Va 22 66 00: Fill & Download for Free

Different ways.Source#include <stdio.h>  int main(){   puts(“Hello World!\n”);  } Compile & view Assembly:> cc -S hello_c.c -o -   .file “hello_c.c”   .section .rodata  .LC0:   .string “Hello World!\n”   .text   .globl main   .type main, @function  main:  .LFB0:   .cfi_startproc   pushq %rbp   .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16   .cfi_offset 6, -16   movq %rsp, %rbp   .cfi_def_cfa_register 6   leaq .LC0(%rip), %rdi   call puts@PLT   movl $0, %eax   popq %rbp   .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8   ret   .cfi_endproc  .LFE0:   .size main, .-main   .ident “GCC: (Ubuntu 6.2.0–5ubuntu12) 6.2.0 20161005”   .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits The same in the Intel assembly, which I would recommend to use, sadly the output of cc is not directly compatible with Nasm assembly opcodes, because of incompatible pseudo-opcodes:> cc -masm=intel -S hello_c.c -o -  .file “hello_c.c”  .intel_syntax noprefix  .section .rodata .LC0:  .string “Hello World!\n”  .text  .globl main  .type main, @function main: .LFB0:  .cfi_startproc  push rbp  .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16  .cfi_offset 6, -16  mov rbp, rsp  .cfi_def_cfa_register 6  lea rdi, .LC0[rip]  call puts@PLT  mov eax, 0  pop rbp  .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8  ret  .cfi_endproc .LFE0:  .size main, .-main  .ident “GCC: (Ubuntu 6.2.0–5ubuntu12) 6.2.0 20161005”  .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits Work with a debugger “radare2”, I have defaulted all output to Intel syntax by default on my system, so just check that you do the same on your system, too:> r2 -A hello_c -q -c “pdf@main”   ;-- section..text:  / (fcn) main 21  | ; DATA XREF from 0x0040046d (entry0)  | 0x00400430 4883ec08 sub rsp, 8 ; [11] va=0x004004 30 pa=0x00000430 sz=402 vsz=402 rwx=--r-x .text  | 0x00400434 bfd4054000 mov edi, str.Hello_World__n ; “Hello World!.”  @ 0x4005d4  | 0x00400439 e8c2ffffff call sym.imp.puts  | 0x0040043e 31c0 xor eax, eax  | 0x00400440 4883c408 add rsp, 8  \ 0x000006b6 c3 ret Or GNU debugger> cc -g hello_c.c -o hello_c > gdb hello_c -batch -ex 'disassemble main'  Dump of assembler code for function main:   0x00000000000006a0 <+0>: push rbp   0x00000000000006a1 <+1>: mov rbp,rsp   0x00000000000006a4 <+4>: lea rdi,[rip+0x99] # 0x744   0x00000000000006ab <+11>: call 0x560   0x00000000000006b0 <+16>: mov eax,0x0   0x00000000000006b5 <+21>: pop rbp   0x00000000000006b6 <+22>: ret  End of assembler dump. Or objdump> objdump -d hello_c | awk -v RS= '/^[[:xdigit:]].*main/'  0000000000000570 <_start>:   570: 31 ed xor ebp,ebp   572: 49 89 d1 mov r9,rdx   575: 5e pop rsi   576: 48 89 e2 mov rdx,rsp   579: 48 83 e4 f0 and rsp,0xfffffffffffffff0   57d: 50 push rax   57e: 54 push rsp   57f: 4c 8d 05 aa 01 00 00 lea r8,[rip+0x1aa] # 730 <__libc_csu_fini>   586: 48 8d 0d 33 01 00 00 lea rcx,[rip+0x133] # 6c0 <__libc_csu_init>   58d: 48 8d 3d 0c 01 00 00 lea rdi,[rip+0x10c] # 6a0 <main>   594: ff 15 3e 0a 20 00 call QWORD PTR [rip+0x200a3e] # 200fd8 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x28>   59a: f4 hlt   59b: 0f 1f 44 00 00 nop DWORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]  00000000000006a0 <main>:   6a0: 55 push rbp   6a1: 48 89 e5 mov rbp,rsp   6a4: 48 8d 3d 99 00 00 00 lea rdi,[rip+0x99] # 744 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>   6ab: e8 b0 fe ff ff call 560 <_init+0x30>   6b0: b8 00 00 00 00 mov eax,0x0   6b5: 5d pop rbp   6b6: c3 ret   6b7: 66 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 nop WORD PTR [rax+rax*1+0x0]   6be: 00 00 

I have actually seen that video before and I’m glad you asked this question. I will try my best to answer it.Disclaimer: I am not a linguist or a historian or anything like that. I will use my own knowledge and knowledge available online to try answer your question.A note: A lot of you might get irritated with the many definitions, links and in depth explanations for some of the things here. I do this so that everyone, including those with close to zero knowledge on the subject can follow along and understand everything.Please bear with me and read the whole thing to understand it properly. I will try my best to be unbiased (unless mentioned otherwise) and provide facts and sources wherever possible. Sources/references will be indicated by this symbol and a number: [1]Let’s start.Did Tamil people from India really sail around the Cape of Good hope before Vasco da Gama?Vasco da Gama first voyaged from Lisbon to India On 8 July 1497. [2] So Tamil people would have had to have made a similar journey to Africa before this date. I tried finding evidence for such a journey but couldn’t find any. Ancient India and Ancient Tamil people did make long journeys to Southeast Asia and traded with the Ancient Romans though. [3][4]Did Tamil people give their language to Cameroon?Some info and the basicsSuppose such a journey happened for the sake of this argument. Did Tamil people give their language to the Cameroonians?First a bit of info. “Cameroon is home to nearly 250 languages”. [5] So the languages spoken in Cameroon are: the European languages brought to Cameroon by colonialists, which are: French and English, both part of the Indo-European language family and together spoken by over eleven million people. French and English are the official languages of Cameroon.Then there are 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, two Nilo-Saharan languages, four Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. There are also some creole/hybrid languages like Cameroonian Pidgin English which itself already has different varieties. So Cameroon has languages together part of five different language families. [6] Just to give you a perspective on the language diversity in Cameroon: Cameroon ranks second on the SIL Linguistic diversity index (LDI), meanwhile India ranks 14th![7] [8] [9] Saying that Cameroonians and West African people speak Tamil is absurd.Here’s a map of the indigenous languages in the area: [10]The original video mentions the name of the people discussed in the video. They are called: “Mofu”. “Mofu is a designation for various ethnic groups and languages they speak which are located in northern Cameroon, near the border with Nigeria.”[11] More specifically the ethnic group featured in this video are called the “Mofu-Wazan”.[12] The Mofu-Wazan speak the North Mofu language, which is a Chadic language. [13] [14] The Chadic languages are a subgroup of the Afroasiatic language family.* [15]*At least I assume so. North Mofu language has a dialect called Wazan, so I am assuming this is the language that the Mofu-Wazan people would be speaking (Tamil, Tamil logic). Second I’m assuming that they are actually speaking their language in the video. It was hard to find any information on that ethnic group and their language. In any case, most of the information here is valid even if they do not speak North Mofu.Meanwhile Tamil is ultimately a Dravidian language, part of the Dravidian language family. There are no indigenous Dravidian languages outside of the Indian subcontinent. [16] [17]Map of the Dravidian languages [18]The North Mofu language and the Tamil languages are unrelated to each other.Here is why:In Linguistics, there is a term called Genetic relationship. [19] It is a lot like biological genetic relationship. For example: two people have a child, each of those children has one genetic mutation. Then each of those children has two more children each of which carry the original mutation of the child, plus another mutation of their own, and so on. [20]Each of those colored dots represents a mutation and each of the black lines a person. Sorry but this is the best simple example I could find. [21]In linguistics it is even simpler (because there are no genes and no dominance), except instead of genes mutating different sound shifts happen and grammar changes etc.It is possible to work backwards to figure out if two languages are related because of certain changes that are carried down to descendant languages (more on that later). This is all part of Historical linguistics. [22]“Languages that possess genetic ties with one another belong to the same linguistic grouping, known as a language family. These ties are established through use of the comparative method of linguistic analysis.” [23]“Two languages are genetically related if they descended from the same ancestor language.” [24]What the comparative method does is compare the phonology, vocabulary, grammar between two languages. For example, if two languages share 30% of the verbs we could say they are somehow related. One such measure of similarity is something called Lexical similarity. It is a number from 0 to 1 - 1 being 100% similarity in vocabulary, 0 meaning 0% similarity in vocabulary. [25]“it is possible for languages to have different degrees of relatedness. English, for example, is related both to German and to Russian, but is more closely related to the former than to the latter. Although all three languages share a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European, English and German also share a more recent common ancestor, Proto-Germanic, while Russian does not. Therefore, English and German are considered to belong to a different subgroup, the Germanic languages.” [26]As you can see, English contains words with origins from a lot of languages; including languages outside the Indo-European family. It is still considered a Germanic language though. [27]The next step is to figure out in what way they are related and how closely related they are. Please watch this video to understand this better: Intro to Historical Linguistics: Comparative Method & Language Family Trees (lesson 3 of 4)Unlike humans which are all ultimately related to one another, new language families could theoretically appear out of nowhere. Unlike life on earth, which descends from parents, brand new languages can be created from scratch by humans. Because of this (and some other reasons), some languages are not related at all. It is sometimes also impossible to prove a relationship between some languages because there simply isn’t enough data, historical records or similarity beyond chance. One such example is the Altaic language family. Altaic languages - WikipediaA language can be an isolate, meaning it cannot be connected to any other language. “A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. Language isolates are in effect language families consisting of a single language.” [28]Or it could be part of another, larger, language family. A language family is a group of languages which are all related to each other. All the languages will generally have one common ancestor language. Languages can then also be further subdivided into groups and subgroups.Further reading: What Is a Language Family?This image represents the relationship between “old world” languages. Each tree is a separate language family. [29] Stand Still. Stay SilentBack to those linguistic “mutations” I was talking about earlier.One of such “mutations” that can happen is called a sound change. [30] Here is an example: lets say that for some reason all the people who speak English start pronouncing all the “g” letters at a start of a word as “h”. So “go” becomes “ho”, “game” becomes “hame”, “gorilla” becomes “horilla” an so on. If this were to happen it would be possible to predict what the word “hrain” must have been before this change: “grain”. In the case of Germanic vs PIE languages this was called Grimm's law. [31] Using the comparative method on vocabulary we might compare two languages but figure out that they seem to have completely different words for the same things. If you can figure out all of such sound and grammar changes and work back you should be able to reconstruct the original word. [32] Some vocabulary from two languages might look completely unrelated until you figure out and apply such “rules” to them before comparing them. To check that your “rules” work, these “laws” or “rules” should also be able to predict known words (if you have any, from ancient texts for example) and also work in reverse. Kind of like 2+2=4 vs 2+?=4, ?=2.Vocabulary is not the only thing that undergoes changes. Phonology and grammar do too. [33] [34]What linguists do is compare all sorts of languages using these and even more complex methods requiring computers etc. to figure out such changes and see if two languages are related. We can also use historical records like ancient texts to observe how languages evolved over time or use ancient languages in the comparative method. [35] [36]This is how we are at these language families. If two languages are in the same language family they are genetically related. If they are not, then they are not related. Simple. So Afroasiatic and Dravidian are not related. Even if they were related it does not necessarily mean that the two languages are the same. Maybe both descended from a common ancestor but changed over time. For example: imagine a Malayali person saying that “Tamils speak a deformed version of Malayalam” or Tamils saying that “Malayalis speak a deformed version of Tamil only”, when in reality both of these languages are descendants of the same language. [37]Source: WikipediaSometimes completely unrelated languages might sound or look related, meanwhile two related languages might look very different at first. But by doing linguistic reconstruction and examining old written records to see how the language evolved it is possible to establish whether they are actually related or whether it is by chance that they sound similar. We humans can only produce so many sounds, and our brain can only come up with such and such grammar. [38] [39] [40] So there is a limit to our language capabilities and it is somewhat inevitable that certain sounds, words and grammar rules will overlap with other languages. Hebrew and Swedish both have the sound “o”. Coincidence? I think not… Our language capabilities are deeply rooted in biology and genetics. As I’v mentioned earlier, we are all related and all humans are very similar to each other genetically.There is an element of science in linguistics. Not as obvious as in Life Science, but still very much present. “Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition. And as other scientists, they formulate hypotheses, catalog observations, and work to support explanatory theories.”[41] Besides many other things, the scientific method works on the principals of observability, empiricism, experiments, testing, eliminating bias, peer review etc. If you want to know more: Here's How to Understand the Scientific MethodNow if this guys in this video want to claim that Cameroonians speak Tamil they should provide solid evidence for this as well as use proper methods to test and demonstrate their claims. This is the case for all of science.One important thing in science is sample size. Having a small sample size isn’t good for reasons like: a few extremes drastically changing your outcome, not looking at a whole language etc. Comparing a few words might not even be enough to establish a relationship. They need as large a sample size as possible. Any connections they find could be due to chance, as well as misunderstanding of what is actually being said in the video. Another thing is to try test everything equally. It seems to me that they are intentionally searching to hear Tamil words in North Mofu (aka “deformed Tamil” lol). This is already a bias and humans are very good at searching for meaning in random data. They should be looking at the whole language instead of searching for something and already expecting an end result. This is called confirmation bias. More on that later on.Here is another short video from NativLang about Cognates, Borrowed Words & Chance Resemblance. I highly suggest you watch it:Intro to Historical Linguistics: Cognates, Borrowed Words & Chance Resemblance (lesson 2 of 4)Now that you know some of the basic concepts, lets take a closer look at the video link the question provided. I might go into super detail here, so watch this video titled “Cameroonians Speak Tamil” by the YouTube channel Tamil Chinthanaiyalar Peravai. You can also leave it open to follow along.Here is the video: Cameroonians Speak TamilA note: I don’t actually speak Tamil or North Mofu. So if there are any Tamils or Cameroonians out there reading this, then please let me know if your languages are correct or if there are any mistakes.Taking a closer look at the video: “Cameroonians Speak Tamil”The number is the time-stamp. The text next to it are claims, facts and other comments. I will generally be referring to the creators and narrator of this video as “he” or “Tamil guy”. Yes I have no evidence that’s he actually Tamil, but he keeps talking about Tamil, therefore Tamil guy. I will be referring to the original documentary show in this video, titled “Master of the Killer Ants” on NOVA by PBS, as the PBS or NOVA video. Third: I will be using Google translate to translate things unless stated otherwise. Yes I know, not the best but couldn’t find any better. Let’s watch.1:43 - The claim that all the tribal languages on Earth are deformed Tamil is absurd. They should provide concrete evidence for such claims.2:04 - He already got the first thing wrong. It’s Mandara Mountains not Mandura mountains. [42] He seems to have misheard it and written it down without checking how it’s actually pronounced or written.2:21 - Claim: “As you can clearly see, these mountains are not rocky mountains…. hence these are sandy mountains”.Fact: “The Mandara Mountains are a volcanic range” [43] - yes these are Volcanic mountains.I don’t know. Is this sandy? [44]2:36 - “Sand or mud in Tamil is “man.”Fact: Yes this claim actually seems correct according to Google Translate. “மண்” - “soil”. Cannot verify the “thoor” claim. Just to give an example of how easy it is to make such claims I’m going to attempt one in English. “Man means man. They called it that because humans lived there. Man = human. Dur stands for durable. The mountains offered protection from invasion, making the man who lives there more durable. Therefore Mandur makes perfect sense.” See?3:07 - If you listen carefully the NOVA narrator appears to be saying something like “sorgum”, meanwhile the “Tamil” guys who made the video already decided that he said “Solam”. So just to be sure of what the narrator said, I did some research and found a transcript of the whole episode from the official PBS webpage (available here: Master of the Killer Ants). And after checking it turns out the word is “sorghum”. Sorghum is an English word for “a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae”[45] . And it turns out that “One species is grown for grain, while many others are used as fodder plants, either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized, in pasture lands.” [46]The etymology of sorghum according to Online Etymology Dictionary is:“sorghum (n.)"Indian millet," 1590s, from Modern Latin Sorghum, the genus name, from Italian sorgo "a tall cereal grass," probably from Medieval Latin surgum, suricum (12c.), perhaps a variant of Latin syricum"Syrian," as in Syricum (gramen) "(grass) of Syria," from Syria, a possible source of the plant or its grain in ancient times.” [47]Make of that what you will, but to me that’s a 1590s English word ultimately originating from Latin, not Tamil.The Tamil word “Solam” translates to “corn” in English. I guess that is kind of similar, but not the same thing. It might even have the same origins as the English word. I don’t know. Considering corn isn’t native to the Indian subcontinent it maybe isn’t a Tamil word? It also isn’t native to Africa. [48] It was nearly impossible for me to find a dictionary for North Mofu or any closely related language. However Hausa, also a Chadic language, was available on Google translate and it translated “சோளம்” in Tamil to “masara” in Hausa. And it gave me this from English: English: “sorghum” to Hausa: “sorghum”. Sorghum, like corn, is also not native to India. [49]3:54 - The text that appears on the screen says “Malukotte”. Meanwhile the transcript shows that the NOVA narrator said “malokoteng”. The Tamil guy seems to be mishearing words… and the narrator probably has an Anglophone accent.4:29 - Do I really have to debunk this? I mean he got it wrong anyway.Apparently English: “black” to Tamil: “கருப்பு”, transliterated as “Karuppu”. English: “sting” to Tamil: “கொடுக்கு”, transliterated to Koṭukku and it has the verified translation symbol so it must be correct.Yes “Erumbu” does mean “ant”. English: “ant” to Tamil: “எறும்பு”, Eṟumpu.Couldn’t translate “கோட்டெறும்பு”. I don’t know, is Malukotte really a Tamil word?5:11 - I hear something like “tarababara”. The text on the screen shows “Thara = Tharai in Tamil (Ground Soil)” “Barbara = Varavara in Tamil (Dry)”. Wait how does Thara mean Tharai in Tamil? It sounds to me like he just made that up. It makes no sense if these people are supposedly speaking Tamil. Tamil: “வரவர” to English: “Increasingly”. Don’t know if Varavara means dry.5:47 - It seems to me that these “இரட்டக்கினவி” are what we call onomatopoeia in English. Don’t know if an onomatopoeia can be an adjective. Someone let me know.6:23 - If “ba” becomes “va” then we should be able to figure out how this sound change works and apply it to other words as well, as mentioned earlier. It would have been unusual if only this word followed this rule, meanwhile other words followed other rules. Almost like chance.7:00 - That does actually sound like Tamil. However the text on screen says “Idhu Yennama(ng)?” meanwhile the translation on the video was “Grandfather, what is this insect?”. Assuming the NOVA translation is correct, there should be the word “grandfather” and/or “insect” in what the boy said, but the Tamil version does not contain it. If you listen closely you can hear that the boy says something which sounds like “baba” at the begging of his sentence. Can’t believe they missed that opportunity to claim it’s Tamil!7:46 - Are they really saying “Puddi”? Sounds more like “pudu” or “punde” to me. And yes “பிடி” does seem to mean catch according to tamildict.com. The question is are they really saying “catch”? What if they’re saying something else.8:11 - Maybe they are saying what sounds like “Ingirku”. Yes “Ingirku” means “here” in Tamil. Tamil: “இங்கிருக்க” to English: “Here”. But does “Ingirku” really mean “It’s here” in whatever language they are speaking? Maybe these two languages happen to have similar sounds (phonology) that English doesn’t have and the Tamil guy can’t stop imagining hearing Tamil words.8:38 - “Adhu Yannama(ng)”, “அது என்னமா” does translate to “What is that?” in English. Interestingly Tamil: “அது என்னமா” and English: “What is that?” both translate to “Menene wannan?” in Hausa. If I listen to the audio of what they say it sounds closer to “Menene wannan?” than “Adhu Yannama(ng)”. And English: “What is that thing?” translates to Hausa: “Mene ne wannan abu?”. North Mofu is a completely different language than Hausa, but I am using Hausa because it is the closest thing to North Mofu available on Google Translate. [50] Maybe I am mishearing things too. Someone listen to it and let me know what you hear.10:32 - “Jaglabak”, or as correctly written in the transcript, “Jaglavak” does not necessarily mean “red ants”. Reading the transcript it appears that “jaglavak” could simply be the name for the ants, a name for an army of ants or a name of some spirit force. This is what the transcript says:NARRATOR: They turn, for help, to an unlikely army, a unique species of ants, called jaglavak.MATSGRAWAI: Jaglavak, allow us to gather you up. We need you.NARRATOR: With ancient rituals they ask their ancestor spirits to help them save the village, to unleash the power of the legendary jaglavak. But can the ants defeat the termites in time? Or will they turn their destructive force against the people?MATSGRAWAI: You are a powerful warrior. Drive the termites from the house. Save the chickens, the goats, the children. Only attack the termite.It is really hard to tell if “jaglavak” means “red ants”. It is difficult to find information on this word online.The Tamil guy then goes on to admit that he is confused by the name, but believes that this is a deformed Tamil word.10:53 - As mentioned before, if the rules he explained can explain that “Jegalabak” is the real Tamil word “Sevalavak” then such rules could be applied to other words to find similar predictions - starting with the Mofu words and arriving at a Tamil word. This too is flawed, because the word mentioned int the PBS video isn’t “Jegalabak”, but “jaglavak”.11:19 - He makes a huge assumption stating that “Sevalvak” was actually “Sevala Vai”. That assumption is based on what evidence? None other than his claim it seems.“Red” according to Online Tamil Dictionary is “சிவப்பு”, “Civappu”. And “வாய்”, Vāy, does mean “mouth”.11:35 - The Etymology of Aramaic shown on the screen is completely wrong. Aramaic does not come from “Aram Vai”. First of all, Aramaic is an English word. [51] The suffix “-ic” is “used to form adjectives from nouns with the meaning “of or pertaining to””. “The suffix -ic is often added to words of Greek or Latin origin”.[52] For example: Cyrillic, acidic. Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible situated in modern day Syria. The etymology of that Aram “might be connected with the harami, arami, aramija or ahlamu, meaning bandits. One standard explanation is an original meaning of "highlands". This has been interpreted to be in contrast with Canaan, or "lowlands". Meanwhile “Judeo-Christian tradition claims the name is derived from the biblical Aram, son of Shem, a grandson of Noah in the Bible.”[53]11:53 - “Vai means bite also; because mouth can bite also”. I’m not so sure about this. Could someone who speaks Tamil verify this please? According to Online Tamil Dictionary “to bite” is “கடித்து”, Kaṭittu or “கடி”, Kaṭi. It seems like he made up a noun out of a verb just because there is a connection between the two.12:03 - Claim: “Cameroon is a Tamil name”.Does “kamam” really mean love and village in Tamil? The only two words I could find on Online Tamil Dictionary while searching for “village” were: “கிராமம்”, Kirāmam and “சிற்றூர்”, Ciṟṟūr. The closest word with the meaning “love” I could find is “காதல்”, Kātal.He claims that “it is a place where all people live in mutual love”. Based on what? Simply a meaning he inferred (irrationally)?12:25 - “kamam, காமம்” actually means “lust, passion, attachment, desire”. “ஊர்”, Ur means “city”. Quick! someone make a video on how the Sumerians were Tamil!12:42 - Kamanoor becomes Kamaroon. Based on what logic is he switching the position of r and n? That completely changes the word. At least provide an explanation for why this would have happened.13:00 - Claim: “Comrade is a Russian word referring to a friend who shares mutual love and concern”.Fact: Comrade is not a Russian word - it is an English word which ultimately came from “Latin camara, camera (“a chamber”)”[54] . “Comrade” in Russian is “товарищ, tovarishch”.13:20 - He is right in saying that Cameroon was named by the Portuguese after “Rio dos Camarões (“river of prawns”)”[55].Claim: “Shrimps are called Camarões only in Portuguese and not in other European languages.”Fact: Yes if spelled exactly as “Camarões” then this word can only be found in Portuguese. However the ultimate origin of the word is Ancient Greek “κάμμαρος (kámmaros)”.[56] Spanish has a similar word for shrimp - camarón.Claim: The river should have been named after a village on the banks of the river; this village being Kamanoor.Fact: None of the rivers in Cameroon today are called Cameroon or Kamanoor. List of rivers of Cameroon - Wikipedia. The river called “Rio dos Camarões” by the Portuguese explorers was called Wouri and it’s still called that today. The locals did not call the Wouri river “Cameroon” or “Kamanoor”. [57] [58]Does that mean that there is a village called Wouri on the banks of the river? Not necessarily.14:13 - Claim: “Red sea is red because of the bacteria called Erithrea”Fact: Yes his claim could be true. The bacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum does kind of turn the sea red. [59] The red sea is not necessarily literally red all over all the time. If he was referring to the name, then another explanation for the name Red Sea are the Turkic words for cardinal directions: black being north, blue being east, red being south, white being west.[60] From the perspective of a person in Turkey (Turkic speaking people) the names of “Red sea” and “Black sea” kind of make sense. Here is a map:Image from: It Works for the Turks: A Colour for Each DirectionThis alternative explanation needs more evidence before we can actually accept it, so be skeptical about it.Claim: The sea was called Erythraean sea, a Tamil name meaning sea of burning waves.Fact: The name “Red Sea” is a direct translation from other languages calling it the read sea, like Greek: ‘Erythra Thalassa”.[61]I don’t know if the ancient people called it red because of the bacteria in the water or for other reasons, one of which was mentioned above.Erythraean Sea - “is the name in ancient cartography for a body of water located between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. The name is now obsolete.” [62]Claim: The bacteria found in the sea is named after the sea.Fact: This could be correct. I could not verify it.14:45 - He then goes on to say that many people and countries in Africa are named after Tamil words, providing little (read zero) evidence for these claims.15:38 - Claim: “Tamaziġt’s writitng system is based on the Indus writing system”Fact: One of the writing systems that Tamaziġt, aka, Central Atlas Tamazight uses is the Tifinagh. [63] I’m going to assume he meant Tifinagh because an image of it was show on the screen. Tifinagh is a 20th century modified version of the Libyco-Berber script (3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD) which ultimately comes from Egyptian hieroglyphs.[64] [65] It’s pretty much the same story with the writing systems as it is with languages. Easier to prove as well because we have physical records of it.Image source: Wikipedia15:50 - Claim: The Indus Civilization was a Tamil civilization.Fact: We haven’t yet deciphered the Indus script. We don’t know what language they spoke.[66] But it could very well have been used to write a Dravidian language. [67] But does that make the Harappan language Tamil? Is the Indus Valley civilization Tamil? Probably not. Modern, and even ancient Tamil culture is different not only between other Dravidian ethnic groups but probably also the Indus valley civilization. And so far we know very little to conclude what language the Harappans spoke.[68] Calling the Indus valley civilization Tamil, might have some truth to it if we can learn more about the Indus civilization and prove that this is true, but it is a mostly far fetched idea. So far we have nothing so we don’t know.If you’re interested to know how one man tried using computers to decode the Indus Script: Rajesh Rao: Computing a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script (video).This concludes the “debunking” of the video.Compare the languagesNow I want you to listen to the North Mofu language and the Tamil language and decide how similar they sound.Fist up, Mofu:Next, Tamil:So to you, the reader: would you say these are both the same language?To Tamil and Mofu speakers: can you understand both the videos?Both of these are awesome languages in my opinion, and a true linguistic gem on the internet - it’s very rare to find these. But to me they don’t sound like the same language.Consider thisHere is some biased commentary about the video:In the video “Cameroonians Speak Tamil”, the Tamil guy only compared a few words; less than a fifty. Let’s assume that all of these are actually perfect Tamil words. Would it not be possible that these are somehow loanwords? English has a bunch of loanwords from Tamil.[69] If you listen to the English language and search for Tamil words, you will most probably find them. But that doesn’t make English a Tamil language. The fact is, if you were to search for Tamil words in English, you will ignore all the other thousands of words which are not of Tamil origin. And heck, even Tamil probably has a bunch of English loanwords.[70] You can easily hear lots of English words if you listen to everyday spoken Tamil. So are Tamils actually speaking English? No. Are English people speaking Tamil? Not if they’re speaking English. The reason for this is the cultural and linguistic exchange between the two cultures due to colonialism. As for Tamil and Cameroon, especially the rural untouched Cameroon, no such connections were found by me. If you do find any connection and have some proof, some reputable link then please comment below and I’m ready to change my mind.For the sake of this argument, let’s assume that the Mofu-Wazan and Tamil people speak the same language. What if Tamils actually speak Mofu? Considering the history of human migration and the fact that humans migrated out of Africa it is more likely that it is the Cameroonians who brought the “Tamil” language from Africa.[71] Here is a conspiracy theory: Tamils are actually Cameroonians... Of course there is no evidence to back this up. It is an equally crazy idea as the Cameroonians Speak Tamil one, and I used it as an example to show my point. Another thing to note is that ethnic groups like Tamil, Mofu-Wazan, nationalities like: Cameroonian, India and languages like: North Mofu, Tamil and English are relatively young when compared to how long humans have lived on this Earth and for how long we’ve been speaking languages.Also here’s a link to a pretty-old-but-still-relevant documentary about early human migrations out of Africa if you’re interested: The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (it’s made to be a TV program so keep that in mind and stay skeptical).Did Tamil people give their language to the Basque Country?Basque is an interesting language because it isn’t related to any other language in the region or on Earth! It is a language isolate.[72] It does share some phonology with the Iberian languages. That is most probably due to the close proximity though. “Some common features, however, do suggest a relationship between Basque and the Caucasian languages”.[73] Beside such vague possible connections we can’t really fit Basque into any language family. There are many theories as to it’s origins and many people tried proving that Basque is part of a larger language family but failed.[74] It is very likely that Basque languages were spoken in the region for a long time before the arrival of PIE. So I highly doubt that it would be related to Tamil in any way. Forget about it actually being the Tamil language. Even if Tamil and Basque would start off as a single language they would have diverged greatly over this time period. Languages change continuously. [75]Animated map of the languages in the Iberian peninsula and France. [76]You can try comparing English, Tamil and Basque for yourself (source: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)):English:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.Tamil:மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும் உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள். அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.TransliterationMaṉitap piṛaviyiṉar čakalarum čutantiramākavē piṛakkiṉṛaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum čamamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉačāṭčiyaiyum iyaṛpaṇpākap peṛṛavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar čakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.Basque:Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, elkarren artean senide legez jokatu beharra dute.And here’s a clip so you can listen to spoken Basque.Notice how it sounds very much like Spanish (Castilian). Besides the phonology and a few loanwords everything else is apparently unrelated. Wikitongues is a great resource for languages by the way.Here is a more authentic version with less of a Castilian accent: Words of Life Basque: Biscayan (euskara) People/Language Movie TrailerDid Tamil people give monuments and lore to Ireland?Just like with the sailing around the Cape of Good Hope answer, I couldn’t find any evidence for this claim. I mean sure you have Tamil people who migrated to Ireland in modern times and brought some of their culture with them I assume… But that’s about it. [77] [78] [79]Where did you see these last two claims by the way?Some human psychologyNow that we are done looking at the claims let’s look at some psychology, and let me point out a few more things about the video which you linked.Humans are very good at finding meaning in random data. It’s called: Apophenia. [80]“Apophenia: In psychology, the perception of connections and meaningfulness in unrelated things” [81]Let me demonstrate something else. Look at these two images:Source: Google ImagesAssuming you have a normal functioning brain, you most probably see an eye in the first image and faces in the second image. This is called: Pareidolia. [82] “The psychological phenomenon that causes some people to see or hear a vague or random image or sound as something significant is known as pareidolia” [83]There are no actual faces in these two images. It is because of your own bias and how the brain functions that you see faces.BiasBias: “a particular tendency, trend, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is preconceived or unreasoned”[84]Cognitive bias: “A cognitive bias refers to the systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, whereby inferences about other people and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion.”[85]Due to evolution and other reasons, we humans use heuristics in thinking. [86][87] Instead of thinking rationally about a problem we might use shortcuts and jump to certain conclusions almost instinctively. Our conclusions are right a lot of the times, but they are also wrong a lot of the times. Our past experiences and the culture we grew up in both form our subconscious bias and will therefore affect what kind of conclusions we might make. This is called cognitive bias. [88] There are many types of cognitive biases. [89]Here is a short video explaining unconscious bias:Understanding unconscious biasIt can be very hard to notice your own bias. That is why it is sometimes important to use methods which exclude such biases.Further reading:24 biases stuffing up your thinkingScientists may work to prevent bias, but they don’t always say soThe person who made that video is selectively searching for Tamil words, and his expectation of finding a Tamil word will change the way he hears the words in the video. This is called confirmation bias. [90] In the video at around 10:32 he even mentions how he is bewildered by a word but jumps to a conclusion that the word must be Tamil. He then figures out a way to explain it’s Tamil origin. This is exactly what confirmation bias looks like. Ideally he should listen to the language with having no expectation of hearing a Tamil word and only report hearing one if he actually does. Or even better - use proper methods and/or a computer to find these words for him.“Confirmation bias (link is external)occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. When people would like a certain idea/concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. They are motivated by wishful thinking. This error leads the individual to stop gathering information when the evidence gathered so far confirms the views (prejudices) one would like to be true.” [91]Mondegreen “is a mishearing or misinterpretation of a phrase as a result of near-homophony, in a way that gives it a new meaning.” [92] You’ve probably experienced this while listening to a foreign language and hearing words in your own language. Or maybe you’ve experienced it while listening to songs sung in a foreign language. The Japanese even have a term for this, which is “Soramimi”. [93] Let me demonstrate.If you don’t understand Telugu, but speak English then watch this:This even works on Tamil songs (if you don’t understand Tamil). For example:And then there’s Misheard Lyrics where you misunderstand a language you know (at least that is how we normally use “misheard lyrics”):These are all types of mondegreen.Mondegreen is another thing that I think is going on in the “Cameroonians Speak Tamil” video. The guy seems to be misunderstanding the words he hears. But not only that - he explains words that clearly don’t sound Tamil by shifting letters around, trying to make meaning out of them and make it seem like it’s a Tamil word. There is no consistency in his method and this is typical of pseudolinguistics. Sticking with the trend of pseudoscience and pseudohistory, pseudolinguistic sounds and looks like actual linguistics except it’s actually not. Here is a good explanation from Wikipedia on Pseudoscientific language comparison:“While comparative linguistics also studies the historical relationships of languages, linguistic comparisons are considered pseudoscientific by linguists when they are not based on the established practices of comparative linguistics, or on the more general principles of the scientific method. Pseudoscientific language comparison is usually performed by people with little or no specialization in the field of comparative linguistics. It is a widespread type of linguistic pseudoscience (another example being false etymology, as in the example of the so-called "Salmon problem").” [94]“The most common method applied in pseudoscientific language comparisons is to search two or more languages for words that seem similar in their sound and meaning. While similarities of this kind often seem convincing to laypeople, linguistic scientists consider this kind of comparison to be unreliable for two primary reasons. First, the method applied is not well-defined: the criterion of similarity is subjective and thus not subject to verification or falsification, which is contrary to the principles of the scientific method. Second, the large size of all languages' vocabulary makes it easy to find coincidentally similar words between languages.” [95]This description seems to fit the video we watched.Some video critique(Bias infused commentary/analysis on the video upcoming)A lot pseudolinguistic videos seem to have a somewhat nationalist motivation. Like proving that “Sanskrit is the origin of all languages” instead of trying to figure out weather that is true or not. These types of “theories” also seem to be on the same part of the internet as other conspiracy theories, such as pseudohistorical theories surrounding Kumari Kandam, Ancient Aliens etc.[96][97]They both also share similar features like:disregarding mainstream science and newsclaiming that the government is hiding the truthmost of the times having a poor understanding of the subjectpresenting poor evidence or no evidence at alltrying to convince you that they are right instead of letting you decideusually start off with the end goal of proving somethinginconsistency in argumentsnot wanting to believe or entertain the idea that they might be wrongonly selecting information that fits their preconceived ideas and ignoring the restIn my opinion the problem with conspiracy theories, especially conspiracy theories with a nationalistic tone, is that they can falsely convenience people of how great a particular language or a particular nation is. People who might strongly identify with such nations or languages might themselves start feeling as more important, superior or somehow entitled to do something culturally inappropriate. Even if all of these claims were to be true, it is still important to feel somewhat humble… in a way that makes you feel equal to everyone else on Earth. Not “I’m so proud to be Russian” or “So proud to be Tamil” or whatever. Pride itself isn’t so bad. It’s the consequences which these feelings can, in extreme cases, lead to; as well as the way they might blind you to see the truth. I think these extreme cases start where these theories start degrading other human beings. History has shown where these things might take us. There should be a way of learning history and looking at such videos from a point of learning not from a point of elevating your own ego and self esteem. Learning where you are able to detach yourself and look at everything objectively. Attach no personal feelings to the information being presented. Ancient Romans built one of the most epic empires on Earth. But did you personally live during that time and physically help build it? The same goes the other way around. Africans were slaves in America, but why should you today feel inferior to someone? Get the point? Another problem with pseudoscience and conspiracy theories is that false believes can cost you. Being convinced of something that isn’t true can have real world consequences. For example, imagine someone has cancer. I, someone who considers himself a doctor, think that I have discovered a cure for cancer. I believe in it with all my heart. That cure happens to be water. I convince a bunch of people that I have a cure for cancer, treat them with this cure called water, and then they die. My intention wasn’t to kill them. I really wanted to help them, but somehow all of them died of cancer. Why?Here are some real world examples:How Europeans Misappropriated Sanskrit To Form The Aryan Race TheoryNazi archaeology - WikipediaThe Doctor Who Starved Her Patients to DeathChinese ‘quack’ doctor whose patients died was freed from jail to kill againThe Disastrous Effects of Lysenkoism on Soviet AgricultureI know this all sounds a bit extreme (go ahead, roast me in the comments), but it’s just my personal opinion. I am intentionally exaggerating it to clearly get my point across.Almost all major ethnic groups and languages have such theories surrounding them. Here is a list:Nationalist pseudohistoryPseudolinguistics - RationalWikiNote: this is from Rational Wiki. It’s a bit of a satire of the actual Wikipedia, but it’s a good place to find everything conspiracy related.There is conspiracy theory surrounding an image which appears to be a face on the surface of Mars. Considering what we have looked at so far, how likely is that?If you’re interested in some of the psychology and reasons behind why we humans fall for conspiracy theories, here are the links:Why Do Some People Believe in Conspiracy Theories? (text)How to Resist Conspiracy Theories (video)This brings me to my final point on this answer.SkepticismIt takes a lot of time and effort to “debunk” false claims that people put out. You have to research every single thing that one person uttered without even thinking about it for five second. So it would be simpler if we kind of learned to be skeptical instead of constantly debunking every single dubious claim. Also the one making the claim should provide the evidence for their claim. Law and journalism use this all the time! For example: I say unicorns exists. But I don’t provide concrete proof. You can’t really prove that unicorns don’t exist. Just try disproving that unicorns exist! That is why we should instead expect proof from the ones making the claim. It is much easier for them to explain why they are right than it is for us to explain why they are wrong. If the explanation isn’t convincing enough (or in this case not at all following proper linguistic methods), then we can simply tell them that we are not convinced yet and that they should work a bit more on their “theory”. What this should hopefully do is stop false information from spreading. Also if you’re not sure of something it wouldn’t harm to do a bit of research.Burden of proof (law) - WikipediaSo next time you encounter such videos, be skeptical. Don’t straight away fall for every claim they make. Do your own research, familiarize yourself with the topic, try to find the facts. You can also leave a comment in the video notifying the creator that “Hey I think this might not be so accurate. Would you mind checking that?”It can be tempting to find a way to confirm that your crazy ideas are true and that you are absolutely right. But just ask yourself one time: “What if I could be wrong.”I leave you with two more short articles if you ever feel enlightened to read:How to Be a Skeptic - this one is by wikihow by the way.How to Be More SkepticalI know this last part was long and might seem unnecessary, but I think it’s important as it relates to all the other videos like this one out there.ConclusionMy conclusion is that Tamil people from India most probably did not give their language to Cameroon, the Basque country and lore to Ireland. The explanations given in the video are flawed and no further evidence besides the video is given. I would be skeptical of these claims.I really don’t understand why people come up with these crazy theories, when Tamil culture has such a rich history that is easily provable and can be presented in a fascinating and educational way. It would be much more useful if they talked about that. Talk about the real history of Tamil Nadu.Like I said, I am not a linguist but tried to answer the question anyway.Thank you for reading this long post. I hope you enjoyed reading it as I did researching and writing it! (Also sorry for the weird language. English writing isn’t really my thing).If you spot any mistakes or if you want to give constructive criticism - feedback is welcome.PS - Share this answer with friend who might benefit from seeing another side of an argument.Peace : )Footnotes[1] Did Tamil people from India really sail around the Cape of Good Hope before Vasco da Gama to give their language to Cameroon, Basque Country, and to give monuments and lore to Ireland?[2] Vasco da Gama - Wikipedia[3] Indian maritime history - Wikipedia[4] Indo-Roman trade relations - Wikipedia[5] Languages of Cameroon - Wikipedia[6] Languages of Cameroon - Wikipedia[7] Summary by country[8] Linguistic diversity index - SIL International (2017)[9] Linguistic diversity index - Wikipedia[10] Languages of Cameroon - Wikipedia[11] Mofu - Wikipedia[12] Mofu - Wikipedia[13] North Mofu language - Wikipedia[14] Mofu, North[15] Afroasiatic languages - Wikipedia[16] Tamil language - Wikipedia[17] Tamil language[18] Dravidian languages - Wikipedia[19] Genetic relationship (linguistics) - Wikipedia[20] Introduction to genetics - Wikipedia[21] Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup - Wikipedia[22] Historical linguistics - Wikipedia[23] Genetic relationship (linguistics) - Wikipedia[24] Comparative method (linguistics) - Wikipedia[25] Lexical similarity - Wikipedia[26] Comparative method (linguistics) - Wikipedia[27] Foreign language influences in English - Wikipedia[28] Language isolate - Wikipedia[29] Stand Still. Stay Silent[30] Sound change - Wikipedia[31] Grimm's law - Wikipedia[32] Comparative method (linguistics) - Wikipedia[33] Linguistics 001 -- Language Change and Historical Reconstruction[34] Language change - Wikipedia[35] Computational linguistics - Wikipedia[36] Comparative method (linguistics) - Wikipedia[37] Tamil–Kannada languages - Wikipedia[38] The biological basis of language: insight from developmental grammatical impairments.[39] Biology of Language - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo[40] Cognitive revolution - Wikipedia[41] Linguistic Society of America[42] Mandara Mountains | mountains, Cameroon[43] Mandara Mountains - Wikipedia[44] Mandara Mountains - Wikipedia[45] Sorghum - Wikipedia[46] Sorghum - Wikipedia[47] Origin and meaning of sorghum by Online Etymology Dictionary[48] Corn | History, Cultivation, Uses, & Description[49] Sorghum | Nutrition, Uses, & Description[50] Hausa[51] Origin and meaning of the name aramaic by Online Etymology Dictionary[52] -ic - Wiktionary[53] Aram (biblical region) - Wikipedia[54] comrade - Wiktionary[55] Cameroon - Wiktionary[56] κάμμαρος - Wiktionary[57] The Commonwealth[58] Wouri River - Wikipedia[59] Trichodesmium - Wikipedia[60] Cardinal direction - Wikipedia[61] Erythraean Sea - Wikipedia[62] Erythraean Sea - Wikipedia[63] Central Atlas Tamazight - Wikipedia[64] Tifinagh - Wikipedia[65] Ancient Scripts: Tifinagh[66] Indus Script[67] Ancient Scripts: Indus Script[68] Harappan language - Wikipedia[69] List of English words of Dravidian origin - Wikipedia[70] List of Tamil words of English origin[71] Early human migrations - Wikipedia[72] Basque[73] Basque language[74] Origin of the Basques - Wikipedia[75] Perspectives on Language Change[76] Basque language - Wikipedia[77] South Asian people in Ireland - Wikipedia[78] Sri Lankans celebrate Tamil New Year - Independent.ie[79] Ireland Tamil Sangam[80] Apophenia - Wikipedia[81] Definition of Apophenia[82] Pareidolia - Wikipedia[83] Pareidolia: Seeing Faces in Unusual Places [84] the definition of bias[85] Cognitive bias - Wikipedia[86] Adaptive bias - Wikipedia[87] Heuristic - Wikipedia[88] Cognitive bias - Wikipedia[89] List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia[90] Confirmation bias - Wikipedia[91] What Is Confirmation Bias? [92] Mondegreen - Wikipedia[93] Learn Japanese - The definition of soramimi (そらみみ, 空耳)[94] Pseudoscientific language comparison - Wikipedia[95] Pseudoscientific language comparison - Wikipedia[96] Kumari Kandam - Wikipedia[97] Ancient Aliens - Wikipedia

The reason why the United States engaged in warfare with Germany is because Germany declared war on the United States.In all accounts I have read about Adolph Hitler the one thing he did not want is to have the United States enter into the conflict in Europe. In fact when he heard of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor he was very upset with Japan, now he had to back up his ally just as he done for his Italian ally Benito Mussolini.The only difference about Hitler coming to the aid of Mussolini was Hitler knew that Italy was going to engage the British in the Mediterranean beforehand, while the Japanese never mentioned their attack on the United State until after the fact; and that was through other channels that communicated the news about the Attack on Pearl Harbor.The United States declared war on Japan on 8 Dec 41 and 3 days later, 11 Dec 41, Germany declared war on the United States; reasoning was that the United States committed a series of provocation while being officially neutral. The provocations were blatantly supplying war material to England and Russia via the Lend-Lease Act, and was supplying escort ships for convoys from Halifax, Canada bound for England and Russia; here is the official report on the first American Naval Warship lost to enemy action before war was ever declared between Germany and the United States:NM7/Y1 (ju)P6/00/MM THE RECEIVING SHIP AT NEW YORKPIER 92 W. 52nd STREETNEW YORK, NEW YORKDecember 5, 1941.From: The Commanding Officer.To: The Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.(Detail Officer, Enlisted Personnel Section)Subject: Personnel of U.S.S. Reuben James.Enclosure: (A) List of Survivors of the U.S.S. Reuben James Disaster of October 31, 1941.(B) List of Dead of the U.S.S. Reuben James Disaster of October 31, 1941.1. In connection with the list of the survivors and the list of those lost on the Reuben James, which was recently forwarded, all survivors of the Reuben James disaster have reported to this Receiving Ship with the exception of THOMPSON, James C., Sea.2c., USN, 300-43-32, and TURNBULL, Thomas P., E.M.2c., USN, 223-53-96, both of whom were seriously injured.2. Enclosures (A) and (B) are forwarded herewith. Enclosure (A) shows the addresses of all men on leave, which address is indicated by a check mark preceding the address. Pertinent remarks have been added to Enclosure (B) that may give additional information to that already on file in the Bureau.3. A copy of the information contained in Enclosures (A) and (B) has been retained in the files of this Receiving Ship./signed/W.H. PASHLEY.________________________________________SURVIVORS OF THE USS REUBEN JAMES DISASTEROF OCTOBER 31st, 1941APPLETON, Chrlie Edward, Jr. Fireman 2c, USN, #295-89-55 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941, Nashville, Tenn.Home address, R.F.D.#2, sardis, Mississippi.Nest of kin, Father, Mr. Charlie Edward Appleton, Sr., R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.APPLETON, Parmie Glendon, Fireman 2c, USN, #295-89-56 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941, Nashville, Tenn.Home address: R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.Next of kin: Father, Mr.. Charlie Edward Appleton,R.F.D.#2, Sardis, Mississippi.BEASLEY, George Napoleon, Jr., Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #346-72-96 (Rescued)Enlisted July 18, 1939, Litttle Rock, Arkansas.Home Address: Heavener, Oklahoma.Next of kin: Father, Mr. George Napoleon Beasley, Heavener, Oklahoma.BEGLEY, Claborn, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #310-79-18 (Rescued- Slightly Injured)Re-enlisted November 5, 1938, on board USS Oklahoma.Home address: #123 East 89th St., Los Angeles, Calif.Next of kin: Wife, Grace Begley, c/o Mrs. Gertrude Lawrence,806 East 76th Street, Los Angeles, California.BERGSTRESSER, William Henry, Chief Machinist's Mate (AA), USN, #380-47-41 (Rescued-Slightly Injured)Reenlisted February 15, 1940, on board USS Reuben JamesHome address: 521 Olive Street, Ventura, California.Next of kin: Wife, Mrs. W.H. Bergstresser, #7 Tolman St., Portland, Maine.BOYD, Solon Gescovy, Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #271-99-38 (Rescued)Reenlisted August 10, 1940, aboard USS Reuben James.Home address: #1621- 12th Ave., South Birmingham, Alabama.Nest of kin, Wife, Mrs. Neda Boyd, #7 Cedar Street, Portland, Maine.BRIDGES, Brent Neil, Radioman 3rd class, USN, #368-44-01 (Rescued)Enlisted July 10k, 1939- Salt Lake City, Utah.Home address: #82 East 16th St., Garfield, Utah.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Herman Albert Bridges, #82 East 16th St., Garfield Utah.BUSH, Roy Virgil, Fireman 2c,USN, #283-48-68 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941- N.R.S., Cleveland, Ohio.Home address: #1713 East 36th St., Ashtabula, Ohio.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Roy E. Bush, #1713 East 36th St., Ashtabula, Ohio.CARR, Robert James, Fireman 2c, USN, #403-03-92 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted January 20, 1941- N.R.S., Buffalo, N.Y.Home address: #43 Woodview Avenue, Hamburg, New York.Next of kin: Mother, Mrs. Vilot Carr Millks, #43 Woodview Avenue, Hamburg, NYCOYLE, Floyd Bob, Fireman 1c, USN, #262-34-97 (Rescued)Enlisted May 22, 1939, N.R.S., Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: #211 Walnut St., Gaffney, South Carolina.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Robert A. Coyle, #211 Walnut St., Gaffney, S.C.DEL GROSSO, Daniel Joseph, Seaman 1c, USN, #234-31-93 (Rescued)Enlisted January 17, 1941 - N.R.S., Springfield, Massachusetts.Home address: #86 Germania Street, Galeton, Penna.Next of kin: Father, Costanzo Del Grosso, #86 Germania St., Galeton, Pa.DELISLE, Gerald Joseph, Coxswain, USN, #212-53-46 (Rescued)Enlisted November 20k, 1939 - N.R.S., Springfield, Mass.Home address: #28 Forest St., Fitchburg, Mass.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Anatole J. Delisle, #28 Forest St., Fitchburg, Mass.ELNITSKY, Joseph Fedenich, Fireman 1c, USN, #243-67-53 (Rescued)Enlisted November 21, 3939, N.R.S., Philadelphia, Pa.Home address: #414 Fourth St., Blakely, Pennsylvania.\Next of kin: Father, Metro F. Elnitsky, 414 Fourth St., Blakely, Penn.GIEHR, George Frederick, Fireman 2c, USN, #234-31-49 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941, N.R.S., Buffalo, New York.Home address: #39 Cornwall Avenue, Buffalo, New York.Next of kin: Father, Franz Giehrl, 39 Cornwall Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y.GORZIZA, Arthur Emil, Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #10-54-54 (Rescued)Enlisted April 27, 1935, at N.O.B., Norfolk, Virginia.Home address: #6148 Coleman Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Emil Om Gorziza, 56148 Coleman Ave., Dearborn, Mich.GRAHAM, Guy Shipp, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #380-60-40 (Rescued)Enlisted December 4, 1939, at N.R.S., Salt Lake City, Utah.Home address: Box 42, Fruitland, Payette Co, Idaho.Next of kin: Wife, Lucy M. Graham, 2305 N. 28th St., Boise, Idaho.HAJOWY, Joseph, Machinist's Mate 2c, USN, #283-27-42 (Rescued)Enlisted May 24, 1939, at N.R.S., Cleveland, Ohio.Home address: 852 Brown Street, Akron, Ohio.Next of kin: Father, Mr. Roman Hajowy, 828 Sherman St., Akron, Ohio.HINGULA, Norman Francis, Fireman 1c, USN, #223-52-054 (Rescued)Enlisted June 1, 1939, at New York, N.Y.Home address: 421 68th Ave, Brooklyn, New York.Next of kin: Father, John Gustav Hingula, 421 68th Ave., Booklyn, N.Y.HOWARD, Robert Joseph, Torpedoman 3c, USN, #234-19-64 (Rescued)Enlisted May 3, 1939, at Buffalo, New York.Home address: #229 Hagen St., Buffalo, New York.Next of kin: Father, Ernest Perry oweard, 229 Hagen St., Buffalo, N.Y.JACQUETTE, Charles Samuel, Jr., Fireman 1c, USN, #258-24-41, (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted September 18, 1939, Baltimore, Maryland.Home address: Rock Hall, Maryland.Next of kin: Father, Charles Samuel Jacquette, Rock Hall, Md.JAEGGI, Earl William, Shipfitter 2c, USN, #311-38-17 (Rescued)Enlisted August 17, 1938, Detroit, Michigan.Home address: 6510 Vinewood Avenue, Detroit, Michigan.Next of kin: Wife, Josephine Jaeggi, 532 W. 50th St., New York, N.Y.JAMES, Vance Turner, Metalsmith 1c, USN, #261-98-02 (Rescued)Enlisted April 14, 1937, at Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: Route #3, Hickory, North Carolina.Next of kin: Father, June James, Route @3, Hickory, North Carolina; also Wife, Margaret E. James, #12 Franklin Street, Portland, Maine.KAPECZ, Rudolph T., Gunner's Mate 1c, USN, #305-25-97 (Rescued)Reenlisted February 8, 1938, R.S., at New York, N.Y.Home address: #619 East Oak Street, Ironwood, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Steve Kapecz, #619 East Oak St., Ironwood, Mich.LONG, Gordon H., Watertender 1c, USN, #261-94-24 (Rescued)Enlisted August 13, 1936 at Raleigh, North Carolina.Home address: Route #5, Box 18, Clinton, North Carolina.Next of kin: Wife, Rose Long, 516 Clinton St., Brooklyn, New York, Mother, Emma Lewis, 262 Lake Forest Parkway, Wilmington, N.C.MOLNAR, Joseph, Fireman 1c, USN, @266-05-66 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted January 25, 1940 at Richmond, Va.Home address: #751 Lawrence St., Allentown, Pa.Next of kin: Mother, Elizabeth Kortvely, 751 Lawrence St., Allentown, Pa.NAGLE, Earl G., Seaman 2c, USN, #250-63-91 (Rescued)Enlisted April 1, 1941, at Pittsburgh, Pa.Home address: Chest Springs, Pennsylvania.Next of kin: Father, William Nagle, Chest Springs, Pa.NIECE, Delos, Seaman 2c, USN, #300-41-99 (Rescued)Enlisted March 27, 1941 at N.R.S., Chicago, Ilinois.Home address: 1516 South Sixth St., Elkhart, Indiana.Next of kin: Father, Delos Nieve, 1516 S. 6th St., Elkhart, Ind.OAKS, Kenneth Courtland, Radioman 3c, USN, #411-09-09 (Rescued)Enlisted September 19, 1940 at Great Lakes, Illinois.Home address: #113 Hzaetreet, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.Next of kin: Father, Clyde S. Oaks, 113 Hazel St., Oshkosh, Wisconsin.OLEXA, Steve, Seaman 2c, USN, #250-63-94 (Rescued)Enlisted APril 3, 1941 at N.R.S., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Home address: Box 126, Sabraton, West Virginia.Next of kin: Father, George Olexa, Box 126, Sabraton, West Virginia.PHALEN, Charles W., Fireman 2c, USN, #234-31-54 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 191 at Bufflo, New York.Home address: Stanley, New York.Next of kin: Mother Maratha Phalen, Stanley, New York.RICHARDSON, Lester E. Fireman 1c, USN, #272-27-55 (Rescued)Enlisted February 7, 1940 at Birmingham, Alabama.Home address: Route #2, Center, Alabama. Nest of kin: Father, Thomas Lester Richardson, Rt. #2, Center, Ala.ROBINSON, Clarence F., Seaman 1c, USN, #266-30-26 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941 at Richmond, Va.Home address: Route #1, Box 276, Charleston, V. Va.Next of kin: Brother, James Ivan Robinson, Rt. #1, Box 276, Charleston, W. Va.RODGERS, Talmage Roscoe, Fireman 3c, #268-62-20 (Rescued)Enlisted January 6, 1941 at Macon, Ga.Home address: R.F.D. #1, Moultrie, Ga.Next of kin: Father, Lester Culver Rodgers, R.F.D. #1, Moultrie, Ga.ROSE, Charles Ray, Seaman 1c, U#266-04-91 (Rescued)Enlisted January 9, 1940 - N.R.S., Richmond Virginia.Home address: Iaeger, West Virginia.Next of kin: Mother, Edith Ann Martin, Iaeger, West Virgnia.SILLS, Lawrence, Jr., Seaman 1c, USN, #274-42-93 (Rescued)Enlisted February 3, 1940 at New Orleans, La.Home address: 705 Cherry St., Jackson, Miss.Next of kin: Father, Lawrence Sills, Sr., 705 Cherry St., Jackson, Miss.SIMS, Lloyd E., Watertender 1c, USN, #274-10-90 (Rescued - Slightly Injured)Enlisted October 16, 1939 at New York, N.Y.Home address: Marianna, Florida.Next of kin: Wife, Jesse Catherine Sims, Marianna, Florida.STENCEL, Julius, Machinist's Mate 2c, F4D, USNR, #228-28-79 (Rescued)Enlisted September 20, 1935 at New York, N.Y.Home address: 124 East Baltic Street, Norwich, Conn.Next of kin: Brother, Joseph Stencel, 124 East Baltic St., Norwich, Conn.STEWART, Aaron H., Gunner's Mate 3c, USN, #266-16-02 (Rescued)Enlisted July 23, 1940 at N.R.S. Richmond, Va.Home address: 300 C. Street, Beckley, W. Va.Next of kin: Father Kelly Corbett Stewart, 300 C. St., Beckley, W. Va.STEWART, Robert S., Seaman 2c, USN, #266-30-23 (Rescued)Enlisted January 14, 1941 at N.R.S. Richmond, Va.Home address: Dorothy, Raleigh County, W. Va.Next of kin: Father, Frank H. Stewart, Dorothy, Raleigh County, W. Va.TATE, Cleophas, Electrician's Mate 3c, USN, #274-40-17 (Rescued)Enlisted November 1, 1939 at N.R.S. New Orleans, La.Home address: General Delivery, Ville Platte, La.Next of kin: Aunt, Electa Tate, General Delivery, Ville Platte, La.THOMPSON, James C., Seaman 2c, USN, #300-43-32 (Rescued - Seriously Injured)Enlisted April 10, 1941 at N.R.S. Chicago, Ill.Home address: 3755 Ahmedia Avenue, St. Francis, Wisc.Next of kin: Father, Lester Clyde Thompson, 3755 Ahmedia Ave., St. Francis, Wisc.TURNBULL, Thomas P., Electrician's Mate 2c, USN, #223-53-96 (Rescued - Seriously Injured)Enlisted August 9, 1939 at New York, N.Y.Home address: R.F.D. #1, Box 167, Rahway, New Jersey.Next of kin: Father, Hugh Alexander Turnbull, R.F.D. #1, Box 167, Rahway, New Jersey.TYGER, Leland E., Fireman 3c, USN, #311-61-01 (Rescued)Enlisted January 13, 1941 at Detroit, Michigan.Home address: 486 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan.Next of kin: Father, Wafe William Tyger, #486 Peterboro, Detroit, Mich.WESTBURY, William C., Machinist's Mate 1c, USN, #261-71-01 (Rescued)Enlisted September 5, 195 at San Diego, California.Home address: #2605 Logan Ave., San Diego, California.Next of kin: Wife, Helen Catherine Westbury, #403 Main Street, Charlestown, Mass.ZAPASNIK, Fred F., Shipfitter 1c, USN, #250-35-18Enlisted October 6, 1939 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Home address: #108 Charter St., New Castle, Pennsylvania.Next of kin: Wife, Helen Irene Zapasnik, Address: #108 Charter St., New Castle, Penna.________________________________________LIST OF PERSONNEL LOST WHEN THE USS REUBEN JAMESWAS TORPEDOED AND SUNK ON OCTOBER 31, 1941.Lieutenant Commander Heywood Lane Edwards, U.S. Navy (Commanding)Lieutenant Benjamin Ghetzler, U.S. Navy.Lieutenant Dewey George Johnston, U.S. NavyLieutenant (junior grade) John Justus Daub, U.S. Navy.Lieutenant James Mead Belden, D-V (G), U.S. Naval Reserve.Ensign Craig Spowers, U.S. Navy.Ensign Howard Voyer Wade, D-V (G), U.S. Naval Reserve.BAUER, John Francis, Jr., Chief Radioman (AA) Class V-3, U.S. Naval Reserve.BEASLEY, Harold Hamner, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.BENSON, James Franklin, Machinist's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.BIEHL, Joseph Peter, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.BOYNTON, Paul Rogers, Yeomman first class, U.S. Navy.BRITT, Harold Lelie, Coxswain, U.S. Navy.BURRELL, Herbert Ralph, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.BYRD, Hartwell Lee, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.CARBAUGH, Leftwich Erastus, Jr., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.VARUSO, Joseph James, Radioman second class, U.S. Navy.CLARK, James Brantley, Fire Controlman second class, U.S. Navy.COOK, Raymond, Mess Attendant first class, U.S. Navy.COOPERRIDER, Carl Eugene, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.COSGROVE, Lawrence Randall, Gunner's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.COUSINS, Alton Adelbert, Cheif Machinist's Mate (PA), U.S.N.R., Class F-4-CCOX, Charles Beacon, Chief Torpedoman (AA), U.S. Navy.DANIEL, Dennis Howard, Yeoman third class, U.S. Navy.DEVEREAU, Lawrence Delaney, Chief Boatswain's Mate (PA), U.S.N.R., Class F-4-DDICKERSON, Leonidas Camden, Jr., Storekeeper third class, U.S. Navy.DOIRON, GIlbert Joseph, Water Tender first class, U.S. Navy.DRINKWALTER, Karl Lee, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.DUNSTON, Nebraska, Mess Attennndant third class, U.S. Navy.DYSON, Corbon, Radioman third class, U.S. Navy.EVANS, Gene Guy, Boilermaker second class, U.S. Navy.EVANS, Linn Stewart, Fire Controlman third class, U.S. Navy.EVERETT, Carlyle Chester, Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.FARLEY, Edwin Louis, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.FITZGERALD, John Joseph, Quartermaster third class, U.S. Navy.FLYNN, William Aloysius, Torpedoman second class, U.S. Navy.FRANKS, Hartley Hardy, Ship's Cook second class, U.S. Navy.FRENCH, Ralph George, Chief Commissary Steward, U.S. Navy.GASKINS, Lester Carson, Machinist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.GREER, John Calvin, Chief Electrician's Mate (PA), U.S. Navy.GREY, Ernest Dwane, Jr., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.GRIFFIN, Arthur Raymond, Signalman second class, U.S. Navy.HARRIS, Charles Waldon, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.HAYES, Charles Chester, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.HENNIGER, William Henry, Gunner's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.HOGAN, Francis Robert, Gunners' Mate third class, U.S. Navy.HOUSE, Hugh, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.HUDLIN, Maurice Woodrow, Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.JOHNSON, Joseph, Mess Attendant first class, U.S. Navy.JONES, Glen W., Chief Quartermaster (PA), U.S. Navy.KALANTA, ANthony J., Boatswain's Mate second class, U.S. Navy.KAPP, Donald, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.[sic: should be "GUNN, Donald Knapp, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy" -HyperWar]KEEVER, Leonard A., Chief Machinist's Mate (PA), U.S. Naval Reserve, F-4-CKLOEPPER, Ralph W.H., Signalman third class, Class V-3, U.S. Naval Reserve.LITTLE, Joseph Gustave, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.MAGARIS, Paul L., Radioman first class, U.S. Navy.MC KEEVER, William James, Sean second class, U.S. Navy.MERRELL, Windell Harmon, Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.MERRITT, Auburn F., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.MILLS, Gerald Edward, Seaman second class, Class V-1, U.S. Naval Reserve.MONDOUK, Albert J., Chief Water Tender (PA), U.S. Naval Reserve, Class F-4-C.MUSSLEWHITE, Edgar W., Machinist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.NEELY, Kenneth Cecil, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.NEPTUNE, Aldon W., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.NEWTON, William Harding, Yeoman third class, U.S. Navy.ORANGE, Harold J., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.ORTIZUELA, Pedro, Officer's Cook first class, U.S. Navy.OWEN, Benjamin T., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PAINTER, William H., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PARKIN, Joseph J., Chief Water Tender (PA), U.S. Navy.PATERSON, William N., Coxswain, U.S. Navy.PENNINGTON, BUrl G., Quartermaster second class, U.S. Navy.POLIZZI, Joseph C., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.PORTER, Corwin D., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.POST, Frederick R., Boatswain's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.POWELL, Lee P., Pharmacist's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.RAYHILL, Elmer R., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.REID, Lee Louis N., Torpedoman first class, Class V-6, U.S. Naval Reserve.RESS, John R., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.ROGERS, James W., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.RYAN, John J., Jr., Coxswain, U.S. Navy.RYGWELSKI, Clarence, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.SALTIS, Edward Peter, Boatswain's Mate first class, U.S. Navy.SCHLOTTHAUER, Eugene, Chief Water Tender (AA), U.S. Navy.SETTLE, Sunny J., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.SORENSEN, Walter, Gunner's Mate third class, U.S. Navy.SOWERS, Wallace L., Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.STANKUS, Anthony Gedminus, Seaman second class, U.S. Navy.STELMACH, Jerome, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.TAYLOR, Wilton L., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.TOWERS, George F., Chief Gunner's Mate (AA), U.S. Navy.TURNER, Lewis Aubrey, Signalman third class, U.S. Navy.VOILES, Loyd Z., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.VORE, Harold M., Fireman first class, U.S. Navy.WEAVER, Jesse, Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.WELCH, Chester L., Fireman second class, U.S. Navy.WHARTON, Kenneth R., Fire Controlman first class, U.S. Naval Reserve, Class F-4-C.WOODY, George, Jr., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.WRAY, Edwin E., Seaman first class, U.S. Navy.(Sinking on 31 Oct 1941)Thus Germany was not just making excuses to declare war on the United States.