Excellent Rated High School By The Colorado Department Of: Fill & Download for Free

Question: “How was it possible that a family could be supported comfortably on a single income in, for example, the 1950s, yet today people struggle with two incomes?”OK. having actually lived in the 1950s and disagreeing with many of the posted answers I will have to answer this, giving real and verifiable examples. In particular, I must respond to an extremely inaccurate and misleading answer posted by Quora writer Heather Johnson.To put things in perspective, I grew up in southeastern and south central Wisconsin. My father was an engineer, i.e., he had a modest middle class income. My mother, although she had worked before marriage, was a housewife and parent without outside income. The family consisted of my parents and six children, all of whom went to college. Everything about our lives was normal mid-western, middle class.Johnson writes: “[A]ppliances were bought on 5yr hire purchase plans. Once you paid it off you kept it for 20 yrs”. NO. Just no!My parents paid cash for every appliance purchase, as did most people in the middle class. Credit cards, other than American Express and Diner’s Club, both for business use, did not exist. Consumer credit did not exist, other than time payments from Sears if you bought their Kenmore brand and small loans at bad terms from Household Finance stores which catered to the improvident. Sensible people never borrowed money. Other than gas cards, there were no non-business credit cards in the 1950s and ‘60s. No one had ever heard the term “Master Card” or the phrase “Minimum Monthly Payment”.Appliances, although well made and, unlike today, designed so that they could be serviced, seldom lasted for “20 years”. A heavily used automatic washing machine or dryer might last 5 to 7 years. A kitchen range might be kept for 10 years, after which maintenance issues involving heating elements, clocks, timers, and switches made replacement likely. Automatic dishwashers and garbage disposers and garage door openers all had limited life spans. Tube type televisions in the 1950s ran hot, needed frequent service, and lasted no more than 5 years before needing to be replaced.Johnson writes: “Houses were small…a kitchen resembling a walk-in closet.”NO. This is the house my family lived in in the 1950s.It had a very large kitchen, a separate formal dining room, a living room with masonry fireplace, 3 large bedrooms all with closets, a closed in porch, solid oak floors throughout, a full basement, a cedar shingle roof, and a separate garage, all on a large wooded lot on a quiet street. The quality throughout was far higher than that which one can buy today. There were two Bell System dial telephones, one in a telephone alcove in the dining room and one in my parent’s bedroom.It was a typical middle class home.In 1962 my father had this built.It had a large kitchen, with a dish washer (!), formal dining room, living room, two masonry fireplaces, family room, office, laundry room, four large bedrooms, 2 and ½ baths, hardwood floors, full finished basement (with a bar and a pool table), two car attached garage, patio, breezeway, all on a two acre wooded lot with a view. Again there were two dial telephones, one of which was in my parent’s bedroom. This was a very typical home for a middle class salaried employee. In the 1950s American middle class families did not live in tiny shacks.Johnson claims that Americans in the 1950s: “[B]ought one car and maintained it for decades.” NO! Cars did not last for “decades”.In the 1950s a car was considered old at 60,000 miles when it was traded in on a new model. It was unheard of to own a car whose odometer had turned over from 99,999 to 0. The odometers did not even have a 100,000 mile dial. Most people traded in their cars every 3 to at most 5 years. Many car guys had arrangements with their car dealer wherein they would trade in their car every 2 years for a new version of the same make and model for a fixed amount of money. These are some of the cars my father owned in the 1950s. Note the upward mobility shown by the car models over the years.And from 1958 on, like many middle class American families, we had two cars, one for my father and the other shared by my mother and the children. They always paid cash for their cars, regarding auto loans as wasteful.This was my mother’s car.Johnson writes: “You had a modest closet consisting of one Sunday best outfit, 2 work outfits and 2 casual outfits.NO! My father wore suits to work and casual slacks and golf shirts on the golf course. I never saw him in a t-shirt or a pair of jeans. My mother dressed nicely, owned a few outfits by Dior and Balenciaga and Chanel and had a seldom worn mink stole. Although she knew how to dress well, this was not unusual or extravagant for the wife of a salaried engineer. In the 1950s and ’60s one dressed up to go shopping downtown or out to dinner or take an airline flight.Johnson claimed: “You ate out infrequently”.Not exactly. Fast food joints did not exist. Nor did family casual restaurants, aside from Italian pizzerias or the Friday fish fry at the neighborhood bar. Families seldom went out to dinner with the children. But my father frequently took my mother out on Friday nights to a nice supper club with dancing afterwards.My family in the 1950s lived this way while my parents, after having struggled through the depression and war years, paid off a mortgage, paid for parochial school for the children, sent six children to college, had no debt, and invested enough money in the stock market to be well off in retirement. Unlike what Johnson implies, the American middle class in the 1950s did not live in some sort of austere deprived poverty.OK, how was that possible? The economic system of the post-war period was different.Unlike today where all of the gains in productivity in the economy are directed to the 1%, from 1945 to 1980 productivity gains were shared and enjoyed by all segments of the working classes.Employment was secure. If you were employed and did your job well you did not have to worry that you would lose your job to a KKR or Bain Capital leveraged buyout scheme or some balance sheet manipulator’s desire to create paper “share holder value” or enhance his own stock options. The term “down sizing” had not been thought of. Looting of pension funds, a standard tactic of leveraged buyouts today, would have been a criminal offense in the 1950s and 1960s..The forty hour week was the norm. Workers were not expected to either work when they were not being paid or take work home. Blue collar workers got overtime for anything beyond 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week. And that overtime was enough to allow my wife’s machinist father to pay off the mortgage of a new house in five years.Medical costs were reasonable. Hospitals were run by religious orders or owned by municipalities, not predatory corporations. The cost of having a baby, including days recovering in a pleasant sun lit room, was ~$250.Companies paid good wages and salaries and all good companies included medical insurance and defined benefit pensions.Employment included paid vacation time.Unions insured safe working conditions and good wages for working men. In the 1950s more than 30% of the jobs were unionized. (Today that figure is 11%, and most of those are public employees, i.e., cops and teachers.) Those union wages set a floor that kept up the wages of non-union workers and white collar employees.Union Pensions allowed comfortable retirements. I will describe for example the work and retirement history of a friend with whom we discussed work in the 1960s yesterday: Went to work in the late 1960s immediately after high school for an automobile manufacturer. Worked as a sweeper, i.e., a janitor. Retired after 30 years, and not yet 50 years old, on generous full pension. Pension includes excellent medial coverage from Kaiser-Permanente. Has been retired for 20 years. Owns, for personal use, a home in Florida and a condominium in Colorado, and farm land in Wisconsin. Travels.The public schools were good and staffed with good teachers. The courses included typing and secretarial skills and mechanical trades as well as academics. Thus, students graduated prepared either for college or for a trade.The cost of higher education was reasonable and a college education was easily affordable, especially at one of the excellent land grant universities, by anyone in the middle class or skilled blue collar class who qualified.Savings and Loan Associations and the post-war GI Bill offered affordable home mortgages while not lending either to speculators or those who were trying to live beyond their means, thus adding to both the growth and stability of home ownership. For a fixed rate 20 year mortgage the interest rate was ~4.5% in the 1950s and ~5.5% in the 1960s.Public transportation was better and far more extensive than today, offering an alternative to private cars.Work was closer to home seriously reducing commuting time and expenses for those who chose to drive to work.Americans who were adults in the 1950s had lived through the Great Depression. That taught those who were intelligent the value of savings and the danger of debt. Thus, they avoided consumer loans, paid cash for appliances and cars, put a large down payment on their homes, paid off mortgages quickly, lived within their means, and saved and/or invested.Finally, one must not forget that in the 1950s, because much of Europe had not yet recovered from the devastation of the war, American industry was given an extremely profitable decade and the American dollar was substantially overvalued making imports of goods to the United States, or travel by Americans to Europe, extremely inexpensive.The 1950s and 1960s were different. The American middle class in those decades did not live simple austere pleasureless lives. Nor did they lack nice things. But the difference was caused: 1) by a “Depression Mentality” which taught those who experienced the depression to avoid the debt trap, and 2) by structural differences in government regulations, differences in the tax system and who it was designed to serve, differences in business ethics, and differences in the economy. The different type of government in the 1950s and ’60s and different economy in that era allowed middle class families in the 1950s and 1960s to live nicely on one earner’s salary.As Quora writer Denis O’Sullivan said in the comments (see below): “ The old tradition of the poor getting poorer returned in the 1980′s. It was a good run from 1940 to about 1980 for both blue and white collar employees.”Note re wages and prices in the 1950s: In 1957 the Federal Minimum Wage was $1.00 per hour. Adjusted simply for inflation that would be $9.20 today. The Georgia State Minimum Wage today is $5.15…half of what adjusted for inflation the Federal Minimum Wage was in 1957. The median income for an engineer with 10 years experience in 1957 was $10,000. Beginning pharmacists earned $125 per week or $6,500 per year. In 1955 the median income of a physician in general practice was $15,000. In 1957 a classroom teacher in a city of 50,000 earned $4,500 per year. The hourly wage for an automobile assembly line worker worker was $2.27 per hour, for a tool and die worker $2.95 per hour or $118 for a 40 hour week. The price for the 1950 Ford Deluxe V8 shown in the above photos was ~ $1,100. The 1953 Nash Ambassador sold for $3,100, the 1958 Oldsmobile $4,200. The two story colonial house shown in the photos sold for $17,500 in 1957. It was originally built in 1937. The 1962 house with attached garage was built for $34,000. In 1950 an Admiral black and white console television with radio and phonograph cost $500. In 1954 a top-of-the-line Admiral Dual-Temp two door refrigerator-freezer cost ~$500.Note re union wages in the 1950s: In unionized plants workers were paid time and one-half for hours worked over 40 hours per week and double time for working on holidays. Overtime was available based on seniority. My wife’s father was a skilled machinist at an automobile plant. Having started his employment there as a young man before enlisting in WWII, he was one of the 6 most senior employees in a factory of thousands of workers. He, thus, could bid for and get well paid overtime work whenever he wanted. One year he worked every day of the week including Saturdays and Sundays and Holidays for at least 8 hours per day, taking off only for one day, Christmas. By doing so he paid off the mortgage on a new home in five years. The UAW Pension allowed one to retire after 30 years regardless of age at full pension. That pension included full medical coverage including eyeglasses and dental care.Note re charge plates: The embossed aluminum charge pates issued by some department stores,gasoline station charge plates, Diners’ Club cards, and American Express cards used in the 1950s and ’60s were not credit cards as we use the terms today. These cards had to be paid off in full monthly. Diners’ Club and American Express cards, which were printed on paper with typed in names and addresses, were for business, not personal, use and were only available to the trustworthy and wealthy.Note that the above card from 1955 is described as a CREDIT IDENTIFICATION CARD. It was a card that informed the merchant that the holder’s income and reputation for paying his bills had been verified. Merchants and restaurants who accepted charge card placed the sticker(s) for the card(s) they accepted on the entry door. But you could not trust that. Restaurant owners would terminate their contract with the credit card issuer without removing those stickers.Department store plates could only be used at one store or one association of stores. They were often limited to a relatively small amount, often $50 or less. These were in use into the 1970s. Gas station cards, of course, could only be used at named gas stations. Sears did offer a “Revolving Credit Account” to holders of its charge cards. But these, again, could only be used for purchases at Sears stores. The Sears Roebuck and Co. card eventually became the Discover Card. The first actual Credit Card was the Master Card. (known as Interbank from 1966–1969 and Master Charge from 1969–1979). The first Interbank Cards were issued in 1958 to a restricted group. Charge Cards were not widely distributed until well into the 1970s. And even in the ’70s one had to check with restaurant servers before ordering to determine if your card or any card was valid at that restaurant. Many businesses refused to accept charge card purchases below a set amount.As late as the 1970s women desiring a Department Store Charge Plate had to get it in their husband’s name and the application needed his approval and signature, regardless of the wife’s employment or income. My wife encountered this when she applied for an account at Charles A. Stevens, a woman’s fine clothing store in the Chicago Loop, and was told she needed my approval and signature although she had a better job and higher salary than I did!Note re Changes in Relative Costs: In the 1960s my best friend’s father was a factory worker at the big dirty, but unionized, Fairbanks-Morse plant. My blue collar family friend could afford to take flying lessons and, before he was allowed to drive a car, had a private pilot’s license and enough flying hours by the time we were in high school to have both an instrument rating and a dual engine rating.As teenagers we were allowed and could afford to rent and fly aircraft, usually a Cessna, over Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, sometimes taking our dates out for night flights. We were high school students, and we paid for those flights with our own earnings from part time or summer jobs. Today flying lessons and airplane rentals are only available to the rich.Life was very different in the 1950s and 1960s.

I lived in Austin for 5 years and have spent some time in Plano, and I have also lived in many different parts of the United States. I will describe the things about Texas that are memorable and interesting to me, and which I am knowledgeable about: namely the natural beauty of Texas, the small towns and the different types of food you can find there and the cities of Austin and Dallas.Geography:One thing that surprises a lot of people about Texas is that the geography is varied. It is a huge state and it isn't just plains and farmland. Austin is located on the eastern edge of the Texas Hill Country, which is one of the most beautiful parts of Texas and extends a few hundred miles to the West of Austin. This area is filled with lots of really steep (but mostly short) hills. The hills are covered with a short trees and desert plants. During the late summer this area is extremely beautiful because of all of the wildflowers, see this link for pictures http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&cp=24&gs_id=2j&xhr=t&q=hill+country+wildflowers&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1366&bih=682&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=si8MT4CsDsPX0QHRiunPBQ#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=texas+hill+country+wildflowers&pbx=1&oq=texas+hill+country+wildflowers&aq=f&aqi=g-S1&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=9927l10702l0l11048l6l4l0l0l0l1l250l706l0.3.1l4l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=bd33f2b2081c5f30&biw=1366&bih=682This area is also known as a great place to go cycling (bring your climbing legs) or motorcycle touring. There are a handful of interesting state parks, my favourites being Enchanted Rock which is gorgeous and also a great area for rock climbing and also Hamilton Pool:http://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=682&q=Hamilton+Pool&gbv=2&oq=Hamilton+Pool&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=1031l2841l0l3213l13l12l0l3l3l1l180l1218l0.9l9l0.The fact that the hill country extends all the way to Austin means that Austin is also a very beautiful place. Austin is basically divided in half by the hill country and the hilly side is gorgeous. The city took advantage of the geography by designating a number of areas inside the city as greenbelts. The most famous of these is Barton Creek, which is a 6 mile creek that ends in downtown Austin and is home to an amazing swimming hole as well as excellent mountain biking, rock climbing and even caving.Outside of the Hill Country one can find the rolling plains and farmland that is usually associated with Texas. If you are not from Texas or the middle of the country you might expect this part to be exceedingly boring, but the plains are home to one of the coolest and most beautiful things in all of Texas, the lightning storms. The middle of the United States is often called Tornado alley because extremely powerful storms, some of them supercells, readily form in this region. The United States is home to most of the world's Tornados (correct me if I am wrong) and the storms that produce them are some of the most beautiful natural phenomenon on Earth (at least in my personal opinion). If you haven't seen one of these storms you might think I am totally crazy, but they are truly forces of nature that must be seen to be appreciated.There are many other areas of Texas worthy of note, Big Bend national park is a very isolated area on the border with Mexico and is home to a gorgeous canyon and a desert that springs to life during its own wildflower season. Palo Duro canyon is an undiscovered gem in the Texas panhandle, and there are even some mountains near the border with New Mexico.One downside to Texas is that nearly all of the land is private (I am sure some would view this as an upside). Texas, like all of the states to the west of it, has huge amounts of land that are not a part of cities. In other states large tracts are owned by the bureau of land management, which allows you to pretty much do whatever you want on the public land. This is not so in Texas. One cultural Faux Pas in Texas is trespassing, especially in the country. I have heard from many long time Texans that even setting foot on the other side of someone's fence could provoke them to shoot at you (and they might even be legally permitted to do so). If you are doing a road trip through Texas and are planning on camping be careful about the spots you pick. That said, outside of this particular circumstance, the stereotype of Texans is that they are friendly people.Barbecue and small towns:Texas is dotted with small towns. Most of the towns that I have visited are organized around a central square, which is the analogue of downtown, and they usually have a very old but beautiful building in the very center, perhaps city hall or a courthouse. There are many small towns with something unique about them, but my favorite thing hands down about the small towns in Texas is the food, especially the barbecue. The term barbecue means different things to people around the United States and around the world. In Texas it is a specific genre of food, and definitely not just a grill with hot dogs and hamburgers. I don't know if every town in Texas is blessed with amazing barbecue, but the towns near Austin certainly are. Elgin, Bastrop, Luling, Lockhart, and Driftwood are all towns near Austin that have awesome barbecue. Texas barbecue is known for two things in my opinion. The first is the Brisket. I hated Brisket until I lived in Texas but now Brisket is generally my favourite barbecue item (most people have their own brisket preference, I like mine really fatty and not dry, generally some part of the Brisket will have the taste that you like you just have to know to ask). The second unique thing is that Texas barbecue is generally served sauceless (many different parts of the country have their own geographically standardized barbecue sauce), which might be viewed as a disadvantage. In the small town food department I must also mention the city of West, which is halfway between Dallas and Austin and is a town founded primarily by Czech immigrants (incidentally there are many enclaves of Czech culture in Texas, but West is the one I am most familiar with). West is one of the centers for the production of Kolaches, which are a food item that as far as I can tell is unique to the Czech republic and to Texas. Kolaches (at least the Texas version) are sort of like really fancy pigs in blankets. There are also sweet versions.Austin:Austin is the capital city of Texas and is also a city of great cultural significance. If you are very liberal chances are you will be happiest in Austin as it is the politically most liberal city in Texas. If I had to pick one city in which to live the rest of my life it would without a doubt be Austin (not for anything political). It is a very well balanced city and has something for everyone. It also has a great combination of Texan kindness and hippy chillness. As already mentioned, within Austin one can do a large number of outdoor activities. In addition to that Austin is known for its live music scene. On any given day in Austin there are hundreds of live music performances. Austin is also home to the Austin City Limits music festival and the South by Southwest film/music/technology festival. In theory it will be home to a formula one race next year. Similarly there are lots of great things for young people, there are numerous bars and restaurants. The city has a very low cost of living and is the home to a major university. The economy of Austin is driven by the presence of the capital, the University, and growth is being driven by large technology companies like Dell, Samsung, National Instruments, etc. There is a large hispanic population and as a result the city is culturally diverse. This is true of Dallas, San Antonio, and Houston as well. I believe that Houston has a large Indian population and maybe Dallas also.Dallas:I have some experience with Dallas as my family currently lives there. Dallas is located 60 miles south of Oklahoma, and is a real serious city. In particular there are two population centers, Dallas and Fort Worth, and sprawling mass of suburbs which surround them. Both Dallas and Fort Worth have cultural attractions of typical of major cities, museums, opera, zoos, sports teams, many of which are quite nice. I would say these things are amongst the most impressive of any city in the United States, excepting New York perhaps. I believe Dallas has the somewhat dubious distinction of having the largest number of malls of any city in the United States, and in some ways Dallas contains a lot of the archetypes of modern American cities and suburbs. The place in which my family lives, Plano, perhaps embodies the definition of the word suburb more than any place I have ever lived. Plano is an extremely well organized city, with blocks of houses with repeating designs, well lit and constantly cleaned streets, powerful home owner's associations, insanely low crime rates, lots of fancy cars, high performing schools (anecdotally with large drug problems), tons of families, things which close early, etc. Both Dallas and Fort Worth are surrounded by places like this. These places are either great (they provide an affordable place to raise a family) or really boring depending on your perspective. Austin for the most part has much more diverse architecture, etc. I have heard people say that Fort Worth is a great place, but I have not been there and thus cannot comment.Dallas is home to a large number of oil and gas companies (as is Houston), and is also home to a decent amount of wealth, much of which is concentrated in University Park/Highland Park, two small cities embedded within Dallas.Other Random Cultural Things/Strange Facts:Like most other places in the United States, outside of the major cities the only radio options are either Country music or something Spanish language, which is probably Spanish language country music, for all I know.Police give out a ton of speeding tickets. Texas cities dominate the lists of cities with the most speed traps. Houston in particular is number one by a huge margin.On the flip side, the speed limits on some roads are quite high, 80 on parts of the I-10. Texas police have a reputation for strictness.A common greeting is the two finger wave, generally this is exchanged between drivers going the opposite direction on a small two lane highway somewhere.Texas currently occupies the nexus of awesome hamburger chains. In'n Out burger has reached Texas from the West. Five Guys has reached Texas from the Northeast. Whataburger has always been in Texas. You can find all of these right next to each-other in some parts of Texas, definitely Dallas.American Football is an extremely important part of culture in Texas, both in cities and in small towns. The show Friday Night Lights is a good depiction. I have heard that on any given Friday night 20% of the population of Texas is at a high school football game. College football and the NFL are also extremely popular.Texas is huge. There is a city in the panhandle of Texas, Dalhart, that is closer to the capitals of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming than it is close to Austin. If you start driving from Houston towards the Pacific Ocean, you will spend half your drive in Texas.El Paso is in the southwest corner of Texas and lies just across the Mexican border form Juarez. Juarez is perhaps the most dangerous city in the world. El Paso is somehow the safest city of its size in the United States.The Hill country is one of the worst places for allergy sufferers in the entire world. There is essentially an allergy season at all times of the year. The worst is the Cedar season which is in January. Pollen counts are among the highest recorded anywhere in the world during this time period. Some days in Austin it looks like there is a gray haze over the land. This is not smog it is clouds of cedar pollen. If you have an allergy to cedar and are living in this area you should take a vacation for the Cedar season.Texas is an amazing place and you should definitely come visit if you have the chance.

Sit down and ask him to list ON PAPER each reason why he objects to you doing something. Don't let him just lecture, make him see it on paper.Thank him for caring about you and ask him if you can take some time to really process the information he has given you.Don't be a brat and don't dismiss his concerns as invalid or you're never going to get anywhere.He needs to know that you heard him and that you value his experience and knowledge as a parent.Go on your room and get online and research his concerns. Form a solid rebuttal backed up with facts from reputable sources that you can prove.Example:https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/child_law/conf/Fearing_Bogeyman_David_Pimentel.authcheckdam.pdfAlso, validate the root cause of his fear. Let him know that yes, these things happen, but he raised you right and you are aware of the dangers. But you can get hurt just as easily as home. It's not isolation that protects you but being aware of your surroundings, knowing what threats to avoid (drugs, drinking, teen pregnancy, etc) but more importantly having a plan of action in place if something did happen.Write a behavior contract. Here's an example The Freedom Contract: Holding a Teen to Responsible AccountWrite a plan of action contract that stipulates what is expected of you and what he advises that you do if something goes wrong.Sign it.Respect it.Don't betray his trust and hold him accountable if he doesn't hold up his end of the bargain.Remember, he's the parent. Sometimes you just gotta suck it up and get through it. I'm 40 years old with three children of my own and my mother STILL won't let my husband and I sleep in the same room together when we visit. Hence…we rarely visit. She is ridiculous. I hope you have better luck with your parents than I did at your age.Here's about 5 hours of research I did on your behalf so you could use it in your conversation when you talk to your dad about his objections and fears. I hope it helps. Please leave me a comment on this thread and let me know how it goes okay. -Hillary MarekExample:“The least safe thing you can do with your child, statistically, is drive them somewhere,” said Lenore Skenazy, author of “Free-Range Kids,” a manifesto preaching a return to the day when children were allowed to roam on their own. “Yet every time we put them in the car we don’t think, ‘Oh God, maybe I should take public transportation instead, because if something happened to my kid on the way to the orthodontist I could never forgive myself.’ ”So we put them in that car and we drive — to the orthodontist, to school, to their friend’s house two blocks away — because “if I let them walk and they were abducted I would never forgive myself.” This despite the fact that the British writer Warwick Cairns, author of “How to Live Dangerously,” has calculated that if you wanted to guarantee that your child would be snatched off the street, he or she would have to stand outside alone for 750,000 hours. And while we are busy inflating some risks, we tend not to focus on others — like the obesity and diabetesthat result when children are driven someplace when they could walk, or when they play video games inside instead of playing in the park.OK but wait… it might be rare but it's not an urban legend. Your dad has valid reason for his concerns.According to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (citing U.S. Department of Justice reports), nearly 800,000 children are reported missing each year. That's more than 2,000 a day.The NCMEC says 203,000 children are kidnapped each year by family members. Another 58,200 are abducted by non-family members. Many others are runaways or pushed out of the home by parents.Despite these huge numbers, very few children are victims of the kinds of crimes that so-often lead local and national news reports. According to NCMEC, just 115 children are the victims of what most people think of as "stereotypical" kidnapping, which the center characterizes thusly: "These crimes involve someone the child does not know or someone of slight acquaintance, who holds the child overnight, transports the child 50 miles or more, kills the child, demands ransom, or intends to keep the child permanently."Of these 115 incidents, 57 percent ended with the return of the child. The other 43 percent had a less happy outcome.Posted By Gabe Falcon, CNN Writer: 6:04 PM ETBehind the Scenes of a Kidnappinghttps://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6849238Over 100 children were found safe during a one-day sweep by multiple Michigan law enforcement agencies, the US Marshals Service said Wednesday.The agency said Operation MISafeKid recovered 123 missing children Sept. 26 throughout Wayne County in a sweep aimed to identify and recover missing children and locate victims of sex trafficking.The operation had 301 case files for missing children open before the sweep, which was the first of its kind in Wayne County, according to the report.All recovered children were interviewed by authorities about possibly being sexually victimized or used in a sex trafficking ring and officials said three identified as possible sex trafficking cases.The report said one homeless teenage boy had not had anything to eat in three days, so authorities transported him back to their command post for food and turned him over to Child Protective Services for aftercare.In addition to the missing children in Michigan, officers in the operation obtained information about two missing children in Texas and another in Minnesota. Those cases are being actively investigated, officials said.“The message to the missing children and their families that we wish to convey is that we will never stop looking for you,” the US Marshals Service said.Several agencies were involved in the operation including the US Marshals Service, Michigan State Police, Detroit Police Department, Wayne County local law enforcement, as well as the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Office of Inspector General.http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/2017NHTHStats%20%281%29.pdfAlthough slavery is commonly thought to be a thing of the past, human traffickers generate hundreds of billions of dollars in profits by trapping millions of people in horrific situations around the world, including here in the U.S. Traffickers use violence, threats, deception, debt bondage, and other manipulative tactics to force people to engage in commercial sex or to provide labor or services against their will. While more research is needed on the scope of human trafficking, below are a few key statistics:The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 40.3 million victims of human trafficking globally.81% of them are trapped in forced labor.25% of them are children.75% are women and girls.The International Labor Organization estimates that forced labor and human trafficking is a $150 billion industry worldwide.The U.S. Department of Labor has identified 148 goods from 75 countries made by forced and child labor.In 2017, an estimated 1 out of 7 endangered runaways reported to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children were likely child sex trafficking victims.Of those, 88% were in the care of social services or foster care when they ran.There is no official estimate of the total number of human trafficking victims in the U.S. Polaris estimates that the total number of victims nationally reaches into the hundreds of thousands when estimates of both adults and minors and sex trafficking and labor trafficking are aggregated.Statistics from the National Human Trafficking Hotline and Polaris BeFree TextlineMore than 49,000 total cases of human trafficking have been reported to the Hotline in the last 10 years.The Hotline annually receives multiple reports of human trafficking cases in each of the 50 states and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here.The number of human trafficking cases that Polaris learns about in the U.S. increases every year. Review our 2017 statistics fact sheet here.24% of texting conversations on the Polaris BeFree Textline were from survivors of human trafficking compared to 14% of phone calls on the Hotline. Read Polaris BeFree Textline statistics here.The Hotline receives an average of 150 calls per day. Read stories of survivors who called the hotline for help.What if it's your boyfriend? What if he hurts you and dad isn't there to protect you?Kenya Fairley, Program Manager, Division of Family Violence Prevention & Services, Family & Youth Services BureauOne in ten high school students has been purposefully hit, slapped, or physically hurt by a boyfriend or girlfriend and one in six college women has been sexually abused in a dating relationship.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Visit disclaimer page found that approximately 7% of adult women and 4% of adult men who ever experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner first experienced some form of partner violence by that same partner and before 18.Each month, the National Domestic Violence Hotline’s loveisrespectVisit disclaimer page project responds to over 5,000 contacts via phone, text, and online chat.The impacts of violence last long beyond the incident itself. Youth who experience intimate partner violence are more likely to have symptoms of depression and anxiety; engage in tobacco, drug, and alcohol use; exhibit antisocial behaviors; have thoughts of suicide; and be victimized in college.During Teen Dating Violence Awareness Month, we encourage individuals and communities to work together to inform youth and the adults in their lives about the signs of unhealthy relationships and where to go if help is needed.A great way to learn more is through loveisrespectVisit disclaimer page. Funded through the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA), loveisrespect provides support, information, and advocacy to young people who have questions or concerns about their dating relationships, and can also help concerned parents, teachers, service providers, clergy and law enforcement understand how to address abuse among the young people they serve.Get more facts and statistics hereAddressing Intimate Partner Abuse in Runaway and Homeless Youth: A Practical Guide for Service ProvidersVisit disclaimer page (PDF). This practical guide from the Hollywood Homeless Youth PartnershipVisit disclaimer page addresses challenges specific to runaway and homeless youth facing intimate partner violence.The Exchange. Funded through FYSB, this clearinghouse provides resources about prevention of adolescent pregnancy for program grantees, partners, stakeholders, and youth to increase visibility and impact of their work to help prepare teens for the future.VAWnet Online Special Collection: Preventing and Responding to Teen Dating Violence Visit disclaimer pagecurates and organizes the work of many organizations that aim to prevent and respond to teen dating violence among different populations.Launched in February 2007 as a project of the National Domestic Violence Hotline, loveisrespect Visit disclaimer pageis a 24-hour resource for teens and 20-somethings who were experiencing dating violence and abuse. Anyone in the general public may access loveisrespect by phone, text, or online chat. Blogs, quizzes, and other resources are available on the website.Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Healthy Relationships Tip Sheet. This tip sheet for service providers gives an overview of what we know about teen violence and pregnancy, as well as practical ways, examples, and resources for integrating healthy relationship content into programs for youth.Have questions about the health and safety of your relationship? Contact loveisrespect, any day/any time, to talk with a peer advocate at 1-866-331-9474or text “loveis” to 22522 or chat online at http://www.loveisrespect.orgVisit disclaimer page. Also, take dating quizzes, get resources, and read blogs on dating and hooking up, dynamics of abuse, self-care, and helping othersDrugs? Alcohol? What are you kids up to these days anyway?Teens’ use of most illegal drugs is down—way down—except for marijuana, which is staying about the same. However, teens are vaping more often than before, and their use of inhalants has increased slightly.Those are some of the findings from the latest Monitoring the Future survey. More than 43,700 students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades (from 360 schools across the United States) took the survey in 2017. Here are some of the things we learnedfrom them.The good newsOverall, teens’ use of illegal drugs (other than marijuana and inhalants) continues to decrease. It’s now the lowest in the history of the survey in all three grades. That’s excellent!OpioidsTeens are misusing opioid pain medications less than they did 10 years ago.Misuse of all pain medications (including over-the-counter medicines) has also dropped since 2004. For instance, 12th graders’ misuse of pain medications fell by more than half, from nearly 10 percent in 2004 to just over 4 percent.AlcoholAlthough teens’ binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row sometime in the last two weeks) stayed at a similar level as in 2016, it has declined a lot since it peaked in the late 1990s (for 8th and 12th graders) and in 2000 (for 10th graders).MarijuanaAnother concern for teens in school is that daily marijuana use has become more popular than daily cigarette smoking.Looking at all three grades, marijuana use is up slightly to nearly 24 percent, compared to almost 23 percent last year.Over the past 10 years, 12th graders’ daily use of marijuana has remained about the same, but their daily use of cigarettes has dropped.Fewer teens in school now disapprove of regular marijuana use: Close to 65 percent of 12th graders disapprove, compared to almost 69 percent in 2016. (Reminder: Recreational use of marijuana is still illegalfor teens in all 50 states, and using it can have long-term effects on your brain.)InhalantsUse of inhalants among 8th graders is back up to 2015 levels, with nearly 5 percent saying they used inhalants in 2017. This had dropped to under 4 percent in 2016.Cigarettes/HookahTeens are using traditional tobacco products less these days.Hookah use has fallen for the second year in a row: Just over 10 percent of high school seniors reported using hookah in 2017, compared to 13 percent in 2016 and nearly 23 percent in 2014.Cigarettes are being used less often, too. In 1997, nearly 25 percent of 12th graders said they smoked them; in the latest survey, just over 4 percent did.Areas for concernVapingTeens in school aren’t smoking traditional cigarettes as much as before, but they’re vaping more often. (The survey asked about “any vaping,” so the answers could mean teens are using e-cigarettes, e-pipes, vape pens, or other electronic vaporizers.) This isn’t good news, because some teens who vape are using nicotine for the first time, and research showsthey’re much more likely to smoke regular tobacco cigarettes later.Close to 28 percent of high school seniors reported vaping.When asked what they inhaled the last time they vaped, nearly 52 percent of 12th graders who used a vaping device said it was “just flavoring,” close to 33 percent said “nicotine,” and just over 11 percent said “marijuana” or “hash oil.” We should point out, though, that many teens don’t really know what’s in the device they’re vaping, and labels aren’t always reliable. Even if e-cig liquid only contains flavoring, it can also contain toxic chemicals.Nicotine and Tobacco2018 is the second year in which the MTF survey asked high school students about vaping specific substances ever, in the past year, and in the past month. In just one year, rates of past-year vaping increased by about one-third in all grades, to 17.6 percent of 8th graders, 32.3 percent of 10th graders, and 37.3 percent of 12th graders. After alcohol, vaping is the second most common form of substance use in all three grades.Students were also asked what substances they had consumed via vaping—nicotine, marijuana, or “just flavoring.” “Just flavoring” was most commonly noted by 8th graders (reported by 15.1 percent), followed by nicotine (10.9 percent) and marijuana (4.4 percent). Tenth graders reported identical rates of “just flavoring” and nicotine vaping (24.7 percent), and 12.4 percent of 10th graders reported vaping marijuana. A higher percentage of 12th graders reported vaping nicotine (29.7 percent) than flavoring alone (25.7 percent), and 13.1 percent reported vaping marijuana. It is important to note that students do not always know what is in the device they are using; labeling is inconsistent, and they often use devices bought by other people. The most popular vaping devices on the market do not offer options that are nicotine-free.These one-year jumps in vaping are mirrored by changes in the perception of availability; more 8th and 10th graders reported that vaping devices and e-liquids containing nicotine are easy or very easy to obtain in 2018 than in 2017.The survey data regarding vaping also reveal an increase in the perception of the harm of vaping when nicotine is specifically mentioned. While 22.1 percent of 8th graders reported thinking that it is harmful to regularly use e-cigarettes, 32.4 percent reported thinking that it is harmful to regularly vape an e-liquid containing nicotine. Similar differences were also seen among 10th graders (22.8 percent reported thinking it is harmful to use e-cigarettes regularly versus 31.3 percent who reported perceiving harm in regularly vaping a liquid that contains nicotine) and 12th graders (18.0 percent versus 27.7 percent).Use of traditional cigarettes remains at the lowest levels in the survey’s history. Significant five-year declines—by more than half for daily use and for use of one half pack or more per day—were reported by all grades. Daily cigarette use was reported by 0.8 percent of 8th graders, 1.8 percent of 10th graders, and 3.6 percent of 12th graders in 2018. Lifetime cigarette use among 12th graders decreased from 26.6 percent in 2017 to 23.8 percent in 2018, and past-month use declined from 9.7 percent to 7.6 percent.Use of other tobacco products, including hookah, smokeless tobacco, and little cigars or cigarillos remained low and declined among high school seniors. Among 12th graders, tobacco use with a hookah fell from a high of 22.9 percent in 2014 to 7.8 percent in 2018. Past-year use of little cigars or cigarillos declined in 12th graders from 2017 to 2018, and lifetime smokeless tobacco use shows a five-year decline in 10th and 12th graders.Synthetic DrugsPast-year use of synthetic cannabinoids (K2/Spice, sometimes called “fake weed” or “synthetic marijuana”) has dropped significantly in the past five years in all three grades. Since first assessed in 2011, past-year use among 12th graders has dropped from 11.4 percent to 3.5 percent. Past-year use has also fallen from 4.4 percent to 1.6 percent among 8th graders, and from 8.8 percent to 2.9 percent among 10th graders since first assessed in 2012. The MTF survey began tracking past-year synthetic cathinone use in 2012, and since then, there has been a decrease among 12th graders from 1.3 percent to 0.6 percent in 2018 (synthetic cathinones are commonly known as “bath salts”). Use among 8th and 10th graders has remained fairly low and flat.Learn MoreFor more information about the Monitoring the Future survey and results, please visit:the Monitoring the Future websitethe NIDA's Monitoring the Future webpageRemind your dad that you are more likely to be in a physical altercation at school than out with friends at the mall or a party.Key facts about physical fighting among youthIn 2017, about one in four high school students (24 percent) reported being in a physical fight in the past year, a continued decrease from the 1991 high of 43 percent.Male students are more likely to report being in a physical fight than their female peers, at 30 percent and 17 percent, respectively, in 2017.In 2017, non-Hispanic black students reported the highest rates of being in a physical fight, followed by their Hispanic and non-Hispanic white peers, at 33 percent, 26 percent, and 21 percent, respectively.Younger students report higher rates of being in a physical fight than their older peers, with 28 percent of ninth graders reporting being in a fight, compared with 26 percent of tenth graders, 20 percent of eleventh graders, and 18 percent of twelfth graders.Trends in physical fighting among youthThe share of students in grades 9 through 12 who had been in at least one physical fight in the past year declined from 43 percent in 1991 to 33 percent in 2001. The proportion then remained steady (32 to 36 percent) until 2011. Since then, there have been notable declines in this percentage, from 33 percent in 2011 to 24 percent in 2017 (Appendix 1).Differences by genderMale high school students report being in a physical fight at higher rates than their female peers. In 2017, 30 percent of males reported physical fighting, compared with 17 percent of females. This pattern is consistent across race, ethnicity, and grade level (Appendix 1).Differences by race and Hispanic originAmong male high school students in 2017, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic students reported lower rates of being in a physical fight than their non-Hispanic black peers (29 and 30 percent, respectively, versus 37 percent). Among females, non-Hispanic black students reported the highest rates of physical fighting (29 percent), followed by Hispanic students (21 percent) and non-Hispanic white students (14 percent) (Appendix 1).Differences by gradeThe prevalence of physical fighting generally decreases with age. Among females in 2017, ninth-grade students reported higher rates than tenth-grade students (23 and 18 percent, respectively), and tenth-grade students reported higher rates than their eleventh- and twelfth-grade peers (18, 15, and 12 percent, respectively). Among males, twelfth-grade students reported the lowest rates of physical fighting over the last year (24 percent), compared with 34 percent among ninth graders, 35 percent among tenth graders, and 26 percent among eleventh graders (Appendix 1).Other estimatesState and local estimates2015 estimates of fighting among high school students (Grades 9–12) are available for select states and cities from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.International estimatesEstimates of fighting among 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds in select countries can be found in the 2013/2014 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: World Health Organization. (2016). Growing Up Unequal: gender and socioeconomic difference in young people’s health and well-being. Health policy for children and adolescents, 7, 270. Copenhagen, Denmark: Author. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/303438/HSBC-No.7-Growing-up-unequal-Full-Report.pdf?ua=1.Data and appendicesData sourceU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). 1991–2017 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey [Data tool]. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.Raw data sourceYouth Risk Behavior Survey.https://nccd.cdc.gov/Youthonline/App/Default.aspxAppendixAppendix 1. Percentage of Students in Grades 9–12 Who Reported Being in a Physical Fight in the Past Year: Selected Years, 1991–2017BackgroundDefinitionPhysical fighting is defined as being in a physical fight one or more times in the year preceding this survey, according to students’ reports.In 2017, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming did not conduct a YRBS and thus were not included.Endnotes[1] Hispanic students may be of any race. Totals for white and black students in this report do not include Hispanic students.Suggested Citation:Child Trends Databank. (2018). Physical fighting by youth. Retrieved from https://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=physical-fighting-by-youthLast updated: August 2018CNN) — Here is a list of random incidents of elementary, middle and high school (excludes colleges and universities) violence with fatalities, over the last 40 years. This list does NOT include suicides, gang-related incidents, or deaths resulting from interpersonal conflicts.US Timeline (selected only):May 18, 2018 - Santa Fe High School - Santa Fe, Texas. Dimitrios Pagourtzis, 17, allegedly opens fire killing 10 and injuring 13. Pagourtzis is arrested and charged with capital murder and aggravated assault of a public servant.February 14, 2018 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School - Parkland, Florida. Former student, Nikolas Cruz, 19, allegedly opens fire with an AR-15 rifle, killing at least 17 people and injuring at least 14 others. According to law enforcement, the suspect activated a fire alarm to draw people outside to increase casualties. Cruz is arrested and charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder.January 23, 2018 - Marshall County High School - Benton, Kentucky. Gabriel R. Parker, 15, allegedly opens fire killing two and injuring 18 others. The suspect is arrested at the scene and later charged with two counts of murder and 14 counts of first degree assault.December 7, 2017 - Aztec High School - Aztec, New Mexico. William Atchison shoots and kills students Casey Jordan Marquez and Francisco Fernandez. Atchison, a former student at the high school, dies of what police believe to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound.September 13, 2017 - Freeman High School - Spokane, Washington. Caleb Sharpe, a sophomore at the school, allegedly opens fire killing one student and injuring three others. Sharpe is arrested and charged with premeditated murder, three counts of attempted first-degree murder and 51 counts of second-degree assault.April 10, 2017 - North Park Elementary School - San Bernardino, California. Jonathan Martinez, eight, and his teacher, Karen Smith, are killed when Cedric Anderson, Smith's estranged husband, walks into her special needs classroom and opens fire, armed with a large-caliber revolver. Two other students are wounded. Anderson then kills himself.September 28, 2016 - Townville Elementary School - Greenville, South Carolina. A 14-year-old male opens fire on the playground, wounding two children and a teacher. Jacob Hall, one of the wounded children, dies three days later. Before going to the school, the teen shot and killed his father. He is in custody.October 24, 2014 - Marysville-Pilchuck High School - Marysville, Washington. Freshman Jaylen Fryberg shoots five people in the school cafeteria, killing one. Fryberg dies of a self-inflicted gunshot wound at the scene. A second victim dies of her injuries two days later; a third dies on October 31. A fourth victim dies on November 7, bringing the total fatalities to five, including the gunman.June 10, 2014 - Reynolds High School - Troutdale, Oregon. Jared Padgett, 15, shoots and kills 14-year-old Emilio Hoffman in the school gym. He later takes his own life.December 13, 2013 - Arapahoe High School - Centennial, Colorado. Karl Pierson, 18, opens fire inside, critically injuring one student and then killing himself. 17-year-old Claire Davis dies on December 21, eight days after being shot.October 21, 2013 - Sparks Middle School - Sparks, Nevada. 12-year-old student Jose Reyes takes his parent's handgun to school and shoots three,injuring two 12-year-old male students and killing Mike Landsberry, a teacher and Marine veteran. He then kills himself.December 14, 2012 - Sandy Hook Elementary School - Newtown, Connecticut. Adam Lanza, 20, guns down 20 children, ages six and seven, and six adults, school staff and faculty, before turning the gun on himself. Investigating police later find Nancy Lanza, Adam's mother, dead from a gunshot wound. The final count is 28 dead, including the shooter.February 27, 2012 - Chardon High School - Chardon, Ohio. Student Daniel Parmertor, 16, is killed and four others wounded when student T.J. Lane, 17, opens fire in the school. On February 28, Demetrius Hewlin, 16, dies from his wounds and Russell King Jr., 17, is declared brain dead. In March 2013, Lane is sentenced to life in prison. On September 11, 2014, Lane escapes from prison. He is captured early the next morning.January 5, 2011 - Millard South High School, Omaha, Nebraska. 17-year-old Robert Butler Jr. opens fire on Principal Curtis Case and Vice Principal Vicki Kasper. Butler then kills himself about a mile from the school. Vice principal Kasper later dies at the hospital.February 5, 2010 - Discovery Middle School, Madison, Alabama. 14-year-old Todd Brown dies after being shot in the head in a school hallway. Fellow ninth-grader Hammad Memon later pleads guilty and is sentenced to 30 years in prison.October 16, 2009 - Carolina Forest High School, Conway, South Carolina. 16-year-old student Trevor Varinecz is shot and killed by a police officer after allegedly pulling a knife and stabbing the officer.September 23, 2009 - John Tyler High School, Tyler, Texas. A 16-year-old, Byron Truvia, is taken into custody for stabbing and killing high school teacher Todd R. Henry. Truvia is later found unfit to stand trial.September 15, 2009 - Coral Gables Senior High School, Coral Gables, Florida. 17-year-old Andy Jesus Rodriguez fatally stabs 17-year-old sophomore Juan Carlos Rivera during a fight. Rodriguez is later sentenced to 40 years in prison.August 21, 2008 - Central High School, Knoxville, Tennessee. 15-year-old Jamar Siler shoots and kills 15-year-old Ryan McDonald. In 2011, Siler receives 30 years in prison in a plea agreement.January 3, 2007 - Henry Foss High School, Tacoma, Washington. Student Douglas Chanthabouly, 18, fatally shoots another student, Samnang Kok, 17. Chanthabouly is sentenced in 2009 to more than 23 years in prison for second-degree murder.October 2, 2006 - Georgetown Amish School, Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania. 32-year-old Charles Roberts IV goes to a small Amish school and takes at least 11 girls hostage. Five girls were killed and six others wounded. Roberts then kills himself.September 29, 2006 - Weston High School, Cazenovia, Wisconsin. 15-year-old Eric Hainstock goes to school armed with a shotgun and a handgun. After a struggle with the school janitor, Hainstock shoots and kills the school principal. He is convicted of murder in August 2007 and sentenced to life in prison.September 27, 2006 - Platte Canyon High School, Bailey, Colorado. 54-year-old Duane Morrison takes six female students hostage. When SWAT teams enter the school, Morrison shoots 16-year-old Emily Keyes. Morrison then kills himself. Keyes later dies at the hospital.November 8, 2005 - Campbell County Comprehensive High School, Jacksboro, Tennessee. 15-year-old Kenneth Bartley Jr. opens fire on a principal and two assistant principals, killing one of them and critically wounding another, authorities said. In 2007, Bartley accepts a plea bargain, but his guilty plea is later vacated. In a retrial in February 2014, Bartley is found guilty of reckless homicide and not guilty of attempted first degree murder. He is sentenced to time served and released.March 21, 2005 - Red Lake High School, Red Lake, Minnesota. 16-year-old Jeff Weise kills his grandfather and another adult, five students, a teacher and a security officer. He then kills himself.February 3, 2004 - Southwood Middle School - Palmetto Bay, Florida. 14-year-old Michael Hernandez stabs to death 14-year-old Jaime Rodrigo Gough. In 2013, an appeals court tosses Hernandez's life sentence and remands the case for re-sentencing. In 2016, Hernandez is again sentenced to life in prison.September 24, 2003 - Rocori High School - Cold Spring, Minnesota. 15-year-old Jason McLaughlin shoots and kills 17-year-old Aaron Rollins and critically injures another student. The second student dies in October. In 2005, McLaughlin is sentenced to consecutive terms of life in prison for first-degree murder and 12 years for second-degree murder.April 24, 2003 - Red Lion Area Junior High School - Red Lion, Pennsylvania. 14-year-old James Sheets brings a revolver to school and kills his principal, Eugene Segro, and then himself.December 5, 2001 - Springfield High School - Springfield, Massachusetts. At a high school for troubled teens, 17-year-old Corey Ramos stabs to death Reverend Theodore Brown, a counselor at the school. In 2003, Ramos is sentenced to life in prison.March 5, 2001 - Santana High School - Santee, California. 15-year-old Charles "Andy" Williams kills two classmates, a 14-year-old and a 17-year-old, and injures 13. Williams is sentenced in 2002 to at least 50 years in prison.May 26, 2000 - Lake Worth Community Middle School - Lake Worth, Florida. 13-year-old Nathaniel Brazill, after being sent home for misbehaving, returns to school and shoots and kills his teacher Barry Grunow. Brazill is sentenced to 28 years in prison.February 29, 2000 - Buell Elementary School - Mount Morris Township, Michigan. An unnamed six-year-old boy shoots and kills a six-year-old playmate, Kayla Rolland, at school. He is removed from his mother's custody and put up for adoption.November 19, 1999 - Deming Middle School - Deming, New Mexico. 12-year-old Victor Cordova shoots and kills a 13-year-old classmate. He is sentenced to two years in juvenile detention.April 20, 1999 - Columbine High School - Littleton, Colorado. 18-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold kill 12 fellow students and one teacher before dying by suicide in the school library.May 21, 1998 - Thurston High School - Springfield, Oregon. After killing his parents the previous day, 15-year-old Kip Kinkel returns to Thurston High armed with a rifle. He kills two students in the school cafeteria, a 16 and a 17-year-old. He is sentenced to 112 years in prison.April 24, 1998 - James Parker Middle School - Edinboro, Pennsylvania. 14-year-old Andrew Wurst shoots and kills science teacher John Gillette at a school dance. He is sentenced to serve between 30 and 60 years.March 24, 1998 - Westside Middle School - Jonesboro, Arkansas. 11-year-old Andrew Golden and 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson ambush fellow students and their teachers, killing five. Johnson is incarcerated in a youth facility and released on his 21st birthday August 11, 2005. Golden is released on his 21st birthday, May 25, 2007.December 1, 1997 - Heath High School - West Paducah, Kentucky. 14-year-old Michael Carneal opens fire on a school prayer group, killing three girls, who were 14, 15, and 17. He is serving life in prison.October 1, 1997 - Pearl High School - Pearl, Mississippi. After killing his mother at home, 16-year-old Luke Woodham arrives at school and shoots two classmates. Woodham is serving three life sentences plus 140 years.February 19, 1997 - Bethel High School - Bethel, Alaska. 16-year-old Evan Ramsey uses a shotgun stolen from his foster home to kill a 15-year-old student and the school principal. He is currently serving a term of 210 years.September 25, 1996 - Dekalb Alternative School - Decatur, Georgia. 16-year-old David Dubose Jr. shoots and kills English teacher Horace Morgan on the steps of the school. Dubose is found not guilty by reason of insanity and is committed indefinitely to a state mental hospital.February 2, 1996 - Frontier Junior High School - Moses Lake, Washington. 14-year-old Barry Loukaitis takes a rifle to school and kills two classmates and a teacher. He is sentenced to life in prison.January 19, 1996 - Winston Education Center - Washington. Two masked gunmen kill 14-year-old Damion Blocker in a stairwell. 16-year-old shooter Darrick Evans is given a sentence of 41 years to life in prison.November 15, 1995 - Richland High School - Lynnville, Tennessee. 17-year-old Jamie Rouse kills a business teacher and a 16-year-old student. Rouse is serving a life sentence.October 12, 1995 - Blackville-Hilda High School - Blackville, South Carolina. 15-year-old Toby Sincino kills a teacher and then himself.November 7, 1994 - Wickliffe Middle School - Wickliffe, Ohio. 37-year-old drifter Keith Ledeger shoots and kills school custodian Peter Christopher and injures three others. Ledeger is sentenced to life in prison.April 12, 1994 - Margaret Leary Elementary School - Butte, Montana. 10-year-old James Osmanson, teased because his parents have AIDS, shoots and kills an 11-year-old on the school playground. Osmanson is sent to a private residential treatment center.February 1, 1994 - Valley View Junior High School - Simi Valley, California. 13-year-old Philip Hernandez stabs to death a 14-year-old student in a school hallway. Hernandez is sentenced to four years in a California Youth Authority prison.December 1, 1993 - Wauwatosa West High School - Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. 21-year-old former student Leonard McDowell returns to his high school and kills Associate Principal Dale Breitlow. He is sentenced to life in prison.May 24, 1993 - Upper Perkiomen High School - Pennsburg, Pennsylvania. 15-year-old student Jason Smith kills another student who had bullied him. He is sentenced to between 12 and 25 years in prison.April 15, 1993 - Ford Middle School - Acushnet, Massachusetts. 44-year-old David Taber invades a middle school and takes three hostages. He later shoots and kills school nurse Carol Day. He is found not guilty of the murder by reason of insanity.April 12, 1993 - Dartmouth High School - Dartmouth, Massachusetts. 16-year-old Jason Robinson is stabbed to death in his social studies class by three teenage attackers who invade the classroom.January 18, 1993 - East Carter High School - Grayson, Kentucky. 17-year-old student Scott Pennington shoots and kills a teacher and custodian. He is sentenced to life in prison.May 1, 1992 - Lindhurst High School - Olivehurst, California. 20-year-old dropout Eric Houston returns to his high school and kills a former teacher and three students. Houston is sentenced to death.February 26, 1992 - Thomas Jefferson High School - Brooklyn, New York. A 15-year-old shoots and kills two other students. The shooter, Kahlil Sumpter, is sentenced in 1993 to between 6 2/3 and 20 years in prison and is released in 1998.November 25, 1991 - Thomas Jefferson High School - Brooklyn, New York. A stray bullet kills a 16-year-old student during an argument between two other teens. Shooter Jason Bentley, 14, is sentenced in 1992 to three to nine years in prison.January 17, 1989 - Cleveland Elementary School - Stockton, California. 24-year-old drifter Patrick Purdy uses an AK-47 to kill five children on an elementary school playground. He then takes his own life.December 16, 1988 - Atlantic Shores Christian School - Virginia Beach, Virginia. 16-year-old Nicholas Elliot shoots and kills teacher Karen Farley. Elliott is sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.September 26, 1988 - Oakland Elementary School - Greenwood, South Carolina. 19-year-old James Wilson, copying the Winnetka, Illinois murders, kills 8-year-olds Tequila Thomas and Shequila Bradley in their school cafeteria. Wilson's death sentence is overturned in January 2003.May 20, 1988 - Hubbard Woods Elementary School - Winnetka, Illinois. 30-year-old Laurie Dann invades an elementary school and kills an 8-year-old boy. She injures six other people before taking her own life.February 11, 1988 - Pinellas Park High School - Largo, Florida. Two 15-year-olds with stolen weapons, Jason McCoy and Jason Harless, shoot and kill Assistant Principal Richard Allen. McCoy serves two years in prison, and Harless serves eight.March 2, 1987 - Dekalb High School - Dekalb, Missouri. 12-year-old Nathan Faris, who was teased about being overweight, shoots 13-year-old Timothy Perrin and then takes his own life.December 4, 1986 - Fergus High School - Lewistown, Montana. 14-year-old Kristofer Hans shoots and kills substitute teacher Henrietta Smith. He is sentenced to 206 years in prison in 1988.May 16, 1986 - Cokeville Elementary School - Cokeville, Wyoming. A couple in their 40s, David and Doris Young, take over an elementary school with a bomb and hold 150 children and adults hostage, demanding $300 million in ransom. The bomb accidentally detonates, setting the school on fire. Investigators later determine that during the fire David Young shot his wife and then killed himself. 74 people were injured in the fire.January 21, 1985 - Goddard Junior High School - Goddard, Kansas. 14-year-old James Kearbey shoots and kills Principal Jim McGee. Kearbey spends seven years in juvenile detention and is released at the age of 21. On October 31, 2001, Kearbey is involved in a six-hour standoff with Wichita, Kansas, police. No injuries resulted and Kearbey is later acquitted of aggravated assault on a police officer.February 24, 1984 - 49th Street School - Los Angeles. Sniper Tyrone Mitchell shoots at children on an elementary school playground, killing one and injuring 11. He later takes his own life.January 20, 1983 - Parkway South Junior High - St. Louis. An unnamed 14-year-old shoots and kills another student before turning the gun on himself.March 19, 1982 - Valley High School - Las Vegas. 17-year-old Pat Lizotte shoots and kills psychology teacher Clarence Piggott during class. Lizotte is sentenced to life in prison.January 29, 1979 - Grover Cleveland Elementary - San Diego. 16-year-old Brenda Spencer opens fire on a school across from her home, killing the principal and janitor.May 18, 1978 - Murchison Junior High School - Austin, Texas. 13-year-old John Christian shoots and kills his English teacher Wilbur Grayson, during class. The shooter is the son of George Christian, press secretary to President Lyndon Johnson from 1967 to 1969. After time in a psychiatric hospital, Christian attends high school in the Dallas area.February 22, 1978 - Everett High School - Lansing, Michigan. 15-year-old Roger Needham kills another student who had bullied him. After four years in juvenile detention, Needham is released. He later earns a Ph.D in math and works as a professor in Missouri and New York.