Factors Affecting Ionization Energy Pdf: Fill & Download for Free

Syllabus of AIIMS 2018 ExamThe candidate can download PDF file containing MBBS Entrance Exam Syllabus – Physics syllabus (important topics), chemistry syllabus, bio syllabus and GK Topics for the preparation. There is total 200 objective type question in the test.GK & General AwarenessGeographyHistoryIndia IndependenceScienceInternational OrganizationsComputer ScienceCurrent AffairsPhysics SyllabusThe student can check the UNIT wise syllabus for AIIMS 2018 Physics Subject syllabus. Below we are also providing the PDF file so that user can download topic wise physics syllabus.UNIT I: ElectrostaticsElectric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside) Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic fieldConductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.UNIT II: Current ElectricityElectric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, Meter Bridge.Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and MagnetismConcept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.Para-, dia-and Ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating CurrentsElectromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.AC generator and transformer.UNIT V: Electromagnetic WavesNeed for displacement current.Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.UNIT VI: OpticsReflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, the power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.Scattering of light- blue color of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ Principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ Principle.Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and RadiationPhotoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation- particle nature of light.Matter waves, wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).UNIT VIII: Atoms and NucleiAlpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.UNIT IX: Electronic DevicesEnergy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). The transistor as a switch.Biology SyllabusIn Biology subject, there are only 5 Units. The student should buy new books online so that they can practice a large number of previous years papers.UNIT I: ReproductionReproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for the continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-typess, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events. Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).UNIT II: Genetics and EvolutionHeredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.UNIT III: Biology and Human WelfareHealth and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Bio fortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and bio fertilizers.UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its ApplicationsPrinciples and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues- Biopiracy and patents.UNIT V: Ecology and environmentOrganisms and environment: Habitat.Chemistry SyllabusIn the chemistry section of AIIMS 2018 entrance test. There are total 16 topics. The student can check topic wise syllabus. You can download PDF of chemistry syllabus. Also download official notification and read the revised exam pattern.UNIT I: Solid StateClassification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.UNIT II: SolutionsTypes of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.UNIT III: ElectrochemistryRedox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.UNIT IV: Chemical KineticsRate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.UNIT V: Surface ChemistryAdsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of ElementsPrinciples and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.UNIT VII: p- Block ElementsGroup 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3 , PCI5 ) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.UNIT VIII: d and f Block ElementsGeneral introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.Lanthanides- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanide contraction and its consequences.Actinides- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanides.UNIT IX: Coordination CompoundsCoordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).UNIT X: Haloalkanes and HaloarenesHaloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).Uses and environment effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra chloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and EthersAlcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic AcidsAldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing NitrogenAmines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.Cyanides and Isocyanides: will be mentioned at relevant places.Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.UNIT XIV: BiomoleculesCarbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose), and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.Proteins- Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).Vitamins- Classification and function.Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNAUNIT XV: PolymersClassification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, Bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday LifeChemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

UNIT 1: ElectrostaticsDerive an expression for the electric field at a point on the axial position of an electric dipole.Derive an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial position of an electric dipole.Describe the Principle, construction and working of Van de Graff generator.Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. Show that whenever two conductors share charges by bringing them into electrical contact, there is a loss of energy.Derive an expression for the effective capacitance when capacitors are connected in (a) series and (b) parallelExplain the principle of a capacitor and derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.State Gauss theorem and apply it to find the electric field at a point due to (a) a line of charge (b) A plane sheet of charge (c) A Charged spherical conducting shellState Coulomb’s law and express it in vector form. Derive it using Gauss theorem.Derive an expression for the torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.Derive an expression for the work done in rotating an electric dipole in a uniform electric fieldDerive an expression for the energy stored (Potential Energy) in a dipole in a uniform electric field.Derive an expression for the electrostatic potential energy of a system of point charges.Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with (a) a dielectric slab (b) a metallic plate in between the plates of the capacitorDefine electric potential at a point. Derive an expression for the electric potential at a point due to (a) a point charge (b) a system of point charges (c) a dipole.Show that the work done in an electric field is independent of path.What are dielectrics? Distinguish polar and non-polar dielectrics. Define the term Polarization vector.UNIT 2: Current ElectricityDefine drift velocity and derive an expression for it.Derive the expression I=neA(Vd), where Vd is drift velocity of electron.Deduce Ohm's law from elementary ideas and hence write an expression for resistance and resistivity.Derive an expression for conductivity in terms of mobility.Explain the color-coding of carbon resistors.Derive an expression for the current in a circuit with external resistance R when (a) n identical cells of emf E and internal resistance r are connected in series (b)m identical cells are connected in parallel.State and explain Kirchhoff's laws.State and explain the principle of Wheat Stone's principle. Deduce it using Kirchhoff's laws.Describe how you will determine the resistance of a given wire using Meter Bridge.Explain the principle of a potentiometer. Describe how you will determine (a) the ratio of emfs of two primary cells using the potentiometer. (b) The internal resistance of primary cell using potentiometer.Explain the variation of resistance and resistivity with temperature and hence define temperature coefficient of resistance and resistivity.UNIT 3: MagnetismState Biot-Savart law apply it to find the magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current at a point (a) at its centre (b) on the axis.State ampere’s circuital law and apply it to find the magnetic field (a) inside a current carrying solenoid (b) inside a current carrying toroid.Apply Ampere's circuital law to determine the magnetic field at a point due to a long straight current carrying conductor.Derive an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.Derive an expression for the force between long straight conductors carrying current and hence define 1 ampere.Derive an expression for the torque on a current carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field.Describe the principle construction and working of a Moving coil galvanometer.Describe the conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into (a) Ammeter (b) VoltmeterWhat is radial magnetic field? What is its importance in a moving coil galvanometer? How is a radial magnetic field realized in moving coil galvanometers?Describe the principle construction and working of a cyclotron. Explain why an electron cannot be accelerated using a cyclotron.Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field when it enters the field (a) perpendicular to the field lines (b)obliquely making and angle θ with the field lines.Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron and hence define Bohr magnetron.UNIT 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating CurrentState and Explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.State Lenz’ Law and show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.Use Lenz’ law to find the direction of induced emf in a coil when (a) a north pole is brought towards the coil (b) north pole taken away from the coil (c) A south pole is brought towards the coil and (d) a south pole is taken away from the coil, Draw illustrations in each case.What is motional emf. Deduce an expression for it. State Fleming’s right hand rule to find the direction of induced emf.What are eddy currents? Describe the applications of eddy currents.Explain the working of (a) Electromagnetic Brakes (b) Induction FurnaceWhich physical quantity is called the INERTIA OF ELECTRICITY? Why is its called so?Define self induction and self inductance. What is its unit? Write its dimensions.Derive an expression for the self inductance of a long solenoid.Explain the phenomenon of mutual induction and define mutual inductance. Write the unit and dimensions of mutual inductance.What are the factors affecting mutual inductance of a pair of coils? Define coefficient of coupling.Describe the various methods of producing induced emf. Derive an expression for the instantaneous emf induced in a coil rotated in a magnetic field.What is displacement current? Explain its need.Describe the principle construction and working of an AC generator. Draw neat labeled diagram.Define mean value of AC(over a half cycle) and derive an expression for it.Define RMS value of AC and derive an expression for it.Show that the average value of AC over a complete cycle is zero.Show that the current and voltage are in phase in an ac circuit containing resistance only.Deduce the phase relationship between current and voltage in an ac circuit containing inductor only.Deduce the phase relationship between current and voltage in an ac circuit containing capacitor only.Draw the phasor diagram showing voltage and current in LCR series circuit and derive an expression for the impedance.What do you mean by resonance in Series LCR circuit? Derive an expression for the frequency of resonance in LCR circuit.Distinguish between resistance, reactance and impedance.Define quality factor (Q factor} of resonance and derive an expression for it.Describe the mechanism of electromagnetic oscillations in LC circuit and write expression for the frequency of oscillations produced.Derive an expression for the average power in an ac circuit.Define power factor. Deduce expression for it and explain wattless current?Describe the principle construction theory and working of a transformer.Describe the various losses in a transformer and explain how the losses can be minimized.UNIT 5: Electromagnetic WavesExplain the inadequacy of ampere circuital law.Write the properties of electromagnetic waves.Drive expression for velocity of em waves in vaccum.Establish transverse nature of em waves.Compare the properties of em waves and mechanical waves.UNIT 6(a): Ray OpticsDerive mirror formula for a concave mirror and convex mirror.Derive an expression for lateral shift and normal shift. On what factors these depend.Define TIR and write the conditions for TIR. Derive a relation between critical angle and the refractive index of the medium. Also explain the working of isosceles prism and optical fiber.Derive the following relation for a real image formed by a convex refracting surface when the object is placed in rarer medium. Also write the assumptions and sign convention used.Derive the lens maker's formula. Also write the assumptions and sign convention used:Derive the lens formula for convex lens and concave lens.Derive the relation for equivalent focal length or power when two thin lenses are place :Th contact to each other. In which condition the lens combination will act as a plane glass sheet.Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in refracting type astronomical telescope in the near point adjustment (when image is formed at LDDV. i.e. D=25 cm). Drive an expression for its magnifying power. Why the diameter of objective of telescope should be large.Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in refracting type astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment (when image is formed at infinity). Drive an expression for its magnifying power. How does the magnifying power get affected on increasing the aperture of the objective lens And why?Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation of a compound microscope. Explain briefly the working. Drive and expression for its magnifying power. Why the diameter of objective of microscope should be small.Define resolving power of corn pound microscope. How does the resolving power of a compound microscope change when-(a) Refractive index of medium between the object and objective lens increases (b) Wavelength of the light used is increased (c) decreasing the diameter of objective (iv) increasing the focal length of its objective.Define the resolving power of astronomical telescope. Write the expression for it and state, on what factors it depends.Derive these following eqn and and relations (I), (II) & (III) for prism:where the symbols have their usual meaningsUNIT 6(b): Wave OpticsDefine wave front. State Huygens principle and verify Snell’s law.State Huygens principle and prove the laws of reflection on the basis of wave theory.What do you mean by interference of light? Explain in brief the Young’s double slit experiment.What are the coherent sources? Write the conditions for the sustained interference pattern. Also draw the intensity v/s path difference curve.Find the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. How does the intensity depend on the width of slit?Find the expression for the fringe width. What is the effect on the fringe width if the whole apparatus (YDSE) is completely immersed in a liquid of refractive index μ?What do you mean by diffraction of light and state the condition for the diffraction? Obtain the conditions for secondarymaxima and minima. Also draw the intensity distribution curve.Prove that the width of central maxima is twice the width of the secondary maxima. How does the width of central maximadepend on the width of the slit?State Brewster’s law and prove that the reflected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular at the angle of polarization.State law of Malus and draw an intensity V/s angle between the plane of transmission of polarizer and analyzer.What is a Polaroid? How are they constructed? Mention their important applications.Explain Polarization of light. Give any one method to produce plane polarized light.UNIT 7: Dual Nature of MatterDescribe the experiment to study photoelectric effect and explain the laws of photoelectric effect and the significance of each.Describe Hertz and Lenard’s experiment to demonstrate photoelectric effect.Explain Einstein’s photoelectric equation and explain the laws of photoelectric effect using it.State and explain De-Broglie relation for matter waves.Describe Davisson- Germer experiment which provided experimental evidence for wave nature of matter.Write the characteristics of Photon.UNIT 8: Atom and NucleiUsing Bohr theory derive expression for (a) the radius of the nth orbit (b) velocity of electron in the nth orbit.By Bohr’s postulates of atomic model, derive expressions for kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in an orbit of radius r.Explain the term (a) excitation energy (b) excitation potential (c) ionization energy (d) ionization potential.Define binding energy. How does binding energy per nucleon vary with mass number? What is its significance ?State the laws of radioactive decay. Derive its expression.What do you mean by the average life of a radioactive substance ? Derive an expression for it.UNIT 9: Electronic DevicesDistinguish between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands.What are extrinsic semiconductors? Mention its types and explain the mechanism of conduction in each.Explain the conduction in N Type and P Type semiconductor on the basis of band theory.Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a PN junction diode.Draw the circuit diagram used to determine the VI characteristics of a diode and draw the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode. Explain the conclusions drawn from the graph.With the help of a labeled circuit diagram explain the working of half wave rectifier and draw the input and output waveforms.With the help of a labeled circuit diagram explain the working of full wave rectifier and draw the input and output waveforms.Write notes on LED, photodiode and solar cell.What is a Zener diode? Draw the VI characteristics of zener diode. Explain Zener breakdown and describe the use of a zener diode as a voltage regulator.Explain the action of a PNP transistor and an NPN transistor.(Explain how conduction takes place in NPN and PNP transistor.)Draw the circuit diagram for determining transistor characteristics and describe the input and output characteristics of transistor in CB configuration with relevant graphs.Draw the circuit diagram for determining transistor characteristics and describe the input and output characteristics of transistor in CE configuration with relevant graphs.Explain the working of Transistor amplifier in CE configuration with necessary circuit diagram.Explain the working of transistor oscillator. Explain the working of transistor as a switch.Draw the symbol, truth table and Boolean expression For Or, AND and NOT gate. Draw the symbol and truth table of NOR gate and NAND gate.Explain, how the fundamental logic gates can be realized using NOR gates alone.Explain how the fundamental logic gates can be realized using NAND gates alone.UNIT 10: Communication SystemsDerive an expression for the range of transmission via space wave from a transmitting antenna of height h.Describe radio wave propagation via (a) Ground Wave (b) Space Wave and (c) Sky Wave.What is the need for satellite communication? Elaborate.Explain the need for modulation for long distance transmission.Define amplitude modulation and illustrate it using diagrams (graphs) .Define modulation index and write its expression.What are the advantages and disadvantages of FM over AM.Explain the role of repeater in communicationDescribe the mechanism of demodulation (detection) of AM wave using block diagram, circuit diagram and graphical representation.What is LOS communication?What are the basics communication system? Explain the function of each.Draw the block diagram of communication system.I think you already completed the numerical part. For theory and derivation go through the above set of 139 questions which covers mostly portion of your syllabus.Discuss among yourself or with your teachers in case of doubts. You can post your doubts in comment section too and We will try to answer as early as possible.“Write formulas of all subjects, stay relaxed, believe in god, hardwork never failsIf in between you feel demotivated, remember why you started your career in science”.“Sharing your knowledge doesn't make you less important”.That’s why share these questions with your friendsDownload set of 139 questions pdf: https://myexploringworld.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/9/6/129604236/download_set_of_139_questions.pdfVisit Website for more info: All CategoriesOther files:SAMPLEQUESTIONPAPER(2019-20): https://myexploringworld.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/9/6/129604236/samplequestionpaper_2019-20_.pdfSQP Marking Scheme: https://myexploringworld.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/9/6/129604236/marking_scheme.pdf~All the best for your upcoming exams

A great account to follow on Instagram is “wireless_health_risks” as there are mountains of information and links to various studies regarding 5G and wireless technology. Centuries of scientists and decades of research prove that wireless technology is extremely harmful to living organisms and the ecosystem.More evidence of harm - "Study finds mast/cell tower radiation linked to cancer-causing damage in human blood.A 2017 study conducted by a group of researchers in India found that people living within 80 meters of cell antennas experienced a statistically significant amount of DNA damage as measured in their blood compared to people living over 300 metres away from cell antennas.The researchers concluded that the types of damages sustained by the group living closest to the cell antennas could lead to "several health disorders including the induction of cancer."Study Finds Cell Tower Radiation is Linked To Type of Damage in Human Blood That Predicts Cancer - Environmental Health Trust(PDF) Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stationsHeart, Brain and Reproductive Organs are at Greatest Risk. "EMF radiation from cellphones, Wi-Fi networks and “smart” devices has been linked to chronic diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias, anxiety, depression, autism, Alzheimer’s, infertility, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, eye and heart problems, chronic pain and suppressed immune function — and with 5G on the horizon, things are about to be magnified.As explained in the featured interview with Martin Pall, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of biochemistry and basic medical sciences at Washington State University, the primary danger of EMFs — and what drives the processes of chronic disease — is the mitochondrial damage triggered by peroxynitrites, one of the most damaging types of reactive nitrogen species.Devices that continuously emit EMF radiation at levels that damage your mitochondria include your cellphone, cellphone towers, Wi-Fi routers and modems, baby monitors and “smart” devices of all kinds, including smart meters and smart appliances." - Dr Martin Pall, one of the world's leading researchers on the health effects of electromagnetic fields.Microwave warfare began in the early 1900s, initially for radar and communications. It wasn't long before the biological effects of this technology were realised and weaponised!On page 4 of this 106-page document, the security classification reads “unclassified”, and the distribution statement reads “This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.”.By 1971 there were more than 2,300 references to documents that detailed the biological effects of radiofrequency and microwave radiation from various technologies including radar and mobile communications, navigational devices, and physical therapy devices such as microwave and shortwave diathermy.What an amazing find, especially since the World Health Organization and the wireless telecommunication industries continually state that there is no credible research showing that non-ionizing, non-thermal microwave radiation is harmful at levels below our existing thermal guidelines.Silent weapons for quiet wars...Don't believe me... Check out the 'active denial' systemAdmission of harm by Governments & Former Industry Insiders (Top Motorola Executive, Lead Scientist in Largest Cellphone Studes project, Microwave Weapons Specialist, T-Mobile study admissions)Small phone towers/cell towers/transmitters are soon to be deployed across any lamppost or utility pole in the UK that has 5G being deployed.This will mean MUCH higher levels of radiation in public streets, scientists have stated it hard to even predict how high the levels of radiation will be due to the number of variables involved, but there are over 10,000 studies now showing that this type of EMF radiofrequency radiation is detrimental to health... The UK government is being very very slow to react to any of these newly published data and still relies on 30-year-old studies.In my opinion, this is due to the fact that telecommunications companies provide the government with billions of pounds of revenue for the auctioning of the airwaves for these frequencies to be used.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.radiationresearch.org/research/dr-martin-palls-latest-compilation-of-emf-medical-research-literature/&ved=2ahUKEwiD95jr8PPhAhUxUBUIHUJuBlkQFjAEegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw1DtZgYEZU1TE0CBivlS6xmWireless radiation is absorbed by the whole body and the current guidelines (Set by the FCC / ICNIRP in 1996) allow the voltage to be 7.2 million times higher than the bodies natural levels should be (Dr Martin Pall - PHIRE conference, Nov 2018).Factors that will influence how much nnEMF radiation you absorb are:-1.) Distance from wireless / radio-frequency radiation emitting devices (EMF / RF). The further you are from the devices ... the better.2.) The power output of the wireless radiation emitting from the device. Less Powerful the device is... The better.3.) The duration of time you spend around the devices that emit wireless radiation.The less time you spend in an area with a high density of electrosmog... The better.Images were taken from a great article by collective evolution:-.Top Cancer Research Advisor Compares Wireless Radiation To CigarettesGet more info from wireless_health_risks and other pages spreading awareness and taking action against 5G. It is a real threat not just to people but the entire ecosystem.