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Well just about any other industry.Los Angeles is the 2nd largest city in the U.S. and by some measures equals or surpasses NYC’s metropolitan statistical area if you include the Ventura, San Bernardino/Riverside, Orange County populations. (all of which are adjacent to Los Angeles County and there is an active commuter and business exchange between all counties).Having said that, Los Angeles has always been known for it’s aerospace industry—it was an epicenter of aircraft manufacturing from the very beginning (Boeing tried to start up his company here in LA before heading to Washington State—although Boeing still has very extensive cutting edge manufacturing facilities in the Los Angeles area especially in satellite manufacturing). It was an area whose many aerospace companies manufactured the space shuttles for NASA (including the ones that put man on the moon for the first time). Today you can still see that with Elon Musks SpaceX which is ;located near the airport. There’s also Virgin Galactic, and a number of other startups that are trying to get into the space race.Aside from that there is also transportation—Los Angeles/Long Beach have the busiest and biggest port complex in all of North America, Europe, South America, and Africa. Almost anything at any store you’ve shopped at even if you live in the Midwest or Southern U.S.—came through the ports of LA/Long Beach. There are jobs in trucking, warehousing (massive warehouses), as well as administrative areas related to these. Depending on what type of job you get into they tend to pay well (warehouse managers, truck drivers, port workers, inventory specialists, supply chain, demand planners, import/export, etc.).Another industry is the health industry—a lot of hospitals and clinics (for the largest state population in the country) and all jobs related to that, and this area tends to pay very well in nearly all medical related occupations from nurses, LPNs, CNA’s, doctors, specialists, assistants, dentistry, etc. Kaiser Permanente (one of the largest hospital chain and insurers in the U.S.) is based in California.Yet another area that has jobs is education—Los Angeles is home not just to the worlds top universities (UCLA, California Institute of Technology, USC, Harvey Mudd, etc.), but is home to numerous very big and diverse institutions from the UC’s (UCLA, UC Riverside, UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara), Cal State System (Cal State LA, Cal State Northridge, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Cal State Fullerton, Dominguez Hills, San Bernardino, etc.), the Community College System (Pasadena City College, Santa Monica College, El Camino College, Fullerton College, Mt. San Antonio College, Chaffey College, Riverside Community College, Rio Hondo College, etc.), and private colleges (Occidental College, Loyola Marymount University, Pepperdine University, Claremont Colleges—Harvey Mudd, Pitzer, Scripps, Claremont McKenna, Pomona; Cal Tech, University of Redlands, Chapman University, BYU, etc.), and of course numerous K-12 schools both public and private.Then there is banking, insurance, finance, and REAL ESTATE—real estate (realtors/real estate agent, appraisers, underwriters, inspectors, etc.) is especially big all over California since it has the highest property prices in the nation on average as well as having some of the country’s largest home builders headquartered here. There’s also work in construction, architecture, and civil engineering, related to this.Manufacturing and all jobs related to that (from tool workers, to assembly workers, welders, administrative, etc.). Los Angeles has the largest manufacturing base in the nation.Also:-Lawyers and Paralegals-Public workers (City workers, state workers, law enforcement, firefighters, agency workers etc.—ie LAX employees, Port of Long Beach workers, court workers, Cal Trans workers, Metro workers, etc.)-Tech , IT, and programming fields (i.e. Snapchat based here, and many other upstarts, as well as established tech companies having major local HQs here like Google, Microsoft, etc.). Also NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (run by Cal Tech) is based in LA’s Pasadena suburb—this agency is known for designing, assembling, and monitoring, the rovers that are currently on Mars. Then also just about every company (and Los Angeles County has more incorporated businesses than just about every other county in the nation), needs an IT specialist, or a skilled programmer, etc. to run or maintain its website, databases, etc.-Biomedical field-Retail (management and administrative positions pay best here)-Design (cars and aircraft—most car companies have design HQs in LA, most cars on the road today were conceived in an LA design studio); fashion—rivals NYC now in many respects)-etc.There is really a plethora of industries here in LA. There’s a reason why the city of LA (or metro statistical area) has the world’s 3rd largest city gross domestic product (after Tokyo and NYC)—there’s a lot of industry here.

A drive-through or drive-thru (a sensational spelling of the word through), is a type of take-out service provided by a business that allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars. The format was pioneered in the United States in the 1930s by Jordan Martin,[1] but has since spread to other countries. The first recorded use of a bank using a drive-up window teller was the Grand National Bank of St. Louis, Missouri in 1930. The drive-up teller allowed only deposits at that time.[2]Orders are generally placed using a microphone and picked up in person at the window. A drive-through is different from a drive-in in several ways - the cars create a line and move in one direction in drive-throughs, and normally do not park, whereas drive-ins allow cars to park next to each other, the food is generally brought to the window by a server, called a carhop, and the customer can remain in the parked car to eat. However, during peak periods, to keep the queue down and avoid traffic flow problems, drive-throughs occasionally switch to an "order at the window, then park in a designated space" model where the customer will receive their food from an attendant when it is ready to be served. This results in a perceived relationship between the two service models.Drive-throughs have generally replaced drive-ins in popular culture, and are now found in the vast majority of modern American fast-food chains. Sometimes, a store with a drive-through is referred to as a "drive-through", or the term is attached to the service, such as, "drive-through restaurant". or "drive-through bank".Drive-throughs typically have signs over the drive-through lanes to show customers which lanes are open for business. The types of signage used is usually illuminated so the "open" message can be changed to a "closed" message when the lane is not available.Drive-through restaurants[edit]A typical Australian McDonald's drive-through with speaker.The intercom and menus at a British McDonald's restaurant. Edinburgh, Scotland.A drive-through restaurant generally consists of:A speaker and microphone for customers to place their ordersA speaker and microphone or wireless headset system for employees to hear the customer's order (when a speaker is used)A trigger pad beneath the concrete to activate the microphone and headset, possibly augmented with a CCTV cameraOne or more free-standing signs listing the menu items, called a menu boardNewer drive-throughs feature a LCD or LED display within the speaker system in order to show the full order and total cost to avert order errors through miscommunication. At many brands of restaurants, a secondary display featuring the total is placed directly next to the order window. This is to ensure that the customer will know if the cashier intentionally overcharges them.Windows where employees interact with customers by processing the customer's payment and giving them their order. Most drive-throughs have either one window serving both functions, or two windows with the first being used for payment and the second used for retrieving the order.Most restaurants have marked parking spaces just beyond the last window. If there is a significant delay in an individual customer's order (e.g. a special order), an employee may direct that customer to park in this area, clearing the drive-through lane for the next customer and preventing knock-on delays to other customers. When the order is ready, an employee hand-delivers the order to the customer. This service therefore occasionally has some similarities to drive-in service, but only during peak periods.Some businesses are built only for drive-through service, like this espresso shop.A drive-through only Tim Hortons location in Moncton, New Brunswick, CanadaDrive-through designs are different from restaurant to restaurant; however, most drive-throughs can accommodate four to six passenger cars or trucks at once (called the queue).[citation needed] Most drive-through lanes are designed so the service windows and speaker are on the driver's side of the car, for example, in left-hand traffic (right-hand drive) countries such as the UK, Ireland, Australia, India and New Zealand, the windows will be on the right side of the drive-through lane, and vice versa in right-hand traffic (left-hand drive) countries such as North America and mainland Europe. There are a few drive-through lanes designed with the service windows on the passenger side, but these lanes are disfavored as they cannot be used easily by cars with only a driver.History[edit]In 1921, Kirby's Pig Stand introduced the drive-in restaurant, in which carhops delivered meals. In 1931, a California Pig Stand franchise introduced a drive-through service that bypassed the carhops. By the 1970s, drive-through service had replaced drive-in restaurants in the United States.[3]The first McDonald's drive-through was created in 1975 in Sierra Vista, Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, a military installation, to serve military members who were not permitted to get out of their cars off-post while wearing fatigues.[4] The original McDonald's was closed down and demolished in May 1999 and a new McDonald's replaced it.In 1981, Max Hamburgers opened Northern Europe's first drive-in in Piteå.[5]The first drive-through restaurant in Europe, a McDonald's drive-through, opened at the Nutgrove Shopping Centre in Dublin, Ireland in 1985.[6]In the US, drive-throughs account for 70 percent of McDonald's business and the average drive through order is fulfilled in under three and one half minutes.[7] Outside of the US, McDonald's drive-throughs are variously known as "McAuto", "McDrive" and "AutoMac".[citation needed]In 2010, the Casa Linda, Texas, franchise of McDonald's opened a drive-through/walk-up only store with no indoor seating although it has a small patio with tables.[8]In McDonald's in the UK, all McDonald's are going under an EOTF transformation (Experience of the Future), where all McDonald's with Drive-Thru's will have a third window. This would be where at the second window, the presenter would tell customers to pull up to the third window (if they've got a larger order and have longer to wait), this is known as the "fast forward window". This reduces waiting times for customers.Drive-through banking[edit]A drive-through for BNB in Bolivia, an example of drive-through bankingA drive-through shared by a bank and a coffee shop.In 1928, City Center Bank, which became UMB Financial Corporation, president R. Crosby Kemper opened what is considered the first drive-up window.[citation needed] Shortly after the Grand National Bank in St Louis opened up a drive-through, including a slot to the side for night time deposits.[9] Westminster Bank opened the UK's first drive-through bank in Liverpool in 1959, soon followed by Ulster Bank opening Ireland's first in 1961 at Finaghy.[10]In recent years, there has been a decline in drive-through banking due to increased traffic congestion and the increased availability of automated teller machines and telephone and internet banking.[citation needed] However, many bank buildings now feature drive-through ATMs.Drive-through grocery shopping[edit]Harold Willis and his father, Robert Willis, first incorporated a dairy and eggs drive through service in Redlands, California, in the early 1940s, supplying milk and eggs quickly and efficiently to driving customers; this utilized a dairy conveyor belt that Harold Willis had invented.[11] Some supermarkets offer drive-through facilities for grocery shopping. In the UK, this service was first announced by Tesco in August 2010.[12] In the United States, Crafty's Drive-Buy Grocery Store in Virginia started offering the service. In 2012, the Dutch chain Albert Heijn introduced a "Pick Up Point" where one can collect groceries bought online.[13]Drive-through medical testing[edit]During the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, drive-through testing became a common approach around the world for testing people who were potentially infected with the virus.[14]This approached allowed medical workers to process high volumes of tests quickly while reducing exposure and risk of infection between those being tested by keeping patients isolated in their vehicles.[15]The process typically saw patients present their ID before being swabbed while remaining in their vehicles, before driving off once the test was complete. Their results were then typically shared with them either via text message or via their doctor.[16]Drive-through emissions[edit]In recent years, drive-through restaurants and other drive-through facilities have faced increased scrutiny due to the higher levels of emissions that they create – compared to walk-in equivalents. A 2018 study by QSR Magazine found that the average waiting time at a McDonald’s drive-through restaurant in the US took 3 minutes and 15 seconds, with an average of 3.8 cars waiting at any one time.[17] This figure rose to an average of 4 minutes 25 seconds in 2019.[18]If the average motorist avoided idling for just 3 minutes every day of the year, CO2 emissions would be reduced by 1.4 million tonnes annually, or the equivalent of taking 320,000 cars off the road[19][20][21]In response to emerging evidence of the role that drive-throughs play in contributing to climate change, Minneapolis banned the construction of new drive-throughs in 2019, while a number of other US cities including Creve, Coeur, Fair Haven and Orchard Park have enacted ordinances to restrict or prohibit fast-food drive-through restaurants.[22][23]Outside the US, a total of 27 municipalities have banned drive-through restaurants on the grounds of environmental and health concerns from engine idling[24]Other examples[edit]McDonald's first two-lane drive-through was at the Rock N Roll McDonald's in Chicago.Alcoholic beverages at a drive-through liquor store (called a "Beer Through", a "Cruise Through", a "Brew Thru" in the U.S. eastern Mid-Atlantic coast,[25] or a "Pony Keg" in certain areas; generally illegal in the Northeast and West)Postal services at a drive-through mailboxCoffee at a drive-through coffee shopDairy products at a drive-through dairy store (notably the Skinner Dairy shops of North-East Florida or Dairy Barn in Long Island)Prescriptions at a drive-through pharmacyMarriage (primarily at special drive-through marriage chapels in Las Vegas in the United States)Funeral home where mourners can drive by, view and make offerings to the remains of their loved ones through windows.[26][27]Pennsylvania State Representative Kevin P. Murphy installed a drive-through window designed to speed constituent service.[28]Photo processing at Fotomat.In 2020, drive-through testing facilities were set up in many countries to test whether passengers were infected with COVID-19 (the first being in South Korea).[29]Non-car usage[edit]Pedestrian[edit]Pedestrians sometimes attempt to walk through the drive-through to order food after the seated section of a fast-food restaurant has closed. Many establishments refuse drive-through service to pedestrians for safety, insurance, and liability reasons.[30] Cyclists are usually refused service with the same justification given.[31] However, in the summer of 2009, Burgerville gave use of the drive-through window to bicyclists.[32] Similar issues can arise in rural areas for people on horseback or in a horse-drawn carriage.[33]On 20 July 2013, a woman was fined for taking her horse inside a McDonald's restaurant in Greater Manchester, United Kingdom after being refused service at the drive-through. The horse ended up defecating inside the restaurant which caused distress to other customers.[34]In May 2016, Scott McGee filed a United States federal class action lawsuit pursuing action against McDonald's due to the company being unwilling to serve people who are visually impaired when only the drive thru lane is open.[35] As of October 2018, the matter is still in litigation.On May 24, 2018, a law came into effect in Portland Oregon requiring multi-modal access to drive-throughs.[36] The new zoning law states, "When a drive-through facility is open and other pedestrian-oriented customer entrances to the business are unavailable or locked, the drive-through facility must serve customers using modes other than a vehicle such as pedestrians and bicyclists."[37]Walk-up windows[edit]McDonald's walk-up window (left) at a location in New York CitySome establishments provide a walk-up window instead when a drive-through may not be practical. However, the walk-up windows should not be confused with small establishments that customers are lined up for services such as mobile kitchens, kiosks or concession stands. These walk-up windows are value-added services on top of the full services provided inside the stores.[38]The walk-up windows generally provide similar customer experience with the drive-throughs by allowing customers to receive services from the exterior of the facilities through a window. There are many reasons for the owners to provide such services. An example is when McDonald's entered a new market in Russia where the majority of families did not own cars, the owners developed the walk-up windows as an alternative.[39] Another reason is to have a drive-through experience in the locations that are not feasible to construct a drive-through lane such as in city centers. Some establishments may want to use walk-up windows to attract certain customer demographics such as younger customers who need quick service during late night.[38] Another reason is to offer extended service hours and maintain a safe environment for employees, such as a bulletproof walk-up window in high-crime areas.[40]Ski-through[edit]McDonald's first opened a ski-through called McSki in the ski resort of Lindvallen, Sweden in 1996.[41]See also[edit]Drive-inDisposable food packagingEffects of the car on societies