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Yes, it is.Proponents of Affirmative action don’t believe people should be judged by their actions. They believe they should be judged by their racial groups history.If a Black person just moved to the US, affirmative action is going to help him. Doesn’t matter his ancestors weren’t slaves. He’s Black, and because some Blacks were discriminated against in the past, he’s at a disadvantage.I’m not a Black person. But I would be personally insulted if I was given an easier time applying for colleges, just because I share the skin color of former slaves.

But they didn’t, not really. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why ‘Frank’ still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Much like modern Europe, in fact.Francia was in reality a grouping of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms (duchies, marches, etc.) ruled by the Merovingian and Carlovingian dynasties in succession, which only occasionally united under one ruler: the Frankish ‘constitution’, the Salic law, saw that they were divided among the rulers’ sons, guaranteeing a certain degree of disunity. Here is the map:The senior, and ethnically Frankish, kingdoms were old Austrasia (Easterland, Francia proper) and Neustria (Newland, in Roman Gaul), which were the real predecessor states of Germany and France respectively. There was no sense of linguistic unity; at the time, Gaul was already divided into the langues d’oïl in the north (old French) and the langues d’oc in Aquitaine (related to Catalan, which mostly went extinct in the 19-20th century). What is now Germany was divided into local tribal languages, related to German, which would undergo their own process of merging later. Modern Germany is still somewhat divided between ‘High’ (highland) German originating in the south, and the ‘Low’ (lowland) German, albeit Low German has mostly receded into obscurity, following the adoption of the High German standard as official in the modern era.The Frankish language was closer to Dutch or Low German (the Franks themselves originated in the Low Countries, modern Belgium-Netherlands), but official affairs were conducted in Latin, and down through the centuries the Franks themselves forgot their own language quickly enough. When the Frankish empire was conclusively partitioned at the Treaty of Verdun (AD 843) between Neustria and Austrasia, the Neustrian or West Frankish king - who mostly ruled over Romance-speakers - was the one speaking German, and the Austrasian or Eastern king, ruling over Germans, was speaking a Romance dialect. The treaty was, of course, made in Latin under the auspices of the clergy.Here is a map of the “traditional” dialects of Europe, in a somewhat simplified form. There is a reason the educated spoke Latin: with all this variety (which wasn’t even categorised or recorded until modern linguistics), linguistic unity among the peasantry didn’t even register in the criteria for state-building.Europe has always been a place of charming - and “charming” - local artifacts, such as the Cagots, a strictly segregated class of people, comparable to the dalit or untouchables in India, whose ‘impurity’ forced them into a virtually parallel society throughout southern France and the fringes of Spain. This and other peasants’ institutions, while often refused a place in royal histories, formed the bread and butter of local life from time immemorial until the rise of great urban centres in the modern era.Finally - for those of my readers who aren’t yet tired of looking at European maps - here is a cartographical history of Europe from Roman to modern times in 6 minutes. I encourage comparing the feudal complexity that develops by its midpoint with the linguistic complexity evident above, for a more visceral glimpse at the pre-global world.

My husband and I have experience with this one! In September, 2018, we were touring England with a group when my husband realized that his glaucoma medicine had apparently leaked and he didn’t have enough drops to finish the trip. We were staying in a small town at the time and stopped by a pharmacy, hoping he could get the drops. Alas, they require a prescription in England, too, but the pharmacist told us what to do. He directed us to a nearby street, and told us there was a “surgery” (doctor’s office) on that street. He said to register as a visitor, using our hotel as our address.We found the office, and told our story to the registrar. We also told them we had travelers’ medical insurance, but they assured us it was not needed. My husband filled out the usual medical history form, and after about 20 minutes we were ushered in to see the doctor. The affable doctor studied his computer to make sure he ordered the exact medicine (we had brought the little bottle), and wrote a prescription. At no time were we asked for money or for our travelers’ insurance card.We then returned to the pharmacy, where the prescription was filled. Cost for the medicine? Zero—my husband was 75, and over age 60 (or is it 65?), medicines are free. It was such a wonderful experience—total time needed was about an hour and a half, including walking time!