Consideration And Adoption Of The Various Reports Included In The Annual Book Of Rep: Fill & Download for Free

NO REASON. Confusion only from misleading information that we need less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when the science shows we need more, much more because of its beneficial effects on greening the planet and saving water. Confusion that there is an unfounded greenhouse blanket based on CO2 back radiation and convection heating up the planet with global warming.Further, carbon dioxide is not carbon and the solid form of CO2 is dry ice not carbon. Thus solid CO2 cools not warms everything it touches.If CO2 was carbon or soot then it would be visible pollution but it is the air we all exhale with every breath at 40,000 ppm and is invisible non toxic and not a speck of pollution. To say otherwise is a terrible lie."Time for competent and honest institutionsThe time has arrived where government offices, authorities, weather services, media headquarters and educational institutes become staffed by educated and independent persons who are able to see the reality in the interrelationships of weather and climate and report them in an unfalsified manner.It’s the sun, water, clouds, vapor, ice, snow that determined the weather of our planet, and not life-sustaining trace gas CO2, which makes up only 0.04%of our atmosphere.Anyone who vilifies trace gas CO2 as a pollutant conducts him/herself in a manner that is hostile to life and is thus not suited to be a scientist, teacher, professor, journalist or politician!"https://notrickszone.com/2018/10/17/global-warming-pause-extends-becoming-clear-ipcc-grossly-overstated-projected-warming/Next we need more CO2 in the atmosphere not less for the vital role of photosynthesis converting sunlight into chemical energy. Carbon capture is harming the growth of plants and animals dependent on plants.The claim that CO2 has a global warming effect is unfounded and misleading. The claim originated from flawed experiments in the 1800s that have yet to be replicated.The “greenhouse effect” myth is the modern day “flat earth” theory.Look up in the sky, and you will see either clouds or bright sunlight. You will feel the cooling effect of the clouds or the warming effect of the sunlight. You will not see or feel the greenhouse climate effect. Why?The Errors of Arrhenius“The Swedish physical chemist, Svante Arrhenius, is credited with establishing the scientific basis of global warming due to carbon dioxide created by human activities. Arrhenius published his work in English in the Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science in 1896. The scientific world considered this work for about ten years but by 1905 rejected it on the basis that the amount of carbon dioxide in the air was so small compared to the amount of water vapor that even a doubling of it would have an insignificant effect on global temperature.”The Errors of ArrheniusSan José State University applet-magic.com Thayer Watkins Silicon Valley & Tornado Alley USA The Swedish physical chemist, Svante Arrhenius, is credited with establishing the scientific basis of global warming due to carbon dioxide created by human activities. Arrhenius published his work in English in the Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science in 1896. The scientific world considered this work for about ten years but by 1905 rejected it on the basis that the amount of carbon dioxide in the air was so small compared to the amount of water vapor that even a doubling of it would have an insignificant effect on global temperature. This was a consensus of opinion in the scientific world that lasted until about 1950. Around 1950 new, more detailed measurement of the absorption spectra of water vapor and carbon dioxide revealed that there were some wavelengths of infrared radiation that carbon dioxide absorbed that water vapor did not. This meant that theoretically carbon dioxide could have an effect on global temperatures even though its concentration is small compared to water vapor. The concentration in the overall atmosphere of water vapor is about 0.4 of 1 percent. Adding carbon dioxide at a concentration of 0.03 of 1 percent increases the greenhouse gas concentration from 0.4 of 1 percent to 0.43 of 1 percent, an increase of 7.5 percent. A further increase in the carbon dioxide content to 0.06 of 1 percent is an increase in greenhouse gas concentration of only 7 percent for the wavelengths of radiation for which the absorption spectra of water vapor and carbon dioxide overlap. But for the wavelengths which water vapor does not absorb but carbon dioxide does the increase is 100 percent. Thus carbon dioxide was not just a greenhouse gas duplicating the effect of water vapor; it was a greenhouse gas with a difference . For more on the absorption spectra of greenhouse gases see Absorption Spectra . There were articles then published arguing that not only could anthropogenic carbon dioxide affect global temperatures but that it had already done so. One of these articles, by Gilbert N. Plass of Johns Hopkins University, is solid scientific analysis. Another was by Guy S. Callendar of London which is usually credited with establishing global warming. The Callendar article however is not science. See Early history of the role of CO2 in climate analysis. The Callendar article is basically fakery. Callendar purported to show that temperatures around the world had increased by ½°C over the period 1885 to 1950. Callendar gives the temperature record for five areas; the British Isles, Japan, Turkestan, New Zealand and Chile. Somehow the temperature records for all other areas, including the United States, Canada and Australia, were not suitable for inclusion. Of the five he showed, two, Japan and Chile, did not show a temperature increase. Turkestan showed an increase of about ½°C; wherehttp://www.applet-magic.com/arrhenius.htmThe greenhouse effect is a fiction because the genesis, credited to old Svante Arrhenius, is from an experiment by John Tyndall that has never be reproduced to prove the validity of the results.John Tyndall’s laboratory equipment for the greenhouse effect is a false representation of the earth and reality because it is enclosed in a tube unlike the earth.Kurt Angstrom W.“Did you know, for example, that in 1900, the leading atmospheric physicist of the day, Knut Ångström, disproved the theory of greenhouse warming with a series of careful experiments, and despite the loud protestations of its principal exponent, Svante Arrhenius, that theory was dismissed by the scientific climate community for 38 years?”See - Doomed PlanetRoll Over, ArrheniusThis is where I return to Arrhenius, so lovingly cited in the video clip above, for it was he who first introduced the erroneous notion of the “greenhouse effect.” He attributed the idea to Joseph Fourier who, on the contrary, did not even mention a greenhouse and actually went out of his way to contrast the mechanism of the greenhouse, as examined by Ferdinand de Saussure, with that of the atmosphere. (Fourier JBJ, 1827, Memoire sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires).Arrhenius clearly misunderstood the greenhouse mechanism and failed to grasp the constraints that Kirchhoff’s law places on the application of the Stefan-Boltzmann Equation. He went on to propose a complex energy recycling mechanism to explain an atmospheric thermal gradient already explained by convective heat transfer and the gas laws. In short, and at a risk of oversimplification, while understanding the effect of reflectivity, he calculated temperature variations on the basis of radiative transfer of heat, not on the basis of conductive transfer. On top of this he assigned black body emissivity to the lithosphere of the earth.It would seem Finkel, while quoting Arrhenius, did not go to the primary sources. Had he done so it would have become immediately apparent that Arrhenius, in his 1906 work “The possible cause of climate variability“, while asserting, correctly that the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributed to the increase of temperature at the earth’s surface, failed to give any empirical evidence. More than that, he was quite wrong in his theorizing, in particular his invocation of the greenhouse!It must also be borne in mind that, despite the work of James Clark Maxwell and the definitive experiment of Mitchelson and Morley in 1887, Arrhenius still believed that space was not, in effect, a vacuum (as we now know*); but contained a material medium -“aether“. This concept, with its roots in Cartesian thinking, was first put in the form of an hypothesis by Newton (e.g. in his De Aere et Aethere and Query 31 of the Opticks); but who also questioned it, or at least showed the difficulty of detecting it (the Principia Book 2, General Scholium).Knut Ångström, in 1900 showed by experiment that CO2 is transparent to 90% of infrared radiation applicable to temperature variation; and that those infrared bands which CO2 readily obstructs are already almost totally blocked by atmospheric CO2. This finding, that the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its effect on back radiation is logarithmic, has been replicated by many subsequent experimenters; all of whom show that doubling of the present carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would only increase the back radiation by about 3.6 W/m ², which would, in the absence of other factors, give rise to an increase in temperature of between 0.6 and 0.8 C°. (Ångström, 1900 “Über die Bedeutung des Wasserdampfes“). It is worth pointing out that a multiplicity of other factors affect climate, all natural. This is not the place in which to rehearse them, but to whet your appetite here are a few for starters:The Milankovitch effect, which is the slow, 41,000-year cycle of what might be called the central position of the axis of the earth in the Newton/Croll precession. Milankovitch showed this to vary from between about 22° and 24°. The Croll effect acts in opposite ways in the northern and southern hemispheres, whereas the Milankovitch effect is the same in both hemispheres. Sir Fred Hoyle calculated the combined effect of the two to be that, in the present epoch, the northern hemisphere would be 1% cooler than average and the southern hemisphere 3% warmer than average.The theory of general relativity shows that the energy output (irradiance) of the sun has increased by the order of 30% since the Lower Archean (i.e. over the last 3.8 billion years), recent studies have shown that solar irradiance has increased by approximately 0.4% over the last 200-300 years, causing an increase in temperature of about 0.4C°; other studies have shown that the increase in solar irradiance over the last 30 years has been responsible for 40% of the observed global warming. (see Soon W. H., Posmentier E. S. & Baliunas S. L. Inference of solar irradiance variability from terrestrial temperature changes, 1880-1993: an astrophysical application of the sun-climate connection).It has been established that there is a significant correlation between sunspot activity and earth’s average temperature. Late 20th-century work by Svensmark and Friis-Christensen, Lassen and others has shown this in some detail. However records are available comparing central English temperatures with sunspot activity going as far back as 1750. Other data go back as far as 1550. (Svensmark H. and Friis-Christensen E. Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage-a missing link in solar- climate relationships).Roll Over, ArrheniusWater vapor is the giant gas not CO2 for the greenhouse effect and it is invisible representing 95% of the total gases and less than 1% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide natural is only 3.6% of the GHG and it is invisible. There is no pollution to observe as there is no carbon in GHG.The purpose of this post is raise doubt about whether there is such a phenomenon as the greenhouse effect. I submit there are well researched valid peer reviewed studies that debunk views of the old scientists like Svante Arrhenius and surely prove the science of the greenhouse effect is not settled.Leading scientists say the greenhouse effect is a false metaphor and is only a delusion,’ a phantasm to be neglected, ‘a fictitious mechanism.’ and ‘pseudo science.’Alarmists say otherwise, but are hard pressed to reference any observational studies relying only on outdated thought experiment in the 1800s usually most credit to old Svante Arrhenius who got it wrong.The earth is an open atmosphere and obviously there is no cover or blanket like a commercial greenhouse.Has global warming already arrived?The enhancement of the atmospheric greenhouse effect due to the increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gases is often considered as responsible for gl…Has global warming already arrived?The enhancement of the atmospheric greenhouse effect due to the increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gases is often considered as responsible for gl…https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364682618305030“The enhancement of the atmospheric greenhouse effect due to the increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gases is often considered as responsible for global warming (known as greenhouse hypothesis of global warming). In this context, the temperature field of global troposphere and lower stratosphere over the period 12/1978–07/2018 is explored using the recent Version 6 of the UAH MSU/AMSU global satellite temperature dataset. Our analysis did not show a consistent warming with gradual increase from low to high latitudes in both hemispheres, as it should be from the global warming theory. … Based on these results and bearing in mind that the climate system is complicated and complex with the existing uncertainties in the climate predictions, it is not possible to reliably support the view of the presence of global warming in the sense of an enhanced greenhouse effect due to human activities.”Image Source: Varotsos and Efstathiou, 2019Share this...17 New Scientific Papers Dispute CO2 Greenhouse Effect As Primary Explanation For Climate Change“ [T]he absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts .” – Allmendinger, 2017 “ [G]lobal warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory . The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers.” – Blaauw, 2017 “ The down-welling LW radiation is not a global driver of surface warming as hypothesized for over 100 years but a product of the near-surface air temperature controlled by solar heating and atmospheric pressure.” -Nikolov and Zeller, 2017 The Refutation of the Climate Greenhouse Theory “ The cardinal error in the usual greenhouse theory consists in the assumption that photometric or spectroscopic IR-measurements allow conclusions about the thermal behaviour of gases, i.e., of the atmosphere . They trace back to John Tyndall who developed such a photometric method already in the 19th century. However, direct thermal measurement methods have never been applied so far. Apart from this, at least twenty crucial errors are revealed which suggest abandoning the theory as a whole . In spite of its obvious deficiencies, this theory has so far been an obstacle to take promising precautions for mitigating the climate change. They would consist in a general brightening of the Earth surface, and in additional measures being related to this. However, the novel effects which were found by the author, particularly the absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts .” “This paper demonstrates that global warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory . This explanation is based on a simple model of the Earth’s climate system consisting of three layers: the surface, a lower and an upper atmospheric layer. The distinction between the atmospheric layers rests on the assumption that the latent heat from the surface is set free in the lower atmospheric layer only. The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers. All variations in the energy exchanges can be expressed in terms of the temperature variations of the layers by means of an energy transfer matrix. It turns out that the latent heat transfer as a function of the temperatures of the surface and the lower layer makes this matrix next to singular. The near singularity reveals a considerable negative feedback in the model which can be identified as the ‘Klimaversta¨rker’ presumed by Vahrenholt and Lu¨ning. By a suitable, yet realistic choice of the parameters appearing in the energy transfer matrix and of the effective heat capacities of the layers, the model reproduces the global warming: the calculated trend in the surface temperature agrees well with the observational data from AD 1750 up to AD 2000 .” “ Our analysis revealed that GMATs [global mean17 New Scientific Papers Dispute CO2 Greenhouse Effect As Primary Explanation For Climate Change“ [T]he absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts .”  – Allmendinger, 2017 “ [G]lobal warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory .  The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers.”  – Blaauw, 2017 “ The down-welling LW radiation is not a global driver of surface warming as hypothesized for over 100 years but a product of the near-surface air temperature controlled by solar heating and atmospheric pressure.”  -Nikolov and Zeller, 2017 The Refutation of the Climate Greenhouse Theory “ The cardinal error in the usual greenhouse theory consists in the assumption that photometric or spectroscopic IR-measurements allow conclusions about the thermal behaviour of gases, i.e., of the atmosphere . They trace back to John Tyndall who developed such a photometric method already in the 19th century. However, direct thermal measurement methods have never been applied so far. Apart from this, at least twenty crucial errors are revealed which suggest abandoning the theory as a whole . In spite of its obvious deficiencies, this theory has so far been an obstacle to take promising precautions for mitigating the climate change. They would consist in a general brightening of the Earth surface, and in additional measures being related to this. However, the novel effects which were found by the author, particularly the absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts .” “This paper demonstrates that global warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory . This explanation is based on a simple model of the Earth’s climate system consisting of three layers: the surface, a lower and an upper atmospheric layer. The distinction between the atmospheric layers rests on the assumption that the latent heat from the surface is set free in the lower atmospheric layer only. The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers. All variations in the energy exchanges can be expressed in terms of the temperature variations of the layers by means of an energy transfer matrix. It turns out that the latent heat transfer as a function of the temperatures of the surface and the lower layer makes this matrix next to singular. The near singularity reveals a considerable negative feedback in the model which can be identified as the ‘Klimaversta¨rker’ presumed by Vahrenholt and Lu¨ning. By a suitable, yet realistic choice of the parameters appearing in the energy transfer matrix and of the effective heat capacities of the layers, the model reproduces the global warming: the calculated trend in the surface temperature agrees well with the observational data from AD 1750 up to AD 2000 .” “ Our analysis revealed that GMATs [global meanhttps://notrickszone.com/2017/06/08/17-new-scientific-papers-dispute-co2-greenhouse-effect-as-primary-explanation-for-climate-change/By Kenneth Richard on8. June 2017Share this...“[T]he absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts.” – Allmendinger, 2017“[G]lobal warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory. The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers.” – Blaauw, 2017“The down-welling LW radiation is not a global driver of surface warming as hypothesized for over 100 years but a product of the near-surface air temperature controlled by solar heating and atmospheric pressure.” -Nikolov and Zeller, 2017https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-refutation-of-the-climate-greenhouse-theory-and-a-proposal-for-ahopeful-alternative.pdfThe Refutation of the Climate Greenhouse Theory“The cardinal error in the usual greenhouse theory consists in the assumption that photometric or spectroscopic IR-measurements allow conclusions about the thermal behaviour of gases, i.e., of the atmosphere. They trace back to John Tyndall who developed such a photometric method already in the 19th century. However, direct thermal measurement methods have never been applied so far. Apart from this, at least twenty crucial errors are revealed which suggest abandoning the theory as a whole. In spite of its obvious deficiencies, this theory has so far been an obstacle to take promising precautions for mitigating the climate change. They would consist in a general brightening of the Earth surface, and in additional measures being related to this. However, the novel effects which were found by the author, particularly the absorption of incident solar-light by the atmosphere as well as its absorption capability of thermal radiation, cannot be influenced by human acts.”Global warming: Sun and water - Harold J Blaauw, 2017This paper demonstrates that global warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory. This explanation is based on a simple model of the Earth...Global warming: Sun and water - Harold J Blaauw, 2017This paper demonstrates that global warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory. This explanation is based on a simple model of the Earth...http://journals.sagepub.com./doi/full/10.1177/0958305X17695276“This paper demonstrates that global warming can be explained without recourse to the greenhouse theory. This explanation is based on a simple model of the Earth’s climate system consisting of three layers: the surface, a lower and an upper atmospheric layer. The distinction between the atmospheric layers rests on the assumption that the latent heat from the surface is set free in the lower atmospheric layer only. The varying solar irradiation constitutes the sole input driving the changes in the system’s energy transfers. All variations in the energy exchanges can be expressed in terms of the temperature variations of the layers by means of an energy transfer matrix. It turns out that the latent heat transfer as a function of the temperatures of the surface and the lower layer makes this matrix next to singular. The near singularity reveals a considerable negative feedback in the model which can be identified as the ‘Klimaversta¨rker’ presumed by Vahrenholt and Lu¨ning. By a suitable, yet realistic choice of the parameters appearing in the energy transfer matrix and of the effective heat capacities of the layers, the model reproduces the global warming: the calculated trend in the surface temperature agrees well with the observational data from AD 1750 up to AD 2000.”https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/new-insights-on-the-physical-nature-of-the-atmospheric-greenhouse-effect-deduced-from-an-empirical-planetary-temperature-model.pdf“Our analysis revealed that GMATs [global mean annual temperatures] of rocky planets with tangible atmospheres and a negligible geothermal surface heating can accurately be predicted over a broad range of conditions using only two forcing variables: top-of-the-atmosphere solar irradiance and total surface atmospheric pressure. The hereto discovered interplanetary pressure-temperature relationship is shown to be statistically robust while describing a smooth physical continuum without climatic tipping points. This continuum fully explains the recently discovered 90 K thermal effect of Earth’s atmosphere. The new model displays characteristics of an emergent macro-level thermodynamic relationship heretofore unbeknown to science that has important theoretical implications. A key entailment from the model is that the atmospheric ‘greenhouse effect’ currently viewed as a radiative phenomenon is in fact an adiabatic (pressure-induced) thermal enhancement analogous to compression heating and independent of atmospheric composition. Consequently, the global down-welling long-wave flux presently assumed to drive Earth’s surface warming appears to be a product of the air temperature set by solar heating and atmospheric pressure. In other words, the so-called ‘greenhouse back radiation’ is globally a result of the atmospheric thermal effect rather than a cause for it. … The down-welling LW radiation is not a global driver of surface warming as hypothesized for over 100 years but a product of the near-surface air temperature controlled by solar heating and atmospheric pressure … The hypothesis that a freely convective atmosphere could retain (trap) radiant heat due its opacity has remained undisputed since its introduction in the early 1800s even though it was based on a theoretical conjecture that has never been proven experimentally.”http://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/61/WP/wp_2016_60.zp95634.pdf“Various scientific studies have investigated the causal link between solar activity (SS) and the earth’s temperature (GT). [T]he corresponding CCM [Convergent Cross Mapping] results indicate increasing significance of causal effect from SS [solar activity] to GT [global temperature] since 1880 to recent years, which provide solid evidences that may contribute on explaining the escalating global tendency of warming up recent decades. … The connection between solar activity and global warming has been well established in the scientific literature. For example, see references [1–10]. … Among which, the SSA [Singular Spectrum Analysis] trend extraction is identified as the most reliable method for data preprocessing, while CCM [Convergent Cross Mapping] shows outstanding performance among all causality tests adopted. The emerging causal effects from SS [solar activity] to GT [global temperatures], especially for recent decades, are overwhelmingly proved, which reflects the better understanding of the tendency of global warming.”https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-correlation-of-seismic-activity-and-recent-global-warming-2016update.pdf“The Correlation of Seismic Activity and Recent Global Warming (CSARGW) demonstrated that increasing seismic activity in the globe’s high geothermal flux areas (HGFA) is strongly correlated with global temperatures (r=0.785) from 1979-2015. The mechanism driving this correlation is amply documented and well understood by oceanographers and seismologists. Namely, increased seismic activity in the HGFA (i.e., the mid-ocean’s spreading zones) serves as a proxy indicator of higher geothermal flux in these regions. The HGFA include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, the West Chile Rise, the Ridges of the Indian Ocean, and the Ridges of the Antarctic/Southern Ocean. This additional mid-ocean heating causes an acceleration of oceanic overturning and thermobaric convection, resulting in higher ocean temperatures and greater heat transport into the Arctic. This manifests itself as an anomaly known as the “Arctic Amplification,” where the Arctic warms to a much greater degree than the rest of the globe. Applying the same methodology employed in CSARGW, an updated analysis through 2016 adds new knowledge of this important relationship while strengthening support for that study’s conclusions. The correlation between HGFA seismic frequency and global temperatures moved higher with the addition of the 2016 data: the revised correlation now reads 0.814, up from 0.785 for the analysis through 2015. This yields a coefficient of determination of .662, indicating that HGFA [high geothermal flux area] seismicity accounts for roughly two-thirds of the variation in global temperatures since 1979.”http://principia-scientific.org/publications/Role_of_GHE-EaE.pdf“This study examines the concept of ‘greenhouse gases’ and various definitions of the phenomenon known as the ‘Atmospheric Radiative Greenhouse Effect’. The six most quoted descriptions are as follows: (a) radiation trapped between the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere; (b) the insulating blanket of the atmosphere that keeps the Earth warm; (c) back radiation from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface; (d) Infra Red absorbing gases that hinder radiative cooling and keep the surface warmer than it would otherwise be – known as ‘otherwise radiation’; (e) differences between actual surface temperatures of the Earth (as also observed on Venus) and those based on calculations; (f) any gas that absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface towards free space. It is shown that none of the above descriptions can withstand the rigours of scientific scrutiny when the fundamental laws of physics and thermodynamics are applied to them.”A Hiatus of the Greenhouse EffectFyfe, J. et al. Making sense of the early 2000 s warming slowdown. Nature Climate Change 6, 224–228 (2016). Article ADS Google Scholar Hawkins, E., T. Edwards & D. McNeall . Pause for thought. Nature Climate Change, 4, 154–156 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Cowtan, K. & R. Way . Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140, 1935–1944 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Lewandowsky, S., J. Risbey & N. Oreskes . On the definition and identifiability of the alleged “hiatus” in global warming. Sci. Rep. 5, 16784 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Karl, T. et al. Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348, 1469–1472 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Cahill, N., S. Rahmstorf & A. Parnell . Change points of global temperature. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 084002 (2015). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K. Has there been a hiatus? Science 349, 691–692 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Huber, M. & R. Knutti . Natural variability, radiative forcing and climate response in the recent hiatus reconciled. Nature Geoscience 7, 651–656 (2014). CAS Article ADS Google Scholar Kaufmann, R., H. Kauppi, M. Mann & J. Stock . Reconciling anthropogenic climate change with observed temperature 1998–2008. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 11790–11793 (2011). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Solomon, S. et al. Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming. Science 327, 1219–1223 (2010). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Santer, B. et al. Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature. Nature Geoscience 7, 185–189 (2014). CAS Article ADS Google Scholar Liu, W. et al. Tracking ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus. Nature Communications 7, 10926 (2016). CAS Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Meehl, G. et al. Externally forced and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. J. Climate 26, 7298–7310 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar Kosaka, Y. & S. Xie . Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature 501, 403–407 (2013). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Watanabe, M. et al. Strengthening of ocean heat uptake efficiency associated with the recent climate hiatus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3175–3179 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K. & J. Fasullo . An apparent hiatus in global warming? Earth’s Future 1, 19–32 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar England, M. et al. Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nature Climate Change 4, 222–227 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K., J. Fasullo, G. Branstator & A. Phillips . Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming. Nature Climate Change 4, 911–916 (2014). Article ADS Google ScholaA Hiatus of the Greenhouse EffectFyfe, J. et al. Making sense of the early 2000 s warming slowdown. Nature Climate Change 6, 224–228 (2016). Article ADS Google Scholar Hawkins, E., T. Edwards & D. McNeall . Pause for thought. Nature Climate Change, 4, 154–156 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Cowtan, K. & R. Way . Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140, 1935–1944 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Lewandowsky, S., J. Risbey & N. Oreskes . On the definition and identifiability of the alleged “hiatus” in global warming. Sci. Rep. 5, 16784 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Karl, T. et al. Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348, 1469–1472 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Cahill, N., S. Rahmstorf & A. Parnell . Change points of global temperature. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 084002 (2015). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K. Has there been a hiatus? Science 349, 691–692 (2015). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Huber, M. & R. Knutti . Natural variability, radiative forcing and climate response in the recent hiatus reconciled. Nature Geoscience 7, 651–656 (2014). CAS Article ADS Google Scholar Kaufmann, R., H. Kauppi, M. Mann & J. Stock . Reconciling anthropogenic climate change with observed temperature 1998–2008. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 11790–11793 (2011). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Solomon, S. et al. Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming. Science 327, 1219–1223 (2010). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Santer, B. et al. Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature. Nature Geoscience 7, 185–189 (2014). CAS Article ADS Google Scholar Liu, W. et al. Tracking ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus. Nature Communications 7, 10926 (2016). CAS Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Meehl, G. et al. Externally forced and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. J. Climate 26, 7298–7310 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar Kosaka, Y. & S. Xie . Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature 501, 403–407 (2013). CAS Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar Watanabe, M. et al. Strengthening of ocean heat uptake efficiency associated with the recent climate hiatus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 3175–3179 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K. & J. Fasullo . An apparent hiatus in global warming? Earth’s Future 1, 19–32 (2013). Article ADS Google Scholar England, M. et al. Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nature Climate Change 4, 222–227 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholar Trenberth, K., J. Fasullo, G. Branstator & A. Phillips . Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming. Nature Climate Change 4, 911–916 (2014). Article ADS Google Scholahttp://www.nature.com/articles/srep33315A Hiatus of the Greenhouse Effect“In the last subperiod [2003-2014], the global averaged SULR [surface upwelling longwave radiation/greenhouse effect] anomaly remains trendless (0.02 W m−2 yr−1) because Ts [global temperatures] stop rising. Meanwhile, the long-term change of the global averaged OLR anomaly (−0.01 W m−2 yr−1) is also not statistically significant. Thus, these two phenomena result in a trendless Gaa [atmospheric greenhouse effect]. … [A]remarkably decreasing Gaa trend (−0.27 W m−2 yr−1) exists over the central tropical Pacific, indicating a weakened atmospheric greenhouse effect in this area, which largely offsets the warming effect in the aforementioned surrounding regions. As a result, a trendless global averaged Gaa [atmospheric greenhouse effect] is displayed between 1991 and 2002 (Fig. 2). … Again, no significant trend of the global averaged Gaa [atmospheric greenhouse effect] is found from 2003 to 2014 (Fig. 2) because the enhanced warming effect over the western tropical Pacific is largely counteracted by the weakened warming influence on the central tropical Pacific.”http://www.ralphmoir.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Energy-Environment-2016-Manheimer-0958305X16674636.pdf“[T]he actual data show that up to now fears of imminent climate catastrophe are not supported by data, or else involve processes occurring since long before excess CO2 in the atmosphere became a concern. Based on actual measurements and reasonable extrapolation of them, there is no reason why the responsible use of fossil fuel cannot continue to support worldwide civilisation. The argument to greatly restrict fossil fuel rests entirely on the theoretical assertion that at some point in the near future there will be a sudden and dramatic change in the very nature of the data presented here. If implemented, these would be sufficient to greatly upset the lifestyle of billions of people, and to further impoverish the already most impoverished parts of the world. … [N]othing in the past suggests that future climate will be significantly different before mid century because of rising levels of CO2.”Role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in climate change - Martin Hertzberg, Hans Schreuder, 2016The authors evaluate the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consensus that the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere...Role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in climate change - Martin Hertzberg, Hans Schreuder, 2016The authors evaluate the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consensus that the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere...http://eae.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/10/21/0958305X16674637.abstract“The authors evaluate the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consensus that the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is of anthropogenic origin and is causing dangerous global warming, climate change and climate disruption. The totality of the data available on which that theory is based is evaluated. The data include: (a) Vostok ice-core measurements; (b) accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere; (c) studies of temperature changes that precede CO2 changes; (d) global temperature trends; (e) current ratio of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere; (f) satellite data for the geographic distribution of atmospheric CO2; (g) effect of solar activity on cosmic rays and cloud cover. Nothing in the data supports the supposition that atmospheric CO2 is a driver of weather or climate, or that human emissions control atmospheric CO2.”http://file.scirp.org/pdf/GEP_2016080508552359.pdfAbout the Influence of the Giant Planets onLong-Term Evolution of Global Temperature“The observed variability of global temperature is usually explained through the decrease in the coefficient of the grayness of the Earth caused by increased content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as CO2, i.e. by the anthropogenically caused increase in the greenhouse effect. The validity of such views raises some doubts, as their validity is based either on the results of the climate simulation, or on the results of the regression analysis, in relation to which the fullness of the used set of regression does not seem certain. At the same time, just the results of climate modeling do not seem to be quite reliable … The effects associated with the displacement of the center of gravity of the solar system under the influence of giant planets (Jupiter and Saturn) are discussed. Based on the hypothesis of parametric resonance in the variation of global temperature with disturbances in the photosphere shape and the Earth-to-Sun distance due to the oppositions of said planets, a regression model that explains the observed long-term evolution of global temperature is built. It was shown that residuals of the model are close to white noise, i.e. the [influence of planets] hypothesis almost entirely explains the effect of temperature increase for the period presented in the vernacular crutem3 database [1850-present].”Quantification of the Diminishing Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity and Geomagnetic Activity as the Causal Source for Global Warming within the Oceans and Atmosphere… Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity … GeomagneticActivity … Causal Source for Global Warming“Quantitative analyses of actual measurements rather than modeling have shown that “global warming” has been heterogeneous over the surface of the planet and temporally non-linear. Residual regression analyses by Soares (2010) indicated increments of increased temperature precede increments of CO2 increase. The remarkably strong negative correlation (r = -0.99) between the earth’s magnetic dipole moment values and global CO2-temperature indicators over the last ~30 years is sufficient to be considered causal if contributing energies were within the same order of magnitude. Quantitative convergence between the energies lost by the diminishing averaged geomagnetic field strength and energies gained within the ocean-atmosphere interface satisfy the measured values for increased global temperature and CO2 release from sea water. The pivotal variable is the optimal temporal unit employed to estimate the total energies available for physical-chemical reactions. The positive drift in averaged amplitude of geomagnetic activity over the last 100 years augmented this process. Contributions from annual CO2from volcanism and shifts in averaged geomagnetic activity, lagged years before the measured global temperature-CO2 values, are moderating variables for smaller amplitude perturbations. These results indicated that the increase in CO2 and global temperatures are primarily caused by major geophysical factors, particularly the diminishing total geomagnetic field strength and increased geomagnetic activity, but not by human activities. Strategies for adapting to climate change because of these powerful variables may differ from those that assume exclusive anthropomorphic causes.”Greenhouse GasesA greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits infrared radiation. The primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, m…Greenhouse GasesA greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits infrared radiation. The primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, m…http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045886000094“CO2 makes up only a tiny portion of the atmosphere (0.040%) and constitutes only 3.6% of the greenhouse effect. The atmospheric content of CO2 has increased only 0.008% since emissions began to soar after 1945. Such a tiny increment of increase in CO2 cannot cause the 10°F increase in temperature predicted by CO2 advocates. Computer climate modelers build into their models a high water vapor component, which they claim is due to increased atmospheric water vapor caused by very small warming from CO2, and since water vapor makes up 90–95% of the greenhouse effect, they claim the result will be warming. The problem is that atmospheric water vapor has actually declined since 1948, not increased as demanded by climate models. If CO2 causes global warming, then CO2 should always precede warming when the Earth’s climate warms up after an ice age. However, in all cases, CO2 lags warming by ∼800 years. Shorter time spans show the same thing—warming always precedes an increase in CO2and therefore it cannot be the cause of the warming.”The thermodynamic effect of atmospheric mass on early Earth's temperatureNear‐surface temperature increases with atmospheric mass, and the meridional temperature gradient decreases Higher atmospheric heat capacity leads to decreased net radiative cooling Suppressed vert...The thermodynamic effect of atmospheric mass on early Earth's temperatureNear‐surface temperature increases with atmospheric mass, and the meridional temperature gradient decreases Higher atmospheric heat capacity leads to decreased net radiative cooling Suppressed vert...http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL071279/abstractThe Thermodynamic Effect of AtmosphericMass on Early Earth’s TemperatureObservations suggest that Earth’s early atmospheric mass differed from the present day. The effects of a different atmospheric mass on radiative forcing have been investigated in climate models of variable sophistication, but a mechanistic understanding of the thermodynamic component of the effect of atmospheric mass on early climate is missing. Using a 3D idealized global circulation model (GCM), we systematically examine the thermodynamic effect of atmospheric mass on near-surface temperature. We find that higher atmospheric mass tends to increase the near-surface temperature mostly due an increase in the heat capacity of the atmosphere, which decreases the net radiative cooling effect in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Additionally, the vertical advection of heat by eddies decreases with increasing atmospheric mass, resulting in further near-surface warming. As both net radiative cooling and vertical eddy heat fluxes are extratropical phenomena, higher atmospheric mass tends to flatten the meridional temperature gradient.An increase in atmospheric mass causes an increase in near-surface temperatures and a decrease of the equator-pole near-surface temperature gradient. Warming is caused mostly by the increase in atmospheric heat capacity, which decrease the net radiative cooling of the atmosphere.[No mention of CO2 as a factor in warming the Earth-Atmosphere system]Vagaries of Atlantic overturningA weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has emerged from noise after years of painstaking measurements. Three independent lines of evidence suggest that an anthropogenic influence on this overturning is not yet detectable.Vagaries of Atlantic overturningA weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has emerged from noise after years of painstaking measurements. Three independent lines of evidence suggest that an anthropogenic influence on this overturning is not yet detectable.http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v9/n7/full/ngeo2748.html“Notably, the three studies [Jackson et al., 2016; Böning et al., 2016; Robson et al., 2016] report an absence of anthropogenic effects on the AMOC, at least so far: the directly observed AMOC weakening since 2004 is not consistent with the hypothesis that anthropogenic aerosols have affected North Atlantic ocean temperatures. The midlatitude North Atlantic temperature changes since 2005 have greater magnitude and opposite sign (cooling) than those attributed to ocean uptake of anthropogenic heat. The anthropogenic melt from the Greenland ice sheet is still too small to be detected.. And despite large changes in the freshwater budget of the Arctic, some of which are anthropogenic, there is no clear change in the delivery of Arctic freshwater to the North Atlantic due to human climate forcing.”Modulation of ice ages via precession and dust-albedo feedbacksWe present here a simple and novel proposal for the modulation and rhythm of ice-ages and interglacials during the late Pleistocene. While the standar…Modulation of ice ages via precession and dust-albedo feedbacksWe present here a simple and novel proposal for the modulation and rhythm of ice-ages and interglacials during the late Pleistocene. While the standar…http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987116300305Conclusion: “[I]nterglacial warming is eccentricity and polar ice regrowth regulated, Great Summer forced, and dust-ice albedo amplified. And the greenhouse-gas attributes of CO2 play little or no part in this complex feedback system.”Correcting Problems With the Conventional Basic Calculation of Climate SensitivityThe conventional basic climate model applies “basic physics” to climate, estimating sensitivity to CO2. However, it has two serious architectural erro…Correcting Problems With the Conventional Basic Calculation of Climate SensitivityThe conventional basic climate model applies “basic physics” to climate, estimating sensitivity to CO2. However, it has two serious architectural erro…http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045886000203“The conventional basic climate model applies “basic physics” to climate, estimating sensitivity to CO2. However, it has two serious architectural errors. It only allows feedbacks in response to surface warming, so it omits the driver-specific feedbacks. It treats extra-absorbed sunlight, which heats the surface and increases outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), the same as extra CO2, which reduces OLR from carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere but does not increase the total OLR. The rerouting feedback is proposed. An increasing CO2 concentration warms the upper troposphere, heating the water vapor emissions layer and some cloud tops, which emit more OLR and descend to lower and warmer altitudes. This feedback resolves the nonobservation of the “hotspot.” An alternative model is developed, whose architecture fixes the errors. By summing the (surface) warmings due to climate drivers, rather than their forcings, it allows driver-specific forcings and allows a separate CO2 response (the conventional model applies the same response, the solar response, to all forcings). It also applies a radiation balance, estimating OLR from properties of the emission layers. Fitting the climate data to the alternative model, we find that the equilibrium climate sensitivity is most likely less than 0.5°C, increasing CO2 most likely caused less than 20% of the global warming from the 1970s, and the CO2 response is less than one-third as strong as the solar response. The conventional model overestimates the potency of CO2 because it applies the strong solar response instead of the weak CO2 response to the CO2 forcing.”http://climat-sceptiques.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1-s2.0-S0012825216300277-main.pdfAnthropogenic CO2Warming Challenged By 60-year CycleConclusion: “Dangerous anthropogenic warming is questioned (i) upon recognition of the large amplitude of the natural 60–year cyclic component and (ii) upon revision downwards of the transient climate response consistent with latest tendencies shown in Fig. 1, here found to be at most 0.6 °C once the natural component has been removed, consistent with latest infrared studies (Harde, 2014). Anthropogenic warming well below the potentially dangerous range were reported in older and recent studies (Idso, 1998; Miskolczi, 2007; Paltridge et al., 2009; Gerlich and Tscheuschner, 2009; Lindzen and Choi, 2009, 2011; Spencer and Braswell, 2010; Clark, 2010; Kramm and Dlugi, 2011; Lewis and Curry, 2014; Skeie et al., 2014; Lewis, 2015; Volokin and ReLlez, 2015). On inspection of a risk of anthropogenic warming thus toned down, a change of paradigm which highlights a benefit for mankind related to the increase of plant feeding and crops yields by enhanced CO2 photosynthesis is suggested.”Share this...

Modern society is more complex than it was for people living 500 years ago. Computers, modern media, traveling, paying bills, driving, complex office jobs—all of these require more cognitively demanding levels of abstraction. James Flynn studied the overall intelligence of different generations and found that people are better at abstraction than they used to be. No, their genes have not changed, but thinking to some degree is a skill, and the more you use it, the better it becomes (with limitations, of course). Better nutrition has led to increases in IQ, mostly because physical and brain growth can reach its full potential when it is properly nourished. Likewise, exposure to things like lead and toxic elements during pregnancy have been reduced through better environments.Having a higher IQ often means having a better understanding of cause and effect. You are more likely to take seriously and follow your doctor’s orders. You may even fill your prescriptions and get preventative care. You are less likely to engage in risky behaviors. And if you do, you are more likely to use safety precautions. This might mean wearing a helmet and proper attire while riding on a motorcycle. Often high IQ means you are more likely to use the court system to handle your disputes than self help. You are more likely to verbalize and correct disputes you have with others instead of engaging in violence.Having a higher IQ sometimes means having a job that isn’t so physically risky or hard on your body, unless you really enjoy this type of thing. The burden of journeying through life and meeting the expectations of what is required of you is easier when you have a higher IQ.There is threshold to this, however. Once you are more than two standard deviations of IQ (30+) points of someone, communication becomes more difficult. You can understand what others are saying, but they cannot understand you. As the movie Idiocracy said, “To regular people, he sounded pompous and faggy.” Beyond this may mean having more difficulties forming coalitions with regular people to get ahead in life, such as the workplace. You become an outcast if you are too much smarter than others.In the modern U.S., having an IQ of about 120–129 is a “sweet spot.” You are smart enough to become a professional like a doctor or engineer, but not so smart that others think you are “pompous and faggy.” You can still have meaningful conversations and others can understand you.IQ does relate to income, but only to a certain point. You have to be smart enough to master the requirements of your chosen profession. But if you are too smart you will figure out that the rat race and keeping up with the Jones’s is ridiculous and you won’t be interested in bothering.Alexander Finnegan's answer to Why do people in Japan have a higher IQ than the rest of the world and Africa the lowest?Alexander Finnegan's answer to Is it false to believe we live in a meritocracy?Hard work and intelligence will simply get you more success in some nations than others. For example, if you are born into a feudal society and you are born a serf than your ability to move up is limited compared to someone who is born to nobility. Nordic countries have higher social mobility based on hard work and effort than do the U.S.The myth of meritocracy: who really gets what they deserve?Most Americans still cling to the meritocratic notion that people are rewarded according to their efforts and abilities. But meritocracy is becoming a cruel joke.The Justice Department recently announced indictments of dozens of wealthy parents for using bribery and fraud to get their children into prestigious colleges.But the real scandal isn’t how far a few wealthy parents will go to get their kids admitted (apparently $1.2 million in illegal payoffs), but how commonplace it has become for them to go almost as far without breaking any laws – shelling out big bucks for essay tutors, testing tutors, admissions counselors, and “enrichment” courses (not to mention sky-high tuition at private schools feeding into the Ivy League).Inequality is lurking behind all this, and not just because the wealthy can afford it. Researchers Daniel Schneider, Orestes Hastings, and Joe LaBriola found that in states with the biggest gaps between rich and poor, well-to-do parents spend the most trying to get their children into elite colleges.America’s unprecedented concentration of wealth combined with seemingly bottomless poverty have increased parental anxiety – raising the stakes, and the competition, for admission.While some entrepreneurs in America’s billionaire class lack a prestigious degree, it’s become harder to become a run-of-the-mill multimillionaire in America without one.Most CEOs of big corporations, Wall Street mavens, and high-priced lawyers got where they are because they knew the right people. A prestigious college packed with the children of wealthy and well-connected parents is now the launching pad into the stratosphere of big money.Elite colleges are doing their parts to accelerate the trend.At a time when the courts have all but ended affirmative action for black children seeking college admission, high-end universities provide preferential admission to the children of wealthy alumni –“legacies,” as they’re delicately called.Some prestigious colleges have even been known to make quiet deals with wealthy non-alums – admission for their kids with the expectation of a large donation to follow.Jared Kushner’s father reportedly pledged $2.5 million to Harvard just as young Jared was applying. The young man gained admission, despite rather mediocre grades.About four in 10 students from the richest one-tenth of one percent of American families now attend an Ivy League or other elite university, according to a recent study based on millions of anonymous tax filings and tuition records.At some upscale campuses – including Dartmouth, Princeton, Yale, Penn, and Brown – more students now come from the top 1 percent than from the entire bottom 60 percent put together.By contrast, less than one-half of 1 percent of children from the bottom fifth of American families attend an elite college. Fewer than half attend any college at all.A worse scandal is K-12 education, where geographic segregation by income is leaving poor school districts – partly reliant on local property taxes, which don’t generate much revenue– with fewer resources per pupil than richer districts.Race is involved. School districts that are predominantly white get $23 billion more funding each year than districts serving mostly students of color.When it comes to early childhood education – which education experts agree is vital to the future life chances of the very young – the gap has become a chasm.Wealthy parents spare no expense stimulating infant and toddler brains with happy human interactions through words, music, poetry, games, and art. Too often, the offspring of poorer kids do little more than sit long hours in front of a television.The monstrous concentration of wealth in America has not only created an education system in which the rich can effectively buy college admission for their children. It has distorted much else.It has created a justice system in which the rich can buy their way out of prison. (Exhibit A: money manager Jeffrey Epstein, who sexually abused dozens of underage girls, yet served just thirteen months in a private wing of a Palm Beach county jail.)It has spawned a political system in which the rich can buy their way into Congress (Exhibit B: Reps. Darreill Issa and Greg Gianforte) and even into the presidency. (Donald Trump, perhaps Starbuck’s Howard Schultz).And a health care system in which the super-rich can buy care unavailable to others (concierge medicine).Meritocracy remains a deeply held ideal in America. But The nation is drifting ever-farther away from it. In the age of Trump, it seems, everything is for sale.Robert Reich: The Myth of MeritocracyWhat Happens When Poor Kids Are Taught Society Is FairFor Better or Worse? System‐Justifying Beliefs in Sixth‐Grade Predict Trajectories of Self‐Esteem and Behavior Across Early AdolescenceMarxist Critique of American MeritocracyThe illusion of America being a meritocracy serves an important social control function.If you believe that hard work is the key to success (even if it is not), you will be less likely to challenge the system. You will then blame your failure to succeed not on the failure of the system but on yourself for not working hard enough. In America poverty is individualized. “You are lazy,” “you are dumb,” “you could have done better” are the mantras to blame victims of poverty. Failure in America is individualized.Racial minorities face systemic issues which contribute to their difficulties. But if America is a meritocracy then they just failed to work hard enough.Women face a glass ceiling when it comes to leading Fortune 500 companies. Sexism is partly to blame. Promotion becomes dependent upon being part of the good ole’ boy club.People are made to believe that the Ivy League colleges are filled with geniuses that were valedictorians and volunteered, along with having fantastic SAT scores. But this is far from the reality. Legacy admissions (your parents went there), family donations to the school (Kushner Family, Donald Trump’s father), connections, and outright fraud (Felicity Huffman and Lori Laughlin) are more common than not.High socioeconomic status, regardless of IQ is what determines your likelihood of remaining in the same social class.https://c24215cec6c97b637db6-9c0...Reading ability and academic ability lead to higher social mobility in some countries than others. IQ is not the primary determinant of upward social mobility.Social democracies are mixed economies. They are part socialist and part capitalist. Education is affordable. Being born to a poor family will not keep you from getting a good education. Many don’t have meaningful student loan debt upon graduation. Healthcare is either free or affordable. There are no medical bankruptcies. Strong labor laws are promoted. Unions are protected, so workers can collectively bargain for salaries and benefits which pay good wages. Public services function well, such as transportation and social services. Daycare is subsidized. Housing is affordable. If a child wants to be a doctor and is born to lower income parents it is possible. By studying hard and sacrificing anyone can become a doctor. Medical school is affordable or free. Cost is not prohibitive. Hard work as a manual laborer actually pays off. You can live a good life.Over time more inequality has been associated with lower social mobility.Consider the U.S. presidents. George W. Bush has a master’s degree in business. He bragged about being a D+ student. In the business world he failed in everything he did. Yet despite this he was elected governor of Texas and became the President. His father also happened to be a President, too.The Kennedy political dynasties were similar. None of the members of the family were especially gifted or talented. Hillary Clinton’s political career has been unimpressive in terms of performance. She herself admits to not have a magical charisma like her husband. Her performance as Secretary of State was disastrous. She failed in her support for the Syrian jihadi rebels, causing a massive refugee crisis. She talked Obama into supporting the terrorists in Libya that overthrew Quaddafi. Libya is now a failed state with open air slave auctions. Had her family not been in politics there is little chance she would have held any elected position.In America Ivy League colleges are the gateways to high level positions in the government, industry and academia. A few generations ago admittance was primarily based on wealth and whether your family went there. Academic prowess was not important. Then the SAT was created. The idea was to produce a more meritocratic system. The overall academic abilities of the student body have improved significantly. However, legacy admissions are still considered important, as are family contributions to the school, diversity requirements, and others. Sadly, it was recently discovered that celebrities have been paying to game the system to admit their academically weak children. Lori Laughlin from Full House fame and Felicity Huffman were caught.Ivy League's meritocracy lie: How Harvard and Yale cook the books for the 1 percentThe Tyranny of the Meritocracy: Democratizing Higher Education in America: Lani Guinier: 9780807006276: Amazon.com: BooksThe Myth of American MeritocracyThe war over college admissions has become astonishingly fierce, with many middle- or upper-middle class families investing quantities of time and money that would have seemed unimaginable a generation or more ago, leading to an all-against-all arms race that immiserates the student and exhausts the parents. The absurd parental efforts of an Amy Chua, as recounted in her 2010 bestseller Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, were simply a much more extreme version of widespread behavior among her peer-group, which is why her story resonated so deeply among our educated elites. Over the last thirty years, America’s test-prep companies have grown from almost nothing into a $5 billion annual industry, allowing the affluent to provide an admissions edge to their less able children. Similarly, the enormous annual tuition of $35,000 charged by elite private schools such as Dalton or Exeter is less for a superior high school education than for the hope of a greatly increased chance to enter the Ivy League.[5] Many New York City parents even go to enormous efforts to enroll their children in the best possible pre-Kindergarten program, seeking early placement on the educational conveyer belt which eventually leads to Harvard.[6] Others cut corners in a more direct fashion, as revealed in the huge SAT cheating rings recently uncovered in affluent New York suburbs, in which students were paid thousands of dollars to take SAT exams for their wealthier but dimmer classmates.[7]But given such massive social and economic value now concentrated in a Harvard or Yale degree, the tiny handful of elite admissions gatekeepers enjoy enormous, almost unprecedented power to shape the leadership of our society by allocating their supply of thick envelopes. Even billionaires, media barons, and U.S. Senators may weigh their words and actions more carefully as their children approach college age. And if such power is used to select our future elites in a corrupt manner, perhaps the inevitable result is the selection of corrupt elites, with terrible consequences for America. Thus, the huge Harvard cheating scandal, and perhaps also the endless series of financial, business, and political scandals which have rocked our country over the last decade or more, even while our national economy has stagnated.Just a few years ago Pulitzer Prize-winning former Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Golden published The Price of Admission, a devastating account of the corrupt admissions practices at so many of our leading universities, in which every sort of non-academic or financial factor plays a role in privileging the privileged and thereby squeezing out those high-ability, hard-working students who lack any special hook. In one particularly egregious case, a wealthy New Jersey real estate developer, later sent to Federal prison on political corruption charges, paid Harvard $2.5 million to help ensure admission of his completely under-qualified son.[8] When we consider that Harvard’s existing endowment was then at $15 billion and earning almost $7 million each day in investment earnings, we see that a culture of financial corruption has developed an absurd illogic of its own, in which senior Harvard administrators sell their university’s honor for just a few hours worth of its regular annual income, the equivalent of a Harvard instructor raising a grade for a hundred dollars in cash.An admissions system based on non-academic factors often amounting to institutionalized venality would seem strange or even unthinkable among the top universities of most other advanced nations in Europe or Asia, though such practices are widespread in much of the corrupt Third World. The notion of a wealthy family buying their son his entrance into the Grandes Ecoles of France or the top Japanese universities would be an absurdity, and the academic rectitude of Europe’s Nordic or Germanic nations is even more severe, with those far more egalitarian societies anyway tending to deemphasize university rankings.Or consider the case of China. There, legions of angry microbloggers endlessly denounce the official corruption and abuse which permeate so much of the economic system. But we almost never hear accusations of favoritism in university admissions, and this impression of strict meritocracy determined by the results of the national Gaokao college entrance examination has been confirmed to me by individuals familiar with that country. Since all the world’s written exams may ultimately derive from China’s old imperial examination system, which was kept remarkably clean for 1300 years, such practices are hardly surprising.[9]Attending a prestigious college is regarded by ordinary Chinese as their children’s greatest hope of rapid upward mobility and is therefore often a focus of enormous family effort; China’s ruling elites may rightly fear that a policy of admitting their own dim and lazy heirs to leading schools ahead of the higher-scoring children of the masses might ignite a widespread popular uprising. This perhaps explains why so many sons and daughters of top Chinese leaders attend college in the West: enrolling them at a third-rate Chinese university would be a tremendous humiliation, while our own corrupt admissions practices get them an easy spot at Harvard or Stanford, sitting side by side with the children of Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and George W. Bush.Although the evidence of college admissions corruption presented in Golden’s book is quite telling, the focus is almost entirely on current practices, and largely anecdotal rather than statistical. For a broader historical perspective, we should consider The Chosen by Berkeley sociologist Jerome Karabel, an exhaustive and award-winning 2005 narrative history of the last century of admissions policy at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (I will henceforth sometimes abbreviate these “top three” most elite schools as “HYP”).Karabel’s massive documentation—over 700 pages and 3000 endnotes—establishes the remarkable fact that America’s uniquely complex and subjective system of academic admissions actually arose as a means of covert ethnic tribal warfare. During the 1920s, the established Northeastern Anglo-Saxon elites who then dominated the Ivy League wished to sharply curtail the rapidly growing numbers of Jewish students, but their initial attempts to impose simple numerical quotas provoked enormous controversy and faculty opposition.[10] Therefore, the approach subsequently taken by Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell and his peers was to transform the admissions process from a simple objective test of academic merit into a complex and holistic consideration of all aspects of each individual applicant; the resulting opacity permitted the admission or rejection of any given applicant, allowing the ethnicity of the student body to be shaped as desired. As a consequence, university leaders could honestly deny the existence of any racial or religious quotas, while still managing to reduce Jewish enrollment to a much lower level, and thereafter hold it almost constant during the decades which followed.[11] For example, the Jewish portion of Harvard’s entering class dropped from nearly 30 percent in 1925 to 15 percent the following year and remained roughly static until the period of the Second World War.[12]As Karabel repeatedly demonstrates, the major changes in admissions policy which later followed were usually determined by factors of raw political power and the balance of contending forces rather than any idealistic considerations. For example, in the aftermath of World War II, Jewish organizations and their allies mobilized their political and media resources to pressure the universities into increasing their ethnic enrollment by modifying the weight assigned to various academic and non-academic factors, raising the importance of the former over the latter. Then a decade or two later, this exact process was repeated in the opposite direction, as the early 1960s saw black activists and their liberal political allies pressure universities to bring their racial minority enrollments into closer alignment with America’s national population by partially shifting away from their recently enshrined focus on purely academic considerations. Indeed, Karabel notes that the most sudden and extreme increase in minority enrollment took place at Yale in the years 1968–69, and was largely due to fears of race riots in heavily black New Haven, which surrounded the campus.[13]Philosophical consistency appears notably absent in many of the prominent figures involved in these admissions battles, with both liberals and conservatives sometimes favoring academic merit and sometimes non-academic factors, whichever would produce the particular ethnic student mix they desired for personal or ideological reasons. Different political blocs waged long battles for control of particular universities, and sudden large shifts in admissions rates occurred as these groups gained or lost influence within the university apparatus: Yale replaced its admissions staff in 1965 and the following year Jewish numbers nearly doubled.[14]At times, external judicial or political forces would be summoned to override university admissions policy, often succeeding in this aim. Karabel’s own ideological leanings are hardly invisible, as he hails efforts by state legislatures to force Ivy League schools to lift their de facto Jewish quotas, but seems to regard later legislative attacks on “affirmative action” as unreasonable assaults on academic freedom.[15] The massively footnoted text of The Chosen might lead one to paraphrase Clausewitz and conclude that our elite college admissions policy often consists of ethnic warfare waged by other means, or even that it could be summarized as a simple Leninesque question of “Who, Whom?”Although nearly all of Karabel’s study is focused on the earlier history of admissions policy at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, with the developments of the last three decades being covered in just a few dozen pages, he finds complete continuity down to the present day, with the notorious opacity of the admissions process still allowing most private universities to admit whomever they want for whatever reasons they want, even if the reasons and the admissions decisions may eventually change over the years. Despite these plain facts, Harvard and the other top Ivy League schools today publicly deny any hint of discrimination along racial or ethnic lines, except insofar as they acknowledge providing an admissions boost to under-represented racial minorities, such as blacks or Hispanics. But given the enormous control these institutions exert on our larger society, we should test these claims against the evidence of the actual enrollment statistics. Id.Questioning the claim of meritocracyThis raises the question of qualifications, which is supposedly the point of universities in the first place. As educational institutions, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton are not even slightly better than dozens of strong state universities (especially in California) and other private schools. Indeed, as Duncan Black points out, in some ways they are worse because in state schools students routinely flunk out for failing to perform — which is quite difficult in the Ivies, where grade inflation has been off the chain for decades.What an Ivy League degree gives you is entrée into the American aristocracy. It is not guaranteed — accounting for a lot of the furious jostling for position that Douthat describes — but the networks are there, ready and waiting for those with enough skill at getting good grades, networking, brown-nosing, and backstabbing. That is why every single sitting Supreme Court justice went to either Harvard or Yale. It has nothing whatsoever to do with the quality of the education.Indeed, "quality of education" is in some ways a canard. Obviously we want capable, intelligent people in positions of high influence. But just as important (and probably rarer) are decency, honesty, humility, integrity, and all the other virtues. In a country of 325 million people it is flatly impossible that the nine people on the Supreme Court will be the absolute "best" lawyers in the land, if such a thing could even be defined.We should want people who do land on the court to recognize their inescapable colossal good fortune, and take it into account when making decisions. What we actually have is an aristocratic conspiracy of privilege masquerading as a talent search — with the side effect of producing elites who have invested vast effort into apple-polishing and networking.There are two main ways this conspiracy perpetuates itself. First is Ivy Leaguers who got their jobs thanks to connections handing jobs to Ivy Leaguers coming up behind them — disguised somewhat behind a meritocratic veneer and including a few high-achieving children of working-class parents, like Justice Sonia Sotomayor. Second is the ridiculously inflated reputation of an Ivy League education, maintained through the inarguable success of the patronage networks, the schools using their vast resources to game college rankings, and the arrogance of the graduates. This applies especially within the Ivy League itself, where Princeton is regularly denigrated, even by Douthat. (You can't have winners without losers.)The Ivy League is the problemMost Americans still cling to the meritocratic notion that people are rewarded according to their efforts and abilities. But meritocracy is becoming a cruel joke.Last Tuesday, the Justice Department announced indictments of dozens of wealthy parents for using bribery and fraud to get their children into prestigious colleges.But the real scandal isn’t how far a few wealthy parents will go to get their kids admitted (apparently $1.2 million in illegal payoffs), but how commonplace it has become for them to go almost as far without breaking any laws – shelling out big bucks for essay tutors, testing tutors, admissions counselors, and “enrichment” courses (not to mention sky-high tuition at private schools feeding into the Ivy League).Inequality is lurking behind all this, and not just because the wealthy can afford it. Researchers Daniel Schneider, Orestes Hastings, and Joe LaBriola found that in states with the biggest gaps between rich and poor, well-to-do parents spend the most trying to get their children into elite colleges.The meritocratic notion that people are rewarded according to their abilities has become a cruel joke | OpinionWhat is IQ, anyway?IQ tests measure abilities which are quantifiable. What is able to be tested and real life intelligence are not always the same thing. The human mind is more complex than a simple test can measure. But there are some correlations between testing well on an IQ test and one’s first semester grades in college. The tests are not predictive past the first semester.That which is testable is influenced by cultural factors. Even language is tied to cognitive framing and different thinking styles. These styles influence how IQ tests are answered. For example, Inuit have several different words for “ice.” Imagine if an American that was a native English speaker took an IQ test with a question on it about a special form of ice. The English speaker would have no knowledge of it. Does this make the English speaker less intelligent? Even if the English speaker learned Intuit he would be at a disadvantage taking a test in Inuit covering Intuit usage.The IQ testers decided to check to see how intelligent different European immigrants were after coming to America. Guess what—the Italians and Poles were considered less intelligent than those from England. Native Americans were tested at English speaking only schools and did not do as well—they were accused of being less intelligent as well.Intelligence is between 50–70% genetic. It tends to be a combination of several genes and not one or two that leads to intelligence. Some have argued that intelligent brains are more efficient while processing information. Using fMRI scans, people of varying intelligence were measured while engaged in a cognitively demanding task. Those who performed the best also seems to use the least amount of mental energy to do so. Interestingly, when people are learning a new task their brains show more activity and use more energy. But after repeating a task the brain wires up and becomes more efficient, using less brain space and less energy to do the task.Height is genetically influenced. Within a population there will be a bell curve with most people average in height and shorter at the far left and taller at the far right tail of the curve. Some populations of people—such as those from Denmark are on average taller than those from Japan, for example. But if you picked one person from Denmark and one person from Japan randomly you may find the Japanese person be taller than the person from Denmark.Complicating the matter is nutrition and environment. In populations with better nutrition and less serious illnesses people grow taller. Their genes have not changed, but, like fertilizer, crops and people grow under more beneficial environmental conditions.Korea is an interesting example of a genetically similar population split by war and thus changing the environment. Sanctions on North Korea by the U.S. have led to famines and undernourishment as part of the U.S. led sanctions.IQ has a similar patterns as height. Nutrition helps lift IQ. Avoiding pollutants like lead has increased IQ, as has reducing birth defects by avoid drugs during pregnancy, etc.The best way to understand the genetic influence of IQ is to study identical twins reared apart. And the results are astonishing.So about 50-72% of IQ may be related to genes. May is the operating factor when you consider that identical twins reared apart may have more similar homes than you might imagine. Most adopted children are raised in middle or upper middle class homes. Many who adopt really want children and have the means to care for children and provide them a good home environment. It would be interesting to see the results of identical twins reared apart coming from very different socioeconomic backgrounds.Studies of the bell curves of various populations have been done. But all of these are going to be subject to the problems we discussed earlier. The other factor is that not all demographic groups have similar environments.Another complicating factor has been the Flynn Effect.The Flynn EffectJames Flynn has hypothesized that the environment of people through time has become more cognitively demanding. Prior to 1900 many people lived in small villages and did farming. They went to school when it was out of farming season. Abstract analysis of philosophical and cultural matters was not demanded of them. Most of the things you needed to learn you could master before the age of 25. Change was slow. Then came the urbanization of many to work in factories. More technology was invented, such as radios, computers, etc. Living in a city is a higher mentally demanding task. Then a few years later people are required to use computers to do their jobs, analyze data, etc. Thinking is a skill. As these skills are developed at younger ages people would test better.A way to test this is to watch some of the old movies your great grandparents liked. The humor is more slapstick, and the themes are usually more simple. The narratives are less nuanced and complex. “How could somebody think this was great?” you might ask yourself. They did. Even propaganda has become more complex as people are more sophisticated.Consider this anti-Russian propaganda that people took seriously.After first seeing this I thought only idiots would be convinced by it. But this was considered normal propaganda.Or consider anti-marijuana propaganda. The movie Reefer Madness led people to believe that smoking marijuana would turn you into a crazed murderer.Flynn extends this to moral issues as well.His father had made a racist statement about blacks.“How would you feel if someone said that about you if you were black?” Flynn said to his father.“But I’m not black” his father responded.“But what if you were?”This line of questioning was considered unthinkable to his father’s generation. His father could not relate to racial discrimination. His father was Irish and hated the British. He also faced anti-Irish immigrant discrimination.“How would you feel if there were a sign that said “’No Irish served here’ at a restaurant?”“That would be terrible,” his father replied.“That is how black people in the South feel under Segregation at restaurants.”“But I’m Irish, not black. That is a silly question,” said his father.“How is that different from a black person being denied service by whites?”Modern children are raised differently than their ancestors.IQ scores are increasing faster in nations which are becoming more developed.Eyferth study - Wikipedia“The children studied had been raised by their unmarried German mothers. Most of the fathers, white or black, had been members of the US occupation forces stationed in Germany. At the time of the study, the children were aged between 5 and 13 (mean age: 10). The mothers of the children were approximately matched for socio-economic status; they were mostly of low SES. There were about 98 mixed race (black-white), and about 83 white children in the sample. The total sample consisted of about 5 percent of the German children known to have been fathered by black soldiers between 1945 and 1953, in addition to a matched sample of 83 German children whose fathers were white soldiers. Of the fathers of the mixed-race children, about 80 percent were French Africans and the remaining approximately 20 percent were African Americans. For assessing IQ, a German version of the WISC intelligence test (Hamburg Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, HAWIK) was used.” Id.ResultsThe white children studied averaged an IQ of 97.2, whereas the average of the racially mixed children was 96.5. Id.But despite this there remain group differences in IQ based on race. Flynn explains that studies have been done to show how the average white family has a more verbally rich environment than the average black family. White parents speak to (and with) their children more. And it has been shown that speaking with your child tends to increase your child’s IQ. Some of this is related to socioeconomic status. Multiple generations of poverty have reduced the overall education, number of words spoken, and levels of demanded complexity of information.But why has welfare not helped? Because welfare in America never kept you from being poor. It just kept you from homelessness and starvation. But this is far from the ideal for human beings to thrive. Poverty in the inner city is not an intellectually enriching experience. For this reason Flynn looked at the results of welfare in the Nordic countries and compared them to the U.S. In the Nordic countries they are far more humane and lift people up to more of a middle class standard. This lifts the entire socioeconomic environment up. The problems of poverty like addiction, violence, gangs, and child abuse drop considerably. Flynn argues that the answer to disparities in IQ differences is not caused by poverty because of the existence of welfare. It is caused by a lack of well funded welfare programs. Clinton’s disastrous “welfare to work” requirements destroyed the welfare state and millions of children are raised by daycare centers and people other than their parents. Poverty also causes a person’s IQ to drop due to constant stressors to the brain.It's Poverty, Stupid!Direct effects“At its most basic, poverty can be defined as a lack of necessary material resources, which can directly affect poor children's overall development and, specifically, their development in reading. For example, children in poverty are likely to have fewer books and less access to the Internet, and we know that availability of reading materials in the home is directly connected to reading development. Poor children also tend to own fewer toys and have fewer experiences with novel or stimulating environments, all of which can adversely impact their oral language and general knowledge, which in turn will hinder their reading development.But most children in poverty face more fundamental problems than simple lack of books and experiences. Children in poverty frequently experience food-insecurity, and in this country, many also go without basic health and dental care, putting them at serious risk for both current illness and longer-term health issues. Poor health, painful teeth, and lack of nutritious food impact children's physical and cognitive development, and they also make it harder to learn to read.Family-mediated effectsPoverty also affects children indirectly, through its adverse effects on their families. Families that cannot afford even inadequate housing move frequently and may suffer periods of homelessness, causing some poor children to routinely change schools two or three times within a single year. Working adults in poor families are more likely to hold low-wage, service jobs, with no benefits, no paid sick or family leave, and unpredictable hours, which means that routine health or dental care is often out of reach, quality child care is rarely available and difficult to arrange and pay for, and one car break-down, late bus, or sick child can cause tardiness or absence for both children and working parents.According to medical researchers Wadsworth & Rienks (2012), living in that kind of stress results in "constant wear and tear on the body, dysregulating and damaging the body's stress response system, and reducing cognitive and psychological resources for battling adversity and stress" (p. 1). Such stress, along with unhealthy housing conditions, can lead to chronic health problems like asthma, which is 66 percent more common in children living below the poverty level. Higher levels of stress can also impact family relationships. Hart and Risley's classic 1995 study found that parents living in poverty even communicated with their children more negatively, averaging “five affirmatives [to] 11 prohibitions per hour” (p. 117).Poverty also seems to be specifically related to the amount and types of reading done in families. In part due to lack of time and resources, parents in high-poverty homes are less likely to model literate behaviors like reading for pleasure, and also less likely to read aloud to their young children, who thus miss a vital foundation for school learning.Community-mediated effectsRather than helping to make up for the disadvantages they face, the characteristics of the communities in which many poor children live are more likely to pose additional barriers. Neighborhoods in which poor families are increasingly concentrated in this country have higher than average rates of violent and property crime as well as more open enticements to harmful behaviors such as drug or alcohol use. Because poor people have less political influence, such neighborhoods also often lack adequate civic services, from police and fire protection to trash collection. They are more likely to experience dangerous levels of traffic, outdoor air and water pollution from nearby industry and agriculture, and indoor pollution from mold, insects, and lead paint. Again, these factors all negatively impact children's emotional, physical, and cognitive health, and thus their ability to learn to read.Susan Neuman and her colleagues at New York University have found that poorer neighborhoods also have significantly fewer reading-related resources of all kinds, from bookstores and public libraries to the very signs in the stores, and of course, the deep disparities between schools in poor and well-off neighborhoods are well-known and long-standing.Societally-mediated effectsInterwoven and often causal in all the above-discussed issues is the way our country continues to treat people in poverty, including children. New voter-identification laws, recent restriction of advance voting and voting hours, and inadequate polling places in poor neighborhoods combine to discourage poor people from using their votes to improve their lot. The increasing influence on our political process of massive political spending also works to silence their voices. The zoning of dangerous traffic and polluting industries into poor neighborhoods, unequal school funding, deliberate concentration of poverty housing coupled with restrictive housing codes in more affluent neighborhoods, lax enforcement of housing codes and unconcern for civic services in poor neighborhoods are all common because most people in poverty lack the political power to effectively oppose them. At the same time, families in poverty are often blamed for not surmounting these societally-erected barriers, while teachers and schools lower their expectations for poor children because their parents are perceived as "not caring." Id.'Back-and-forth' conversations with young kids may aid brain...“We found that the most relevant component of children’s language exposure is not the sheer number of words they hear, but the amount of back-and-forth adult-child conversation they experience,” said lead study author Rachel Romeo of Boston Children’s Hospital and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.“These ‘conversational turns’ are strongly related to the physical strength of white-matter connections between the two key language regions in the left hemisphere of the brain,” Romeo said by email. “Most importantly, this relationship between conversational turns and brain structure held independent of family socioeconomic status, indicating the importance of turns across all sociodemographic backgrounds.”Much of the advice parents get on the importance of talking to young kids dates to a landmark study in the early 1990s that found by the time children enter elementary school, kids from low-income families have typically been exposed to 30 million fewer words than kids from more affluent households. Since then, researchers and educators have been examining how increased language exposure in early childhood might help close income-based achievement gaps in school-age children.For the current study, researchers examined data from recordings of all conversations between 40 children and their parents over two consecutive weekend days. Children ranged in age from 4 to 6 years old, and their parents came from diverse income and education levels.From the recordings, researchers calculated how many words children heard adults speak and how many words the kids spoke. They also looked for conversational turns by measuring how many exchanges occurred with no more than five seconds passing between something said by the child and a response from the adult.Then, researchers looked at brain scans of the children and found greater conversational turn-taking associated with stronger connections between two brain regions, known as Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area, that are central to the comprehension and production of speech.Families’ socioeconomic backgrounds did not appear to influence the results, researchers report in The Journal of Neuroscience.Beyond its small size, another limitation of the study is that many parents of girls failed to complete the home recordings, leaving 27 boys and only 13 girls in the analysis. It’s also possible that parents’ conversations with their kids on recording days differed from what they might sound like at other times.Even so, the results add to a large and growing body of evidence suggesting that efforts to increase conversations in low-income households might help reduce the chance that these children will underperform relative to more affluent kids in school, the authors conclude.“Previous studies have demonstrated that the quality of early language interactions have a significant impact on later language and cognitive skills,” said Natalie Brito a developmental psychologist at New York University in New York City who wasn’t involved in the study.“But this is the first study to find associations connecting home language exposure, brain structure, and language skills,” Brito said by email.While children in the current study did have better scores on tests of verbal skills when parents had higher income and education levels, conversation turns still independently influenced these scores, noted Dr. Caroline Kistin, a pediatrics researcher at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center.In the current study, higher parental income and education levels were associated with higher verbal scores. But when the authors statistically controlled for those factors in their analysis, conversational turns were still associated with higher verbal scores, indicating that the differences were not due solely to socioeconomic status.“Back-and-forth adult-child conversation likely improves language development for all children,” Kistin, who wasn’t involved in the study, said by email. “Organizations that work with young children should recognize the importance of the caregiver-child bond and support families in caring for their children and forming supportive relationships that have been shown to positively influence child development.” Id.SOURCE: bit.ly/2OA9DDf The Journal of Neuroscience, online August 13, 2018.Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are proof that poverty in the US doesn't have to be this highJames Flynn discusses the Flynn Effect, economics, and IQ.Ted Talk about how are lives are more cognitively demanding than those of our grandparents.An Important ConsiderationAsking why one group tests better than others is not really a useful question. The reason is because as a society we treat people as individuals, not demographics. And this makes sense because if I were to randomly select one black person and one Japanese person to teach a class in physics I could pull out Neil DeGrasse Tyson and some random Japanese person. Tyson has a PhD. The random Japanese person in this case is a high school graduate but he has always struggled with science and math. Which one should I choose?Studies have also shown that affirmative action in law school and medical school has not led to a decrease in performance by those professionals. Lower entrance exam scores only correlate to first semester grade performance.Research comparing demographics and IQ also do a disservice to people because they increase stereotypes which harms actual individual people. Imagine if you happened to be black and you scored well on your LSAT. You entered law school and graduate having graded onto law review.“So did you get in on affirmative action?” a person says to you.It would hurt to hear that, greatly.ConclusionIQ is influenced by nature and nurture. The exact percentage of each contribution has not been proven. It has been estimated at 50–70% genetic.Different racial populations score differently in America. However, there is evidence from the Evferth Study that given a good environment blacks and whites have IQ’s which are similar.The IQ test has to be renormalized back to 100 as average, as subsequent generations seem to be doing better on the tests. This may be because the increased complexity of modern society is more cognitively demanding than in the past.Asking which demographic scores better is not a good question. The reason is because human beings are individuals, not demographics. You have to look at each person individually. Within any given sample you may find a genius black person and a less intelligent Japanese person. The other problem is that studying the group differences has no practical purpose and increases stereotypes that hurt real individuals.It is highly likely that the difference in IQ scores among American populations are due to poverty and the implications of poverty on the developing brain. Therefore, programs that lift people out of poverty will also have the effect of decreasing group to group IQ differences.IQ scores are increasing faster in developing countries.

An anecdotal answer by me:-(Thank you for Ask to Answer)The United Kingdom has a compulsory education for 14-16 years, while Pakistan has not any compulsory years of education at any level.Pakistani educational system has a lack of trained teachers, handful teaching and physical resources as compared to UK educational institutions.CGU’s online Master of Science in Evaluation & Applied Research—designed with the acclaimed Claremont Evaluation Center (CEC)—helps you build your evaluation and research expertise, and empowers you to make a meaningful impact. You’ll work to craft a wide range of international development, education, health, well-being, and positive psychology initiatives. ¾ Curriculum development ¾ Parent conferences ¾ Involvement at the annual review-an annual meeting held by the IEP Committee to discuss the progress of each child with a disability and to plan the next year’s Individual Education Plan ¾ Involvement in the triennial evaluation process-an evaluation … Comparisons between Pakistan and the UK, and this is the core objective of this study. The comparison is delimited to six key dimensions i.E. Responsibility of education, educational structure, curriculum, assessment and evaluation, inspection, supervision and management, and teacher education and training. Research Questions 1. The Early Education Curriculum is a pedagogical tool for people working in early education in the European Schools. As parents are the prime educators of their children, good partnership between parents and the school is essential. The curriculum will helpto foster this cooperation. Education is one of the most important matters for the contemporary age. It studies the process of teaching and of the education as a system. A Masters in Education delves deep to explore all aspects of education.Like any developed study or science, Masters in Education programs keep up with the modern knowledge and apply every new bit of it to make the art of teaching better and more effective.This curriculum is intended for use with children ages 0-5. It is tailored to the needs of ECD service providers, especially congregations, and includes ... Closure: Session and Training Evaluation 5 hours & 15 Minutes Day 1 Session 2. Understanding Young Children Closure: Session and Training Evaluation 3 Hours & 30 Minutes Country comparison. Select one or several countries in the menu below to see the values for the 6 dimensions. Go further, discover our cultural survey tool, the Culture Compass™ or join our open programme Introduction to Cross-Cultural Management. Agencies established to promote and support curriculum development in the United Kingdom. Secondly, we will explore some of the problems of dissemi-nating curriculum innovations, by looking at some of the models of dissemination which have been either postulated or …Compare and Contrast Countries. Create graphs, maps and charts. Select countries and data to compare.Because of student mobility, Texas has adopted curriculum standards that are to be used in all the state's public schools. The current standards, which outline what students are to learn in each course or grade, are called Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). The standards are adopted by the State Board ofNetherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. A detailed description of the review’s objectives, analytical framework, and methodology is provided in OECD (1998). While the organisation of national reviews is the primary aim of the project, another important goal For more than a decade, Singapore, along with South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Finland, has been at or near the top of international leagues tables that measure children’s ... UNICEF is committed to doing all it can to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in partnership with governments, civil society, business, academia and the United Nations family – and especially children and young people.Curriculum model is a broad term referring to the guide used to write curriculum guides, or the documents used in education to determine specific aspects of teaching, such as subject, time frame ... India dismissed as a “continuation of a farce” Pakistan’s declare on Wednesday that Indian nationwide Kulbhushan Jadhav has refused to file a evaluation petition towards his demise sentence and solely needs to observe up on his mercy petition. India mentioned the declare, yet one more occasion of concocted narratives, was meant to masks Pakistan’s reticence … Include Davis' Process Model (1981), Stake's Countenance Model (1967) and. Eisner's Connoisseurship Model (1979). CURRICULUM EVALUATION MODELS . Davis', Process . Model This model provides a simple overviCW' of the processes involved in" curriculum ev.Uuation. It . Is . Suitable for 'Use by either individual teacliers or teams of teachers. Monitoring and Evaluation for AD Projects Tools and Methods for Field Test: Data collection Monitoring and Evaluation and data analysis Group Presentation, Report Write up And Communicating Results FIGURE 1. The Design and Process of the Training Workshop on Monitoring and Evaluation for Alternative Development (AD) Projects.Box 4.4 Chile: Th e Enlaces Evaluation System 51 Box 5.1 India: Focus on ICT and the poor in the Bridges to the Future Initiative 57 Box 5.2 Several strategies have proven eff ective in encouraging the continued participation of girls and women in education in general 59 Box 5.3 United Kingdom: Assistive technologies in education 60 Since then, STEM-focused curriculum has been extended to many countries beyond the United States, with programs developed in places such as Australia, China, France, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Development of STEM in the United States. In the early 2000s in the United States, the disciplines of science, technology, engineering ... Curriculum, child assessment, and program evaluation. Next, the document outlines the position statement’s background and intended effects. It describes the major trends, new understandings, and contemporary issues that have influenced the position statement’s recom-mendations. With this background, the document then Please select a country in the dropdown menu below to see the values for the 6 dimensions. After a first country has been selected, a second and even a third country can be chosen to be able to see a comparison of their scores. Go further, discover the Culture Compass™ or join our open programme Introduction to Cross-Cultural Management. The OECD reports that the United Kingdom overall has above average levels of pupil attainment in science and reading, and average levels in maths. However, within this, there are wide varieties in school structure and quality, and the legislation around schooling is slightly different across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. United Kingdom GPA calculator Grading Scales: Most Common. Scale Grade Description Division US Grade 70.00 - First Class Honours A 65.00 - 69.99 Second Class Honours Upper Division A- 60.00 - … Implementing a bicultural curriculum. The principles and practice of biculturalism are foregrounded in Aotearoa/New Zealand's founding document, Te Tiriti o Waitangi. 12 Te Whāriki "is the first bicultural curriculum statement developed in New Zealand.” 13 In early childhood education settings all children should be given the opportunity to develop knowledge and an understanding of the ... 3. Curriculum as process. 4. Curriculum as praxis. It is helpful to consider these ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice in the light of Aristotle’s influential categorization of knowledge into three disciplines: the theoretical, the productive and the practical. Education Equivalency. In order to establish the equivalency of foreign credentials, please contact either of these two organizations: In Canada: Delivering Psycho-educational Evaluation Results to Parents presents a concrete and adaptable Feedback Model that efficiently communicates complex evaluation results to parents in an easily understandable manner. The book discusses a model rooted … Respective education departments. Curriculum development is an ideologically driven process often leading to heated political debates in the country (Nayyar & Salim, 2003). For example, in the recent past the process of curriculum development and curriculum reform has received much attention in the print and electronic media. Evaluation has been defined as “judging the worth or merit of something or the product of the process” (Scriven, 1991, p. 139). Guskey (2000) updated this definition stating that evaluation is a systematic process used to determine the merit or worth of a specific program, curriculum, or strategy in a specific context. The author describes ... UK NARIC is the designated United Kingdom national agency for the recognition and comparison of international qualifications and skills. It performs this official function on behalf of the UK Government. For individuals – do you want to study, work, or settle in the UK? We can help you. Process of designing, managing and evaluating a development project, including consideration of issues such as ethics, staffing, project risks and impacts, monitoring and evaluation. Uniting Pakistani Youth for Development (UPYD) is a project located in rural Lodhran, Punjab province, Pakistan. Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all legislation, policies and programmes. This leads to equal benefits for women and men, and ends the perpetuation of existing inequality (Adapted from the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), 2002). Parents have a lot more options to choose from in terms of middle school course curriculum when evaluating online middle school courses as an alternative. They can also help children get away from negative and damaging situations in certain cases where the situation can be detrimental to their learning process.Meanwhile, Pakistan spends at least 3.5% of its GDP on defense – accounting for roughly 20% of government spending. It spends liberally on “nice-to-have”s, like the metrobus projects — the recently completed one in Islamabad cost Rs. 45 billion; as a comparison, the Punjab government allocated Rs. 48.31 billion in to education (a notable increase from Rs. 23.31 billion in ). There are several grade conversion systems that exist which can provide a good approximation to the German grading scale. One such system used by most universities is the modified bavarian http://formula.As per the study conducted by WES, the average grade in Germany is approximately around 3.0 and below WES table converts a 3.0 to a B equivalent in the US. 01. Review of the National Curriculum Framework following the Consultation Process A Sustained Process of National Consultation Position of the Working Group after Analysis of the Feedback Received .1 A Framework for the National Curriculum .2 The Principles and Aims of the New National Curriculum Framework 5 Evaluation of the process of curriculum development plays a vital role in channelizing and keeping the direction of young generation on the desired way for the achievement of national objectives and keeping the system update respect to changing scenario of time. Pakistan itself was split into two parts in the east (East Bengal, which became Bangladesh in 1971) and in the west (western Punjab). This event was to result in the biggest mass migration in history. Over 18 million people migrated to join their particular religious majority. At least a million people died in communal violence in the process.School personnel, student attendance, and curriculum. States also determine the number of years of compulsory education: in most states, education is compulsory from five or six to sixteen; but in some states teens have to stay on in school until age 18. So, every state has great control over what is taught in its schools and over the requirements UK Degree Online. With online programs growing in popularity, this means the availability of top-notch online programs is also on the rise. If you want to obtain a UK accredited degree without having to relocate to the United Kingdom, choosing to study online is a good option for you.Project and Program Evaluation is on the Rise The growth rate of program evaluation jobs reflects the relatively new status quo of transparency and accountability in spending that’s taken hold in government, nonprofit, and commercial organizations across the globe. In the D.C. Area, social science positions will see a 29 percent growth rate from . Nationwide, that number is still ...Complete and submit your application online and we will assist you through the pre-departure process. Send all application materials to: ISA Degree Programs N. Pecos Street, Suite 320 Westminster, CO . ... Has led to the School being rated the best in the United Kingdom for the quality of its BA(Hons) in Primary Teaching. Executive summary 1 Executive summary Focus of the review This rigorous literature review, commissioned by the Department for International Development (DfID), UK, focused on pedagogy, curriculum, teaching practices and teacher The HERS (Home Energy Rating System) Index allows buyers to compare the relative energy efficiency of different homes. The HERS Index home energy rating is determined by an independent RESNET-certified home energy rater ("Rater"). The lower a home's score, the more energy efficient it is in comparison to the HERS referenced home. Title: Curriculum Development Process in Pakistan 1 (No Transcript) 2 Curriculum Development Process in Pakistan 3 Introduction. Education plays a vital role in nation building. Federal Ministry of Education is responsible for the national cohesion, integration and preservation of the ideological foundation of the states. 4 Responsibilities MANAGEMENT OF CURRICULUM CHANGE: A CASE OF UNITED KINGDOM AND PAKISTAN By Dr. Muhammad Memon INTRODUCTION The history of curriculum change seems as long as that Of compulso- ry schooling, however, emphasis was given on 'prescriptive' and 'cen- tralized' model of curriculum change underlying the "top-down" approach by which changes are proposed by On January 13, 2020, The Independent Evaluation Group and the Independent Evaluation Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) marking the first step towards establishing a global partnership to support evaluation capacity development. Read more about the MoU. ECE is open for business! We understand that many plans are uncertain at this time. ECE® evaluation reports are valid for five years. If you are in the process of applying for an evaluation and considering delaying your plans, this is one step that you can complete, and the report will be ready and waiting for you when your plans become clear. Patient as teacher sessions contextualize learning, enhancing knowledge, communication, and participation of pharmacy students in the United Kingdom Andrew Martin Lunn, Ann Urmston, Steven Seymour, Andrea Manfrin J Educ Eval Health Prof. . Research article. May 20, 2020 4. Curriculum experts, Bureau of Curriculum, Jamshoro, Sindh 06 5. Curriculum experts, Bureau of Curriculum Development, Quetta, Balochistan. 05 Research Instruments Questionnaire was developed on the basis of related literature. Main feature of the curriculum process in the shape of objectives, content, methodology and evaluation Australian Curriculum primary school teaching resources for ACSIS041. Compare observations with those of othersOf the evaluation process. To that end, it begins by proposing a broad definition of the term . Curriculum evaluation. It then describes several evaluation models. It concludes by propos - ing a comprehensive and eclectic process that can be used to evaluate a field of study, which is perhaps the most difficult curricular element that ... Voting systems, or electoral systems, are the method by which we elect representatives. A voting system determines the rules on how we elect parties and candidates. The House of Commons, Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland … Teacher education in Pakistan is leaping into the future. This updated Scheme of Studies is the latest milestone in a journey that began in earnest in 2006 with the development of a National Curriculum, which was later augmented by the 2008 National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan and The United States, with less than 5 percent of the world’s population, has about 35–50 percent of the world’s civilian-owned guns, according to a report by the Switzerland-based Small Arms ... To Facilitate Institutions of Higher Learning to serve as an Engine of Socio-Economic Development of Pakistan Congressional Perspectives on U.S.-China Relations Wednesday, July 8 | 2:00pm - 3:00pm. Join USIP as we host the co-chairs of the U.S.-China Working Group, Rep. Rick Larsen (D-WA) and Rep. Darin LaHood (R-IL), for a conversation that explores key issues facing the U.S.-China relationship, shifting views in Congress on the topic, and the role of Congress in managing rising tensions and ... View Atif Ali’s profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Atif has 3 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Atif’s connections and … Types of monitoring vs. Evaluation 27 Participation 27 Monitoring vs. Evaluation 27 Process, outcomes and impact evaluation 28 Part 3: Planning an evaluation 31 Step 1: Setting the project goal and objectives 35 Using “If… then” logic 37 Step 2: Clarifying evaluation purpose and scope 38 The United Kingdom has a compulsory education for 14-16 years, while Pakistan has not any compulsory years of education at any level. One more prominent difference between Pakistan and the UK education system can be seen in regard to resources in state schools. Welcome to the Compass! The Compass is the new name of what was formerly called The Health COMpass. Our team of experienced Social and Behavior Change (SBC) professionals identifies the latest resources to help you enhance your projects, improve your skills, and review impactful projects from around the world. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) describes this option as ‘useful when qualitatively assessing, for example, the services provided by the project, relationships between project stakeholders and the organisations of the implementing partners, local groups and the project team itself’ (IFAD Options for Monitoring and Evaluation, Annex D, page D 21). Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and in the financing of research and development.Article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years. The parenting group format fosters peer support networks and shared learning. Trained Incredible Years ® facilitators use video clips of real-life situational vignettes to support the training and stimulate parenting group discussions and problem solving practices. Educational Evaluation is one of the growing concerns of higher Education institutions in Pakistan. Since it is relatively new and have been imbedded through higher education commission of Pakistan, there is a need to focus on various areas of Education - Education - The postindependence period in India: India and Pakistan were partitioned and given independence in 1947, after which there was remarkable improvement in scientific and technological education and research; illiteracy, however, remained high. The new constitution adopted by India did not change the overall administrative policy of the country.Btw, it's all about attitudes, not the bucks.God bless you :)