Rows And Columns Of The Periodic Table Period: Fill & Download for Free

It's really more about the electrons than the protons. Because carbon atoms have six protons, they will tend to attract six electrons. The first two electrons go into one grouping; the next four form a tetrahedron, which can bond with four other atoms. That gives it plenty of flexibility:That flexibility makes it the backbone of a lot of important biochemicals, and the other groups that hang off of it give the chemicals their particular characters. Sitting in the middle of the row, it is able to both gain and lose other groups, making it well suited to dynamic life processes.Any element in its column on the periodic table will have a similar electron configuration, and it has been suggested that silicon would be equally flexible:Why is life carbon-based and not silicon-based? Silicon would seem to decay less, allow every successive generation to have total knowledge at "birth", and have longer lifetimes.It's possible, perhaps on other planets. It's more likely as a base than oxygen or nitrogen. But carbon sits in just the right place on the periodic table for that. The position on the periodic table is governed by the number of protons, but they're notable mainly for the electrons they attract.

I'm going to assume that you knew some high school chemistry.The gaps arise due to the filling of order of atomic orbitals. The three lowest energy atomic levels only have 2, 8, and 18 states respectively and they're represented by the first three rows with one box per state. The gaps have to do with trying to line up these different length columns into a grid.The reason for the 3rd row having a gap that is identical to the 2nd row has to do with the fact that that 10 of the 18 states of the 3rd row are filled later and they're put in the 4th row. Thus the first 3 rows have 2 boxes, 8 boxes and 8 boxes.The more detailed explanation is below.So one of the remarkable properties of atomic physic is that you can think about the energy levels of the hydrogen atom and that these correspond to orbitals of a complicated atoms. This didn't really need to be the case, but it is and it makes our lives much easier.So the energy levels of the hydrogen atom [*] are labeled as1S (2 states)2S (2 states)2P (6 states)3S (2 states)3P (6 states)3D (10 states)4S (2 states)4P (6 states)4D (10 states)4F (14 states)(plus many more after this)where I've listed them in terms of their energy.Due to the Pauli exclusion principle, only one electron can occupy a single state.So if you wanted to start filling the states naively, you'd find that the first 2 electrons would go into the 1S orbital, the 3rd and 4th would go into the 2S... so on and so forth.You'll notice that this works for the first two rows:The first has 2 elements in it. The second has 8 divided into the 2 (for the 2S) and 6 (for the 2P).If this kept on going, the period table would look like thisNow treating the electrons as independent and able to ignore each other isn't a perfect approximation and begins to break down when atoms start having a lot of electrons in them. How the orbitals fill is known as Madelung rule energy order rule[**]. The first place the difference between the naive filling and this more nuanced filling appears is in the 3rd row where the 10 3D states do not appear. What happens is that the 4S states become more energetically favorable than the 3D and fill first.Thus the next states to fill are the 3S (2 states) and the 3P (6 states) finishing out the second row. Then the 4S fill (on the 4th row) and the 3D fill (put also on the 4th row) and then the 4P.You then do the 5S and 4D and then 5P (for the 4th row). The sixth row starts with the 6S and then 4F (usually shown as a break-away column for the Lathanides) then the 5D, 6P. Finally the 7th row is the 7S, 5F, 6D, 7P. [***]With this filling order, you get a periodic table that looks like thisUsually we drop the F states into a separate pair of rows off to the side because no chemist likes those damn lanthanides and actinides. And the last edit you make is to move Helium to all the way to the right. This periodic table also removes lanthanum and actinium and puts them in the insert below. This will change depending on the figure. The whole ordering of orbitals starts breaking down with atoms this large -- remember we got lucky to be able to use the notion of orbitals in the first place.[****]Footnotes[*] The reason for these seemingly arbitrary arrangement of states can only be understood with quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical hydrogen atom can be solved exactly and the energy levels are specified by two relevant quantities: the principle quantum number, n, (an integer starting at 1) and the angular momentum quantum number, l, (an integer starting at 0 and running to n-1). Thus the lowest energy levels aren=1 with l=0n=2 with l=0, 1n=3 with l=0, 1, 2n=4 with l=0, 1, 2, 3There are 2*(2l+1) copies of a state with angular momentum l. We call states withl = 0 is Sl = 1 is Pl = 2 is Dl = 3 is FThus we get the 2, 6, 10 14 states for the orbitals. Putting these together we get the table above.[**] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle#The_Madelung_energy_ordering_rule[***] If you're wondering what would happen if you went beyond the end of this periodic table, it's hypothesized you need the "G-block" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-blockThe elements that far down in the periodic table will be sufficiently unstable to nuclear decay that they will never completely fill their orbitals. The whole notion of simple orbitals will start to be radically shifted because the inner electrons will be nearly traveling at the speed of light and will be partially residing inside the nucleus.[****] I personally like the previous arrangement of the periodic table better where the lanthanides and actinides are connected to the rest of the table rather floating off the map like Alaska and Hawaii.

I did this 3 years back, when I was in 9th standard. It was computer period, and we were shown the answer sheets of the computer exam held 2 weeks back.There was a question of how to insert table in MS Word. And I wrote, by pressing the shortcut key ctrl+T. It knew it was wrong but still I confidently went to teacher to argue. After 5 minutes scolding, I said, “I'll show you later Ma'am.”The next day was our practical period. So while other students were busy making their documents, what I did was this:I assigned a shortcut key for inserting table in MS Word 2010.This can be done as:Click on File tab.2. Click on Options.3. In the dialog box, click on Customize Ribbon.4. Click on Customize beside Keyboard shortcuts as shown in the image.5. In the following dialog box, search for TableInsertTable in the Insert Tab, as shown in the image. Assign a new shortcut key from there.Now everytime Ctrl+T is pressed, the following Dialog box appears that allows to insert a table with desired number of rows and columns.After assigning shortcut key for inserting table, I called my computer teacher and shown her this. She was awestruck, and finally gave me extra 2 marks in the exam.☮️.You are reading Mrityunjay Mani Tripathi (मृत्युञ्जय मणि त्रिपाठी) ✍️