockpit with multi-functional display, HUD (Head Up Display), HMD (Helmet Mounted Display) and Night-vision goggle.Glass cockpit replaces older cockpit with analogue dials and gauges with digital multi-functional displays. These are driven by computerized flight management systems and can be adjusted to display various flight information (gathered by sensors on-board) as per requirement. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilots to focus only on the most pertinent information.There is also the HOTAS (Hands On Throttle-And-Stick) system i.e. availability of buttons and switches on the throttle lever and flight control stick, allowing pilot to access vital cockpit functions and fly the aircraft without having to remove their hands from the throttle and flight controls and thus focus to remain on more important mission duties than looking for controls in the cockpit.Head Up Display is the transparent display (in the top middle) that presents flight data without requiring the pilot to look away from the usual viewpoints.Helmet Mounted Display is similar to that of head-up display but on pilot’s visor, thereby allowing the pilot to obtain various flight data and the situation awareness to the direction his head is pointing.Advanced digitalized utility and health management system (It monitors aircraft systems health and and provides info and warnings to the pilot digitally that makes it maintenance friendly).Swing-role capability. Tejas is a multi-role fighter but unlike previous generation fighters, the fighter is not required to be configured for a certain role manually after one role is played. All the things are computerized and automatic. If it carries bomb and BVR missile for a ground attack and then air-to-air role, the computer knows which weapons are carried. If it launches the bombs, the ground attack role is done and the computer automatically configures it for pure air-to-air role now. It’s true multi-role capability.Multi-mode radar. It is designed to operate equally effectively in the Air to Air and Air to Surface domains. It features multi-target tracking in Air to Air and also has specialized Air to Sea modes. The radar facilitates all weather employment of a variety of Air to Air and Air to Surface Weaponry. It is the primary targeting sensor on the Tejas. The multi-mode radar enhances Tejas’ all-weather multi-role capability.Electronics warfare suite. The indigenous EW suite, known as Mayavi, includes a radar warning receiver (RWR), Missile Approach Warning (MAW) and a Laser warning receiver (LWR) system, Infrared & Ultraviolet Missile warning sensors, self-protection jammer, chaff, jaff and flares dispenser, an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite and a towed radar decoy (TRD) to enhance combat survivability in deep penetration.Tejas features integrated digital avionics suite. The mission computer (MC) can perform all the works like mission-oriented computations, flight management, reconfiguration/redundancy management, in-flight system self-tests etc. as an integrated system.Tejas has 8 hard points with 7 weapon-stations (that can carry versatile weapons of Indian, Russian, Israeli or Western origin) and a dedicated station for a LASER Sight (to light up the target for accurately fire laser-guided bomb) or other tracking/designation system.Tejas can carry:Air-to-air MissilesAir-to-ground MissilesAnti-ship MissilesLaser Guided BombsConventional BombsGSh-23 GunDrop TanksThe pylons are ‘tandem pylons’. Tandem pylon is longer than conventional pylon and designed to carry more than one bombs in a single station unlike conventional pylons that carry a single bomb only.On-board Oxygen-Generating System. This system generates breathable air for the pilot in flight and hence ensures limitless endurance that was limited by limited Oxygen supply in older planes lacking this advanced system.Zero-Zero ejection-seat with a very fast Canopy Severance system (CSS). The CSS provides a smooth passage for a pilot in an emergency situation by pre-weakening the cockpit canopy in the shortest possible time. This system cuts the canopy in a matter of 10 to 20 milliseconds and is the fastest such system.FADEC engine. Tejas’ F404-GE-IN20 engine is a very reliable and efficient engine with FADEC system. It means the full authority and control of engine in various flight conditions is on the hand of a digital computer. It is thus very efficient, pilot-friendly, durable and safe.Aerial refueling probe. Work is now going on for installing this system in LCA as this is an important requirement for Tejas to have much greater range and deep penetration capability.HAL has already done the required modifications for it and installed the aerial re-fuel probe. Tejas LSP(Limited Series Production)-8 has gone through all these structural modifications and software updates required to enable in-flight refueling. Ground trials of in-flight refueling have also been carried out successfully demonstrating the capability in 2016. LSP-8 made its first flight fitted with a Cobham in-flight refuelling probe on 31 January, 2017. The first flight test was used to collect air data and to monitor aircraft performance with the probe attached.The aerial tests are to be done to ensure that the probe does not affect aircraft aerodynamics. Then multiple 'dry contacts' with a tanker will be done before attempting the actual 'wet' fuel transfers. It is expected that in around the middle of next year (2018), Tejas will have the operational aerial-refueling capability.And many other contemporary features. So, overall Tejas is a modern (4+ generation) aircraft. Few near-future upgrades like AESA radar and sensor fusion will make it 4.5 or 4++ generation .Extra factors:1) Tejas is designed to be compatible with diverse terrain and weather conditions in India and being equally efficient in very hot region like Thar desert or very cold region like Himalayan range or in different altitudes or different times (day/night). Tejas has performed without minimum problem in all conditions. Up to 2017, in 4000+ test flights and operational sorties, it faced no accident or major problem.2) It is very cheap. One unit of Tejas Mk1 costs only 25 million USD.(For comparison, JF-17 block 2 costs 28 million. Gripen C costs 30–60 million.)3) It has trainer and naval variants and also has great potential to be upgraded in future. (mk1A and mk2 versions are planned and being developed)Tejas trainerTejas Naval (under development)What Tejas program has given India:1) It is 75.5% (very impressive) indigenous in 2016 and this is very likely to go even higher. It remains a great challenge and a big learning and experience process for our scientists and they have successfully crossed every hurdle.2) Tejas program has taken 21–22 years (very standard) to complete the first version development (1993–2014/15).For the interested people and people who say Tejas is 33 years old, this is the time-line for LCA program:1984- Aeronautical Development Agency was established.1985- IAF presented their requirements1988-90- Design was done.1993- Funding approved for development1995- First Technology demonstrator2001- First flight2003- Sonic barrier crossed and Tejas became supersonic2007- Limited series production started2009- Tejas completed 1000 test flights (trials in various weather, terrain conditions and altitudes and firing different weapons were done, continuously being upgraded with 21st century technologies)2011- certification for release to service (Initial Operation Clearance-1)2013- Initial Operation Clearance-22014- Series production started2016- Induction of first squadron into IAFSo 1988-90 and from 1993 to 2013 — 22 years to develop. From 2001 to 2013 — Evolved in this period. It's a 21st century aircraft.3) It has literally created a big and networked aeronautics R&D, engineering and industrial ecosystem of 50+ labs, 500+ firms, a number of universities and academic institutes etc.4) Tejas program is also arguably the cheapest 4+ generation fighter development project (only 1 billion USD). [for perspective, Gripen program took 14 billion USD in similar time].So we can see, LCA Tejas is a big technological success and also a very important and fruitful project for India. It is one of the bests in its class in the world.What about business success?Indian Air Force has ordered 40 of it currently. Another 83 units has been approved by MoD and deal will be signed in near future. So 123 Tejas are expected to be built in first phase. Overall requirement is much higher as 250+ MiGs are to be replaced. In 2014, the former Defense Minister Mr. Antony said IAF requires 294 units of Tejas. Recently the current Air Chief Marshal B. S. Dhanoa has also said that Tejas mk2 will be inducted from 2027 (we already know HAL is going to produce mk1 and mk1A version up to 2024–25). Indian Navy has also interest in Tejas and also 40% share in naval version program. Navy may also take some fighters. There is recent speculations about some foreign fighter import to compensate the delay but no official announcement is there yet.So, as it seems, future of Tejas in business point of view looks bright. Only problem is a nasty and strong lobby against it (as happened with Marut). Those lobbyists must not win this time.For export, it’s not yet clear when Tejas can be exported. First priority is inside supply. HAL is very busy with that for now. But after brilliant demostration in Bahrain Air show, some countries did show interest in it. Recently Singapore Defense minister has flown with it and got impressed. So Tejas is creating interest but India is not marketing it seriously yet. In the whole world, nations are modernizing their Air Forces replacing fighters like F-16 and MiG-21. There are requirement of around 3500 light class fighters throughout the world in near future and Tejas has huge potential to capture a good portion of it. Hope India doesn’t miss any of these business opportunities. These are one-time opportunities.So overall,Is Tejas a success or failure?Technologically, a big success.From business, strategic and diplomatic point of view, time will tell but great opportunity is there. If it fails to get the business and other co-lateral successes, that’s some others’ failure, not of LCA Tejas or her parent scientists and engineers.