Critical Pathway Template: Fill & Download for Free

An important addendum to the the previous answers - and the clumsy press treatment of CRISPR - CRISPR/Cas9 isn’t a single technology!A great glory of the Cas9 enzyme is that it is composed of modules with clear function. Native Cas9 has two DNA cleaving domains as well as the domain that binds the guide RNA.What most articles are talking about is native Cas9 in which both nuclease domains are active. This form generates double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA, which it is hoped are repaired using a supplied template, thus editing the DNA. The scary recent headlines have been that p53 deficient cells are more likely to survive this process - and so such editing will select for cells that are on the road to becoming cancerous - and now that the DSBs may be triggering additional rearrangements.But there are also editing schemes in which only one nuclease domain is active (a nickase) - the other has been altered with a single amino acid change at a critical position. No DSBs, and repair takes place by different pathway.Still yet another set of editing schemes uses Cas9 mutated to eliminate all DNA cleaving activity, but instead fuses it to enzymes that alter individual bases near the binding site. For example, fusing on cytosine deaminase causes C→T mutations (A→G on opposite strand)

Probably it’s best to write an entire book in this topic.NOTE: Interestingly a psychologist may be great at personality research and counseling, but may be suboptimal in suggesting ideal career for any personality types especially for rarer types such as INFPs. It’s upto you to discover your own unique career pathway and learn from other INFPs. As they say - there are lots of differences between “knowing the path” and “walking the path”.Given the current design of corporations (we are making great progress on building better governance models using decentralised tech such as Aragon / Liquid Democracy / Quadratic Voting etc) and extrovert-obsessed (read ENTJ/Dale Carnegie types) business culture, cubicle jobs are ill-suited for INFPs. Buddha doesn’t belong to the Boardroom (Buddha was an INFP and HSP based on various cues given throughout his life and teachings; generalisation that all INFPs are destined to be an enlightened soul - Buddha - is also incorrect). In general growing automation and commoditisation will destroy many jobs in future (check at Will Robots Take My job?) . So pick jobs or careers that are somewhat immune to technical disruptions.Even across INFP spectrum everyone is different and have different priorities for their values. Figure out top 6 values of yours and curve a career around that. May be it’s “Healing”, “Freedom” or “Sustainability” or “Philanthropy / Charity” or “Betterment of Mankind” or “Spirituality” or “Creative Expression” or a combinations of them.“Freedom”, “Healing” and “Betterment of Mankind” are three dominant ones, for myself. Unfortunately our current socioeconomic setup is ill-designed to not to incentivise these values. That’s right ! If that would be the scenario, you would expect an economic policy like this -15% reduction in long-term capital gain tax for shareholders investing in ventures with ESG (Environment / Social / Governance) rating > 7Additionally, INFPs like other introverts generally prefer minimal ‘shallow’ social interactions but prefer deeper connections.We may now start looking for areas with above criterion satisfied. However before embarking on that, I would suggest the “lifestyle template” (there are many “Keeping up with the joneses” / “Minimalism” etc.) of “FIRE” (Financially Independent Retired Early) to all INFPs. Psychologists may not be experts at finance, but leveraging capitalism to attain financial independence is a priceless advice given to those who value true “Freedom” above all. Learn about investment for passive income and frugality in order to ensure your monthly expenses are less than your passive income. There are some fantastic books and blogs (ex. Mr. Money Mustache) on that. So get into that track sooner than later. Once you are FIREed, several diverse and exotic interests (ex. Environmental Activism) usually nurtured within INFPs are now allowed to their fruition.Now till you achieve FIRE, you may explore some of these jobs -Psychologists (Private Practice) and Career Counsellors (Private Practice)General Physician (GP) / Holistic GP (Private Practice / Shared Clinics; stay away from hospital politics. If you are looking at “purpose” or “meaning” and earnings, healthcare related professions are unmatched. PayScale Survey)LibrarianEquity Research / Algorithmic Trading (Algo Trading is highly quant. As an INFP you may enjoy qualitative things or qualitative investment better. So don’t do it for long)Risk Management / AnalysisWriting on Kindle platform (for self or for someone else)Quantum Mechanics / Modern Physics / Molecular Biology (with a deep spiritual sense, not for tweaking some pathway for a BioTech venture; NOT like CRISPR-Cas9)Professional BloggingSmall-scale entrepreneurship (cash-flow positive ones Venture Capitalists wouldn’t touch. With Silicon Valley/VC involvement privileged-background/extroversion starts playing important roles. Please ensure that TechCrunch-induced adrenaline may not propel you to product startups. Start a basic traditional business first with arbitrage at its basis and learn how to sell [L0]. Setting up an e-commerce shop in Amazon can be counted as a L0 business. Once you have capital sufficiency enter into an utility-business such as Car Wash, Saloon, Day Care etc. [L1]. Most of L1-level businesses may have a real-estate component to create competitive advantage. Once your L1 business is successful ensuring your return to traditional employment unnecessary, you may enter into L2 - risky innovation-based business with VC money. Hopefully through L0/L1 levels you have earned enough credibility and connections, to go for this. If you are a privileged INFP with deep connections to PE/VC, you may jump to L2 straightaway)Radio Telescope AstronomySpiritual Healing / Meditation & Yoga teaching / Stress Management / Shamanism (It’s unfortunate that our modern scientific world-view has designated Shamanism as equivalent to “black magic” etc. A shaman is a spiritual healer. Across eastern and indigenous traditions, it has been believed that health is not just based on biochemistry. It has strong psycho-spiritual foundation. Ayurveda has similarly concept of ‘Chakras’. Life has bio-energetic/Qi and photonic basis as well. As an INFP if you would have born in an african tribe, you might end up being a Shaman - a spiritual healer - Healing the Luminous Body )Nutrition and Naturopathy / Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) & Ayurveda / Massage Therapy / Cold Therapy ( Welcome to the Official Wim Hof Method Website ) / NIR Sauna Therapy / Supervised Prolonged Fasting Therapy (NOTE: pharmaceutical-funded research may try to convince you that these are unscientific methods, but do your own research. Science nowadays is under tight grip of profit-only capitalism)MusicAnime Design / SciFi Illustration / 3D design for games and simulationsHydroponic / Urban (Organic) Farming / Microgreens / PermacultureDocumentary (Nature / In-depth Journalism) Film-making / Artistic Filmmaking (kind of films Satyajit Ray - Wikipedia used to craft)Economic (and/or Evolutionary) Anthropology (Not math-heavy at all, unlike it’s math-obsessed mainstream counterpart)Artisan / CraftsmanshipBuilding Architecture / Design Homes / Sustainable Eco-village (you may need a privileged background to successfully pursue this. But can be very rewarding for INFPs. ex. Holiday home of the week: an ‘invisible’ hilltop villa in Spain’s Mararraña )NOTE: I’ve skipped the wonderful profession of Teaching on purpose. Contrarian it may sound, teaching requires a considerable degree of extroversion in the usual classroom setting. Moreover it also depends on the country’s/location’s dominant MBTI characteristics. For example, teaching in Australia (ESTP dominant) is very different from India (INFP-T dominant).You can (and should) combine these templates. For example, you can be an awesome Naturopath and Professional Blogger blogging about Nutrition and Naturopathy. Or You can be a spiritual healer and spiritually inclined musician (I love the rare sub-genre of rural folk music with a spiritual connection. ex. - Mirror of the Sky: Songs of the Bauls of Bengal (UNESCO Collection of Representative Works: European) - Kindle edition by Deban Bhattacharya, Deben Bhattacharya. Arts & Photography Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.) healing souls with music.Though can be quantitative, INFPs usually excel as qualitative analysts or semi-quantitative analysts in areas aligned to their value systems. Keen observers amongst you may have noticed that I have skipped more popular STEM areas like Computer Science. To be brutally honest, after years of unhappiness in long pursuit of science and engineering I have realised that the deconstructive objectivism (or reductionism) and implicit “unconscious” capitalism preached by western science is too ‘soul-less’ or empathy-less or ‘non-holistic’ (Please refer to this amazing book - Ascent of Humanity: Introduction | Charles Eisenstein for details) to the F of INFP (lately, few exceptions surfaced - Systems Biology / Complex Systems / Quantum Consciousnesses etc). To quote from the aforementioned book -We seem to have forgotten that mathematics, and therefore the science and technology built on its scaffold, by its nature as abstraction leaves something out. So far our response has been that of the technical fix: to extend measurement still further to encompass those things left out—to remedy its failures with more of the same. On a conceptual level, this program hit a brick wall in the twentieth century with the development of quantum mechanics and chaos theory. On a practical level, we have so far failed to appreciate the lesson in the repeated failure of the program to better manage reality by reducing it to numbers. Instead we call for more numbers, more data.…Mathematics and measure are objective, in the sense that they vitiate objects of the particularity which resides in the interaction of observer and observed. They are consistent with separately existing objects that are "out there", external to our subjectivity, denying a principle common to ancient mysticism and modern physics that "existence" is a two-place predicate, an interaction. Today the concept of objectivity is central to our world view that includes ourselves as separate, discrete individuals. It also underlies classical physics and the Scientific Method, and it informs what we mean by the very adjective "scientific". To see how deeply it has influenced our perceptions, visualize something just "existing". Is your picture that of something floating by itself, alone? No wonder we feel so alone ourselves. To be is to be separate.(Chapter 2: Mathematics & Measure)So even though INFPs can be good at deep mathematics or statistics or other hardcore areas such as these, satisfaction can be elusive unless there is a higher ‘purpose’ (values alignment) thrown to it. To exemplify -As an INFP you are more likely to appreciate Quantum Mechanics with an associated philosophical concept of Quantum Consciousness & Spiritual Discovery as opposed to generic challenges to scale a distributed network (Computer Science).Value alignment: “Spirituality”As an INFP, you are more likely to appreciate data & engineering efforts (GraphDB / Data Forensics etc.) to support investigative journalism (such as Panama Papers) as opposed to an identical engineering challenge taken by an Ad Optimisation company.Value alignment: “Betterment of Mankind”As an INFP, you are more likely to enjoy being an economist researching “socioeconomic inequality” as opposed to employed by a Bank devising “greedy & toxic” products such as Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) or Asset Backed Securities (ABS).Value alignment: “Betterment of Society”As an INFP, you are more likely to enjoy being a Yoga/Meditation teacher and Naturopath practising ancient healing techniques of Therapeutic Fasting, Vipassana Meditation, TCM & Ayurveda as opposed to a GP recklessly prescribing Blood Pressure and Cholesterol medications (It is now known that a good percentage of patients having high total cholesterol in blood has other underlying conditions such as secondary inflammation or hormone-imbalance or leaky-gut-induced low-grade endotoxemia) without discovering root cause first and then allowing body to heal naturally (in some cases medications may be necessity but to majority of us alternate healing techniques are not offered by default).Value alignment: “Healing”Most of above-mentioned jobs are niche and it helps to start with a privileged background (it fails to generate enough monthly cash-flow at the beginning ). For unprivileged INFPs, attaining FIRE (alternatively, Tim Ferris-style mini-retirements) thus becomes important. Even if you end up picking another profession, at the very least, work on alignment of your primary values. For an INFP, this is crucial.Re:Don’t fall for the meme that - “Myers Briggs is useless”. For any classification framework, a set of people will say - ‘it is totally useless’, other set of people will vouch for it being perfect. Reality often floats somewhere in the middle. MBTI is an effort around “Top down classification / modelling” of personality research data. This is not an “Agent-centric Model (bottom up)”. Thus, often, it presents an over-simplistic view of things as complex as human personalities. Those who completely dismisses it may also dismiss - “modern top-down economics and GDP modelling is useless”. It’s true up to a point. Yet governments and traditional economists use its macro-levers to tune a country-wide economy. Same applies for psychology.Don’t fall for the meme “Follow your passion”. For God’s sake, be passionate about topics you find interesting. However, please remember that miss-guided and ill-mentored passion should always remain slave to reason. Preaching “follow your passion” usually evokes a strong Confirmation Bias within all of us. However, to be happy and successful (sticking to it’s traditional definition), you need lots of ‘other stuff’ beyond passion. When we are young, we usually tend to disregard these ‘other stuffs’ (privilege / extroversion / probabilities etc; for example, barring few exceptions, its very hard to pursue a PhD/research-career in Quantum Gravity unless you get a solid support from your family both economically & emotionally and are able to navigate university politics). But as we age, we come to terms with things at ground especially when our miss-guided passion burns us out. Yes, “Passion Burnout” is a real thing. That’s why even you are passionate about a topic, maintain a degree of ‘detachment’ from it. As a bonus, it may even allow you to see things from a totally different perspective. Follow your passion with a degree of detachment after prioritising values-alignment over your passion.Don’t fall for the meme “Anyone can make anything work”. Even though I hate rigid theories, have to mention the “Rubber Band” theory of personality - you have a base personality you are born with and you can flexibly stretch it to a maximum amplitude without causing considerable dissatisfaction. Don’t learn to fake extroversion and stretch beyond your amplitude for longer term. Instead always learn from anecdotal experiences of your own and other INFPs and research and introspect and experiment.Read more works of Taleb especially Fooled by Randomness, The Black Swan, Antifragile (It’s amazing that a quantitative trader can write such volumes imbued with deep “qualitative” observations revolving around socio-economical and psycho-social issues). This will help you to systematically “un-condition” lots of existing socioeconomic conditioning that usually prefers (or artificially “selects”) a handful of MBTI types excluding INFPs . Lots of intuitions I had as an INFP got anecdotally (sometime statistically) validated by Taleb’s writings. He sometimes may sound arrogant and elitist, but that’s exactly what is needed to “see through” the orthodoxy and dogma prevailing over current socioeconomic systems and popular theories often contrarian to value systems cherished by INFPs. Those insights will definitely help you in selecting better careers or be better at your current career by constructively absorbing those “harsh” criticisms. Ascent of Humanity and Taleb’s Collections are some of the most impactful and “un-conditioning” (“Redpilled”) books I have ever read.Thanks everyone for upvotes and comments. Would you be interested in a book around this topic ? Please let me know your opinion via comments.

Do people deaf from birth and have schizophrenia hear voices?I don't have any special insight or experience here and it's a complicated and somewhat contentious area, if only because of the relatively small study sample and great range of variables.Consider for example that "deaf from birth" as you say can mean many things. The cause of a hearing deficit may be injury, disease or any failure of development or connection anywhere along the Auditory system from the reception of physical sensation to its transmission through to sensory integration and processing. Even if a particular degree of impairment is accepted as "legally" deaf, it may not be "complete" deafness, or even a complete lack of neural stimulation.Still, based almost entirely on what I've read (and a very, very small number of relevant conversations) I understand that it's generally believed that if such an affected individual has any degree of "normal" development of the brain's auditory processing system then yes, they could conceivably experience a form of 'auditory' hallucination, but it will be "soundless".Perhaps it's not what you'd expect an Auditory hallucination to be, but it's something.As I understand it, lacking the ability to form a "real" memory of "sound" as others know it, they may form their own perception of "sound" instead. If they have learned sign language then it is possible that they will "see" the auditory hallucination as signing, but it will have no attached sound.This may simply be because the neural networks that support auditory processing (if they are present to any degree) are stimulated in some way, irrespective of the detail of any hearing deficit.However if you have been born with some degree of hearing, or lost your hearing later, then you will have memory of what you heard, likely including speech. In which case you could "hear voices" as it were, as sound. You will have also triggered crucial developmental changes and new connections in the brain's auditory processing areas.Obviously if you were profoundly deaf from birth then you wouldn't have that "speech template" or tonotopic mapping to work from. Most likely your audio cortex would be repurposed via brain plasticity, or simply less finely developed in many ways. Lack of use, or effective stimulus, will do exactly that to any region of the brain.Yet, if your brain's auditory system was sufficiently developed in that critical early period of life then you would conceivably still experience "something" that to you would represent auditory hallucination.[1]I'm just glad you didn't ask about synaesthesia and auditory hallucinations.Don't trust me alone on this though. It is contentious. I've found some research, links below. May help.Further reading:Exploring how deaf people ‘hear’ voice-hallucinationsAuditory System: Pathways and Reflexes (Section 2, Chapter 13) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the NeurosciencesPrelingually profoundly deaf schizophrenic patients who hear voices: a phenomenological analysis.Do profoundly prelingually deaf patients with psychosis really hear voices?Hearing lossSchizophreniaSynesthesia, at and near its bordersFootnotes[1] Tonotopy - Wikipedia