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What Non Muslims Said About Islam?Sarojini Naidu – [1879-1949] A Writer, Poetess And One Of The Most Visible Leaders Of Pre-Independent India. President Of The Indian National Congress And The First Woman Governor Of Free IndiaSense Of Justice Is One Of The Most Wonderful Ideals Of Islam, Because As I Read In The Qur’an, I Find Those Dynamic Principles Of Life, Not Mystic, But Practical Ethics For The Daily Conduct Of Life Suited To The Whole World. – It Was The First Religion That Preached And Practiced Democracy, For, In The Mosque When The Minaret Is Sounded And Worshippers Are Gathered Together, The Democracy Of Islam Is Embodied Five Times A Day When The Peasant And King Kneel Side By Side And Proclaim: God Alone Is Great. I Have Been Struck Over And Over Again By This Indivisible Unity Of Islam That Makes A Man Instinctively A Brother. [Speeches And Writings Of Sarojini Naidu – English – Author: Sarojini Naidu – Published By: G. A. Natesan And Co, Madras – Pages. 167 And 169]Arnold J. Toynbee – [1889-1975] British Historian, Lecturer At Oxford UniversityThe Extinction Of Race Consciousness As Between Muslims Is One Of The Outstanding Moral Achievements Of Islam, And In The Contemporary World There Is, As It Happens, A Crying Need For The Propagation Of This Islamic Virtue. [Civilization On Trial – English – Author: Arnold J. Tonybee – Published By: Oxford University Press, New York – Edition: 1948 – Page 205]H. A. R. Gibb – [1895-1971] A Leading Orientalist Scholar Of His TimeBut Islam Has Yet A Further Service To Render To The Cause Of Humanity. It Stands After All Nearer To The Real East Than Europe Does, And It Possesses A Magnificent Tradition Of Interracial Understanding And Co-operation. No Other Society Has Such A Record Of Success In Uniting In An Equality Of Status, Of Opportunity, And Of Endeavour So Many And So Various Races Of Mankind. – Islam Has Still The Power To Reconcile Apparently Irreconcilable Elements Of Race And Tradition. If Ever The Opposition Of The Great Societies Of East And West Is To Be Replaced By Co-operation, The Mediation Of Islam Is An Indispensable Condition. In Its Hands Lies Very Largely The Solution Of The Problem With Which Europe Is Faced In Its Relations With The East. [Whither Islam? – English – Author: H. A. R. Gibb – Published By: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London – Edition: 1932 – Page 379]That His [Muhammad(saww)’s] Reforms Enhanced The Status Of Women In General By Contrast With The Anarchy Of Pre-Islamic Arabia Is Universally Admitted. [Muhammadan’ism – English – Author: H. A. R. Gibb – Published By: Oxford University Press, New York – Edition: 1962 – Page 33]James A. Michener – [1907-1997] Leading American Writer; Recipient Of Honorary Doctorates In Five Fields From Thirty Leading Universities And Decorated With The Presidential Medal Of Freedom, America’s Highest Civilian AwardNo Other Religion In History Spread So Rapidly As Islam. – The West Has Widely Believed That This Surge Of Religion Was Made Possible By The Sword. But No Modern Scholar Accepts That Idea, And The Qur’an Is Explicit In Support Of Freedom Of Conscience. [Reader’s Digest – Islam: The Misunderstood Religion – English – Author: James A. Michener – Edition: May, 1955 – Page 73]Edward Gibbon – [1737-1794] Considered The Greatest British Historian Of His TimeI Believe In One God, And Muhammad(saww) The Apostle Of God, Is The Simple And Invariable Profession Of Islam. The Intellectual Image Of The Deity Has Never Been Degraded By Any Visible Idol; The Honors Of The Prophet(saww) Have Never Transgressed The Measure Of Human Virtue, And His Living Precepts Have Restrained The Gratitude Of His Disciples Within The Bounds Of Reason And Religion. [History Of The Saracen Empire – English – Author: Edward Gibbon – Published By: Alex Murray And Son, 30 Queen Square, W. C., London – Edition: 1870 – Page 54]Jared Diamond – Professor Of Physiology At The UCLA School Of Medicine; Recipient Of The Pulitzer Prize For General Non-Fiction In 1998Medieval Islam In The Same Region Was Technologically Advanced And Open To Innovation. It Achieved Far Higher Literacy Rates Than Contemporary Europe; It Assimilated The Legacy Of Classical Greek Civilization To Such A Degree That Many Classical Greek Books Are Now Known To Us Only Through Arabic Copies. It Invented Or Elaborated Windmills, Tidal Mills, Trigonometry, And Lateen Sails. It Made Major Advances In Metallurgy, Mechanical And Chemical Engineering, And Irrigation Methods. – In The Middle Ages The Flow Of Technology Was Overwhelmingly From Islam To Europe, Rather Than From Europe To Islam As It Is Today. Only After Around AD 1500 Did The Net Direction Of Flow Begin To Reverse. [Guns, Germs And Steel: The Fates Of Human Societies – English – Author: Jared Diamond – Published By: W. W. Norton And Company, New York And London – Edition: 1997 – Page 253]Annie Besant – [1847-1933] British Theosophist And Nationalist Leader In India. President Of The Indian National Congress In 1917I Often Think That Woman Is More Free In Islam Than In Christianity. Woman Is More Protected By Islam Than By The Faith Which Preaches Monogamy. In Al-Qur’an The Law About Woman Is More Just And Liberal. It Is Only In The Last Twenty Years That Christian England Has Recognized The Right Of Woman To Property, While Islam Has Allowed This Right From All Times. [Adyar Pamphlets – The Life And Teachings Of Muhammad(saww) – Number 162 – English – Author: Annie Besant – Published By: Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Madras – Page 9]

Not to undermine or discredit the below named spies by my fellow Quoraians, I am still amazed that "The Cambridge Five" were mentioned as a footnote.Anyway, the story of "The Cambridge Five" is still being unraveled today. The damage they caused to the British Intelligence Apparatus was immeasurable.Kim Philby was awarded a hero's funeral and numerous medals by the USSR.(Kim Philby: Spy gets Russian government honour.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11961131)Anthony Blunt was knighted by the Queen. (Later stripped upon his discovery)Below is an extract from wikipedia on two of the most famous among the "Five".The Cambridge Five were a ring of spies, recruited in part by Soviet scout Arnold Deutsch in the United Kingdom, who passed information to the Soviet Union during World War II and at least into the early 1950s. Four members of the ring have been identified: Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), Donald Duart Maclean (cryptonym: Homer), Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks) and Anthony Blunt (cryptonym: Johnson); jointly they are known as the Cambridge Four.The term "Cambridge" in the name Cambridge Five refers to the recruitment of the group during their education at the University of Cambridge in the 1930s. The four known members all attended the university, as did the alleged fifth man. Debate surrounds the exact timing of their recruitment by Soviet intelligence; Anthony Blunt claimed that they were not recruited as agents until they had graduated. Blunt, an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, was several years older than Burgess, Maclean, and Philby; he acted as a talent-spotter and recruiter for most of the group save Burgess.[1]Several people have been suspected of being the "fifth man" of the group; John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt) was identified as such by Oleg Gordievsky, though many others have also been accused of membership in the Cambridge ring. Both Blunt and Burgess were members of the Apostles, an exclusive and prestigious society based at Trinity and King's Colleges. Cairncross was also an Apostle. Other Apostles accused of having been the "fifth man" or otherwise spied for the Soviets include Michael Whitney Straight, Victor Rothschild and Guy Liddell.Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" PhilbyHarold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988[1]) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union in 1963. He served as both an NKVD and KGB operative.[2]In 1963, Philby was revealed to be a member of the spy ring now known as the Cambridge Five, the other members of which were Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and, possibly, John Cairncross. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviet Union. His activities were moderated only by Joseph Stalin's fears that he was secretly on Britain's side.[3] Philby was an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) from 1946 to 1965.Philby was born at Ambala in the Punjab, India. He was the son of Dora (Johnston) and St John Philby, who was a well-known author, orientalist and convert to Islam.[4] His father was a member of the Indian Civil Service and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia.[5]Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim, Philby attended Aldro preparatory school. Following in the footsteps of his father, he continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read History and Economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics.[6]Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism in Paris. The World Federation was one of innumerable fronts operated by the German communist Willi Münzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933.[7] Dobb, a communist sympathiser, also placed Philby in contact with the Comintern underground in Vienna, Austria.To read the full wiki page : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_PhilbyAnthony Frederick BluntAnthony Frederick Blunt (Russian: Энтони Фредерик Блант Entoni Frederik Blant) (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983),[1] known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO from 1956 to 1979, when he was stripped of his honours, was a British art historian who was exposed late in his life as a Soviet spy.Blunt was Professor of the History of Art at the University of London, director of the Courtauld Institute of Art, Surveyor of the King's Pictures in London. He was exposed as a member of the Cambridge Five, a group of spies working for the Soviet Union from some time in the 1930s to at least the early 1950s.To read the full wiki page : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunt

Zina Pitcher (April 12, 1797 in Sandy Hill, New York – April 5, 1872 in Detroit) was an American physician, politician, educator, and academic administrator. He was a president of the American Medical Association, a two-time mayor of Detroit and a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan.Died: April 5, 1872, DetroitBorn: April 12, 1797, Sandy HillSearch ResultsEliza Maria MosherPhysicianEliza Maria Mosher (October 2, 1846 – October 16, 1928) was a United States physician, inventor, medical writer, and educator whose wide-ranging medical career included an educational focus on physical fitness and health maintenance.Born: October 2, 1846Died: October 16, 1928Profession: PhysicianNationality: United StatesHarry A. Towsley, professor emeritus of pediatrics and communicable diseases and of postgraduate medicine, died March 31 at his home in Ann Arbor. He was 87.When he retired from the U-M in 1971, Towsley’s record of accomplishments in pediatric medicine was described by the Board of Regents as “truly astonishing in its scope.”When Towsley was elected to the Michigan Health Council’s Health Hall of Fame in 1970, he was cited for his lifelong commitment to “make Michigan babies the healthiest and Michigan doctors the best-informed.”In pursuit of those goals, Towsley administered postgraduate medical courses in Ann Arbor and conducted medical seminars with a team of doctors throughout the state. He and his wife, Margaret, contributed much of the funding for the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, which opened in 1969. The Towsley Center was conceived to meet the needs of community physicians in updating and acquiring skills and continues to do so.In commenting on his passing, President James J. Duderstadt said: “Harry Towsley’s accomplishments and contributions are evidence of the enormous impact that one individual can have on an institution. He helped shape our history; he was part of it for over a half century. Scholar, teacher, care-giver, philanthropist, counselor, friend—Harry was all these things and much more. He leaves us a legacy of commitment, an uncommon gift for understanding how research can benefit so many and the determination to find ways to make new knowledge available to anyone.“Harry had a special love for children. His wonderful family is testimony to his caring. But his family extended beyond Margaret and the children. Michigan children also were his children. He reached out to the children of our state and nation in leadership positions on literally dozens of advisory boards. He also played an important role in developing the Harry A. and Margaret D. Towsley Foundation into a significant philanthropic force. And among the many projects at the University of Michigan for which he provided leadership were the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital and the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.“We will all miss Harry’s spirit of generosity, warm and close involvement with the University. The University has lost a special friend, but we are grateful that the evidence of his generosity will be with us for years to come. Anne and I extend our deepest sympathy to Margaret and the family.”Towsley’s entire medical career, except for a residency in England and U.S. Army service, was spent at the U-M. Born in Midland, Sept. 15, 1905, he studied at Kalamazoo College and Michigan State University, and then entered the combined premedical and medical curriculum at the U-M, earning his medical degree in 1931. In 1934, after his internship and residency in pediatrics, he joined the staff as an instructor, rising through the ranks to professor in 1954.“Dr. Towsley was a true patron of the Medical School and Medical Center,” said Medical School Dean Giles G. Bole. “His long-term commitments to physician education include ‘hands-on’ involvement with students, physicians in training and physicians in practice. In addition, he and his family were the generous contributors of the Towsley Center for Continuing Medical Education, which will stand as a constant reminder of his high commitment to medical education and practice.”In 1948 Towsley also became involved in the extramural activities in postgraduate medicine, and in 1967 was named chair of that department. He retired from the U-M in 1971 but continued to maintain close contact with the Medical School.“Dr. Towsley has long held a special place in the heart of the University of Michigan Medical Center as a physician and generous supporter of many special projects over the years,” said George D. Zuidema, vice provost for medical affairs.“He spearheaded our relationship with literally hundreds of physicians practicing throughout the state. Our broad array of continuing medical education programs is an important legacy that has benefited not only many physicians and health care professionals, but helped bring improved care to the citizens of Michigan. This is a contribution which will continue to influence new generations of physicians and patients. We will miss Dr. Towsley in many ways. He was a truly unique and caring physician and a fitting role model for us all.”Towsley also served as chairman of the campaign for the Furstenberg Student Study Center at the Medical Center and contributed generously to a continuing education center at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ann Arbor. In addition, through personal and Towsley Foundation gifts, he funded an interdisciplinary program on child abuse that involved the School of Social Work, Medical School and Law School.A charter member of the Washtenaw United Way Leadership Giving Association, he presided during his career over the Washtenaw County Medical Society, the Michigan Foundation for Medical and Health Education, the Michigan Health Council and the American Academy of Pediatrics, and also served on the board of directors of the Michigan United Fund. He was a trustee at Cleary College, vice chairman of the Catherine McAuley Health Center and Council, and a member of the Michigan State Planning Council for Developmental Disabilities.The American Medical Association 1847-1947By Morris Fishbein, M.D.W.B.Saundeers Co., Philadelphia, 1947Biography of Victor C. VaughanSixty-sixth President of the A.M.A.Written by Walter L. Bierring, M.D.The life story of Dr. Victor C. Vaughan as physician, administrator, teacher, scientist, epidemiologist and patriot, impressed his personality into so many fields of medicine and thus made him a unique figure in American science and medicine.No brief chronicle as this can therefore adequately evaluate the effects of his accomplishments on human society.We learn much of his early life and environment from his delightful autobiography, "A Doctor's Memories," published a few years before his death. His birthplace was Mount Ayr, Randolph County, Missouri, and the date October 27, 1851. He first emerged from the obscurity of youth and adolescence at the age of nineteen as professor of Latin at Mount Pleasant College, Huntsville, Missouri. By accident he acquired a complete outfit for a chemical laboratory, and soon became fascinated with the work so that within a short time he taught chemistry along with his Latin. In 1871 he entered the University of Michigan to pursue his chemical studies, and a year later added the degree of M.S. to that of B.S. obtained in Missouri. In 1876 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and two years later that of Doctor of Medicine.As early as 1875 Doctor Vaughan became associated with the medical school of the University of Michigan as instructor in medical chemistry. In 1878 he published a textbook on physiological chemistry which passed through three editions. In 1880 he was made assistant professor, and in 1883 he was promoted to a full professorship with the title of Professor of Physiological and Pathological Chemistry, and Associate Professor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica. He was the first to hold a chair of physiological chemistry in a medical school in this country, and to give chemical instruction from this point of view.During the first twenty years after graduation, Doctor Vaughan engaged in the active practice of medicine, but his interests were always centered about the laboratory. While evidently a successful practitioner of medicine, and although interested in the individual patient, his part was in the problems which affected the mass of people.His first contribution from the chemical laboratory in 1875 was on the separation of arsenic from other metals. Throughout the succeeding years the study of organic and inorganic poisons held great interest for him. This led to further interest in sanitary measures, the pollution of wells and poisoning from cheese and other milk products. His contributions to these subjects became authoritative, and he was recognized as one of the leading toxicologists in the country, so that his services were in constant demand in cases of medico-legal disputes.Doctor Vaughan was a pioneer in public health in Michigan, and for thirty years was a member of the Michigan State Board of Health. In 1888 he studied in Koch's laboratory in Berlin, visited the laboratories of Pettenkoffer in Munich, and Pasteur and Roux in Paris, who were creating the new science of bacteriology.In 1889 the new hygienic laboratory was opened at the University of Michigan, and Doctor Vaughan served as director for twenty years. At this time his title was changed to Professor of Hygiene and Physiological Chemistry. As a result of investigation in this laboratory and experience in the field, in 1891 appeared to work with F.G. Novy on ptomaines, leucomaines, and bacterial proteins: in 1902 cellular poisons: in 1913 protein split products in relation to immunity and disease: in 1913 infection and immunity, and in 1922 a three volume work on Epidemiology and Public Health Henry F. Vaughan and George T. Palmer as co-authors.In 1915 he became the first editor of the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. He frequently expressed the view that no physician should practice medicine without laboratory aid, and he lived to see well-equipped laboratories as part of every correctly managed hospital.His service with the University of Michigan Medical School covered a period of forty-five years as teacher and administrator. From 1891 to 1921, for thirty years, he served as dean of the medical faculty. His ability to gather about him outstanding leaders in the different fields of medicine made his Alma Mater one of the best-known medical schools in America.During the Spanish-American War he became a victim of yellow fever at Siboney, Cuba, but upon his recovery he was assigned to duty with a Board of Medical Officers consisting of Majors Reed Vaughan and Shakespeare to investigate the prevalence of thyroid fever in the various military camps. The final report, in two large volumes, was mainly prepared by Major Vaughan, and was a masterpiece of painstaking analysis, as well as an important contribution to knowledge regarding the spread of typhoid fever by flies and direct contact, as well as for typhoid prevention. Later in 1908 he became a member of a board to study anti-thyroid inoculation, which led to compulsory thyroid inoculation in the Army and Navy. This was considered an important factor in the low incidence of the disease during World War l.During the first World War, Doctor Vaughan was assigned to duty as head of the communicable disease section in the Surgeon General's office. One of the most important services rendered by Colonel Vaughan had to do with numerous sanitary inspections of cantonments and military hospitals. His wide experience and the prestige of his name were of valuable assistance to General Gorgas in the control of the widespread appearance of measles, pneumonia, meningitis and influenza, which prevailed during those troublesome times. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, "for his meritorious and conspicuous service."In the Journal of the Association, April 24, 1920, he published an article "Typhoid Fever in American Expeditionary Forces" being a clinical study of 373 cases, including 270 cases in which patients had received triple typhoid vaccine. The incidence was less than 1.1 per cent as compared with 20 per cent in the Spanish-American War.All of Dr. Vaughan's five sons were in military service in the first World War. One of the tragedies of war that came to him was the loss of his namesake, Lt. Col. Victor C. Vaughan, Jr., M.C. in France.His service with the American Medical Association covered a period of a quarter of a century in many capacities. He was a member of the House of Delegates from 1902 to 1906; in 1904 he was chairman of the Reference Committee on Medical Education, which recommended the formation of the Council on Medical Education, and of which he was a member from 1904 to 1913. After serving as president of the Association, he became chairman of the Council on Health and Public Instruction from 1919 to 1923. During the last year of this period he was in the Association office assisting in the establishing of the new journal Hygiene. He served as chairman of the Division of Medical Sciences of the National Research Council during two years, 1922 and 1925.Many further honors came to him: in 1897 the University of Western Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree Doctor of Science and he received the degree Doctor of Laws from the following institutions: University of Michigan, 1900: Central College, Missouri, in 1910: Jefferson Medical College in 1915: and from the University of Missouri in 1923. In 1894 the University of Illinois had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine.He served as president of the American Association of Physicians in 1908 and received the Kober medal in 1928.His health began to fail in 1927 compelling his withdrawal from all activities, and he died at the home of his son, Dr. Warren T. Vaughan, in Richmond, Virginia, November 21, 1929. In the words of William J. Mayo, a former pupil of Dr. Vaughan: "He not only helped the members of the medical profession to a keener sense of their professional responsibilities, to the individual patient and to sick human beings collectively, but he induced them to live up to a standard of ethics which he himself followed all his life."