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Jana Gana ManaJana Gana ManaEnglish: "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"जन गण मन (Hindi)জন গণ মন (Bengali)Sheet music for "Jana Gana Mana"National anthem of IndiaLyrics -Rabindranath Tagore, 1911Music-Rabindranath Tagore, 1911Adopted-24 January 1950Rabindranath Tagore, the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Tagore_singing_Jana_Gana_Mana.webm/Tagore_singing_Jana_Gana_Mana.webm.360p.vp9.webmRabindranath Tagore singing Jana Gana ManaJana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. It was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore.Later, it was written in sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which is heavily sanskiritised.The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950.A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.HistoryThe poem was first publicly recited on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (now Kolkata) on 27 December 1911, and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj,however, it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika. The poem was published in February 1905 under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor.In 1912 Song was performed by Sarala Devi Chowdhurani, Tagore's niece, along with a group of school students, in front of prominent Congress members like Bishan Narayan Dhar, Indian National Congress President, and Ambika Charan Majumdar.Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh on 28 February 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sung the song. The song enthralled the college students while Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins), both requested Tagore to create an English translation of the song and set down the musical notation to the national anthem, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style. Tagore translated the work into English while at the college on 28 February 1919, titledThe Morning Song of India – via Wikisource.The college adopted Tagore's translation of the song as their prayer song which is sung till today.File:Jana Gana Mana 1942 performance with introduction.mp3https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Jana_Gana_Mana_1942_performance_with_introduction.mp3Jana Gana Mana played as national anthem on September 11, 1942 in HamburgThe song was selected as national anthem by Subhas Chandra Bose while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on September 11, 1942 in the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg, Jana Gana Mana was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of an independent India.Before it officially became the national anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the 1945 film Hamrahi.It was also the official song of The Doon School, Dehradun.On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on 14 August 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of Jana Gana Mana.The members of the Indian Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held at New York in 1947 gave a recording of Jana Gana Mana as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.Code of conductThe National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung, and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the Full Version of National Anthem of India is 52 seconds and 20 seconds for shorter version.LyricsThe poem was composed in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa, which is heavily sanskritised. The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbsFull versionOriginal composition in Bengali (ভারত ভাগ্য বিধাতা)Bengali scriptজনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গবিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গতব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,গাহে তব জয়গাথা।জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥Latin transliterationJana-gana-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[a]! Pañjāba[b] Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa[c]Utkala Baṅga[d]Bindhya[e]Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga,Taba[f] Śubha nāmē jāgē, taba[g]śubha āśisa[h] māgē,gāhē taba[g] jaẏa-gāthā.Jana-gana-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā[a]! Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, Jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.Official lyrics in Hindi (जन गण मन)Devanagari scriptजन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे,भारत भाग्य विधाता!पंजाब-सिन्ध-गुजरात-मराठा,द्रविड-उत्कल-बङ्गविंध्य[i]हिमाचल यमुना गंगा, उच्छल जलधि तरंगतब[j] शुभ नामे जागे,तब[j] शुभ आशिष मांगेगाहे तब[j]जय गाथा।जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे,भारत भाग्य विधाता!जय हे! जय हे! जय हे!जय जय जय जय हे!Official Romanisation(bold indicates long vowels)Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya heBharata-bhagya-vidhataPanjaba-Sindh-Gujarata-MarathaDravida-Utkala-BangaVindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Gangauchchala-jaladhi-tarangaTava Subha name jage,tava subha asisa mage,gahe tava jaya-gatha.Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya heBharata-bhagya-vidhata.Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,jaya jaya jaya jaya he.Latin transliteration(ISO 15919)Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hēBhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā.Paṁjāba-Sindh-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā,Drāviṛa-Utkala BaṁgaViṁdhya[k] Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā,ucchala jaladhi taraṁgaTaba[l]Śubha nāmē jāgē,taba[m] śubha āśiṣa māṁgēgāhē taba[m] jaya gāthā.Jana gaṇa maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē,Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā.Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē,jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.Phonetic transcriptionIPA[dʒənə gəɳə mənə əd̪ʱinɑːjəkə dʒəjə ɦɛː][bʱɑːɾət̪ə bʱɑːgjə ʋɪdʱɑːt̪ɑː ǁ][pə̃dʒɑːbə sɪnd̪ʱ gʊdʒəɾɑːt̪ə məɾɑːʈʰɑː |][d̪ɾɑːʋɪɽə ʊt̪kələ bə̃gə][ʋɪ̃d̪ʱjə ɦɪmɑːcələ jinəmʊnɑː gə̃gɑː |][ʊttʃʰələ dʒələd̪ʱi t̪əɾə̃gə][t̪əbə ʃʊbʱə nɑːmeː dʒɑːgeː | t̪əbə ʃʊbʱə ɑːʃɪʂə mɑ̃ːgeː][gɑːɦeː t̪əbə dʒəjə gɑːt̪ʰɑː ‖][dʒənə gəɳə mə̃gələ d̪ɑːjəkə dʒəjə ɦɛː |][bʱɑːɾət̪ə bʱɑːgjə ʋɪd̪ʱɑːt̪ɑː ‖][dʒəjə ɦɛː | dʒəjə ɦɛː | dʒəjə ɦɛː |][dʒəjə dʒəjə dʒəjə dʒəjə ɦɛː ‖]<Abridged versionA short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. It reads as followsOfficial lyrics in Hindi (जन गण मन)Devanagari scriptजन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हेभारत भाग्य विधाता ।जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।TranslationTranslation by Tagore, dated 28 February 1919 at the Besant Theosophical College.Official romanisation(bold indicates long vowels)Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya heBharata-bhagya vidhata.Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,Jaya jaya jaya jaya he.Jana-gana-mana adhināyaka jaya hēBhārata bhāgya vidhātā.Jaya hē, Jaya hē, Jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.Latin transliteration(ISO 15919)Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,Dispenser of India's destiny.Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sindh,Gujarat and Maratha,Of the Dravida and Odishaand Bengal;It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and theHimalayas,Mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamunaand is chanted byThe waves of the Indian sea.They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.The saving of all people waits in thy hand,Thou dispenser of India's destiny.Victory, victory, victory to thee.GalleryTagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical CollegePage 1 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical CollegePage 2 of Tagore's translation of Jana Gana Mana on February 28, 1919 at the Besant Theosophical CollegeEarly or original score of Jana Gana ManaControversiesIn Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung.The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986, the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant." The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.The Supreme Court observed in its ruling that"There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act".In some states, it is mandatory that the anthem must be played before films played at cinemas. On 30 November 2016, to instill "committed patriotism and nationalism", the Supreme Court ordered that all cinemas nationwide must play the national anthem, accompanied by an image of the flag of India, before all films. Patrons were expected to stand in respect of the anthem, and doors to a cinema hall were expected to be locked during the anthem to minimize disruption.The order was controversial, as it was argued that that patrons who chose not to participate would be targeted and singled out, as was the case in an incident publicized in 2015 which purported to show a group of patrons (alleged by the YouTube uploader to be Muslims) being heckled by others. On 10 February 2017, two Kashmiris (which included an employee of the state government) were arrested under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act for not standing during the anthem at a cinema, in the first such arrest of its kind made by a state government. Other incidents of violent outbreaks associated with the policy were also reported.A cinema club in Kerala (whose film festival was required to comply with the order, leading to several arrests) challenged the order as an infringement of their fundamental rights, arguing that cinemas were "singularly unsuited for the gravitas and sobriety that must accompany the playing of the national anthem", and that the films screened would often "be at odds with sentiments of national respect".In October 2017, Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud questioned the intent of the order, arguing that citizens "don't have to wear patriotism on our sleeve", and it should not be assumed that people who do not stand for the anthem were any less patriotic than those who did. In January 2018, the order was lifted, pending further government discussion.In October 2019, A video of a Bengaluru couple being bullied by some people for not standing up during the national anthem in a movie hall went viral. They were questioned "Are you pakistani?". There was a debate on the issue; some lawyers recalled Article-21, some people called it a way to gain media attention and some recommended to attend the movie after the national anthem is played to avoid any problems." But after the debate, Supreme Court had reversed its earlier order making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the National Anthem.Historical significanceThe composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911.It was sung on the second day of the convention, . The event was reported thus in the British Indian press:"The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (Statesman, Dec. 28, 1911)"The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (Englishman, Dec. 28, 1911)"When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (Indian, Dec. 29, 1911)Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch. The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly:"The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec.28,1911)"The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (The Bengalee, Dec. 28, 1911)Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:"On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore. Messages from well-wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."On 10 November 1937, Tagore wrote a letter to Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Ravindrajivani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee."A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes:"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)However, his clarifications on the controversy came only after the death of Emperor George V in 1936, as Tagore himself didn't want to contradict it during the lifetime of the Emperor. Further, Tagore accepted the Knighthood on Jun 3rd on the birthday of Emperor George V in 1915 for his poetry and songs. The Knighthood was bestowed to Tagore on the wish of Emperor George V, who was made to believe that the song 'Jana Gana Mana' was composed eulogising the Emperor.Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from "Jana Gana Mana" lionising the Indian independence movement. He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The Knighthood (i.e. the title of 'Sir') was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali" from the government of Sweden. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear", Gitanjali Poem #35) and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji.Regional aspectsAnother controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid (South India), Odisha/Utkal and Bengal, were mentioned. None of the princely states – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mysore or Kerala – or the states in Northeast India, which are now integral parts of India were mentioned. But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence. 'Dravida' includes the people from the south (though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then, the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named) and 'Jolodhi' (Stanza 1) is Sanskrit for "seas and oceans". Even North-East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm. India has 28 states, 8 union territories.In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sindh" and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sindh" refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture, and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam, Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited article of 'The Times of India' published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word 'Kamarup' was included in the song, but was later changed to 'Sindhu' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper.The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning 'Sanchayita' (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned.In 2017 the state government of Jharkhand under the Bharatiya Janata Party proposed making the singing of the national anthem compulsory in Madrasas. This was met with opposition from a section of Muslim clerics on the grounds that it violated the basic principles of the Islamic centers of learning.To Know the reason why Assam and Northeast was not mentioned in National Anthem we have to take a look at History of AssamAssam, 1826-1947The British East India Company annexed Bengal in 1765, and Assam in 1824.Assam Province was a province of British India, created in 1912 by the partition of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Province. Its capital was in Shillong.The Assam territory was first separated from Bengal in 1874 as the 'North-East Frontier' non-regulation province. It was incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 and re-established as a province in 1912. Assam Province (1912–1947)North-East Frontier (1874–1905)Province of British India-21 March 1912–15 August 1947FlagCoat of armsAssam Province in 1936Capital-ShillongArea- 240,118 sq km (92,710 sq mi)In 1824 Assam was occupied by British forces following the First Anglo-Burmese War and on 24 February 1826 it was ceded to Britain by Burma under Yandaboo Treaty of 1826.Between 1826 and 1832 Assam was made part of Bengal under the Bengal Presidency. From 1832 to October 1838 the Assam princely state was restored in Upper Assam while the British ruled in Lower Assam. Purandar Singha was allowed to rule as king of Upper Assam in 1833, but after that brief period Assam was annexed to Bengal by the British. In 1873 British political control was imposed on western Naga communities. On 6 February 1874 Assam, including Sylhet, was severed from Bengal to form the Assam Chief-Commissionership , also known as the 'North-East Frontier'. Shillong was chosen as the capital of the Non-Regulation Province of Assam in September 1874. The Lushai Hills were transferred to Assam in 1897. The new Commissionership included the five districts of Assam proper (Kamrup, Nagaon, Darrang, Sibsagar and Lakhimpur), Khasi-Jaintia Hills, Garo Hills, Naga Hills, Goalpara and Sylhet-Cachar comprising about 54,100 sq miles. Cooch Behar a historical part of Assam, was left out.From 16 October 1905 Assam became part of the Province of East Bengal and Assam. The province was annulled in 1911 following a sustained mass protest campaign and on 1 April 1912 the two parts of Bengal were reunited and a new partition based on language followed, Oriya and Assamese areas were separated to form new administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east.British India's Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms enacted through the Government of India Act 1919 expanded the Assam Legislative Council and introduced the principle of dyarchy, whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. Some of the Indian ministers under the dyarchy scheme were Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla (Education and Agriculture 1924–1934) and Rai Bahadur Promode Chandra Dutta (Local Self-government).The Government of India Act 1935 provided provincial autonomy and further enlarged the elected provincial legislature to 108 elected members.In 1937 elections were held for the newly created Assam Legislative Assembly established in Shillong. The Indian National Congress had the largest number of seats, with 38 members, but declined to form a government. Therefore, the Muslim League's Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla was invited to form a ministry. Saadulla's government resigned in September 1938, after the Congress changed its decision, and the Governor, Sir Robert Neil Reid, then invited Gopinath Bordoloi. Bordoloi's cabinet included the future President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in British Indian provinces resigned, and Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla was again invited to form a ministry.Saadulla remained the Premier (Chief Minister) of Assam up to 1946, bar a period of Governor's Rule from 24 December 1941 to 24 August 1942. During the Japanese invasion of India in 1944, some areas of Assam Province, including the Naga Hills district and part of the Manipur princely state, were occupied by Japanese forces between mid March and July.When fresh elections to the provincial legislatures were called in 1946, the Congress won a majority in Assam, and Bordoloi was again the Chief Minister. Prior to the Independence of India, on 1 April 1946, Assam Province was granted self-rule and on 15 August 1947 it became part of the Dominion of India.Bordoloi continued as the Chief Minister even after India's independence in 1947.Shillong was the summer capital of the undivided Eastern Bengal and Assam. There were 4 administrative divisions in the province, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division and the Surma Valley and Hill Districts Division. There were a total of 30 districts, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunje, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, Malda, Goalpara, Kamrup, Darrang, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Sylhet, Cachar, the Garo Hills, the Khasi and Jaintia Hills, the Naga Hills and the Lushai Hills.Cooch Behar fell under the jurisdiction of Rajshahi Division, Manipur under the Assam Valley Division and Hill Tippera under Chittagong Division. The provincial government in Dacca also managed relations with Bhutan.The population of Eastern Bengal and Assam was 30,961,459 in 1901. The densely populated districts in East Bengal and the Surma and Brahmaputra Valleys were home to Indo-Aryan ethnic groups, including the Bengalis (27,272,895) and the Assamese (1,349,784). Hill districts were home to a predominantly Tibeto-Burman population, including groups like the Chakmas, Mizos, Nagas, Garos and Bodos. There were 18,036,688 Muslims and 12,036,538 Hindus. The remainder included Buddhists, Christians and animists. With reference to the census in 1911, the population of Dhaka was 21% higher than that of 1906, when it was made the capital of the newly formed state.Within its short lifespan, the Provincial Education Department promoted a significant expansion and improvement of higher education. Persian, Sanskrit, mathematics, history and algebra were among different disciplines introduced in the college level curriculum. Female colleges were established in each district. School enrollment increased by 20%. A committee was formed for the creation of the University of Dacca, which was established later in 1921, and came to be known as the Oxford of the East.Eastern Bengal and Assam possessed one of the most fertile lands in the British Empire. The eastern Bengal delta was the rice basket of the Indian subcontinent. It produced 80% of the world's jute and dominated supply in the once thriving global jute trade. The Assam and Sylhet Valleys were home to the largest tea plantations in the world and became famous for producing high-quality Assam tea. The province was also a centre of the petroleum industry, due to crude oil production in Assam. The Port of Chittagong began to flourish in international trade and was connected to its hinterland by the Assam Bengal Railway. Shipbuilding was a major activity in coastal Bengal and catered to the British naval and merchant fleets. Dyeing industries were set up in several districts, particularly in Pabna and Dhaka.The two main rail lines in Eastern Bengal and Assam were the Eastern Bengal Railway and the Assam Bengal Railway. The port city of Chittagong was the main rail terminus, as routes connected the interior hinterland with the main regional maritime gateway. Railways were vital for the export of tea, jute and petroleum. A number of new ferry services were introduced connecting Chittagong, Dhaka, Bogra, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Jalpaiguri, Maldah and Rajshahi. This improved communication network created a positive impact on the overall economy, boosting trade and commerce. Newly built highways connected the inaccessible areas of Assam and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. All district capitals were connected by an inter-district road network.Till the division, there were more Bangla speakers in Assam than Assamese speakersThere are few parallels to Assam’s National Register of Citizens (NRC) process in India or, indeed, anywhere in the world. As the state government updated its list of Indian citizens in Assam, applicants had to provide documents proving that they or their ancestors had entered the state before midnight of March 24, 1971.The final draft of the NRC, released on July 30, excluded four million people, creating potentially one of the largest stateless populations in the world.What has led to such a politics of antipathy towards alleged foreigners in Assam? To understand this, it is instructive to go back to 1947.While the cataclysms of that year are usually identified with the partitions of Punjab and Bengal, the fact that Assam was also divided is little known. The district of Sylhet, majority Muslim and almost completely Bangali, was transferred from Assam in India to East Bengal in Pakistan after a referendum.The paradox of colonial AssamIn the 1930s, an unusual demand was raised in the Central Legislative Assembly – the closest thing British India had to a federal legislature. A member, Basanta Kumar Das, moved a resolution to rename the province of Assam as, he argued, Assamese speakers were a minority in the state. Indeed, the number of Bangla speakers in Assam was twice that of Assamese speakers.This unusual situation was because in 1874, the district of Sylhet – rich in tea plantations – had been transferred from Bengal to Assam to boost the latter’s revenues. Nearly three-quarters of all Bangalis in Assam after this relocation were Sylhetis. This, in turn, gave rise to a demand among Assam’s Assamese leaders to reverse the situation and lob Sylhet back to Bengal in order to given Assam a more homogeneous linguistic character.Demand for homogeneityIn 1945, the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee released a manifesto, ahead of elections, that spoke of the need for a culturally homogeneous Assam: “Unless the province of Assam is organised on the basis of Assamese language and Assamese culture, the survival of the Assamese nationality and culture will become impossible. The inclusion of Bengali speaking Sylhet and Cachar and immigration or importation of lacs of Bengali settlers on wastelands has been threatening to destroy the distinctiveness of Assam and has, in practice, caused many disorders in its administration.”In 1946, therefore, the prime minister (as the head of a province was called under the Raj) of Assam, Gopinath Bordoloi, told a British delegation, which had come to India to discuss transfer of power, that Assam would be quite prepared to hand over Sylhet to Bengal.The referendumAs a result, Sylhet, along with the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan), were the only places that were allowed a referendum on whether they would like to join India or Pakistan after the British had transferred power. The voting was held on July 6 and 7, 1947 amid flooding as well as allegations of intimidation by Muslim League cadre bought in from North India.Broadly following the Hindu-Muslim population break-up of the district, Sylhet voted to join East Bengal. Other than a small Hindu-majority pocket, most of the district was transferred to Pakistan.Assam government’s role in the PartitionIn the wake of this, some commentators had blamed the Assam government for its hostile attitude towards retaining Sylhet, an allegation that played a bitter part in Bangali-Assamese relations in Assam post-1947. Historian Sujit Chaudhuri writes: “The Bengali-speaking district was regarded as an ulcer hindering the emergence of a unilingual Assam. Hence, when the decision for the referendum was announced, Gopinath Bordoloi, conveyed to all concerned, that the Cabinet was not interested in retaining Sylhet.”In 1954, as the Cachar States Reorganization Committee submitted a memorandum to the States Reorganization Committee to create a new Bangali-dominated state of Purbanchal in the North East, it said: “At the time of Partition in 1947, it is well-known that Assam made no serious effort to win the plebiscite in Sylhet and even allowed propagandists from the Punjab to preach in favour of Pakistan while it harassed men sent from Calcutta to speak in favour of retention in the Indian Union.”To this was added the charge that “Sylhet leaders were discouraged when they tried to salvage a portion of the district through an effective representation to the Boundary Commission”. Historian Amalendu Guha writes: “It was indeed the lifetime opportunity for the Assamese leadership ‘to get rid of Sylhet’ and carve out a linguistically more homogeneous province.”Bangali refugees of PartitionWhile the allegations of the Assam government influencing the vote in favour of Pakistan remain contentious, the exit of Sylhet did fulfil the aim of building a more homogeneously Assamese province. Addressing the Assam Assembly on behalf of the Congress government in September 1947, the governor of Assam said: “The natives of Assam are now masters of their own house. They have a government which is both responsible and responsible to them. The Bengali no longer has the power, even if he had the will, to impose anything on the people of these hills and valleys which constitute Assam.”However, this situation was short-lived as just after Partition, large numbers of Hindu Bangalis started to migrate across the border back to Assam, allowing politicians in Assam to eventually frame the pre-1947 question of cultural homogeneity as one of infiltration by foreigners. “Had there been no Partition, there would not have been any ‘foreigner issue’ in Assam,” writes Sujit Chaudhuri. Themes such as evicting immigrants and even the deletion of names from voter lists first emerged in that post-Partition moment.Linguistic and religious interweaveAssam, at the time, saw a complex interplay of religious and linguistic factors. Linguistic factors drove Bordoloi to seek Sylhet’s separation from Assam. And a communal referendum – in which Hindu Bangalis and Muslim Bangalis voted separately – was conducted in Sylhet for this division to take place. Communal riots took place at the time of Partition, but after the influx of Hindu Bangali refugees into Assam, “it was the language question that was to become increasingly the rallying point of anti-social, divisive forces and vested interests to organise riots.”To add to this, many Muslim Bangalis in post-Partition Assam cited their mother tongue as Assamese to census officials. As a result, the 1951 Census said that Assamese speakers had grown by 150% compared to 1931. Since Muslim Bangalis were economically and educationally backward at the time, an alliance with them suited the Assamese elite who were competing with the elite Hindu Bangalis.Because of these inflated Assamese numbers, demands – largely by Hindu Bangalis – for a Bangali-majority state to be carved out of Assam were rejected when the states were reorganized on linguistic lines in 1956, allowing the Assamese elite to retain power.Of course, this alliance would also go through its share of ups and downs. With the numbers of Muslim Bengalis growing and the Hindu Bengali elite losing power, the former are now perhaps seen as more of a threat to Assamese cultural homogeneity than the latter.As you can see till India got Independent ,Bengali speakers wanted to annex Assam and North east ,so recognising Assam or Northeast either by a name or atleast mentioning river Brahmaputra in Anthem would had weaken their claim over the area,whether under United Bengal and later under East Pakistan.Also note that Assam was incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 and re-established as a province in 1912.While the Anthem had its Lyrics written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911 and Music was given by again Rabindranath Tagore, in 1911.So obviously Assam was still under East Bengal and Ravindra Nath Tagore being a Bengali himself would’nt had gone against his own people and disapointed them to certify Assamese as separate identity and help Assamese to escape from the clutches of Bengal.linkshttps://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/61362/9/09_chapter%204.pdfAssam, 1826-1947Jana Gana Mana - WikipediaAssam Province | WikiwandAssam Unrest: Jinnah had Vicious Plans for Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Assamhttp://cdedse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/9A-Report-on-The-East-Bengali-Community-in-Barak-Valley-Southern-Assam.pdf

Another civilian clueless as to what the U.S. military does.Take a look at the some of job offers just for the Navy. Granted not all military jobs will cross to a civilian job.InsigniaGeneral ratingAbbreviationService ratingAbbreviationAviation boatswain's mateAB[I](Launching & Recovery)(Fuels)(Aircraft Handling)ABEABFABHAviation Boatswain's Mates are responsible for aircraft catapults, arresting gear and barricades. They operate fuel and lube oil transfer systems, as well as direct aircraft on the flight deck and in hangar bays before launch and after recovery. They use tow tractors to position planes and operate support equipment used to start aircraft.[15]Air traffic controllerACAir traffic controllers assist with the speedy flow of air traffic by directing and controlling aircraft. They operate field lighting systems and communicate with aircraft. They furnish pilots with information regarding traffic, navigation, and weather conditions, as well as operate and adjust ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems and interpret targets on radar screens and plot aircraft positions.[15]Air traffic controllerACAir traffic controllers assist with the speedy flow of air traffic by directing and controlling aircraft. They operate field lighting systems and communicate with aircraft. They furnish pilots with information regarding traffic, navigation, and weather conditions, as well as operate and adjust ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems and interpret targets on radar screens and plot aircraft positions.[15]Aviation machinist's mateAD[II]Aviation machinist's mates are usually assigned to billets concerned with the maintenance of turbo-jet aircraft engines and associated equipment. They are responsible for the maintenance and replacement of aircraft engines and accessories, as well as performing the duties of flight engineers.[15]Aviation Electrician's MateAE[III]Aviation Electrician's Mates are responsible for aircraft electrical power generating and converting systems. They maintain lighting, control, and indicating systems and can install as well as maintain flight and engine instrument systems.[15]Aerographer's mateAGAerographer's mates are the U.S. Navy's weather forecasters. They are trained in meteorology and the use of aerological instruments that monitor air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction. They prepare weather maps and forecasts and can analyze atmospheric conditions to determine the best flight levels for aircraft. An AG can measure wind and air density to aid the accuracy of anti-aircraft firing, shore bombardment and delivery of weapons by aircraft.[15]Aviation structural mechanicAM[II](Safety Equipment)(Hydraulics and Structures)AMEAMAviation structural mechanics are responsible for the maintenance of many aircraft parts such as wings, fuselage, tail, control surfaces, landing gear, and hydraulic systems. AME's maintain and repair oxygen, cockpit and cabin pressurization, and ejection seat systems.[15]Aviation ordnancemanAOAviation ordnancemen operate and handle aviation ordnance equipment. They are responsible for the maintenance of guns, bombs, torpedoes, rockets, and missiles. Their duties include the stowing, issuing, and loading of munitions and small arms.[15]Aviation support equipment technicianASAviation support equipment technicians perform intermediate maintenance on aviation accessory equipment at naval air stations and aboard aircraft carriers. They maintain gasoline and diesel engines, gas turbine compressor units and electrical systems.[15]Aviation electronics technicianAT[III]Aviation electronics technicians are responsible for the maintenance of radars, avionics, and navigation systems at all times. They do checks on equipment, and calibration of many aviation electronics systems on a regular basis.[15]Naval aircrewmanAW(Operator)(Mechanical)(Avionics)(Helicopter)(Tactical Helicopter)AWOAWFAWVAWSAWRNaval aircrewman operate airborne radar and electronic equipment used in detecting, locating, and tracking submarines. They provide information for aircraft and surface navigation and act as helicopter-rescue crewmen, and function as part of the flight crew on long-range and intermediate-range aircraft. Beginning in 2009, other enlisted aviation ratings that perform flight engineer or loadmaster duties in Navy aircraft will convert to the AW rating.[15]Aviation maintenance administrationmanAZAviation maintenance administrationmen perform clerical, administrative, and managerial duties necessary to keep aircraft maintenance activities running smoothly. They schedule and coordinated the maintenance workload, including inspections and modifications to aircraft and equipment.[15]Aircrew survival equipmentmanPRAircrew survival equipmentmen are responsible for the packing and care of parachutes. They maintain flight clothing, rubber life rafts, life jackets, oxygen-breathing apparatus, protective clothing, and air-sea rescue equipment.[15]The abbreviation comes from the former official title (still used informally) of parachute rigger.[16]Notes[edit]I^ : ABE, ABF, and ABH combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master chief aviation boatswain's mate (ABCM).[17]II^ : AM, AME, and AD combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master chief aircraft maintenanceman (AFCM).III^ : AE and AT combine at paygrade E-9 to the rate of Master chief avionics technician (AVCM).IV^ : 2009 AW rating merged with all other aircrew NEC's and changed their title from aviation warfare system operators to naval aircrewman.Construction ratings[edit]InsigniaGeneral ratingAbbreviationService ratingAbbreviationBuilderBU[I]Navy builders are like civilian construction workers. They are skilled carpenters, plasterers, roofers, cement finishers, asphalt workers, masons, and painters. They build and repair all types of structures including: piers, bridges, towers, schools, offices, houses, and other buildings.[15]Construction electricianCE[II]Construction electricians are responsible for the power production and electrical work required to build and operate airfields, roads, barracks, and hospitals. The work of a CE is equivalent to civilian construction electricians, telephone and electrical repairmen, lineman, and others.[15]Construction mechanicCM[III]Construction mechanics maintain many types of construction machinery including; buses, dump trucks, bulldozers, rollers, cranes, backhoes, and pile drivers. They work on gasoline and diesel engines and transmissions. They also repair electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic and steering systems.[15]Engineering aideEA[I]Engineering aides provide construction engineers with information needed to develop final construction plans. They conduct surveys for roads, airfields, buildings, etc. They perform soil tests, prepare topographic and hydrographic maps. They also survey for sewers, water lines, drainage systems and underwater excavations.[15]Equipment operatorEO[III]Equipment operators work with heavy machinery such as bulldozers, power shovels, pile drivers, etc. They use this machinery to dig ditches, excavate for building foundations, break up old concrete or asphalt paving and pour new paving. They grade and remove debris from construction sites, raise girders, and move and set in place other pieces of equipment or materials needed for the job.[15]SteelworkerSW[I]Steelworkers rig and operate all special equipment used to move or hoist structural steel, structural shapes and similar material. They erect and dismantle steel bridges, piers, buildings, storage tanks, etc. They work with steel shapes, plates and built-up sections used in the construction of overseas facilities. They are skilled in arc welding, MIG welding, TIG welding, and gas welding.[15]UtilitiesmanUT[II]Utilitiesmen supervise and perform tasks involved in the installation and maintenance of plumbing, steam, compressed air and fuel storage and distribution systems. They maintain air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, as well as sewage collecting and disposal facilities.[15]Notes[edit]I^ : BU, EA, and SW combine, as follows:at paygrade E-8 to the rating of Senior chief constructionman (CUCS)at paygrade E-9 to the rating of Master chief constructionman (CUCM).[18]II^ : CE and UT combine at paygrade E-9 to the rating of Master chief utilitiesman (UCCM).[18]III^ : CM and EO combine at paygrade E-9 to the rating of Master chief equipmentman (EQCM).[18]Medical[edit]InsigniaGeneral ratingAbbreviationService ratingAbbreviationHospital corpsmanHMHospital corpsmen are medical professionals who provide health care to service people and their families. They serve as pharmacy technicians, medical technicians, nurse's aides, physician's or dentist's assistants, battlefield medics, and more. All work falls into several categories: first aid and minor surgery, patient transportation, patient care, prescriptions and laboratory work, food service inspections, and clerical duties.[15]Administration, deck, technical, and weapons specialty ratings[edit]InsigniaGeneral ratingAbbreviationService ratingAbbreviationBoatswain's mateBMBoatswain's mates train and supervise personnel in all activities relating to marlinspike, deck, and boat seamanship, and oversee the maintenance of the ship's external structure and deck equipment. They act as petty officers in charge of small craft and may perform duties as master-at-arms, serve in or take charge of gun crews, and damage control parties.Boatswain's mates are also responsible for the "deck side" watch. In port, three of the crew are on deck watch 24/7 (in hazardous areas such as war zones there are more than three, depending on ship's size). They are the Officer of the Deck, Boatswain's Mate of the watch, and Messenger of the Watch (usually a Seaman or Seaman Apprentice). They are stationed very close to the gangway and monitor all the comings and goings of persons to and from the ship. At sea the boatswain's mate of the watch is within ear shot of the conning officer (on the bridge). The boatswain's mate of the watch supervises the rest of the enlisted watch standers on deck. They include helmsman, messenger of the watch, and all the look outs. In port or at sea the boatswain's mate of the watch is charged with the responsibility of making all announcements to the crew; everything from chow call to general quarters (battle stations).[15]Culinary specialistCS(Surface)(Subsurface)CSCSSCulinary specialists prepare menus and order food items. They operate galley and dining facilities, manage large facilities, keep records for food supplies and financial budgets, and can even serve as flight attendant aircrewmen. They can also serve as a personal food service specialist, household/estate manager or chef for an admiral, the First Family, President of the United States at Camp David and the White House, to the Vice President at Number One Observatory Circle or for a commanding officer aboard ship or at shore bases. Ashore, Culinary Specialists often manage and maintain clubs, TAD hotels and Permanent Party naval barracks.[19]Cryptologic technicianCT[I](Interpretive)(Maintenance)(Networks)(Collection)(Technical)CTICTMCTNCTRCTTCryptologic technicians control the flow of messages and information and also conduct electronic warfare. Their work depends on their specific branch: CTAs or administration cryptologic technicians (as of 01 OCT 07 CTA merged with the YN rating) perform administrative and clerical duties that control access to classified material. CTIs or interpretive cryptologic technicians handle radiotelephone communications and foreign language translation. CTMs or maintenance cryptologic technicians maintain electronic and electromechanical equipment. CTNs or networking cryptologic technicians handle computer communication. CTRs or collection cryptologic technicians handle all Morse code communications and operate radio direction-finding equipment. Finally, CTTs or technical cryptologic technicians deal with electronic warfare. CTTs are the first line of defense against inbound threats and anti-ship missiles. They also collect, analyze, and provide electronic intelligence support to commands throughout the world.[15]Explosive ordnance disposalEODExplosive ordnance disposal technicians locate, identify, render safe and dispose of all forms of ordnance (conventional, nuclear, chemical, biological, military, and improvised) both U.S. and foreign made. Parachute or Helicopter insertion and deep-sea diving capabilities are sometimes necessary to perform this mission. In addition to working closely with other military services, EOD technicians occasionally assist civilian law enforcement agencies.[20]Electronics technicianETSurfaceNuclear PowerSubmarine, NavigationSubmarine, CommunicationsETETN[21]ETV[21]ETR[21]Electronics technicians are responsible for electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships, and determine target distances. They maintain, repair, and calibrate all electronic equipment used for communications, detection tracking, identification, and navigation. Specially qualified electronics technicians are employed onboard nuclear-powered ships to operate the nuclear reactor and maintain its control subsystems.[15]Fire controlmanFCConventionalNon-Conventional (Aegis)FCFCAFire controlmen (FC's) maintain the control mechanism used in weapons systems on combat ships. Complex electronic, electrical and hydraulic equipment is required to ensure the accuracy of Navy guided-missile and surface gunfire-control systems. They are responsible for the operation, routine care and repair of this equipment, which includes radars, computers, weapons direction equipment, target designation systems, gyroscopes and rangefinders.[15]Fire controlman - Aegis (FCA's) maintain the Aegis Combat System, an integrated naval weapons system on the Ticonderoga-class cruiser and the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer.Fire control technicianFTFire control technicians maintain the electronic equipment used in submarine weapons systems. They are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the complex electronic, electrical and mechanical equipment required to ensure the accuracy of Navy guided-missile systems and underwater weapons. They are responsible for ship safety by recognizing and analyzing data from several critical systems including sonar, radar, periscope, radio, and torpedo inputs.[15]Gunner's mateGMGunner's mates operate and maintain all gunnery equipment, guided-missile launching systems, rocket launchers, guns, turrets, and associated equipment. They repair electrical, electronic, hydraulic and mechanical systems, and make detailed casualty analysis. They test ammunition, missiles and their ordnance components. GMs train and supervise personnel in the handling and stowage of ammunition, missiles, and assigned ordnance equipment.[15]Intelligence specialistISIntelligence specialists are involved in collecting and interpreting intelligence especially secret information about enemies or potential enemies. They analyze photographs and prepare charts, maps, and reports that describe in detail the strategic situation all over the world.[15]Information systems technician (Surface)Information Systems Technician Submarines (Submarine)IT[II]ITSInformation systems technicians design, install, operate, and maintain state-of-the-art informations systems. This technology includes local and wide area networks, mainframe, mini and microcomputer systems and associated peripheral devices. They also write programs to handle the collection, manipulation and distribution of data for a wide variety of applications and requirements. They perform the functions of a computer system analyst, operate telecommunications systems including automated networks and the full spectrum of data links and circuits.[22]LegalmanLNLegalmen are the Navy's paralegals. They assist Staff Judge Advocates in the proper administration of military justice and administrative law, such as courts-martial, nonjudicial punishment, and administrative separation. They work in Region Legal Service Offices (RLSO), Defense Service Offices, aboard aircraft carriers and large amphibious ships, and at various independent duty locations. Legalmen assist service members, retirees, and their family members with powers of attorney, wills, tax returns, voter registration procedures, immigration and customs regulations, Social Security regulations, and veterans' benefits.[15]Logistics specialistLS(Surface)(Subsurface)LSLSSLogistics specialists manage inventories and issuance of repair parts/general supplies and specialized supplies (e.g., personal flight gear for naval aircrews or specialized combat equipment for Navy SEALs or Naval Military Construction Battalion "Seabees"), as well as distribute mail for naval ships, submarines, aviation squadrons, and shore-based activities. They procure, receive, store and issue material and repair selected components. They utilize financial accounting and database systems to perform inventory and financial management functions. Additionally, they sort and distribute all official and personal mail, manage money order and stamp inventories, and maintain financial and inventory reports.[15]Master-at-armsMAMasters-at-arms uphold law and order aboard ships, shore stations, control access to naval installations, and deploy overseas with expeditionary forces and squadrons performing antiterrorism/force protection (AT/FP) duties. The basic duty of an MA is to enforce rules and regulations, maintain good order and discipline, and protect life and property. Some other duties include conducting criminal investigations, personal protective services, take part in correctional and rehabilitative programs, military working dog (MWD) handlers, small arms instruction, lethal and non-lethal weapons training, and organize and train sailors assigned to shore patrol police duty. Their equivalents in the civilian world are detectives, security guards, and policemen.[15]Mass communication specialistMCMass communication specialists are public affairs and visual information experts. They present the U.S. Navy story to audiences in the Navy and to the rest of the world through a variety of media. Mass communication specialists write and produce print and broadcast journalism, news, and feature stories for military and civilian newspapers, magazines, television and radio broadcast stations. They record still and video photography of military operations, exercises, and other Navy events.[15]MinemanMNMinemen test, maintain, and repair mines and their components. They are responsible for assembling, testing, and delivering mines to the planting agent. They maintain minehandling and minelaying equipment.[15]At sea, minemen primarily man Avenger Class mine countermeasures ships as well the new Independence Class littoral combat ships as a part of the MCM module. Their duties at sea include but are not limited to: operating mine hunting sonar, operating remote controlled submersibles in prosecuting mine-like contacts, rigging and deploying minesweeping gear as well as standing normal underway deck and combat information center watches.[23]Missile technicianMTMissile technicians operate and maintain the UGM-133 Trident II D5 missile Strategic Weapon System (SWS) carried aboard ballistic missile submarines and at strategic weapons facilities. Missile technicians operate and maintain electronic, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic strategic weapon subsystems, test and operate the MK98 fire-control system and MK 6 guidance system, perform classified targeting operations, and provide physical security to nuclear weapon systems.[15]MusicianMUMusicians play in official Navy bands and special groups such as jazz bands, dance bands and small ensembles. They give concerts and provide music for military ceremonies, religious services, parades, receptions and dances. Official unit bands usually do not include stringed instruments, but each musician must be able to play at least one brass, woodwind or percussion instrument. Sailors are selected for this rating through auditions.[15]Navy counselorNC(Career)(Recruiter)NC(C)NC(R)Navy counselors offer vocational guidance to Navy personnel — individually and in groups — aboard ships and at shore facilities. They assess the interests, aptitudes, abilities and personalities of individuals and assist them in reaching their full potential. They are responsible directly to the command triumvirate (CO, XO, CMC) and report on many items such as retention, attrition, advancement, testing and various other facets of the career development program. Additionally, it is their keen eye and attention to detail that ensure personnel throughout the command are updated on current Navy policies in regards to career management, off duty education and administrative procedures, among various other responsibilities.[15]Operations specialistOSOperations specialists operate radar, navigation and communications equipment in the shipboard combat information centers (CICs) or bridges. They detect and track ships, planes, and missiles. They operate and maintain identification friend or foe (IFF) systems, electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment and radio-telephones.[15]They control and assist aircraft.Personnel specialistPSPersonnel specialists provide enlisted personnel with information and counseling about Navy jobs, opportunities for general education and training, and promotion requirements. They assist enlisted members' families with legal aid or reassignments in hardship situations. Personnel Specialists keep records up to date, prepare reports, type letters and maintain files.[15]QuartermasterQM[III]Quartermasters assist the navigator and officer of the deck (OOD), steer the ship, take radar bearings and ranges, make depth soundings and celestial observations, plot courses and command small craft.[15]Religious program specialistRPReligious program specialists assist Navy chaplains with administrative and budgetary tasks. They serve as custodians of chapel funds, keep religious documents and stay in contact with religious and community agencies. They prepare devotional and religious educational materials, set up volunteer programs, operate shipboard libraries, supervise chaplains' offices and perform administrative, clerical and secretarial duties. They train personnel in religious programs and publicize religious activities.[15]Special warfare boat operatorSBSpecial warfare boat operators (SWCC - special warfare combatant-craft crewmen) drive fast speedboats down narrow, winding rivers, or the open ocean while performing high speed, medium range, or all weather insertion/extraction of special operations forces. They participate in maritime interdiction operations, tactical swimmer operations, intelligence collection, operation deception, and coastal patrol.[24]Retail Services SpecialistRSRetail Services Specialists manage barber shops, tailor shops, ships' uniform stores, laundries, dry cleaning plants and cobbler shops. They serve as clerks in exchanges, gas stations, warehouses, and commissary stores. Some RSs function as Navy club managers.[25][26]Special warfare operatorSOSpecial warfare operators are Navy SEALs, which are the Navy's primary unconventional warfare units that conduct warfare at SEa, in the Air, and on Land (SEAL). A SEAL's core skills consist of: sniper, breacher, communicator, maritime/engineering, close air support, corpsman, driver, navigator (rural/urban/protective security), heavy weapons operator, sensitive site exploitation, air operations (parachuting/helicopter insertion, etc.), climber, interrogator, technical surveillance, and advanced special operations. SEALs oversee ocean-borne mine disposal, carry out direct action raids against military targets, conduct reconnaissance, and secure beachheads for invading amphibious forces.[24]Sonar technicianST(Surface)(Subsurface)STGSTSSonar technicians are responsible for underwater surveillance. They assist in safe navigation and aid in search and rescue and attack operations. They operate and repair sonar equipment and jam enemy sonars. Sonar Technicians operate, maintain and repair sonar systems, antisubmarine warfare fire control equipment and other various equipment associated with underwater detection, counter-detection, warfare and communications.[15]YeomanYN(Surface)(Subsurface)YNYNSYeomen perform administrative and clerical work. They deal with visitors, coordinate worldwide travel, submit passport applications, telephone calls and incoming mail, and assist various ships, squadrons, staff commands, and special warfare teams around the world with administrative tasks. They write and type business and social letters, notices, directives, forms and reports.[15]Notes[edit]I^ : Cryptologic technician now includes former rating of electronic warfare technician (EW).[27]II^ : Information systems technician now includes former rating of cryptologic technician – communications (CTO).[27]III^ : Quartermaster QM now exists as electronics technician (navigation) ETV on submarines.[27]Engineering and hull ratings[edit]InsigniaGeneral ratingAbbreviationService ratingAbbreviationDamage controlmanDC[I]Damage controlmen perform the work necessary for damage control, ship stability, fire-fighting. They also prepare defenses against chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) warfare attacks. They instruct personnel in damage control and CBR defense and repair damage-control equipment and systems.[15]Electrician's mateEM(Nuclear)EMNElectrician's mates are responsible for the operation and repair of a ship's or station's electrical power plant and electrical equipment. They also maintain and repair power and lighting circuits, distribution switchboards, generators, motors and other electrical equipment. Specially qualified electrician's mates are employed onboard nuclear-powered ships to maintain the control subsystems in nuclear reactors.[15]EnginemanENEnginemen are responsible for internal diesel and gasoline engines. They also maintain refrigeration, air-conditioning, distilling-plant engines and compressors.[15]Gas turbine system technicianGS(Electrical)(Mechanical)GSEGSMGas turbine system technicians are responsible for all gas turbine engines. They maintain propulsion machinery, including gears, shafting and controllable pitch propellers, assigned auxiliary equipment propulsion control systems, electrical and electronic circuitry up to the printed circuit module, and alarm and warning circuitry. They handle administrative tasks related to gas turbine propulsion system operation and maintenance.[15]Hull maintenance technicianHT[I]Hull maintenance technicians are responsible for maintaining ships' hulls, fittings, piping systems and machinery. They install and maintain all shipboard and shore based plumbing and piping systems. They look after a vessel's safety and survival equipment and perform many tasks related to damage control.[15]Interior communications electricianIC[II]Interior communications electricians operate and repair electronic devices used in the ship's interior communications systems, SITE TV systems, 1MC (public address system), electronic megaphones and other announcing equipment. They are responsible for the gyrocompass systems.[15]Machinist's mateMM(Nuclear)submarine (Weapons)submarine (Auxiliary)MMNMMAMachinist's mates are responsible for the continuous operation of the many engines, compressors, gears, refrigeration, and air-conditioning equipment along with other types of machinery onboard ships and shore installations. They are responsible for the ship's steam propulsion and auxiliary equipment and the outside (deck) machinery. Specially trained and qualified machinist's mates are deployed onboard nuclear-powered ships to maintain the machinery and piping in nuclear reactors. Some nuclear machinists mates (engineering laboratory technicians) receive additional specialization in health physics and maintaining reactor chemistry.[15]Torpedoman's mateTMsubmarine (Weapons, not SLBMS)TMs are responsible for all phases of weapons loading, unloading and storage on all classes of submarines. This includes torpedoes, Tomahawk missiles and countermeasure devices. A TM works on high pressure air and hydraulic systems to maintain loading and launching capabilities for torpedo and vertical launch tubes.[28]Machinery repairmanMR[I]Machinery repairmen are skilled machine tool operators. They make replacement parts and repair or overhaul a ship's engine auxiliary equipment, such as evaporators, air compressors and pumps. They repair deck equipment, including winches, hoists, condensers, and heat exchange devices. Shipboard machinery repairmen frequently operate main propulsion machinery, besides performing machine shop and repair duties.Navy diverNDNavy divers are responsible for a wide variety of tasks like underwater ship maintenance, construction, and underwater rescue. They are assigned to Naval Special Warfare Units to provide diving technical expertise and supervisory support to all submersible operations.[29]