9 Round To The Nearest 10 And Calculate: 17: Fill & Download for Free

LIST OF THINGS TO BUY BEFORE DEPARTURE !!CLOTHES:-1.T-shirts (round neck) - 82. T-shirts (collared) - 3-43. Jeans (stick to blue/black) - 6-74. Formal shirts - 35. Formal trousers - 26. Undergarments - at least 15 pairs (very important)7. Formal suit - 1 complete set8. Ties - 2-39. Shorts/three-fourths - 5-610. Track pants - 2-311. Swimming trunks - 1 (if you plan to swim after coming here)12. One traditional dress for festivalsEXTRA APPARALS:-1. Towels (any kind, but I would prefer Turkish(Or Tunisian) – 1 turkish,3 Simple2. Hand towels - 3-43. Leather belts - 1-24. Belt for jeans - 15. Formal leather shoes - 1 pair6. Woodland all-weather shoes - 1 pair (very important)7. Sneakers (optional) - 1 pair.8. Sports shoes (optional) - They are very cheap in the US. You will most probably have a pair already. Wear it and come. Wait till the black friday sales where you will get awesome pairs of shoes for cheap.9. Sunglasses - 1 pair (any good brand is okay)10. Socks - 6-7 pairs11. Sweater - 1-2 good warm ones12. A light jacket (you can get a thicker one once you land in the US)13. A good umbrella (don't get the cheap ones, they can't stand the wind)14. Handkerchiefs - 12 nos.15. Hawaii slippers - 1 pair (for wearing inside the apartment)16. Flip-flops - 1 pair (for summer and spring)17. Bedsheets - 218. Blanket - 1 (optional)19. Pillow covers - 320. A good wallet (leather) - 121. A wallet for passport22. Shoe polish - 1 (don't get liquid, might spill during travel)23. Shoe polishing brush - 124. Monkey cap - 1ELECTRONICS1. External HDD (get the portable one) - You might need this for bringing all those movies, music and files from back home. Minimum of 1 TB. Any brand is fine. Flipkart has a sale on Transcend and WD till 26th May.2. USB keyboard and mouse (optional) - gamers might need this. Even otherwise, it is a good thing to have. Get Logitech.4. If you already have a laptop, you may bring that. Even if it is quite old, preserve it till black friday. You will get super deals, both online and in-store.5. IPod/mp3 player (optional) - You might need this if you have to wait for long times at airports. Else, get it in the US.6. Digital Camera- Get it from India. It might be a little more expensive, but you will need it to record all those initial snaps in the US. Preferred brands are Canon, Sony and Nikon. Don'nt buy cameras that require AA batteries. Buy models with Li-ion batteries.7. A good pair of headphones with mic.8. A branded spike-buster.9. Indian pin to US pin converters - 2-3. (very important)10. A small table clock with alarm functionality11. A scientific calculator (very important) Casio fx991MS or fx991ES - This is damn expensive in the US.12. A good branded, decent wrist watch.13. An extra battery for your wrist watch.14. Blank DVDs - 4-5.Personal hygiene products1. Tooth paste - one large tube. Brands also available in the US - Colgate, Close-Up, Pepsodent, Aquafresh (Note: The Pepsodent here is not the same as the Pepsodent in India, it is owned by a different company, not by Unilever. (This is a very important fact))2. Tooth brushes - 3-43. Soap - 1-2 bars. Brands also available in the US - Dove, Palmolive and Pears. If you don't use any of these brands, then better get used to them. No use bringing lots of soap bars from India.4. Shampoo - 1 bottle. Brands also available in the US - Head and Shoulders, Sunsilk, Dove, Pantene, Nizoral. Again, get used to any one of these brands.5. Shaving razor(for guys) - A couple of disposable ones.6. Shaving foam (don't buy cream) - 1 small can7. Cold cream - 1 bottle8. Vaseline - 1 bottle9. Good clean combs - 2-310. Comb cleaner/old toothbrush for cleaning the combs.11. Soap cases - 212. Hair oil - 2 bottles13. Deodorant - 1 can14. Nail cutter - 215. Earbuds - 1 small pack16. Sunscreen - 1 bottle17. Lip balm - 2 tubesUtensils1.Pressure cooker2. Pressure pan - 1. As far as possibkzle, get both the cooker and the pan from the same brand so that you can interchange the gaskets and the weights.3. Medium size kadai for cooking vegetables - 14. Serving spoons (of various sizes) - 3-45. SS Plate - 16. Kadai for boiling milk/water - 17. Knives - 3-48. Vegetable chopping board - 19. SS glasses/tumblers - 310. SS spoons - 3-411. Extra weights and gaskets for the cookers - 312. Chapati roller - 113. Butter knives - 214. SS forks - 215. Kadai for making sambar/dal - 116. Tea strainer - 117. Water bottle (preferably Tupperware) – 1Food items1. Ready-to-eat paste - 5-6 bottles minimum.2. Rice - 3-4 kg for initial use3. Maggi - 10-12 (minimum). You won't get Maggi in the US except in Indian stores. So carry as much as you can.4. Some home-made sweets for yourself as well as for seniors you need favors from.5. Pickles - 3-4 bottles6. Some snacks - how much ever you want, for the initial days7. All powders - chilli, garam masala, rasam, sambar, asafetida, other powders you use - 0.5 to 1 kg each8. All dals that you use in cooking - 2 kg each9. Salt and sugar - 0.5 kg each10. Papads - 2-3 packs11. Tamarind - 1 kg12. Ginger-garlic paste - 2 bottlesStationery items1. Pens - 3-42. Notebooks - 2-33. Pencils - 3-44. Erasers - 35. Sharpeners - 36. Key chains - 27. Staple machine - 18. Pins - 2 boxes9. Glue sticks - 210. Markers - 211. Highlighters - 112. A4 sheets - 1 quire13. Small ruler - 114. Phone book - 1. Keep all your friends' and relatives' phone numbers written inside before you leave ( or use Google sync like a normal person)15. Cellophane tape - 1 rollMedicinesThese are very important since for getting any specialized medicine in the US, you need a prescription.Quote:1. Cold, Fever - Crocin2. Body Pain - Crocin, Combiflam3. Indigestion, Gastric Problems - Gelucil, Zinetac4. Throat Infection - Erythromycin5. Allergies - Avil .256. Vomiting - Avomine7. Tooth Ache - Combiflam8. Cold, Head Ache - Amurtanjan9. Stomach Pain - Cyclopam10. Diarrhea - Lopomide11. Dizziness - Diziron12. Sprain - Esgypyrin13. Common Cold - Coldact, Vicks VaporubDocument listPassport Xerox(5 copies)(2) VISA Xerox (5 copies)(4) I-20(5 copies)(5) Air Ticket(2 copies)(6) Original marksheets + Degree Certificate(7) Attested marksheets + Degree Certificate (3 copies)(8 Original transcripts + Degree Certificate (3 copies)(9) Immunization form(specific to university)(10) University specific letters like admit, aid, forms.(11) SEVIS fee reciept(3 copies)(12) GRE Original + Xerox copies(5 copies)(13) TOEFL Original + Xerox copies(5 copies)(14) Final Year Project Report(15) Syllabus Copies(16) Reco Letters.PackingDon't procrastinate packing till the last moment as you won't find time later, and in the tension you may miss out on some important things. Start packing early. Make sure you make a list of all stuff you are carrying. Label all the suitcases both inside and outside with both your home address in India and your university address. Include the phone numbers also. Make sure you are within the luggage allowance (you can do this by carrying the suitcase to the nearest scrap metal shop/rice mundi), though it can exceed upto 1-2 kgs.

A2A How do I read the z coordinates on the voyager pulsar map?Apparently there are tick marks at the end of the lines, which show the z coordinate, but I don't see how the tick at the end of the line is any different to the ticks used to denote the pulsar period, how do you tell which tick is which?(and there is a further comment from the OP, posted under the question)But apparently there are tick marks at the end of the lines, which show the z coordinate, but I don't see how the tick at the end of the line is any different to the ticks used to denote the pulsar period, how do you tell which tick is which?Also, the bottom first right line (the long ish one at about 160 degrees has its period next to it, in another parallel line. What is this about?[the OP is referring specifically to pulsar number 3 with that last comment]The short answer:The central point is our solar system (although some sources refer to this incorrectly as the galactic center), the length of each line graphically represents the relative distance from Earth to each pulsar, and the first mark radially from the central point represents the relative distance above or below the galactic plane, as seen from Earth. Whether it is above or below the galactic plane is not indicated numerically nor is it shown graphically (or I don’t see it, rather) - aliens will figure it out anyway, since they will be smarter than I - and I think we can assume that they will have more accurate star maps than our scientists had in 1977.The binary codes show the pulsar frequencies at about the time of the launch (1977 ish) of the Pioneer probes.That one vector line with a separate binary-code-line was too long to show the binary code in line with the measurement line (direction vector line), so the code was etched instead next to the measurement line. Or the plaque was too small (or the graphic scaled so large) that it wouldn’t fit on the plaque in one single stretch.[The vector for Pulsar #8 is etched slightly out-of-place as well - it was too close to the line for Pulsar #7, I presume. Had it been drawn in place, the binary codes would have been blurred between the two lines, making it difficult for the engraver and for the aliens trying to read it. The angle and the length of the measurement vector line is unaffected, however.]N.B. The image you have presented in the question is not an exact replica of the pulsar map. [Edit: it is now - thanks, Chris.] The Voyager probes included the same map, and a picture of the cover plate might be a better reference to confirm the locations of the z-indicator bars. This is the information required to determine the distance above the galactic plane. The angles to the pulsars, the relative length of each measurement line, and the binary codes are correctly replicated in your image, however.Until I tried to make my own version of the pulsar map, I didn’t fully understand the darned thing. The length of the binary code symbol does not factor into the distance measurements.The long answer:Thanks for the A2A. Frankly, I’ve never considered decoding it myself. You already knew more than I did when you posted this question. The aliens will be scratching their heads, if they have heads. This analysis had me scratching my head.So I did a google search. This is what I found:There are 14 pulsars depicted graphically using a method designed by Frank Drake and the distance from our sun to the galactic center is represented (the line extending across to the far right edge of the plaque - past the human figures). The length of each line defines the relative distances from Earth to each Pulsar, but they are not exactly accurate, since the distance to those Pulsars is still not clearly understood. The binary codes show the pulsar frequencies at about the time of the launch (1977 ish) of the Pioneer probes.The Voyager plaques (or the Golden record cover plates, rather) are replicas of the Pioneer plaques, at least when it comes to the pulsar map. In 2007 Wm. Robert Johnston did a similar workup on decoding the Pioneer pulsar map, in an effort to find the 14 pulsars depicted in this graphic image. This is what he found:Reading the Pioneer/Voyager pulsar map - © 2003, 2007 by Wm. Robert Johnston (in which he gives a few references, including: Taylor and Manchester, "Observed properties of 147 pulsars," (October 1975 in The Astronomical Journal, (80:794-806)), ATNF Pulsar Catalog (2002), Murmurs of Earth by Carl Sagan et ali, a 1972 paper (February 1972 in Science) by Carl Sagan, Linda Salzman Sagan, and Frank Drake identifying the pulsars, and a 1970 article by B. Y. Mills in an I.A.U. publication.Mr. Johnson has provided some excellent references (with only one link), and the missing links may be found in your university library, or you might google them to find an online copy (if it exists now).Observed properties of 147 pulsars by Taylor, J. H.; Manchester, R. N. published October, 1975http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975AJ.....80..794TSome other references I stumbled on in my google search (each has multiple references which you may find valuable to your research, often containing valuable links embedded within, or other external references):Pioneer plaque - from Wiki (there is a higher resolution image available here)Voyager Golden Record - from WikiVoyager - Golden Record - from NASA/JPLInfinite Voyager - from MIT (in the public domain, with links to the Library of Congress records - but this might only cover the sound recordings - I’m still checking that, so swing back later for an update to my answer in the near future)Scientific American - the Wiki (with links to the online archives)6. Pioneer Plaque | The Beauty of Diagrams (running time 28:48)Prof. Marcus du Sautoy explains the coding. Marcus du Sautoy the Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science and a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. He is known for his work popularising mathematics. He has been named by The Independent on Sunday as one of the UK's leading scientists.The Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science - Marcus de Sautoy’s websiteHe explains the binary code using the planets at the bottom, starting at about 6:00 in the video.The Wiki explains: The binary numbers above and below the planets show the relative distance to the Sun. The unit is 1/10 of Mercury's orbit. Rather than the familiar "1" and "0", "I" and "-" are used.That’s a very ambiguous and misleading statement in the Wiki. The orbital distance from the sun to Mercury is expressed as 10. The distances from the sun to the other planets are to be interpreted as factor multiples of Mercury’s orbital radius divided by 10. I wonder how long it may take them to figure that out. They might just think they are names, or labels we have given them. They might just think we use click language or something. Frankly, I wouldn’t know what to think, if I were an alien.The pulsar map is explained in detail by Frank Drake at about 8:00. In Frank Drake’s words, the explanation is given at 9:00 and the answer to your question is at 10:30.The central point is our solar system (although some sources refer to this incorrectly as the galactic center), the overall length of each line represents the relative distance from Earth to each pulsar, and the first mark radially from the central vertex point represents the relative distance of that pulsar above or below the galactic plane (the z axis in your Cartesian coordinate system). Whether or not it is above or below the galactic plane is not specified.Edit:The distance above or below the galactic plane is measured from the end of the line back to the indicator mark (in the direction towards the vertex).The binary code line segment section is ignored for this measure, and for the distance measure to the pulsar. The measured line segments indicating the offset are all very short, if you think of it in these terms.Most pulsars are very near the galactic plane, but there are a few exceptions.When I set out to answer your question, I thought the full length of the line was to include the length of the binary code segment as well. That turns out to be an incorrect assumption. The binary code line segment is excluded from the distance measurements.As I’ve discovered with my analysis, the binary codes are shown at the end of each line only to clearly describe which binary code refers to which pulsar. Showing one or two beside the measurement line doesn’t affect the measurements.The extended length, including the binary code line segment, can be used to more clearly discern the offset angle of the measurement line from the baseline, however (except in the case of Pulsars 3 and 8).That one vector line with a separate binary-code-line was shown next to the vector line as they ran out of space on the plaque (like a carriage return on a typewriter).The binary code marks are clear here, so I will transcribe them from the video (actually, the Wiki entry is clear enough as well). I’m guessing they are to be read from the center towards the end of the line. (Actually, there are two such binary coding lines parallel to the vector line - the vector lines representing Pulsars #3 and #8.)For reference:Planet ……. Code ……… Binary …... Base 10 ….. Note 1 …….. A.U. **Mercury …. I-I- …….…. 1010 ……………… 10 ….... 0.39 ….…… 0.39Venus …….. I—II ……… 10011 ………….…. 19 ..…. 0.741 .……. 0.723Earth ……… II-I- ………. 11010 ……………. 26 …... 1.014 ….…. 1.000Mars ……… I—III ……… 100111 ………….. 39 ……. 1.521 ….…. 1.524Jupiter ….. I——II- …… 10000110 …..… 134 ..….. 5.226 ….… 5.203Saturn …… IIII-III …… 11110111 …..…… 247 ..….. 9.633 ….… 9.539Uranus ….. IIII-IIII ….. 111101111 …..…. 495 …... 19.305 ….. 19.18Neptune … II——II— .. 1100001100 ..… 780 .…. 30.42 .…... 30.06Pluto …….. IIIIIIII— … 1111111100 …… 1,021 .…. 39.819 ….. 39.53Note 1 - the distance as calculated from the binary code ratios (it’s only the numbers, which are to be treated as ratios, but I have plugged in our unit of measure for comparison - the Astronomical Unit AU)** this shows the correct distance values from Planets - Zoom Astronomy (the values are close enough for aliens to figure it out - had our people used any other method, it may have been too complicated a system, or had they increased or decreased the binary value by one, the resultant factors would have put the multiplicative result way out of range). They might have to venture into our solar system to figure this one out, unless they have seen something of a similar pattern elsewhere in the universe.Starting Mercury off with the base value of 10 indicates that we use a base 10 numbering system on Earth (aliens will be smarter than you think, if they are able to find our probe).The pulsar frequency identification codes (better to check my work, as I was going cross-eyed copying these from the Pioneer etching):Starting from the long horizontal Earth-line (the baseline) and numbering the pulsars clockwise (and reading the binary values radially outward as this appears to be the same order as that shown by Wm. Robert Johnston in his analysis):The resultant factor here (converted to base 10) must be multiplied by the hydrogen spin-flip transition frequency, I believe, to find the pulsar period, and the pulsar frequency is the multiplicative inverse (again, they will figure it out - that’s what the flip-flop picture is designed to convey to them).Edit: this information is in a graphic image posted in my answer.Binary to Decimal ConverterTo measure the relative distance markers (and the lengths of each line), one could download a copy of the graphic image, print it out, and check it with a straight edge ruler or something… Pulsars 5 and 13 don’t have an indicator bar, so they must be relatively close to the galactic plane - maybe we can assume the distance is nearly zero … they are deep in the heart of the Milky Way (or at least, they appear to be directly in line with the Milky Way, as viewed from here).They must have chosen 14 pulsars that are each closer to the Earth than our solar system is to the galactic center, judging from the relative length of each vector line from the center vertex - and comparing the length of the Earth-line vector as a reference to that relative distance.Pulsars 1, 3, and 12 have rather long lines - indicating their greater distances from the Earth relative to the others.Conversely, the measurement lines for Pulsars 5 and 13 are extremely short, with Pulsars 2, 6 and 11 not much further away.Pulsars numbered 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are those most distant from Sgr A*, using an angular measure (we have to turn around and look behind us to see them, if we are facing the galactic center). It’s hard to interpret the etched plaque until you get right into the math. I’ve learned to think of this etching as a round pin-cushion, which has been squished flat.There is a higher resolution file available, if you want to do this effort with a smaller margin for error.By NASA; vectors by Mysid - Extracted from the Pioneer plaque (File:Pioneer plaque.svg)., Public Domain, File:Pioneer plaque sun.svg(it’s in the same Wiki source as your low-def image, but you have to dig for it inside a slideshow)Source: Wiki [with my own modifications, used for measuring purposes in this answer - I have marked the identified pixel locations with a white pixel-sized square dot - the odd dot might be placed one pixel off-target, due to fuzziness in either the graphic or in my eyes - forgive me]With the hi-def image, I found an indicator bar for Pulsar 11 which was not apparent in the low-res file copy. The indicator bar is missing from the low-res image for Pulsar #1. I found a couple of angles that I had calculated incorrectly as well, with this more legible source file.Another puzzle appears to the far right. Perhaps a depiction of the ‘gravitational center’ of the galaxy? Frank Drake explains it quite simply… it’s the average height of a human female: 8 expressed in binary as 1000 [I thought it was two long dashes and two short little dashes] (that’s 8 wavelengths of the hydrogen atom emission from the unit of measure defined in the upper pictograph, which is roughly 8 inches, therefore the average human female is 8x8= 64 inches tall).Edit:the wavelength of the hydrogen atom frequency (from the spin-flip transition period) is 21.106 cm… which gives us 5′ 6–1/2″ for that elusive measurement (169 cm).I noticed that the hi-def image isn’t quite square - there is a slight angle on the plate (or the camera wasn’t square in the tripod when they snapped the photo, or something) - it’s off true by about 4 pixels from Earth to Sgr A*. By counting the pixels, that’s arctan(4/2033) = 0.1127 degrees from flat.. The hi-res image is rotated counter-clockwise by a hairs-breadth (about 406 arcseconds, if it is an intentional bit of data - but I doubt it).Wm. Robert Johnston shows a few different angles than I have found (I have verified the accuracy of my calculated values against this Wiki image - my notes are tolerably close), rounded to the nearest whole number value:Pulsar … My value … Johnson’s….…….. 17 …………… 17….….…. 49 ………….. 49….…….. 58 ………….. 58….…..… 95 ………….. 95………. 130 ………… 129 …… -1…….... 162 ……..…. 162………. 175 …………. 174 ……. -1………. 177 …………. 177…….… 145 …………. 145……..… 98 ………….. 97 …… -1……….. 69 ………….. 68 …… -1…..…… 53 ………….. 52 …… -1……….. 47 ………….. 45 …… -2……….. 14 …………… 16 …… +2** The hi-def image is much more clearly legible. One or two of the indicator bars are missing or indiscernible in the low-def image. I started out using the low-def image, but switched later to the hi-def image to calculate the angles.Some of the angles come out rounding a degree one way or the other in the math, depending on whether the arctangent trigonometric function is used, or some other method is employed. The angle may also fluctuate depending on the location along the line where you take your measurements. Pulsar 13 could be measured as anywhere from 45 to 49 degrees (but it’s a very short line). Pulsar 8 has its binary code askew to the rest of the line (and at a different angle).Others may find slightly different angular measures, as I did originally by using a protractor on the screen. I get a different value for some of them every time I get a new idea. When you expand the image digitally, the pixel locations become rather fuzzy (particularly on the low-def image).We can use the pixel mapping coordinates as if they were Cartesian coordinates, in an effort to calculate the length of each measurement (the original graphic image posted in your question measures 2845 x 2011 pixels, and the hi-def version measures 3063 x 2427 pixels) …The center point (the solar system) is therefore pixel position (869, 1212) using this technique (hi-def version).The point to the far right (Sgr A* or the galactic center) is therefore pixel position (2900, 1208) using this technique (hi-def version).Yes, I know, I moved one pixel closer with my latest interpretation, due to the shadow which appears at the end of the line. Here a pixel, there a pixel…Parsec - about 3.26 light years (I will be using this ratio, to compare my results with those of Johnson)Notes, observations, and my assumptions:Pulsars #2 and #6 have the indicator bar inside the radius of the ‘gap-circle’. I’m guessing that gap circle is indicating where the engraving tool was mounted initially.Pulsars #5 and #13 have shorter ‘stubs’ than the others, inside that ‘gap circle’. They are the closest pulsars to us, of the list of 14. Placing a bar indicator mark this near to the vertex would have made it difficult to read it. These two pulsars are in the thick of the Milky Way, as seen from the Earth. They are not far from the galactic plane, so if a bar indicator is there, we simply can’t see it because of all the black ink near the vertex.Pulsar #7 and the line leading to Sgr A* have no gap where the ‘gap circle’ engraving tool was mounted. Perhaps these lines were engraved (or re-engraved) after the engraving tool was moved from the central location.I don’t understand why the measurement line for Pulsar #7 has no gap, but I don’t think the gaps are so important - they tend to make things more legible by reducing the amount of ink obscuring the view near the vertex.Derived locations of the pulsars (using the etched Pioneer plaque as a guide):This graphic depicts the directions (not exactly the right ascension, but we are getting closer to finding a comparison to that value) shown on the Pioneer plaque.File size: 911.8 KBI have included three views:from high above the galactic plane looking down on the Earthfrom one side (the right-hand view) from a vantage point on the galactic planefrom behind the Earth on the galactic plane (bottom view) looking through the Earth at Sgr A*In view 1. we are not looking straight down at the North Pole. We aren’t looking straight down from perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, either. This is a view from perpendicular to the galactic plane. [Actually, I’m not really sure about that.] This might account for some of the errors in my calculations, as I didn’t work that mess out.Edit: we use a polar projection to identify the directions to celestial objects, so you might consider the viewing angle as in relation to the celestial sphere, which is essentially focused on the North pole.In this graphic, I have rotated the view 90 degrees counter-clockwise (from that shown on the Pulsar plaque), giving a “heads up” interpretation of the etching. This has me puzzled. Why was it shown on it’s side in the first place? [economics?] Maybe humans lie down on their right-hand side to draw on gold-plated copper plates… maybe they walk sideways like crabs do. Are there alien crabs?This is a top-down view (view 1), and the Milky Way Galaxy extends all the way around the perimeter of our view. Maybe that inner “gap circle” denotes the limits of the band of the Milky Way, above and below the galactic plane - as seen from our perspective.Turn your head (or rotate your spacecraft 90 degrees to the left) to see the right-hand view properly (the edge-on view from beside our solar system). I have shown all of the pulsars above the galactic plane, since no information is given on the Pioneer plaque to distinguish them as above or below the plane (shrug). Only four of them have negative declination, but that doesn’t necessarily define it since the galactic plane is tilted as much as 60 degrees to the celestial equator… hmmm…I have shown Pulsars 6 and 14 as above the galactic plane and all others below, although the pulsar map doesn’t specify the up or the down. Pulsars 5 and 13 are shown here directly on the galactic plane, since an indicator bar is not readily apparent in the Wiki graphic.I’m thinking that a styrofoam ball and 15 very long hat pins might come in handy to create a 3-D model.Sagittarius A* - on Wiki (the estimated distance has been revised to 7,860 pc +/- 140 pc which is about 25,624 light years give or take 456 light years or so.As explained by Drake, we only needed two pulsars to show our location to the aliens. Using fourteen stars is redundant, but with errors and uncertainties, it probably will make it easier for them, considering that there is a larger sampling for them to use.Johnson has used very loose rounding in his calculation of the distances for the offset from the galactic plane, or he used the tabled values from Taylor & Manchester (or some other source). One pixel in this hi-res graphic image (the Wiki image with the human figures and the brown background colour) measures about 12.72566 light years (3.9036 pc), whereas Johnson has used values which range from 0.073 to 1.933 parsecs per pixel in his table of estimates (relative to the scale in this image).The plaque gives us the relative distance above or below the galactic plane, but the Earth is tilted from the ecliptic by 23.44 degrees, and the ecliptic is tilted to the galactic plane by 60 degrees or so…. Good luck with that calculation - it doesn’t exactly match a straight-line relationship with the RA and Declination. The pulsars are identified in one or more of those links up there, and later in this text. I may have to plot these pulsars on a star chart like Celestia to get a handle on them. Or we could check the Fermi results.Celestia: HomeAliens will be able to determine how long ago the probe was launched, based on the changing frequency of the pulsars.Interesting to note the controversy which sprang up years ago, over the fact that the male figure is holding up his hand in symbolic greeting.It occurs to me that the Pioneer plaque map of the pulsars isn’t absolutely accurate (or my math is flawed), and it seems to have been rushed during the design stage. Apparently, it was only 3 weeks from conception to engraving. Maybe we know more now than was known in 1975. The current ATNF Catalogue lists over 2,500 identified pulsars. In 1975, they only had a list of 147 to work with.The pulsars shown on the Pioneer plaque are identified in other links as follows (but there are other designations for these objects - I have provided a cross-reference at the end of this text, courtesy THV on Google Answers):[Edit: this data is now included also in a graphic (posted above)]Reading the binary codes on the Pulsar Plaque:It seems that Pulsars 3, 4, and 7 have slightly different periods than shown in the binary codes on our probes. Pulsar #1 is just off the scale here, but it shows a slight difference as well. The others are within margins of 6 or 7 decimal places (to within a millionth of a second or better). Still, there is room for improvement. The current listing shows a slight difference to the Taylor & Manchester published results as well, in at least three cases.In case that reference is required:Observed properties of 147 pulsars by Taylor, J. H.; Manchester, R. N. (1975)The pdf article (a link to their published paper):http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1975AJ.....80..794T&letter=.&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=794&epage=794&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdfPulsars 5, 6, and 14 are above the galactic plane, and all others are below. The Pioneer plaque doesn’t specify.This was Taylor and Manchester’s estimate (circa 1975) of the directions to the pulsars, the distances to those pulsars, and the distances above and below the galactic plane. I’m still looking for Drake’s data source. It occurs to me that he may have used older data (data which was already out-of-date when he designed the pulsar map) that I just can’t find online.It sounds as if I’ve reached a conclusion, from this image. Not yet. The designers were much smarter than I. Still, I couldn’t help myself from trying to figure out how they conceived this marvel and was unsuccessful in my efforts to find Drake’s source - so I set out to build a similar one using my own technique and available data. In doing so, I discovered the answer to another mystery - the fact that the measurements are depicted in the pulsar map from the outside in (towards the Earth from the far end of each line segment).This data was published in 1975 and is somewhat out-of-date.In the same scale as the hi-def Wikipedia file image:This information is derived from data published more recently.Other research references I have found:This is cool… a 3D pendant.. Voyager 1&2 Pulsar Map Pendant by EasyAs314159 on Shapeways - with a ready reference to the ATNF Pulsar Catalogue (and a brief summary)A link on that site is redirected to flickr: NASA on The CommonsOther flickr links of interest:Carl Sagan's A Glorious Dawn 7"blhack's anodized aluminum Voyager plaqueTufte Voyager PlaqueVoyager_plaque - not the Pioneer plaque - worth checking for changes (but the pulsar map seems to be identical)voyager plaque - maybe check History.com — American & World History (or a video on YouTube maybe)NM796 - Spacecraft - American - Voyager Space Probe (replica) - currently the farthest manmade object from Earth - 1977 - archival photos from the Smithsonian - some interesting stuff - (on and off topic)Pulsar Mapper v0.1.2 - on GithubVoyager - The Interstellar Mission - from JPLAn Introduction to Pulsars - ATNF Australia Telescope National Facility (the current premier source for pulsar information)There is a site which gives profound details:Pulsar Map - “No, seriously. The map indicates the position and rotation period of the 14 pulsars closest to Earth. It also indicates our Sun’s relative distance to the galactic center. So if you were anywhere outside the solar system, you could triangulate the position of home.” He goes on to explain, “Well, when the electron flips, it gives off light with a wavelength of 21 centimeters which means it has a frequency of 1,402 megahertz. Frequency just means “cycles per second,” so if we take its inverse, we get a time of 7.04024183647 x 10^-10 seconds. In English, the EM radiation emitted by the electron undergoing this transition takes 0.0000000007 seconds to oscillate once.”Edit: the author has his numbers crossed there (and they aren’t the 14 closest pulsars to the Earth) ….7.04024183647 x 10^-10 seconds per cycle is exactly 1420.4057520010 Mhz on my calculator… (I’m checking that physical value from other sources)the hydrogen spin-flip frequency is 1420.405751786 Mhz (precisely), which converts to 0.00000000070402418375356 seconds per cycle (precisely) or, in scientific notation: 7.0402418375356 x 10^-10 seconds per cycle (precisely).Of course, “precisely” can change due to Doppler effects and other things that cloud our view of the cosmos. Slight changes in this frequency have enabled the study of the rotation of our galaxy, among other things.Hydrogen line - on WikiFrom Google Answers:Interstellar Pulsar Map - with some external links that may interest youSubject: Re: Interstellar Pulsar MapAnswered By: tar_heel_v-ga on 28 Jan 2003I haven't yet measured angles from the diagram, which would provide addition confirmation, but these periods match to within 1 ppm for 10 pulsars, and one part in 50,000 to one in 800 for the other four. Here are the 14, clockwise from the line indicating direction to the center of the galaxy:[I have added a mix of links, which may provide you with an ocean of resource material]J1731-4744 = [PSR] B1727-47 - Long-term timing observations of four southern pulsarsJ1456-6843 = [PSR] B1451-68 - Chandra Observations of the Old Pulsar PSR B1451-68J1243-6423 = [PSR] B1240-64 - https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9901262J0835-4510 = [PSR] B0833-45 - Vela Pulsar - the star with 44 namesJ0953+0755 = [PSR] B0950+08 - PSR B0950+08J0826+2637 = [PSR] B0823+26 - [1505.03064] LOFAR discovery of a quiet emission mode in PSR B0823+26J0534+2200 = [PSR] B0531+21 - Crab PulsarJ0528+2200 = [PSR] B0525+21 - Simbad is referenced repeatedly: PSR B0525+21 and this is interesting: http://dare.uva.nl/document/33933J0332+5434 = [PSR] B0329+54 - PSR B0329+54J2219+4754 = [PSR] B2217+47 - List of stars in LacertaJ2018+2839 = [PSR] B2016+28 - [astro-ph/0306071] The Transition between Nonorthogonal Polarization Modes in PSR B2016+28 at 1404 MHzJ1935+1616 = [PSR] B1933+16 - Hulse–Taylor binaryJ1932+1059 = [PSR] B1929+10 - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/590949/fulltext/73587.text.htmlJ1645-0317 = [PSR] B1642-03 - Evidence for Free Precession in the Pulsar B1642-03Once we have these listings, you can go to the Princeton Pulsar Map Applet at http://pulsar.princeton.edu/pulsar/map/PulsarMap.html and you can get additional information about the respective pulsars.Edit: that link doesn’t work - this one should do the trick: http://physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/WSJT_User_600.pdfRegards,THV(you may wish to review his additional comments on that answer from 2003)Here are a few links he provided:"The representation of humans is accompanied by a chart: a pattern of lines beside the figures standing for the 14 pulsars of the Milky Way, the whole being designed to locate the sun of our universe." http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem08.html"It also has a polar plot of the positions of 14 pulsars relative to the Sun, with the pulsars specified by giving their periods as base 2 integers - but with trailing zeros inserted to cover inadequate precision." Historical Notes from Stephen Wolfram's A New Kind of Science“All radio pulsars have this type of name. Radio-quiet pulsars (such as Geminga) do not have this type of name." Pulsar Tools - a link to a NASA sitefrom NASA: Although most pulsars have an official "PSR J" name, newly discovered non-radio pulsars (such as "Geminga-like" pulsars) will not have such a name until their pulsations are detected in radio wavelengths. Some theoretical works indicate that GLAST will discover several to a few tens of radio-quiet pulsars.I’ve measured everything else…. I had better measure this, too.I found a Wiki entry that shows the dish to be 3.7 m (12′1–3/4″) in diameter (shrug). I suppose they never intended to reference the size of the dish on the Pioneer plaque ?? That would make the guy 8′4″ tall, and the girl would be 7′9–1/2″.Voyager 1 - on Wiki

SCORINGTest takers receive a score for each test component – Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. The individual scores are then averaged and rounded to produce an Overall Band Score.BAND SCALEThere is no pass or fail; IELTS is scored on a nine-band scale, with each band corresponding to a specified competence in English. Overall Band Scores are reported to the nearest half band. The following rounding convention applies: if the average across the four skills ends in .25, it is rounded up to the next half band, and if it ends in 5.75, it is rounded up to the next whole band. The nine bands are described as follows:9Expert UserHas full operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding.8Very Good UserHas fully operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies. Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well.7Good UserHas operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriateness and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning.6Competent UserHas generally effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly in familiar situations.5Modest userHas partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own field.4Limited UserBasic competence is limited to familiar situations. Has a frequent problem in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language.3Extremely Limited UserConveys and understands only general meaning in very familiar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication occur.2Intermittent UserNo real communication is possible except for the most basic information using isolated words or short formulae in familiar situations and to meet immediate needs. Has great difficulty understanding spoken and written English.1Non UserEssentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a few isolated words.0Did not attempt the testNo assessable information provided at all.BAND SCORE CONVERSION TABLEThis table can be used to convert raw scores (out of 40) to band scores (out of 9) for Listening and Reading modules of both Academic and General patterns. This helps test takers understand how many correct answers they need to achieve to get a particular band score.Band Score9.08.58.07.57.06.56.05.55.04.54.03.53.02.5Listening raw score (Academic and General)39–4037–3835–3632–3430–3126–2923–2518–2216–1713–1510–128–96–74–5Reading raw score (Academic)39–4037–3835–3633–3430–3227–2923–2619–2215–1813–1410–128–96–74–5Reading raw score (General)403937–383634–3532–3330–3127–2923–2619–2215–1812–149–116–8WRITING AND READING ASSESSMENT CRITERIAExaminers use detailed performance descriptors when assessing the Writing and Speaking tests. These band descriptors describe performance in four categories:WRITING• Task Achievement• Coherence And Cohesion• Lexical Resource• Grammatical Range And AccuracySPEAKING• Fluency And Coherence• Lexical Resource• Grammatical Range And Accuracy• PronunciationFor details, please refer to the following band descriptors:1. Task 1 Writing Band Descriptors2. Task 2 Writing Band Descriptors3. Speaking Band Descriptors