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The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science for admission into the Masters Program Sector Companies. GATE is conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and seven Indian Institutes of Technologies at Roorkee, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai (Madras) and Mumbai (Bombay) on behalf of the National Coordination Board – GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India.The GATE score of a candidate reflects the relative performance level of a candidate. The score is used for admissions to various post-graduate education programs (e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Architecture, Doctor of Philosophy) in Indian higher education institutes, with financial assistance provided by MHRD and other government agencies. Recently, GATE scores are also being used by several Indian public sector undertakings for recruiting graduate engineers in entry-level positions. It is one of the most competitive examinations in India. GATE is also recognized by various institutes outside India, such as Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.[7]Financial assistance in post-graduate programs[edit]The GATE is used as a requirement for financial assistance (e.g. scholarships) for a number of programs, though criteria differ by admitting institution.[2] In December 2015, the University Grants Commission and MHRD announced that the scholarship for GATE-qualified master's degree students is increased by 55% from ₹8,000 (US$110) per month to ₹12,400 (US$170) per month.[8][9]Eligibility[edit]The following students are eligible to take GATE:[5]Bachelor's degree holders in Engineering / Technology / Architecture (3 years after 10+2/ 10+2+3(ongoing)/ 10+2+4(ongoing)/ http://Post-B.Sc./ Post-Diploma) and those who are in the final year of such programs.Master's degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final year of such programs.Candidates in the second or higher year of Four-year integrated master's degree programs (http://Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering / Technology.Candidates in the fourth or higher year of Five-year integrated master's degree programs or Dual Degree programs in Engineering / Technology.Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UGC/AICTE (e.g. AMIE by IE(India), AMICE by the Institute of Civil Engineers (India)-ICE(I), AMIETE By IETE(India)) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech.Those who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.There is no age limit criterion defined by the exam conducting authority to appear in GATE.[10]Disciplines, structure, syllabus, and marking scheme[edit]Disciplines[edit]At present, GATE is conducted in the following 27 disciplines. A candidate can select any one of these.[2]GATE PaperCodeGATE PaperCodeAerospace EngineeringAEInstrumentation EngineeringINAgricultural EngineeringAGMathematicsMAArchitecture and PlanningARMechanical EngineeringMEBiomedicalBMMining EngineeringMNBiotechnologyBTMetallurgical EngineeringMTCivil EngineeringCEPetroleum EngineeringPEChemical EngineeringCHPhysicsPHComputer Science and Information TechnologyCSProduction and Industrial EngineeringPIChemistryCYTextile Engineering and Fiber ScienceTFElectronics and Communication EngineeringECEngineering SciencesXE*Electrical EngineeringEELife SciencesXL**Environmental Science and EngineeringESHumanities and Social SciencesXH***Ecology and EvolutionEYStatisticsST[11]Geology and GeophysicsGGThe paper sections under XE* , XL** and XH*** are defined by some dedicated codes which are mentioned in the following table-* Engineering Sciences (XE) Paper Sections(A and any 2 of B to H)Code** Life Sciences (XL) Paper Sections(P and any 2 of Q to U)CodeHumanities and Social Sciences (XH) Paper Sections(B1 and any 1 of C1 to C6)CodeEngineering Mathematics (Compulsory)AChemistry (Compulsory)PReasoning and Comprehension (Compulsory)B1Fluid MechanicsBBiochemistryQEconomicsC1Materials ScienceCBotanyREnglishC2Solid MechanicsDMicrobiologySLinguisticsC3ThermodynamicsEZoologyTPhilosophyC4Polymer Science and EngineeringFFood TechnologyUPsychologyC5Food TechnologyGSociologyC6Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesHDuration and examination type[edit]The examination is of 3 hours duration, and contains a total of 65 questions worth a maximum of 100 marks. The examination for all the papers is carried out in an online Computer Based Test (CBT) mode where the candidates are shown the questions in a random sequence on a computer screen. The questions consist of some Multiple Choice Questions or MCQs (four answer options out of which only ONE is correct, which has to be chosen). Remaining questions may be of Multiple Select Questions or MSQs (four answer options out of which ONE or MORE than ONE is/are correct, hence correct options need to be chosen) and/or Numerical Answer Type questions or NATs (answer is a real number, to be entered via an on-screen keypad and computer mouse).[2]Syllabus[edit]Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups, instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.Numerical Ability: Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and data interpretation.Engineering Mathematics (not for all Papers)Technical Ability: Technical questions related to the Paper chosenQuestions and marking scheme[edit]The examination will consist of totally 65 questions, segregated as One-mark and Two-mark questions. Out of 65 questions, 10 questions will be from General Aptitude (Verbal and Numerical ability) and 55 questions will be Technical, based on the Paper chosen. The General Aptitude section will have 5 One-mark questions and 5 Two-mark questions, accounting for about 15% of total marks. The Technical section and Engineering Mathematics section will combinedly have 25 One-mark questions and 30 Two-mark questions, accounting for about 85% of total marks. Further, all the sections may have some Multiple Choice Questions or MCQs, while remaining questions may be Multiple Select Questions or MSQs and/or Numerical Answer Type questions or NATs. The examination awards negative marks for wrong MCQ answers. Usually, 1/3rd of original marks will be deducted for wrong MCQ answers (i.e. -0.33 for wrong One-mark answers and -0.66 for wrong Two-mark answers) while there are no negative marks for MSQs and NATs. Also there is NO partial credit for MSQs and NATs.Result and test score[edit]GATE results are usually declared about one month after the examinations are over. The results show the total marks scored by a candidate, the GATE score, the all-India rank (AIR) and the cut off marks for various categories in the candidate's paper. The score is valid for 3 years from the date of announcement of the GATE results. The score cards are issued only to qualified candidates.Normalized GATE Score (new procedure)[edit]Calculation of "normalized marks" for subjects held in multiple sessions (CE, CS, EC, EE and ME):Graph showing the linear relationship between "actual marks" and "normalized marks" of a candidate, in a multiple-session subject (CE, CS, EC, EE and ME) of GATE.Mgt= average marks of top 0.1 % candidates in all sessions of that subject.Mgq= mean + standard deviation, of marks of all candidates in all sessions of that subject.Mti= average marks of top 0.1 % candidates in the ith session of that subject.Miq= mean + standard deviation, of marks of all candidates in the ith session of that subject.From 2014 onward, examination for CE, CS, EC, ME and EE subjects is being held in multiple sessions. Hence, for these subjects, a suitable normalization is applied to take into account any variation in the difficulty levels of the question sets across different sessions. The normalization is done based on the fundamental assumption that "in all multi-session GATE papers, the distribution of abilities of candidates is the same across all the sessions". According to the GATE committee, this assumption is justified since "the number of candidates appearing in multi-session subjects in GATE 2014 is large and the procedure of allocation of session to candidates is random. Further it is also ensured that for the same multi-session subject, the number of candidates allotted in each session is of the same order of magnitude."Based on the above, and considering various normalization methods, the committee arrived at the following formula for calculating the normalized marks, for CE, CS, EC, EE and ME subjects:[12]Normalized mark (︿Mij) of jth candidate in ith session, is given by[math]{\displaystyle {\hat {M}}_{ij}={\frac {{\bar {M}}_{t}^{g}-M_{q}^{g}}{M_{ti}-M_{iq}}}(M_{ij}-M_{iq})+M_{q}^{g}}[/math]where,Mijis the actual marks obtained by the jth candidate in the ith session,Mgtis the average marks of the top 0.1 % candidates in all sessions of that subject,Mgqis the sum of mean and standard deviation of marks of all candidates in all sessions of that subject,Mtiis the average of marks of top 0.1 % candidates in the ith session of that subject,Miqis the sum of mean and standard deviation of marks of all candidates in the ith session of that subject.After evaluation of the answers, normalized marks based on the above formula will be calculated using the raw (actual) marks obtained by a candidate in the CE, CS, EC, EE or ME subject. The "score" will be calculated using these normalized marks. For all other subjects (whose tests are conducted in a single session), the actual marks obtained by the candidates will be used in calculating the score.Calculation of GATE Score for all subjects (single-session and multiple-session):Graph showing the linear relationship between marks and score in GATE.Mq= Qualifying marks for general category candidates.Mt= Average marks of top 0.1 % candidates (for subjects with 10000 or more appeared candidates) or top 10 candidates (for subjects with less than 10000 appeared candidates).Sq= 350.St= 900.Note: In case of multiple-session subjects (EC, CS, ME, EE and CE), "marks" considered are the "normalized marks".From GATE 2014 onward (and year 2014-15 of the 2-year validity period of GATE 2013 score), a candidate's GATE score is computed by the following new formula.[13][math]{\displaystyle S=S_{q}+(S_{t}-S_{q}){\frac {M-M_{q}}{{\overline {M}}_{t}-M_{q}}}}[/math]where,S = Score (normalized) of a candidate,M = Marks obtained by a candidate ("normalized marks" in case of multiple-session subjects CE, CS, EC, EE and ME),Mq= Qualifying marks for general category candidates in that subject (usually 25 or μ + σ, whichever is higher),μ = Average (i.e. arithmetic mean) of marks of all candidates in that subject,σ = Standard deviation of marks of all candidates in that subject,Mt= Average marks of top 0.1 % candidates (for subjects with 10000 or more appeared candidates) or top 10 candidates (for subjects with less than 10000 appeared candidates),St= 900 = Score assigned to Mt,Sq= 350 = Score assigned to Mq.A scorecard in the Mechanical Engineering test of GATE 2015. (The candidate's photograph, signature, name, registration number, and QR code are blurred.)Percentile:A candidate's percentile denotes the percentage of candidates scoring lower than that particular candidate. It is calculated as:Percentile = ( 1 - All India rank/No. of candidates in that subject ) x 100%Old formula[edit]Till GATE 2012 (and year 2013-14 of the 2-year validity period of GATE 2013 score), the score was calculated using the formula:[14]GATE score = [math]{\displaystyle 10(a_{g}+s_{g}{\frac {m-a}{S}})}[/math]where,m = Marks obtained by the candidate,a = Average of marks of all candidates who appeared in that subject, in that year, with marks less than zero converted to zero,S = Standard deviation of marks of all candidates who appeared in that subject, in that year, with marks less than zero converted to zero,ag= Global average of marks of all candidates who appeared across all subjects in current and past 5 years (i.e. 2010 to 2013 for GATE 2013), with marks less than zero converted to zero,sg= Global standard deviation of marks of all candidates who appeared across all subjects in current and past 5 years (i.e. 2010 to 2013 for GATE 2013), with marks less than zero converted to zero.Qualifying marks[edit]The rules for qualifying marks have varied from year to year. The qualifying marks (out of 100) are different for different subjects as well as categories.CategoryQualifying mark (out of 100)General (GN)25 or 25+, whichever is higher.Other backward classes (OBC)90% of general category's qualifying mark.Scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST)2/3 (i.e., 66.67%) of general category's qualifying mark.Here μ is the average (i.e., arithmetic mean) of marks of all candidates in the subject (with negative marks converted to zero) and σ is the standard deviation of all marks in that subject.Usually, the general category's qualifying mark is in the 25 to 50 range.The Government of India implemented reservations for other backward classes in college admissions and public sector job recruitment in the year 2008. Before that, all OBC candidates were included in the "general" category. There was no separate OBC category then.Statistics[edit]The following line chart shows the number of candidates registered, appeared, and qualified (total of all subjects).RegisteredAppearedQualifiedhideYearRegisteredAppearedQualifiedPercentage of appeared that qualifiedReference(s)2008About 180,000 *About 170,000*[15][16][17]2009About 230,000*About 210,000*[15][17]2010About 415,000 *[18][unreliable source?]2011About 553,000 *[19][unreliable source?]2012777,134686,614108,52615.81%[20]20131,200,728984,855136,69913.88%[21]20141,033,625889,156149,69416.84%[22]2015927,580804,463121,060[13,874 general category candidates who scored above the OBC (NCL) qualifying mark, but below the general category qualifying mark, received scorecards. But they did not qualify.]15.05%[23]2016971,831818,850135,39216.53%[24]2017922,167787,148129,14916%[25]* Precise figures unavailable right now.The following line chart shows the variation of the number of candidates appeared in the 5 subjects with the largest numbers of appeared candidates, since GATE 2010:Electronics and Communication Engineering (EC)Computer Science and Information Technology (CS)Mechanical Engineering (ME)Electrical Engineering (EE)Civil Engineering (CE)All other subjectshideYearElectronics and Communication EngineeringComputer Science and Information TechnologyMechanical EngineeringElectrical EngineeringCivil EngineeringOthersTotalReference(s)2010104,291107,08659,33852,24619,406About 72,000*About 415,000*[18][unreliable source?]2011137,853136,02781,17572,68029,347About 96,000*About 553,000*[26][unreliable source?]2012176,944156,780112,320110,12536,15694,289686,614[20]2013256,135224,160165,814152,38167,472118,893984,855[21]2014216,367155,190185,578141,79990,87299,350889,156[22]2015172,714115,425185,758125,851101,429103,286804,463[23]2016183,152131,803234,727146,293118,1474728818,8502017152,318108,495197,789125,859119,87382814787,1482018125,870107,893194,496121,383153078* Precise figures unavailable right now.Gate Statistics by Years[edit]showGATE 2012 statisticsshowGATE 2013 statisticsshowGATE 2014 statisticsshowGATE 2015 statisticsDifficulty level[edit]GATE, for long, has been known to test the Engineering basics in a smart way. Complaints of "lengthy" problems have been rare. But the task of mastering an entire course of Engineering (around 30 undergraduate subjects) for a three-hour test, itself gives the test a certain level of toughness. Each year, only around 15% of all appearing candidates qualify. High percentiles (more than 99th percentile, in some cases) are required to get admission in M.Tech. or M.E. degree programs in Indian Institutes of Technology and Indian Institute of Science, or get shortlisted for job interviews in Indian public sector undertakings.Admission to post-graduate programs[edit]Unlike undergraduate admissions in India, candidates must apply individually to each institute after the institute has published its M.Tech. notification (usually in the month of March). There is no separate counselling held. For admissions in NIT's and IIIT's, CCMT is held every year and the notification is released around April of each year.[31]Some institutions specify GATE qualification as mandatory even for admission of self-financing students to postgraduate programs. GATE qualified candidates are also eligible for the award of Junior Research Fellowship in CSIR Laboratories and CSIR sponsored projects. Top rank holders in some GATE papers are entitled to apply for "Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Fellowship" awarded by CSIR. Some government organizations prescribe GATE qualification as a requirement for applying to the post of a Scientist/Engineer.In recent years, various academicians have recognized GATE as being one of the toughest exams in its category. Some non-Indian universities like the National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and some technical universities in Germany also identify GATE score as a parameter for judging the quality of the candidates for admission into their Masters and Ph.D. programs.Some management institutes like NITIE, Mumbai offer admission to Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Engineering on the basis of GATE score.Most Indian institutes do not specify cut-off marks for previous years. So there is a general confusion in terms of selecting institutes and specializations. But in the recent years IIT Kharagpur and IIT Guwahati have been specifying last year cut-off mark list. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi has a very detailed website on Post Graduate (PG) activities and admissions where students can find the relevant information on cut-off marks etc. Typically the Indian Institute of Science and Indian Institutes of Technology are the most selective followed by National Institutes of Technology and others. Also there are some state universities in India, whose standards and facilities are very much comparable to top IITs and NITs. Some of them are Punjab Engineering College( Deemed to be University) (Chandigarh), Bengal Engineering and Science University (recently converted to IIEST), Jadavpur University, Delhi Technological University, gautam budh technical university, u.p, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Andhra University College of Engineering, Osmania University etc. Even within the top institutes, the selection criteria varies widely across departments and programs depending on expertise areas. The Directorate of Technical Education of Maharashtra state has also started conducting CAP round from the year 2013 for GATE and non-GATE candidates in all institutes in Maharashtra that offer M.E./M.Tech. programs.CSIR's JRF - GATE fellowship[edit]The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) introduced the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) - GATE scheme in 2002 to allow GATE-qualified engineering graduates and GPAT-qualified pharmaceutical graduates to pursue research through suitable Ph.D. programs at CSIR laboratories.[32]Stipend and tenure:The fellowship amount is ₹25,000 (US$350) per month plus HRA (house rent allowance). In addition, contingency grant of ₹20,000 (US$280) per annum (calculated on pro-rata basis for fraction of a year) is also provided. On completion of 2 years as JRF - GATE, the fellowship may be upgraded to SRF (Senior Research Fellowship) - GATE and stipend may be increased to ₹28,000 (US$390) per month in the subsequent years, on the basis of assessment of CSIR JRF-NET guidelines.The total duration of the fellowship is 5 years, within which the candidate is expected to complete the Ph.D. degree.[32]Recruitment[edit]Public sector undertakings (PSUs) in India, for long, have had troubles conducting their recruitment processes with more than 100,000 students taking the exams for less than 1000 jobs (a selection rate of less than 1%). After sensing the exponential rise in the number of engineering graduates in India who wish to get a PSU job, the PSUs have decided that a GATE score shall be the primary criteria for initial shortlisting. This change was the primary cause for the rapid increase in applicants for GATE 2012.Indian Oil Corporation was the first PSU which successfully tested out this system and was followed two years later by National Thermal Power Corporation, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Bharat Electronics & PowerGrid Corporation of India.Usually these companies release their recruitment notifications right after GATE notification, indicating that candidates have to take GATE to be considered for a job in their organizations.List of companies[edit]Many companies have signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with the GATE organizing committee, for using GATE score as a screening tool for recruiting engineers at entry-level positions.Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.[33]Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.[34]Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.[35][36]National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd.[37]Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.[38]Mazagon Dock Ltd.[39]Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Ltd.[40]Oil and Natural Gas Corporation[41]Central Electronics Ltd.[citation needed]Coal India Ltd.[citation needed]National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.[citation needed][42]Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd.[citation needed]THDC Ltd.[citation needed]Odisha Power Generation Corporation[citation needed]Ircon International Ltd.[citation needed]Bharat Broadband Network Limited[43]National Highways Authority of India[44]Airport Authority of India[citation needed]Delhi Metro Rail Corporation[citation needed]Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited[citation needed]The syllabus for the GATE exam and its preparation remains the same, irrespective of whether one is applying for a job at a PSU or seeking admission for post graduation in engineering.Changes in recent years[edit]YearChangesReference(s)2009The Information Technology and Computer Science tests were merged into a single Computer Science and Information Technology test (code "CS").The GATE score was valid only for one year but later the GATE committee made it valid for two years in 2010.2010Pharmacy was no longer a GATE subject, with the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (conducted by the All India Council for Technical Education) as the replacement.The Biotechnology section of the Engineering Sciences GATE paper had been removed and a separate Biotechnology test (code "BT") was started.An additional section of General Aptitude was introduced in GATE. Ten questions carrying 15 marks makes up this section of GATE Exam.2011Based on a trouble-free pilot project in 2010, four of the GATE papers in GATE 2011 were run using computer based online mode. The four online papers for 2011 were Aerospace Engineering (code "AE"), Geology and Geophysics (code "GG"), Mining Engineering (code "MN") and Textile Engineering and Fiber Science (code "TF").GATE was held in morning (9:00 to 12:00) session for some papers and afternoon (14:00 to 17:00) session for others. Also, the computer based tests was held on a different date.2012Only final year students and passed-out candidates were declared eligible to take GATE. Pre-final year B.E./B.Tech. students, who were eligible till 2011, were no longer eligible.The application process was made completely online. Candidates could view their responses of the ORS and also GATE Office released official solutions for GATE papers.The admit card was made downloadable from the application website. Sending admit cards by post was discontinued.The exam mode was changed from paper-based to "online" (i.e. computer-based) for 2 additional subjects: Agricultural Engineering (code "AG") and Architecture and Planning (code "AR").The use of pencils to darken the bubbles in the answer sheet was discontinued. Candidates could use only black ink ball point pens for darkening of the bubbles in the answer sheet.[45]2013Female candidates were exempted from paying the application fee.Candidates were required to upload scanned copy of photograph and signature. Print-out of the completed application form was to be mailed to the institute by post.The application fee was increased from ₹ 1000 to ₹ 1200.The GATE score formula was changed. Scores calculated using the old formula were effective during the year 2013–14. Scores calculated using the new formula were effective during the year 2014–15.[46][47]2014A new subject of Ecology and Evolution (code "EY") was introduced.Examinations for all the 22 subjects was conducted by an online Computer-Based Test (CBT). The online examination contained some questions for which numerical answers must be keyed in by the candidate using the "virtual" (i.e. on-screen) keypad. Rest of the questions were of Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) type.Female candidates were required to pay some fee for application, a change introduced due to many raising complaints about a large portion of female candidates who registered but did not appear for the exam in 2013.Application fee was increased from ₹ 1200 to ₹ 1500 for general category, OBC male/other candidates, and ₹ 750 for all female candidates and SC, ST male/other candidates.GATE score's validity is increased from 2 years to 3 years.Examinations were held during forenoon and afternoon sessions on alternate weekends (Saturday and Sunday) between 1 February 2014 and 2 March 2014. Examination for the subjects ME, EE, EC, and CS was held in multiple sessions due to the large numbers of registered candidates.[48][49]2015The entire application process is made online. All required documents have to be scanned and uploaded on the online application system. Candidates no longer have to send anything by post.Printed (i.e. hard-copy) score cards are no longer sent to candidates. Only a digital (i.e. soft-copy) score card can be downloaded by qualified candidates from the official GATE website.[50][51][52]2016Candidates are not permitted to bring their own calculators. An online virtual (i.e. on-screen) calculator will be available during the examination.The syllabus has been revised for some subjects.A new subject of Petroleum Engineering (code "PE") has been introduced.After completion of all test sessions, an Answer Key will be provided for candidates to check. Candidates can challenge the GATE 2016 Answer Key on a nominal fee for a specified time period.[53]2017A New Section has been introduced in the Engineering Sciences (XE) Paper. This section is the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (section H).International students from countries namely Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia and United Arab Emirates are now eligible to apply for GATE 2017.[54]2018While choosing the exam centres for GATE 2018, the candidates will have to select their first two choices from the same GATE zone. The third choice can be from any other GATE zone.Candidates are not required to upload the scanned image of their thumb impression while filling the GATE online application.GATE will be held across 200 cities in India.GATE 2018 will also be held in following international cities- Addis Ababa, Colombo, Dhaka, Kathmandu, Dubai and Singapore.[55][56]2019GATE 2019 introduces a new paper "Statistics" with a code of "ST".Candidates who fail to apply by 21 September 2018 can still apply till 1 October 2018 by paying a late fee of ₹ 500. The late fee in case of foreign centres is US$20.[57]2020Two new subjects - Environmental Science and Engineering (ES) and Humanities and Social Science (XS) have also been added in GATE exam 2021.Also, there will be relaxation in minimum eligibility for applying to GATE 2021 due to Covid-19 situation. As per the announcement, candidates in their third year of undergraduate degree will be eligible for GATE 2021.Year and Organizing Institute[edit]Each year's GATE is organised by any one of 8 institutes: IISc and 7 IITs. The overall co-ordination and responsibility of conducting GATE lies with this institute, which is designated as the Organizing Institute (OI) for GATE of that year. GATE coaching institutes often make speculations regarding the topics to focus upon depending upon the institute that is the OI of that year.[citation needed]InstituteGATE editions organizedIndian Institute of Science1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008, 2016.Indian Institute of Technology, Madras1985, 1991, 1997, 2003, 2011, 2019.Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2012, 2020.Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay1987, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2013,2021.Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur1988, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2014.Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur1989, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2015.Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee2009, 2017.Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati2010, 2018.See also[edit]Examinations[edit]Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (FE exam)Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination (PE exam)Graduate Record Examination (GRE)Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)Common Admission Test (CAT)Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)International English Language Testing System (IELTS)All India Engineering/Architecture Entrance Examination (AIEEE)Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)Institutes[edit]Indian Institute of ScienceIndian Institutes of TechnologyNational Institutes of TechnologyIndian Institutes of Information Technology

Jawaharlal Nehru University Combined Biotechnology Entrance Exam will be conducted on December, 2020JNU CBEE 2020 is a combined Biotechnology Entrance Examination for Jawaharlal Nehru University. On behalf of the participating Universities, JNU will hold Combined Biotechnology Entrance Examination ( CBEE 2020 ) for admission to the following programs being offered by various participating Universities.http://M.Sc. ( Biotechnology ) Programhttp://M.Sc. ( Agri. ) Biotechnology & http://M.V.Sc. ProgramsM.Tech. ( Biotechnology ) ProgramJawaharlal Nehru University will hold a Combined Entrance Examination for admission to 2 Year http://M.Sc. Program in Biotechnology on behalf of following participating Universities :University of Allahabad, Allahabad, ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu ( http://M.Sc. in Marine Biotechnology )Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri ( http://M.Sc. in Bioresource’s Biotechnology )Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi ( http://M.Sc. in Molecular & Human Genetics )University of Calicut, Kerala ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Goa University, Goa ( http://M.Sc. in Marine Biotechnology )Gulbarga University, Gulbarga ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )HNB Garhwal University, Garhwal ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )University of Jammu, Jammu ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Kumaun University, Nainital ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )University of Lucknow, Lucknow ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak ( http://M.Sc. in Medical Biotechnology)M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )University of Mysore, Mysore ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )University of North Bengal, Siliguri ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )North Eastern Hill University, Shillong ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Pondicherry University, Pondicherry ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Sardar Patel University, Anand ( http://M.Sc. in Industrial Biotechnology )Shivaji University, Kolhapur ( http://M.Sc. in Environmental Biotechnology )Tezpur University, Tezpur ( http://M.Sc. in Molecular Biology & Biotechnology )Utkal University, Bhubaneswar ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )Jiwaji University, Gwalior ( http://M.Sc. in Neuroscience )Sri Padmavathi Mahila Vishvavidyalayam, Tirupati ( http://M.Sc. Biotechnology )http://M.Sc. ( Agri. ) Biotechnology Programme being offered at the following participating Universities :Assam Agricultural University, JorhatCh. Sarwan Kumar H.P. Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur;G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant NagarIndira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, RaipurKerala Agricultural University, ThrissurVasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Latur (Maharashtra)Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, BhubaneswarTamil Nadu Agricultural University, CoimbatoreUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., BangaloreUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, DharwadDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipurhttp://M.V.Sc. Programme is being offered atLala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar;G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar;Assam Agricultural University, GuwahatiJNU CBEE M.Tech Biotechnology program being offered by the following participating Universities :The Jawaharlal Nehru University will hold an entrance examination for the academic year 2020-2021 for admission to four semesters ( Two years ) M.Tech Biotechnology program being offered by the following participating Universities :Anna university, ChennaiCochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala ( M.Tech. in Marine Biotechnology )Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology ( formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology ), Kolkata.Institute of Chemical Technology ( ICT ), Mumbai ( M.Tech. in Bioprocess Technology )Institute of Chemical Technology ( ICT ), Mumbai ( M.Tech in Food Biotechnology )Institute of Chemical Technology, ( ICT ), Mumbai ( M.Tech. in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology )Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, New Delhi ( M.tech. in Computational Biology )To know more about JNU CBEE Entrance Exam Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 EligibilityJNU CBEE Eligibility for http://M.Sc.Biotechnology ProgramsBachelor’s degree under 10+2+3 pattern of education in Physical, Biological, Agricultural, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, Pharmacy, Engineering / Technology, 4 years http://B.Sc. ( Physician Assistant Course ); OR Medicine ( MBBS ) OR B.D.S. with at least 55% marks.Eligibility of Candidates who are due to Appear in the Qualifying ExaminationThe candidates who are due to appear in the respective qualifying examination prescribed as eligibility for admission shall also be considered for appearing in the entrance examination. Such of the candidates will be allowed to appear in the entrance examination at their own risk and on the clear stipulation that in the event of their selection, they will be entitled to admission only if they secure the minimum prescribed percentage of marks in their qualifying degree examination and that they will be required to submit all the documents including final mark-sheet of the qualifying examination ( indicating the final and overall percentage of marks ) before the deadline for admission fixed by the concerned participating University.JNU CBEE 2020 Eligibility for http://M.Sc. ( Agri ) / MVSc Biotechnology ProgramBachelor’s degree under 10+2+3 / 4 / 5 pattern of education with at least 55% marks or its equivalent grade point average from any recognized university in the concerned subjects shown here under against each university :For Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat : http://B.Sc. ( Agri. ), http://B.Sc. ( Hort ), http://B.Sc. ( Agril. Biotechnology ) from any recognized university. Graduates from general stream may also be admitted in case seat remain vacant, however, they will have to take extra 20 credit hours as bridge course.For Ch. Sarwan kumar H.P. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur : Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology.For G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pant Nagar : Agriculture, Veterinary Sciences, Horticulture or Forestry. Students from Bachelor of Science ( http://B.Sc. in ZBC / PCM and http://B.Sc.( Biotechnology ) are also eligible.For Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur : Agriculture, Biotechnology ( Agriculture ), Horticulture or Forestry with Bachelor’s Degree under 10+2+4 pattern with at least 60% marks or equivalent OGPA.For Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur : Agriculture, Horticulture, or Forestry.For Vasantrao Naik Marathwadakrishi Vidyapeeth, Latur ( Maharashtra ) : B. Sc. / B. Tech. in Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Agri. Biotechnology, Bioinformatics ( 3 / 4 Yrs. ) from recognized University with minimum CGPA 6.5 on 10 scale or 65% marks.For Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar : Applicants must have passed 4 year Bachelor Degree in Agriculture / Horticulture / Forestry from a duly recognized University securing at least 65 % marks in aggregate.For Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore : Bachelor of Science degree in Agriculture / Ag. Biotechnology / Horticulture / Forestry / Sericulture or B. Tech in Biotechnology / Horticulture / Bioinformatics under 10+2+4 pattern of education with at least 70% marks or equivalent OGPA of 3.00 / 4.00 or 7.00 / 10.00 from a Farm University. For SC / ST candidates, a pass in the qualifying degree is sufficient.For University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., Bangalore : Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry or Seri-culture or B. Sc. Agril. Biotechnology / B. Tech. [ Biotechnology ] / B. Sc ( Ag. Biotech ) / B. Sc ( Agri ) in Biotechnology from recognized Agriculture / Horticulture / Forestry University.For University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad : Bachelors degree in Agriculture, Horticulture Forestry, B. Sc. ( Agril.Biotechnology ) / B. Tech ( Biotechnology ) / http://B.Sc. ( Ag. Biotech. ) / B. Sc. ( Agri ) in Biotechnology from recognized Agricultural / Horticultural / Forestry universities.For Dr. Rajendra prasad central agricultural university, pusa, samastipur : Bachelors degree in Biology ( BZC ) / Microbiology / Biotechnology / Agriculture / Horticulture. Candidates with Bachelor Degree in Biology ( 3 Years duration ) will have to spend 3 years in http://M.Sc. programme.For Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary And Animal Sciences, Hisar : http://B.V.Sc.& A.H. degree recognized by Veterinary Council of India with minimum OGPA 6.0 / 10.0 or equivalent.For Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati : http://B.V.Sc. & A.H. or equivalent degree from a recognized university with minimum CGPA 2.60 in 4.00 scale or 6.00 in 10.00 scale.JNU CBEE 2018 Eligibility for M.Tech ( Biotechnology )Minimum 60% marks or equivalent CGPA ( under grading system ) from any recognised university in any one of the following :[table id=12999 /]For Anna University : Candidates with B.Tech / B.E in Electrochemistry, Bioengineering, Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Technology, B.Tech. in Agricultural Biotechnology and http://M.Sc. in Chemistry & Physics are also eligible.For Cochin University of Science and Technology : Candidates with http://M.Sc in Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biology / Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, Environmental Biotechnology are also eligible.For West Bengal University of Technology : Candidates with http://M.Sc. in Bioengineering are also eligible.Important Note :Before applying, please ensure that you fulfil the eligibility requirements as prescribed above. Also please note that permission to appear in the entrance examination is strictly subject to your fulfilling the minimum eligibility requirements prescribed by each University as detailed above. You may, therefore, appear in the entrance examination only if you fulfil the eligibility requirements for M.Tech Biotechnology Program. Despite this caution, in case you do not meet the minimum eligibility criteria and still appear in the entrance examination, you will do so at your own risk and cost, and if at any stage, it is found that you do not fulfil the minimum eligibility requirements, the admission, if granted to you, shall be cancelled ipso facto.Number of seats is subject to change by the participating Universities.Candidates who are due to appear in the final semester / year of the qualifying examination shall also be considered for appearing in the entrance examination provided they have secured 60% or equivalent CGPA ( under grading system ) in previous semesters / year. However, in the event of their selection, the admission will be granted to them subject to their securing minimum 60% marks or equivalent CGPA in their qualifying examination.Candidates seeking admission to above mentioned M. Tech programmes and who are GATE / GAPT qualified or wishing to appearto such national level exams need to apply to JNU-CEEB.To know more about JNU CBEE Eligibility Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 Exam PatternJNU CBEE MSc Exam PatternThe question paper for the Entrance Examination will be of three hours duration and divided into two parts :Part – A will have multiple choice type questions at the level of 10+2 in the subjects : Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. The Candidates will be required to attempt 60 questions : Total marks for Part A will be ( 60 questions x 1 mark each ) of 60 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, ½ (half) mark will be deducted.Part – B will also have multiple-choice questions of Bachelor’s level requiring thinking and analysis. There will be questions from Physics, Mathematics, Biology ( e.g., Botany, Zoology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics and Molecular Biology ) and Chemistry. The candidates will be required to attempt 60 questions. Total marks for Part B will be 60 questions x3 marks each = 180 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer one mark will be deducted.JNU CBEE MSc & MVSc Exam PatternThe question paper for entrance examination will be of three hours duration and will consist of two parts, PART- A and PART – B.Part – A : will have multiple choice type questions at the level of 10+2 in the subjects : Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. The Candidates will be required to attempt 60 questions Total marks for Part A will be ( 60 questions x1 mark each ) of 60 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, ½ ( half ) mark will be deducted.Part – B : will also have multiple choice questions from the syllabus detailed above in Section IV of this Brochure. There will be 100 questions out of which the candidates will have to attempt 60 questions. Each correct answer will have a weightage of 3 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer one mark will be deducted.JNU CBEE MTech Exam PatternThe question paper for Entrance Examination will be of 3-hours duration consisting of Two Streams :Technology Stream andLife Sciences Stream.Technology Stream :Part A : Basic Engineering & Technology…………………..at under graduate levelPart B : Physics / Chemistry / Maths………………………… at under graduate levelPart C : Fundamental Life Sciences and Informatics……………….. at 10+2 levelLife Science Stream :Part A : Life Sciences (Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Immunology)……at post graduate levelPart B : Physics / http://Chemistry………………………………….at undergraduate levelPart C : Maths, Computer & Information Sciences…………………at 10+2 level.To know more about JNU CBEE Exam Pattern Click HereJNU CBEE Application Form 2020The Application form will be available from the official website of Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University. The Application form will be available from the official website from September, 2020 from 10:00 AM.The Completed Application Form should be submitted on or before October, 2020 up to 11:59 PM.JNU CBEE 2020 Examination Feeyou have enclosed a Demand Draft drawn in favour of “Jawaharlal Nehru University” payable at New Delhi for the amount indicated below towards the entrance examination fee.[table id=13001 /]To know more about JNU CBEE Application Form Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 Admit CardThe candidates may download their Admit Card from the University’s website www.jnu.ac.in around December, 2020 and take the Admit Card to the Examination Centre with a copy of latest passport size photograph.Before taking the entrance examination, please ensure that you fulfil the eligibility requirements as prescribed by the University. Also please note that permission to appear in the entrance examination is subject to your fulfilling the minimum eligibility requirements prescribed for admission as notified in the Prospectus.Candidate may, therefore, appear in the entrance examination only if you fulfil the eligibility requirements as prescribed for http://M.Sc. Biotechnology Program of this prospectus. Despite this caution, in case you do not meet the minimum eligibility criteria and appear in the entrance examination, you will do so at your own risk and cost, and if at any stage, it is found that you do not fulfil the minimum eligibility requirements, the admission, if granted to you, shall be cancelled ipso facto.Those candidates who have applied and fulfil the prescribed eligibility conditions but somehow are able to download the Admit Card are advised to contact either the JNU Representative ( who will be available at the Examination Centre at least a day in advance ) or the Presiding Officer / Principal of the Centre to sort out the problems. It may be noted that only those candidates will be allowed to appear in the entrance examination whose names appear in the roll – list available with the examination centre.The University will assume no responsibility whatsoever in case the candidate fails to report on the due date and time for appearing in the entrance examination.To know more about JNU CBEE Admit Card Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 Exam CentresA list of cities where JNU entrance examination is to be held is given below. No change will be permitted and no correspondence in this context will be entertained. In case it is not possible to allot the Centre of your choice, the University reserves the right to allot you alternative centre.State of Domicile[table id=13005 /]A list of cities where JNU entrance examination is to be held is given below. No change will be permitted and no correspondence in this context will be entertained. In case it is not possible to allot the Centre of your choice, the University reserves the right to allot you alternative centre.[table id=13007 /]Note :JNU The University reserves the right to change / cancel any Centre of Examination within India / abroad without assigning any reason. Addresses of the Centres of Examination will be available on our JNU website Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University around December, 2020.To know more about JNU CBEE Exam centres Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 Selection ProcedureSelection of the candidates will be done in accordance with their inter-se merit drawn on the basis of All India Entrance Examination vis-à-vis the preference of Universities exercised by candidates. In case a candidate has not indicated his/her option for joining a particular university, his/her name will not be considered for that university.The Selection Procedure will be as follows :After the merit list is drawn more than double the number of candidates than the total intake only will be informed of their merit rank in the entrance examination. The candidates will also be informed about the total number of seats in each participating University. The candidates will be asked to exercise their options for joining the Universities in the proforma ( which will be sent by JNU ). The candidates will be asked to send to JNU a Bank Draft of Rupee 5,000/- ( Rupee 2,500/- in the case of SC, ST, PH candidates ) as initial security deposit giving their willingness to be considered for admission to the participating Universities in accordance with their options for joining the universities vis-à-vis their inter-se merit in the Entrance Examination. All candidates are advised to check the result on the web site of the university Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University in the second week of February.Before excerise the options candidates are advised to check their eligibility as prescribed by different University and ensure that they fulfil the prescribed eligibility.The candidates who do not exercise their options for joining any of the participating universities will not be considered for admission to that university / universities. Candidates who don not fulfil the eligibility for any University would not be considered for admission to that University/ Universities.After allotment of seats, the JNU will send intimation to the candidates about their allotment of the university and also to the concerned participating university to which the candidate has been selected. Please note that once allotment of University is made on the basis of inter se merit vis-à-vis options, other options of the Universities given by the candidate shall stand frozen. Candidates are advised to check the allotment of university on the website of the university Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University in the first / second week of March.The participating university will then inform the candidate about the complete admission procedure and schedule of their university as well as the amount of fee etc. to be deposited by the candidate. The initial security deposit already sent by the candidate through demand draft to JNU will be sent to the concerned University for refund after first semester.In case the candidate is offered admission in accordance with his/her options for joining the universities vis-à-vis his / her inter – se merit, but subsequently in case he / she either does not join the concerned university or withdraws during the first semester then in that event, the initial deposit of Rupee 5000/- or Rupee 2500/- in the case of SC, ST , PH categories as the case may be, will stand forfeited.The initial security deposit of Rupee 5000/-, ( Rupee 2500/- in the case of SC / ST, PH category candidates ) will be refunded in full to those of the candidates who are not offered admission to any of the participating university.Candidates may note that request for transfer from one university to another will not be entertained under any circumstances. Therefore, candidates are advised not to make any request in this regard.Only those candidates who will be asked to exercise their option, the list / letter of these candidates will be available on JNU website Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University although intimation to this effect is also sent to the candidates on their e-mail account. However, the candidates are advised to find out through their own sources whether their names appear in the list and thereby make arrangement for sending their final option together with initial security deposit by the stipulated date. The University will not issue any paper intimation to the candidates. Candidates are advised to regularly check JNU website for updates.Please note that only one merit list will be released and there will be no second list under any circumstances.To know more about JNU CBEE Selection Procedure Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 SyllabusJNU CBEE 2020 MSc Agri Biotechnology SyllabusAgricultural Biochemistry : Isomerism, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction in biomolecules; chemistry of biomolecules-carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic. Metabolism of carbohydrats, fatty acids and protein. Genetic code, replication, transcription and translation. Enzymes and their kinetics, factors affecting enzyme activity. Competitive – and non – competitive inhibitions. Coenzymes and cofactors. Plant pigments.Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science : Importance of livestock in agriculture; relationship between plant and animal husbandry; mixed farming; animal breeding; breeds of indigenous and exotic cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs and poultries and their potential for milk, egg, meat and wool production; classification of feed and fodder; major contagious diseases affecting cattle and drought animals, poultries and pigs; reproduction biology of cattle; artificial insemination, fertility and sterility; principles of imunization and vaccination; description, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of major contagious diseases; drugs used for killing, tranquillizing and doping farm and wild animals; study of milk composition; physical properties and food value of milk; quality control of milk, tests and legal standards; dairy equipments and their cleaning; organization of dairy, milk processing and distribution; microorganism found in dairy and milk products; pregnancy and distochea.Cell Biology : Modern tools and techniques in the study of cytology; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells-structural and ultrastructural details; functions of organelles including membrane; cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; numerical structural variation in chromosomes and their significance.Protection : Diseases of field, vegetable, orchard and plantation crops of India and their control; causes and classification of plant diseases; principles of plant disease control biological control of diseases; Seed health testing, Integrated pest management-concepts and components; host plant resistance-biological control of insect pests; genetic manipulation of insects for their control; pesticides, their formulation, classification and safe use; behavioural methods; use of computer modeling in pest and disease out break; use of semiochemicals in IPM; insect growth regulators; biotechnological approaches in IPM; IPM in major crops, Principles of nematode management-integrated nematode management in major crops-silkworm types; mulberry silkworm, culturing methods; pests and diseases of mulberry and mulberry silkworm and their management.Cropping Systems and Crop Management : Impact of the high yielding and short duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns; concepts of multiple cropping, relay cropping and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production crop production practices for important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre, sugar and cash crops; crop weed, their characteristics, cultural biological and chemical weed control; remote sensing and agriculture.Ecology and Environment : Ecology and its relevance to man; natural resources their management and conservation- Climatic elements as factors of crop growth- impact of changing environment on cropping pattern- change in environment due to agriculture-environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans-liquid and solid waste disposal – Pollution prevention and remediation.Principles of Food Science and Processing : Food production and consumption trends in India; food Science objective food composition; nutritive value of foods; importance and scope of food processing; Indian scenario; Effect of processing on different food groups; Food spoilage; Principles and methods of preservation; Quality Standards, Ventra Centicals.Genetics and Plant Breeding : Earlier concepts of heredity; Mendel’s work and laws of heredity; Chromosomal theory of inheritance; Gene interactions; Multiple alleles; Multiple factor hypothesis; Linkage and crossing over; Linkage analysis; Construction of genetic map; Sex determination; Sex linked; sex influenced and sex limited traits; Spontaneous and induced mutations; Centre of origin; Domestication of crop plants; Conservations and utilization of genetic resources; Reproductive and pollination mechanisms in plants; Methods and principles in plant breeding; Methods of breeding self-pollinated crops; Methods of breeding cross- pollinated crops; Methods of breeding asexually propagated crops; self incompatibility and male sterility in crop breeding; mutation breeding in crop improvement; Ploidy breeding in crop improvement; Innovative breeding methods in crop improvement.Horticulture and Forestry : Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, flowers and vegetable crops spice in plantation crops, the package of practices and the scientific basis for the same; handling and marketing of fruit and vegetables; preservation of fruits and vegetables; fruit and vegetable in human nutrition; landscaping and floriculture; ornamental plants and design and lay out of lawns and gardens; tissue culture and micropropagation of important fruit, vegetable and ornamental plants including major spices and plantation crops, important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations, such as, extension/social forestry, agroforestry and the management of natural forests.Agricultural Microbiology : Spontaneous generation theory-Grem theory-Discovery of antibiotics-Types of Microscopes-Principles and equipment of different kinds of sterilisation-staining Techniques-Nutritional types of bacteria-Growth curve-Factors influencing bacterial growth-Fermentation : Principle and Application-Classification of Bacteria-Gene transfer methods in microorganisms Antigen and antibody reaction. Contributions of Beijerinck and Winogradsky-Role of microbes in carbon and nitrogen cycles-Influence of Rhizosphere on soil microorganism-Various types of nitrogen fixing microorgranism-Production of bacterial biofertilizers: Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria etc.- Fungal biofertilizers; Ecto- and Endomychorizae- Azolla and BGA- Method of application for different biofertilizers.Plant Physiology : Plant physiology and its significance in agriculture; physical properties and chemical constitution of protoplasm; plant cell water relation – imbibition, surface tension, diffusion, osmosis; absorption and translocation of water and nutrients; transpiration, guttation, mineral deficiencies and their symptoms; physiological disorders, correction hydrophonics, foliar nutritions aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Photo respiration Factors affecting respiration and Photo- respiration. Photosynthesis- modern concept and the factors affecting photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation growth development and differentiation; growth hormones, growth retardants, growth inhibitors and their use in agriculture; tropism in plants photoperiodism and vernalization; seed dormancy and germination; fruit ripening process and its control.Seed Technology : Seed technology and its importance; production processing and testing of seeds of crop plants; seed storage, seed certification; role of NSC in production; New seed policy and seed control order, Terminator Technology.Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry : Soil as a medium of plant growth and its composition; mineral and organic constituents of soil and their role in crop production; chemical physical and microbiological properties of soil; essential plant nutrients, their functions occurrence and recycling; micro-secondary and micro nutrient sources and their management; integrated nutrient management, soil water relationship, principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious use of fertilizers; organic manure and biofertilizers; soil conservation planning on water shed basis; erosion and run -off management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors affecting soil erosion; dryland agriculture and its problems; rainfed agriculture.Biostatistics : Compilation, classification, tabulation and diagrammatic representation of data; measures of central tendency,correlation and regression involving two variables; concept of random sampling; tests of significance testing of hypothesis; statistical tests two kinds of error; chi-square test; principles of sampling; sampling and sampling errors; analysis of variance transformations to stabilize variance; principles of experimental design, randomized block design; latin square design; factorial experiments; missing plot techniuqes. Introduction to computer-Electronic data processing, operating system-common software available-Internet applications-Databases and bioinformatics.Agricultural Biotechnology : Concepts and scope of biotechnology. Tissue culture and its application, Micropropagation. Meristem culture and production of virus-free plants. Anther and microspore culture. Embryo and ovary culture. Protoplast isolation. Protoplast fusion-somatic hybrids, cybrids. Somaclones. Synthetic seeds. In vitro germplasm conservation. Cryopreservation. Organelle DNA, Satellite-and repetitive DNAs. DNA repair. Regulation of gene expression. Recombinant DNA technology-cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, gene cloning. Methods of gene transfer in plants. Achievements and recent developments of genetic engineering in agriculture. Development of transgenies for biotic & abiotic stress tolerance, Ribozfore Technology microarray, bioethics, terminator technology, nanotechnology, DNA finger printing, gene silencing.JNU CBEE 2020 MVSC SyllabusAnimal Biotechnology : Structure of prokaryotic and etukaryotic cells, cell wall, membranes, cell organelles, organization and functions, chromosome structure and functions, cell growth division and differentiation. Sub unit structure of macromolecules and supermolecular systems. Self assembly of sub units, viruses, bacteriophage, ribosomes and membrane systems. Scope and importance of biochemistry in animal sciences, cell structure and functions. Chemistry and biological significance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and hormones. Enzymes— chemistry, kinetics and mechanism of action and regulation. Metabolic inhibitors with special reference to antibiotics and insecticides. Biological oxidation, energy metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids. Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, chromatography and electrophoresis methods.Chemistry of antigens and antibodies and molecular basis of immune reaction, radio -immune assay and other assays. Chemistry of respiration and gas transport, water and electrolyte metabolism. Deficiency diseases, metabolic disorders and clinical biochemistry. Endocrine glands, biosynthesis of hormones and their mechanism of action. History of molecular biology, biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, genome organization, regulation of gene expression, polymerase chain reaction, basic principles of biotechnology applicable to veterinary science gene sequence, immunodiagnostics, animal cell culture, in vitro fertilization. Sub-unit vaccines: Principles of fermentation technology.Veterinary Science : Anatomy Physiology. Structure of cells, cell organelles, chromosome structure and functions, cell growth, division and differentiation and functions. Histology and physiology of mammalian organs and systems, major sense organs and receptors; Exocrine and endocrine glands, hormones and their functions, blood composition and function. Homeostasis, osmoregulation and blood clotting.Veterinary Microbiology (Bacteriology, Virology, Immunology), Veterinary Pathology Veterinary Parasitology. Classification and growth characteristics of bacteria, important bacterial diseases of livestock and poultry, general characters, classification of important fungi. Nature of viruses, morphology, and characteristics, viral immunity, important viral diseases of livestock and poultry. Viral vaccines. Antigen and antibody, antibody formation, immunity, allergy, anaphylaxis hypersensitivity, immunoglobulins, complement system. Etiology of diseases and concept, extrinsic and intrinsic factors, inflammation degeneration, necrosis, calcification, gangrene, death, atrophy, hypertrophy, benign and malignant tumours in domestic animals. General classification, morphology, life cycle of important parasites, important parasitic diseases (Helminths, Protozoa and Arthropods) of veterinary importance with respect to epidemiology, symptoms pathogeneses diagnosis, immunity and control.Veterinary Medicine, Epidemiology veterinary surgery and Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology including reproduction. Clinical examination and diagnosis, Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and control of diseases affecting different body systems of various species of domestic animals, epidemiology— aims, objectives, ecological concepts and applications. General surgical principles and management of surgical cases. Types, administration and effects of anaesthesia. Principles and use of radiological techniques in the diagnosis of animal diseases. Estrus and estrus cycle in domestic animals, Synchronization of estrus, fertilization, pregnancy diagnosis, parturition, management of postpartum complications dystokias and its management, fertility, infertility and its management, artificial insemination.Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology. Zoonotic diseases through milk and meat, Zoo animal health. Source and nature of drugs, pharmacokinetics, Chemotherapy-sulpha drugs, antibiotics, mechanism and problem of drug resistance. Drug allergy, important poisonous plants, toxicity of important agro-chemicals and their detoxification, drugs action on different body systems.Animal Sciences : Animal Genetics and Breeding. Inheritance of acquired characters, cell structure and functional organization, mitosis, meiosis, Mendel’s laws, gene interaction, sex determination, sex linkages, cytoplasmic, heredity, quantitative inheritance, linkages and combination, different types of chromosomes, gene structure and functions, mutation, speciation and evolution, inbreeding and crossbreeding, general and specific combining ability, heterosis, sire evolution, breeds of various important livestock species, breeding programmes, population statistics of livestock species.Animal Nutrition, Feed Technology, Animal Physiology. General nutrition, carbohydrates, proteins and fats their digestion and metabolism protein value of the feed measure of protein quality and its application, requirement of energy, protein, minerals (macro and micro), vitamins and additives for pigs and poultry, protein-energy interrelationship, comparative design of nutrients in various species. Feed and animal body composition, function of water in body, rumen digestion and metabolism, nonprotein nitrogen metabolism in rumen, feeds and fodders, role of antibiotics, hormones and biostimulators. Digestion – control and motility and secretion of alimentary tract, gastric hormones, digestion and absorption in ruminants and monogasteric animals, avian digestion. Mechanism, neutral and chemical control of respiration, gaseous transport and exchange, high attitude living, physiology of work and exercise. Control of male sexual behaviour, ovarian function, estrus, ovulation, mechanism of sperm capacitating, sperm and ovum transport, female genital tract, fertilization, implantation, maintenance of pregnancy and physiology of placenta. Artificial insemination collection, preservation, transport of semen, semen diluters, artificial insemination, embryo transfer-collection, preservation, transport and transplantation of zygotes, oocytes culture and in vitro fertilizationAnimal Husbandry, Dairy Science, Livestock Production and Management, Animal Product Technology & Meat Science and Poultry Science. General concepts of livestock production and management in Indian agro-climatic and socioeconomic conditions, impact of livestock farming in Indian agriculture; concept of livestock housing, production and reproduction management of livestock species, lactation management, concept of machine milking. Poultry industry in India, random sample test, breeding programmes for broilers and layers. Composition of milk, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, technology or processing and preservation of livestock products, methods of processing and storage of meat. Meat products, eggs, poultry meat, food preservation, refrigeration, freezing, freeze drying, dehydration canning, radio pasteurization, chemical additives, curing, smoking.Veterinary Extension. Definition and concept of sociology, differences between rural, tribal and urban communities, social change, factors of change. Principles and steps of extension education, community development—aims, objectives, organizational set up and concept evolution of extension in India, extension teaching method. Role of livestock in economy, health and socio-psychology of rural, semi-urban and urban society. Identifying social taboos, social differences, obstacles in the way of organizing programmes. Concept of marketing, principles of co-operative societies, animal husbandry development planning and programme, key village scheme, ICDD, Gosadan, Goshala, Role of Gram Panchayat in Livestock production of rural economy. Data analysis, basics of statistics and computational techniques.To know more about JNU CBEE MSc / MVSc Syllabus Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 MTech Biotechnology SyllabusSection I : Technology / Engineering Stream :Part A : ( Basic Engineering and Technology Pharmacology )i ) Basic Engineering and Technology :Basic concepts / principles in mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering :Chemical Engineering : Computer applications in chemical engineering- chemical process industries instrumentation methods of chemical analysis, thermodynamics-laws of conservation of mass and energy, First and Second laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoffs equation, heat of reaction, Hess law, heat of formation, Applications of first law to close and open systems, Second law and Entropy Thermodynamic properties of pure substances: equation of state and departure function, free energy, and work function. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, free energy change and equilibrium constant, Troutons rule, properties of mixtures: partial molar properties, excess properties and activity coefficients; phase equilibria: predicting VLE of systems; Azeotrope and eutectic mixtures, and ideal gas mixtures, Third law of thermodynamics, stoichiometry, fluid dynamics, mechanical operations, heat and mass transfer operations- chemical kinetics/reaction engineering- process instrumentation dynamics and control- process equipment design. Material and Energy Balances: Laws of mass conservation, heats of reactions, law of mass action, Correlation, linear regression and analysis; degree of freedom analysis.Chemical Reaction Engineering : Basic laws of chemical kinetics, chemical rate equations, parallel, sequential and other complex system kinetics, differential and integral kinetics analysis, CSTR and Plug Flow reactors, ideal and nonideal reactors, tank-in-series and APDF models, residence time distribution concept, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.Fluid Mechanics : Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation and its application, energy balance, flow through pipeline systems ( laminar and turbulent flows, friction factor ), flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized beds, size reduction and size separation; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids. Relation between stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids.Heat and Mass Transfer : Conduction, convection and radiation, heat transfer coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators. Fick’s laws, Diffusion of fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stage-wise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption.Principles of Biochemical Engineering : Enzyme catalysis ( Michaelis Menton Kinetics ) and reactor design. Material & energy balances of fermentation processes. Kinetics of microbial growth and product formation (Monad modelLeudeking-Piret model). Nature of fermentation processes. Transport phenomena in biochemical reactors- Mass transfer in immobilized enzyme systems and Oxygen transfer in submerged fermentation process, examples of primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and enzymes. Bioreactor operation and design, reactor sterilization. Batch, fedbatch and continuous culture process and cell recycle processes. Modelling of non-ideal behavior in bioreactors. Novel bioreactors, air-lift reactors, membrane bioreactors and fluidized bed reactors. ( Filtration and membrane based separations, centrifugation, extraction, absorption and chromatography – to be removed ).Pharmaceutical Sciences & Bioprocess technology, and PharmacologyPhysiology, Pharmacology & Biochemistry : Basic physiology and biochemistry pertaining to all the systems in the body. Classification, mode of action, pharmacological effects, side effects, toxicity and posology of drugs acting on the CNS, ANS, CVS, gastrointestinal system, endocrine system. Principles of chemotherapy, chemotherapeutic agents, anticancer drugs, vitamins and minerals.Industrial Pharmacy : Pharmaceutical processing – mixing, milling, drying, powder compression, clarification, filtration, Rheology, sterilization, sterility testing, disinfection, Pharmaceutical dosage forms : Formulation, manufacture and evaluation of solid, semisolid, liquid, aerosols and parentrals. Chemistry of natural products, SAR and Chemistry of analgesics, anticancer, CVS drugs, drugs acting on the CNS, GIT, chemotherapeutic agents, vitamins, hormones. classification, identification, extraction and isolation of active principles of commonly used medicinal plants. Immunological preparations, genetic engineering, fermentation, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics-drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination- general principles. Basic concepts of analysis of drugs.Biologicals and Biopharmaceuticals : Antibodies: polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, catalytic antibodies, diagnostic antibodies; production of antibodies, vaccines: types, production and applications; Therapeutic proteins and peptides: Insulin, erythropoietin, interleukins, hormones, sterilization methods for biopharmaceuticals, biosimilars, blood plasma products, Cohn fractionation, recent examples of biopharmaceuticals.Food Science and Technology : Food chemistry and analysis, microbiology and biochemistry of fermented food products, food spoilage and food borne diseases, Food additives and ingredients, Chemistry and technology of various food commodities like cereals, legumes and oil seeds, fruits and vegetables, meat, fish and poultry, plantation crops, milk and dairy products, confections, beverages etc., Food processing and preservation, Food packaging, Use of enzymes in food industry, Human nutrition, Nutraceuticals and functional foods, Food safety and Food laws.Agricultural Biotechnology : Production of value added products (biofuel, secondary metabolites, natural products, bioplastics, etc.) from agricultural waste, traditional crop improvement vs biotechnological interventions, secondary agriculture, post-harvest technologies.Fermentation Technology : Introduction to fermentation processes, Isolation, preservation and improvement of industrially important microorganisms, Optimization of media and culture conditions, Bioreactor design and operations, Modes of culture – batch, fed batch, perfusion, continuous, chemostat etc., Types of bioreactors, Scale up of microbial and animal cell based processes with case studies related to applications in biopharma, biochemical, food and agroindustries, Bioprocess considerations for animal & plant cell cultures. Applications of cell culture technology for production of vaccines, growth hormones; interferons, cytokines and therapeutic proteins; hybridoma technology and gene knockout; stem cells and its application in organ synthesis; gene therapy; transgenic animals and molecular pharming, strategies for improving yield and productivity.Downstream Processing : Centrifugation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction, sedimentation & flocculation, Cell disruption- physical, chemical, mechanical and enzymatic methods, Concentration methods, Purification by adsorption, chromatographic and membrane (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, plate and frame filters, hallow fibers, cassette filters) techniques including charge based, size based and affinity based processes, drying; Process design of industrial bio-products such as proteins & enzymes, peptides, antibiotics, vitamins, natural products, polysaccharides & biopolymers, oils and Oleochemicals, enzyme immobilization, methods of controlling bioburden in biopharma and biological products and food products.Cell Culture Techniques : Cell culture materials and tools, growth conditions and other requirements for establishment and maintenance of plant and animal cells, cell lines and tissues, micro propagation, virus free plants, protoplast & haploid culture, synthetic seeds, hairy root culture. Animal cell cultivation: primary culture, growth kinetics, biology and characterization of cultured cells.Section I : Technology / Engineering StreamPart – B : ( Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics )MathematicsCalculus – Differential Equation- Complex numbers- Complex integration- Power series- Three Dimensional Geometry-Algebra.PhysicsMechanics : Kinematics – Newton’s laws – work and mechanical energy- dynamics of rotary motion – fundamentals of special theory of relativity – gravitation – motion in non – inertial frames.Thermodynamics : Ideal gases – Ist law of thermodynamics – Kinetic theory of gases – 2nd law of thermodynamics -real gases.Electricity and Magnetism : Electrostatics- Coulomb’s law- electric field potential- capacitance – dielectrics in an electric field- energy of an electric field- direct current- magnetic field of direct current- – eletromagnetic induction.Waves and Optics : Free hormonic oscillators – elastic waves- electromagnetic waves – interference, diffraction, scattering and polarisation of light – thermal radiation.Modern Physics : Structure of matter and basic solid state physics – elementary nuclear physics – elementary quantum mechanics – structure of atom.ChemistryInorganic chemistry : Electronic structure of atoms, periodic table and periodic properties. General characteristics, structure and reactions of non-transition elements and transition elements. Coordination compounds, structure, crystal field and ligand field theories, spectral and magnetic properties.Organic chemistry : Synthesis, reactions and mechanisms of alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, halides, nitro compounds and amines. Structure and properties of biomolecules, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins.Physical chemistry : Chemical equilibrium, first law, thermochemistry, second law and entropy, free energy, properties of dilute solutions. chemical kinetics, rates of reactions and factors affecting rates of reactions.Analytical techniques in Biotechnology : Principle and applications of spectroscopy, principles of UV- visible and IR spectroscopy, analytical chromatography such as HPLC, GC, TLC, HPTLC, FPLC, ion chromatography, Gel permeation chromatography ( GPC ) etc., hyphenated techniques such as LC-MS and GC-MS, thermo-gravimetric analysis ( DSC, TGA ), Karl fisher titration, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering ( DLS ) techniques, Immunological techniques : Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, RIA and ELISA techniques, southern & western blotting, gel Electrophoresis (PAGE, SDS-PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis, PCR & Q-PCR, AFM, SEM, TEM, EDX, X-ray diffraction, Zetasizer, acid-base titrations, common methods of organic and inorganic analysis, validation of analytical methods as per ICH guidelines, characterization of biotech products as per regulatory guidelines & pharmacopoeial guidelines, Pharmacopoeial assay, LAL-Test, BET Test, Principles and methods of microbial assay of pharmacopoeia, filter integrity test, sterility testing of biopharmaceuticals, methods of analysis of for proteins,.Section I : Technology / Engineering Stream :Part C : ( Fundamentals of Life Sciences and Informatics )Life Sciences : Organization of unicellular organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. Ultrastructure of plant and animal cells. Nucleic acids, protein synthesis, Mendalian genetics. Morphology of angiosperms. Biotechnology, Physiology.Information Technology : Introduction to www.Networking : Basics-modem-hub-switch-commands to transfer files – remote login. Elements of languages used on the Internet JAVA – Perl. Elements of databases – Relational databases.Genetics and Genetic Engineering : Genotype and Phenotype, nucleic acid structure, Cell division, crossing over and mapping, Mutations and their role in evolution, Genetic Disorders, Enzymes in Genetic Engineering, Cloning Vehicles, gene cloning strategies, mutagenesis, Cloning & expression of transgenes in Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic systems, DNA sequencing, PCR technologies, gene transfer in plant and animals, molecular markers, Applications and impact of rDNA technology.Molecular Biology : Central dogma of molecular biology, Gene structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Coding and non-coding DNA & RNA, Gene regulation, Molecular mechanisms of recombination, Transposons and rearrangement of DNA, DNA damage and repair, Post transcriptional and post-translational modification. Concept of system and synthetic biology.Bioenergy biosciences : Types of biofuels, Biomass characterization and processing, biodiesel, biogas and biohydrogen production, algal biofuels ( microalgae and macroalgae cultivation, harvesting, processing and value addition ). Application of enzymes in biofuels.Chemistry and chemical equilibria : Ionic and covalent bonding, M.O. and V.B. approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridisation, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids, ionic radii, lattice energy ( Born-Haber Cycle ). Identification of functional groups by chemical tests. Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, optical and geometrical isomerism, tautomerism, conformers, concept of aromaticity. Reaction kinetics: Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order kinetics, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions. Colligative properties of solutions, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications in chemical analysis, equilibrium constants for homogeneous reactions. Zeta potential and electronic double layer.Section II : Science Stream :Part A : Life Sciences :Biochemistry : Cell structure and function; protein synthesis; genetic code; DNA & RNA; carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism, clinical biochemistry; In born erros of metabolism; hormones and their function. Enzymes- classification, nomenclature, kinetics etc., Metabolism & regulation of: carbohydrates, proteins, fats & nucleic acids, Metabolic disorders, Classification and taxonomy of microorganisms; Growth and physiology; Laboratory cultivation of microbes, Methods of microbial enumeration; Microbial metabolism, photosynthesis, fermentation, aerobic & anaerobic respiration, Pathogenic microorganisms, Microbial genetics, Microbes in industry, Endotoxins, viruses ( enveloped and non-enveloped )Molecular biology & recombinant DNA technology : Properties of nucleic acids, chromosomes, DNA replication, damage and repair, gene manipulation, cloning vectors, gene libraries, screening of libraries, gene cloning, applications of recombinant DNA technology, PCR, RFLP, Western, Northern and Southern blotting. microarray technology, DNA fingerprinting and recombinant DNA technology; prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems; Vectors : plasmids, phages and cosmids. Gene mutation: Types of mutation; UV and chemical mutagens; Selection of mutants; Ames test for mutagenesis; Bacterial, yest, cyanobacteria, fungi genetic system: transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombination, transposons genome shuffling, electroporation; DNA repair and chromosomal aberrations, synthetic biology for production of biochemicals and biotech products.Immunology : Cells of the immune system, lymphoid tissues, complement, antibodies, hybridoma technology, applications of monoclonal antibodies, antigen recognitioin, processing and presentation, cell mediated immunity, cytokines, hypersensitivity, vaccines & vaccine technology, auto-immunity, transplantation, immune responses to various infections, Immunotechnology, B-cells and T-cells, Antibody structure, function and diversity, T-cell receptors, Antigen-antibody Reaction, Complement system and Cytokines, Hyper-Sensitivity, MHC and HLA, Hybridoma, Immunodeficiency diseases.Section II : Science Stream :Part B : ( Physics and Chemistry )Physics :Mechanics : Kinematics- Newton’s laws- work and mechanical energy- dynamics of rotary motion- fundamentals of special theory of relativity- gravitation- motion in non-inertial frames.Thermodynamics : Ideal gases – 1st law of thermodynamics- Kinetic theory of gases- 2nd law of thermodynamics- real gases.Electricity and Magnetism : Electrostatics- Coulomb’s law – electric field potential – capacitance- dielectrics in an electric field – energy of an electric field – direct current – magnetic field of direct current- electromagnetic inductionWaves and Optics : Free hormonic oscillators – elastic waves – Electromagnetic waves – interference, diffraction, scattering and polarisation of light – thermal radiation.Modern Physics : Structure of matter and basic solid state physics – elementary nuclear physics – elementary quantum mechanics- structure of atom.Chemistry :Inorganic Chemistry : Electronic structure of atoms, periodic table and periodic properties. General characteristics, structure and reactions of non – transition elements and transition elements. Coordination compounds, structure, crystal field and ligand field theories, spectral and magnetic properties.Organic Chemistry : Synthesis, reactions and mechanisms of alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, halides, nitro compounds and amines. Structure and properties of boimolecules, carbohydrates, amino acids an proteins.Physical Chemistry : Chemical equilibrium, first law, thermochemistry, second law and entropy, free energy, properties of dilute solutions. Chemical kinetics, rates of reactions and factors affecting rates of reactions. Spectroscopy, principles of UV-visible and IR spectroscopy.Section II : Science Stream :Part C : ( Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences )Mathematics : Vectors- Trignometry- Differentiation & Integration- MatricesInformation Sciences : Introduction to www. Networking : Basics-modem-hub-switch-commands to transfer files- remote login. Elements of languages used on the Internet JAVA- Perl. Elements of databases- Relational database.Computer Application : Basics of computers – hardware – components of a computer. Operating systems – windows – linux – simple commands. Elementary Boolean arithmetic – substraction – addition – multiplication. Applications – word processing – spread sheets. Elementary basic programming commands and syntax.To know more about JNU CBEE MTech Biotechnology Syllabus Click HereJNU CBEE 2020 ResultsJNU CBEE Exam DateJawaharlal Nehru University Combined Biotechnology Entrance Exam will be conducted on December, 2020