E Chalmers: Fill & Download for Free

I wonder what is the tone of this question. Is it a sincere and innocent request for information? Or some sort of cynical rhetoric suggestion that the answer should be “very little”?I will give credit that it is a sincere “Ask” and answer accordingly. So here is a list of the inventions of just 10% of Great Britain - the Inventions of Scotland. If I included the inventions from the other 90% of Great Britain, I would swamp Quora!Road transport innovationsMacadamised roads (the basis for, but not specifically, tarmac): John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836)[3]The pedal bicycle: Attributed to both Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813–1878)[2] and Thomas McCall (1834–1904)The pneumatic tyre: Robert William Thomson and John Boyd Dunlop (1822–1873)[9]The overhead valve engine: David Dunbar Buick (1854–1929)[10]Civil engineering innovationsTubular steel: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)[11]The Falkirk wheel: Initial designs by Nicoll Russell Studios, Architects, RMJM, Architects and engineers Binnie Black and Veatch (Opened 2002)[12][13]The patent slip for docking vessels: Thomas Morton (1781–1832)[14][15]The Drummond Light: Thomas Drummond (1797–1840)[16]Canal design: Thomas Telford (1757–1834)[17]Dock design improvements: John Rennie (1761–1821)[18]Crane design improvements: James Bremner (1784–1856)[19]"Trac Rail Transposer", a machine to lay rail track patented in 2005, used by Network Rail in the United Kingdom and the New York Subway in the United States.[20][21][22]Aviation innovationsAircraft design: Frank Barnwell (1910) Establishing the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow.[23]Power innovationsCondensing steam engine improvements: James Watt (1736–1819)[1]Thermodynamic cycle: William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872)[24]Coal-gas lighting: William Murdoch (1754–1839)[25]The Stirling heat engine: Rev. Robert Stirling (1790–1878)[26]Carbon brushes for dynamos: George Forbes (1849–1936)[27]The Clerk cycle gas engine: Sir Dugald Clerk (1854–1932)[28]The wave-powered electricity generator: by South African Engineer Stephen Salter in 1977[29]The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter ("red sea snake" wave energy device): Richard Yemm, 1998[30]Shipbuilding innovationsEurope's first passenger steamboat: Henry Bell (1767–1830)[31]The first iron–hulled steamship: Sir William Fairbairn (1789–1874)[32]The first practical screw propeller: Robert Wilson (1803–1882)[citation needed]Marine engine innovations: James Howden (1832–1913)[33]John Elder & Charles Randolph (Marine Compound expansion engine)[33]Military innovationsLieutenant-General Sir David Henderson two areas: Field intelligence. Argued for the establishment of the Intelligence Corps. Wrote Field Intelligence: Its Principles and Practice (1904) and Reconnaissance (1907) on the tactical intelligence of modern warfare during World War I.[34]Special forces: Founded by Sir David Stirling, the SAS was created in World War II in the North Africa campaign to go behind enemy lines to destroy and disrupt the enemy. Since then it has been regarded as the most famous and influential special forces that has inspired other countries to form their own special forces too.Intelligence: Allan Pinkerton developed the still relevant intelligence techniques of "shadowing" (surveillance) and "assuming a role" (undercover work) in his time as head of the Union Intelligence Service.Heavy industry innovationsCoal mining extraction in the sea on an artificial island by Sir George Bruce of Carnock (1575). Regarded as one of the industrial wonders of the late medieval period.[35]Making cast steel from wrought iron: David Mushet (1772–1847)[36]Wrought iron sash bars for glass houses: John C. Loudon (1783–1865)[37]The hot blast oven: James Beaumont Neilson (1792–1865)[38]The steam hammer: James Nasmyth (1808–1890)[39]Wire rope: Robert Stirling Newall (1812–1889)[40]Steam engine improvements: William Mcnaught (1831–1881)[41]The Fairlie, a narrow gauge, double-bogie railway engine: Robert Francis Fairlie (1831–1885)[42]Cordite - Sir James Dewar, Sir Frederick Abel (1889)[43]Agricultural innovationsThreshing machine improvements: James Meikle (c.1690-c.1780) & Andrew Meikle (1719–1811)[44]Hollow pipe drainage: Sir Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (1700–1753)[45]The Scotch plough: James Anderson of Hermiston (1739–1808)[46]Deanstonisation soil-drainage system: James Smith (1789–1850)[47]The mechanical reaping machine: Rev. Patrick Bell (1799–1869)[48]The Fresno scraper: James Porteous (1848–1922)[49]The Tuley tree shelter: Graham Tuley in 1979[50]Communication innovationsPrint stereotyping: William Ged (1690–1749)[51]Roller printing: Thomas Bell (patented 1783)[52]The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark: claimed by James Chalmers (1782–1853)[53]The Waverley pen nib innovations thereof: Duncan Cameron (1825–1901) The popular "Waverley" was unique in design with a narrow waist and an upturned tip designed to make the ink flow more smoothly on the paper.[54]Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827–1915)[55]Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899)[56]The underlying principles of Radio - James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[57]The Kinetoscope, a motion picture camera: devised in 1889 by William Kennedy Dickson (1860-1935)[58]The teleprinter: Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957)[59]The British Broadcasting Corporation BBC: John Reith, 1st Baron Reith (1922) its founder, first general manager and Director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation[60]Radar: A significant contribution made by Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) alongside Englishman Henry Tizard (1885-1959) and others[61]The automated teller machine and Personal Identification Number system - James Goodfellow (born 1937)[62]Publishing firstsThe first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–81)[63]The first English textbook on surgery(1597)[64]The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776). The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease'. His ideas survive in the terms nervous energy and neuroses (a word that Cullen coined).[65]The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK[66]The first eBook from a UK administration (March 2012). Scottish Government publishes 'Your Scotland, Your Referendum'.[67][citation needed]The educational foundation of Ophthalmology: Stewart Duke-Elder in his ground breaking work including ‘Textbook of Ophthalmology and fifteen volumes of System of Ophthalmology’[68]Culture and the artsScottish National Portrait Gallery, designed by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson (1889): the world's first purpose-built portrait gallery.[69]Fictional charactersSherlock Holmes, by Sir Arthur Conan DoylePeter Pan, by J.M. Barrie, born in Kirriemuir, AngusLong John Silver and Jekyll and Hyde, by Robert Louis StevensonJohn Bull: by John Arbuthnot although seen as a national personification of the United Kingdom in general, and England in particular,[70] the character of John Bull was invented by Arbuthnot in 1712[71]James Bond was given a Scottish background by Ian Fleming, himself of Scottish descent, after he was impressed by Sean Connery's performance.Scientific innovationsLogarithms: John Napier (1550–1617)[72]Modern Economics founded by Adam Smith (1776) 'The father of modern economics'[73] with the publication of The Wealth of Nations.[74][75]Modern Sociology: Adam Ferguson (1767) ‘The Father of Modern Sociology’ with his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society[76]Hypnotism: James Braid (1795–1860) the Father of Hypnotherapy[77]Tropical medicine: Sir Patrick Manson known as the father of Tropical Medicine[78]Modern Geology: James Hutton ‘The Founder of Modern Geology’[79][80][81]The theory of Uniformitarianism: James Hutton (1788): a fundamental principle of Geology the features of the geologic time takes millions of years.[82]The theory of electromagnetism: James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[83]The discovery of the Composition of Saturn's Rings James Clerk Maxwell (1859): determined the rings of Saturn were composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting the planet. At the time it was generally thought the rings were solid. The Maxwell Ringlet and Maxwell Gap were named in his honor.[84]The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution by James Clerk Maxwell (1860): the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, that speeds of molecules in a gas will change at different temperatures. The original theory first hypothesised by Maxwell and confirmed later in conjunction with Ludwig Boltzmann.[85]Popularising the decimal point: John Napier (1550–1617)[86]The first theory of the Higgs boson by English born [87] Peter Higgs particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh (1964)[88]The Gregorian telescope: James Gregory (1638–1675)[89]The discovery of Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to the Sun, by Robert Innes (1861–1933)[90]One of the earliest measurements of distance to the Alpha Centauri star system, the closest such system outside of the Solar System, by Thomas Henderson (1798–1844)[91]The discovery of Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus, by James Dunlop (1793–1848)[92]The discovery of the Horsehead Nebula in the constellation of Orion, by Williamina Fleming (1857–1911)[93]The world's first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry: James Young (1811–1883)[94]The identification of the minerals yttrialite, thorogummite, aguilarite and nivenite: by William Niven (1889)[95]The concept of latent heat by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)[96]Discovering the properties of Carbon dioxide by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)The concept of Heat capacity by French-born Joseph Black (1728–1799)The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766–1832)[97]Identifying the nucleus in living cells: Robert Brown (1773–1858)[98]An early form of the Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsay (1799-1862)[99]Colloid chemistry: Thomas Graham (1805–1869)[100]The kelvin SI unit of temperature by Irishman William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907)[101]Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds: Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922)[102]Criminal fingerprinting: Henry Faulds (1843–1930)[103]The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)[104]The cloud chamber recording of atoms: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959)[105][106]The discovery of the Wave of Translation, leading to the modern general theory of solitons by John Scott Russell (1808-1882)[107]Statistical graphics: William Playfair founder of the first statistical line charts, bar charts, and pie charts in (1786) and (1801) known as a scientific ‘milestone’ in statistical graphs and data visualization[108][109]The Arithmetic mean density of the Earth: Nevil Maskelyne conducted the Schiehallion experiment conducted at the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion, Perthshire 1774[110]The first isolation of methylated sugars, trimethyl and tetramethyl glucose: James Irvine[111][112]Discovery of the Japp–Klingemann reaction: to synthesize hydrazones from β-keto-acids (or β-keto-esters) and aryl diazonium salts 1887[113]Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty: John Boyd Orr (1880–1971)[114]Ferrocene synthetic substances: Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955[115]The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): Was conducted in The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996 by English scientists Ian Wilmut (born 1944) and Keith Campbell (1954–2012).[116]The seismometer innovations thereof: James David Forbes[117]Metaflex fabric innovations thereof: University of St. Andrews (2010) application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject. Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric.[118]Tractor beam innovations thereof: St. Andrews University (2013) the world's first to succeed in creating a functioning Tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level[119][120]Macaulayite: Dr. Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.[121]Discovery of Catacol whitebeam by Scottish Natural Heritage and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1990s): a rare tree endemic and unique to the Isle of Arran in south west Scotland. The trees were confirmed as a distinct species by DNA testing.[122]The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocating piston meter by Thomas Kennedy Snr.[123]Sports innovationsMain article: Sport in ScotlandScots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:Australian rules football Scots were prominent with many innovations in the early evolution of the game, including the establishment of the Essendon Football Club by the McCracken family from Ayrshire[124][125][126][127][128]several modern athletics events, i.e. shot put[129] and the hammer throw,[129] derive from Highland Games and earlier 12th century Scotland[129]Curling[130]Gaelic handball The modern game of handball is first recorded in Scotland in 1427, when koKing James I an ardent handball player had his men block up a cellar window in his palace courtyard that was interfering with his game.[131]Cycling, invention of the pedal-cycle[132]Golf (see Golf in Scotland)Ice Hockey, invented by the Scots regiments in Atlantic Canada by playing Shinty on frozen lakes.Shinty The history of Shinty as a non-standardised sport pre-dates Scotland the Nation. The rules were standardised in the 19th century by Archibald Chisholm[133]Rugby sevens: Ned Haig and David Sanderson (1883)[134]The Dugout was invented by Aberdeen FC Coach Donald Colmanin the 1920sThe world's first Robot Olympics which took place in Glasgow in 1990.Medical innovationsPioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Firstly in 1842 by Robert Mortimer Glover then extended for use on humans by Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870)[135] Initial use of chloroform in dentistry by Francis Brodie ImlachThe saline drip by Dr Thomas Latta of Leith in 1831/32The hypodermic syringe: Alexander Wood (1817–1884)[136]Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[137]First diagnostic applications of an ultrasound scanner: Ian Donald (1910–1987)[138]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841): James Braid (1795–1860)[139]Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)[140]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931)[141]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926)[142]Discovery of Staphylococcus: Sir Alexander Ogston (1880)[143]Discovering the Human papillomavirus vaccine Ian Frazer (2006): the second cancer preventing vaccine, and the world's first vaccine designed to prevent a cancer[144]Discovering insulin: John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others[8] The discovery led him to be awarded the 1923 Nobel prize in Medicine.[145]Penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)[7]General anaesthetic - Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[146]The establishment of standardized Ophthalmology University College London: Stewart Duke-Elder a pioneering Ophthalmologist[68]The first hospital Radiation therapy unit John Macintyre (1902): to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and illness at Glasgow Royal Infirmary[147]Pioneering of X-ray cinematography by John Macintyre (1896): the first moving real time X-ray image and the first KUB X-ray diagnostic image of a kidney stone in situ[147][148][149]The Haldane effect a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane (1907)[150]Oxygen Therapy John Scott Haldane (1922): with the publication of ‘The Theraputic Administration of Oxygen Therapy’ beginning the modern era of Oxygen therapy[151]Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[152]Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s[153]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland)[154]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964[155] The discovery revolutionized the medical management of angina[156] and is considered to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century.[157] In 1988 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.Developing modern asthma therapy based both on bronchodilation (salbutamol) and anti-inflammatory steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate) : Sir David Jack in 1972Glasgow coma scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974)[158]Glasgow Outcome Scale Bryan J. Jennett & Sir Michael Bond (1975): is a scale so that patients with brain injuries, such as cerebral traumas[159]Glasgow Anxiety Scale J.Mindham and C.A Espie (2003)[160]Glasgow Depression Scale Fiona Cuthill (2003): the first accurate self-report scale to measure the levels of depression in people with learning disabilities[161]ECG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead. First recording of a human ECG (1869)[162][163]The first Decompression tables John Scott Haldane (1908): to calculate the safe return of deep-sea divers to surface atmospheric pressure[164]Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS): Strathclyde University (2014) A laser and nanoparticle test to detect Meningitis or multiple pathogenic agents at the same time.[165]Household innovationsThe television: John Logie Baird (1923)The refrigerator: William Cullen (1748)[166]The first electric bread toaster: Alan MacMasters (1893)The flush toilet: Alexander Cumming (1775)[167]The vacuum flask: Sir James Dewar (1847–1932)[168]The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey:[169]John Jameson (Whisky distiller)The piano footpedal: John Broadwood (1732–1812)[170]The first automated can-filling machine John West (1809–1888)[171]The waterproof macintosh: Charles Macintosh (1766–1843)[172]The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)[173]Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) - The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee.The modern lawnmower: Alexander Shanks (1801–1845)[174]The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897)[175]The self filling pen: Robert Thomson (1822–1873)[176]Cotton-reel thread: J & J Clark of Paisley[177]Lime cordial: Lauchlan Rose in 1867Bovril beef extract: John Lawson Johnston in 1874[178]The electric clock: Alexander Bain (1840)[179]Chemical Telegraph (Automatic Telegraphy) Alexander Bain (1846) In England Bain's telegraph was used on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company to a limited extent, and in 1850 it was used in America.[180]Barr's Irn Bru, refreshing soft drink produced by Barr's in Cumbernauld Scotland and exported to all around the world, The drink is so widely popular that in Scotland outsells both American colas Coca-Cola and Pepsi. And ranks 3rd most popular drink in the UK with Coca-Cola and Pepsi taking the first two spots.[181]Weapons innovationsThe carronade cannon: Robert Melville (1723–1809)[182]The Ferguson rifle: Patrick Ferguson in 1770 or 1776[183]The Lee bolt system as used in the Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield series rifles: James Paris Lee[184]The Ghillie suit[185]The percussion cap: invented by Scottish Presbyterian clergyman Alexander Forsyth[186]Miscellaneous innovationsBoys' Brigade[187]Bank of England devised by William PatersonBank of France devised by John LawThe industrialisation and modernisation of Japan by Thomas Blake Glover[188]Colour photography: the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)[189]Buick Motor Company by David Dunbar Buick[190]New York Herald newspaper by James Gordon Bennett, Sr.[190]Pinkerton National Detective Agency by Allan Pinkerton[190]Forbes magazine by B. C. Forbes[190]The establishment of a standardized botanical institute: Isaac Bayley Balfour major reform, development of botanical science, the concept of garden infrastructure therein improving scientific facilities[191]London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: founded by Sir Patrick Manson in 1899[78]SERIES-B by JAC Vapour - first UK designed and engineered electronic cigarette[192]See alsoList of British innovations and discoveriesList of domesticated Scottish breedsHomecoming Scotland 2009References"BBC - History - James Watt". Retrieved 2008-12-31."BBC - History - Kirkpatrick Macmillan". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Encyclopædia Britannica: John Loudon Mcadam (British inventor)". Retrieved 2010-06-13."Scottish Science Hall of Fame - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)". Retrieved 2010-02-20."BBC - History - John Logie Baird". Retrieved 2008-12-31.The World's First High Definition Colour Television System. McLean, p. 196."Nobelprize.org: Sir Alexander Fleming - Biography". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Nobelprize.org: John Macleod - Biography". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Robert William Thomson, Scotland's forgotten inventor". Retrieved 2010-06-13.Pelfrey, William (2006). Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History. AMACOM. ISBN 978-0-8144-2961-7."Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn". Retrieved 2010-06-14."Falkirk Wheel & Visitor Centre". Retrieved 2015-11-30."SKF Evolution online". Retrieved 2010-06-13."Clydesite Magazine: The Real Inventor of the Patent Slip". Retrieved 2010-06-13.The Edinburgh philosophical journal, Volume 2 Printed for Archibald Constable, 1820"The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Thomas Drummond". Retrieved 2010-06-14.The life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer: With an introductory history of roads and travelling in Great Britain J. Murray, 1867John Rennie 1761–1821 Manchester University Press NDThe industrial archaeology of Scotland, Volume 2 Macmillan of Canada, 1977 - Social Science"Ayrshire brothers' invention to transform America's railways". BBC. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016."Laying lines". Railway Strategies (103). 6 January 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2016."US Patent Application No: 2008/0072,783 - Railway Rail Handling Apparatus and Method". PatentBuddy. Retrieved 7 June 2016.University of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Establishing fundamental principles in aircraft design"William John Macquorn Rankine". Retrieved 2014-01-13."William Murdoch - The Scot Who Lit The World". Retrieved 2010-06-14."Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - Robert Stirling". Retrieved 2010-06-14."The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Prof. George Forbes". Retrieved 2010-06-14."Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Dugald Clerk". Retrieved 2010-06-14."How Stuff Works: Could Salter's Duck have solved the oil crisis?". Retrieved 2010-06-14."Pelamis founder honoured for key role in marine energy". The Scottish Government. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-29."Significant Scots: Henry Bell". Retrieved 2010-06-15."The Gazetteer for Scotland: Overview of Sir William Fairbairn". Retrieved 2010-06-16.The Dynamics of Victorian Business: Problems And Perspectives to the 1870s By Roy ChurchUniversity of Glasgow :: World Changing:: Establishing the Royal Air ForceThe Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union (Until 10707). By Ian Brown"Electric Scotland: Significant Scots - David Mushet". Retrieved 2010-06-17.Houses of glass: a nineteenth-century building type By Georg Kohlmaier, Barna von Sartory, John C. HarveyDictionary of energy By Cutler J. Cleveland, Chris MorrisMaterials processing defects By Swadhin Kumar Ghosh, M. PredeleanuIron: An illustrated weekly journal for iron and steel .., Volume 63 by Sholto PercyRepertory of patent inventions and other discoveries and improvements in arts, manufactures and agriculture MacIntosh 1846American narrow gauge railroads By George Woodman HiltonNature: international journal of science 1917 MacMillanAnnual report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, Volume 2 By Indiana. State Board of Agriculture, Indiana. Geological SurveyGreat Scots By Betty KirkpatrickThe English cyclopædia: a new dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 1 edited by Charles KnightThe new American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledgeJournal of the Society of Arts, Volume 6 By Society of Arts (Great Britain)"The Fresno Scraper - American Society of Mechanical Engineers" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-12.The complete guide to trees of Britain and Northern Europe Alan F. Mitchell, David More"William Ged (Scottish goldsmith)". Retrieved 2010-06-13."roller printing (textile industry)". Retrieved 2010-06-13."Arbroath & District Stamp & Postcard Club". Retrieved 2010-06-19.http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/MacNiven_and_CameronCommunication and empire: media, markets, and globalization, 1860–1930 by Dwayne Roy Winseck, Robert M. PikeMilitary communications: from ancient times to the 21st century By Christopher H. SterlingRadiolocation in Ubiquitous Wireless Communication by Danko Antolovic"it was his Scottish protégé, William Dickson, who... ", The Scotsman, 23 March 2002The worldwide history of telecommunications by Anton A. Huurdemanhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/in-depth/reith_1.shtml"Radar Personalities: Sir Robert Watson-Watt". Retrieved 2008-12-31."Who Invented the ATM? The James Goodfellow Story". Retrieved 2011-08-26.Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture By Natasha J. YeoThe Early history of surgery William John Bishop - 1995Twenty Medical Classics of the Jefferson Era http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/rare_books/classics/#CullenPicture Postcards By C W Hillhttp://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/03/ebookref08032012. Retrieved 2012-04-04.Lyle, T. K.; Miller, S.; Ashton, N. H. (1980). "William Stewart Duke-Elder. 22 April 1898-27 March 1978". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 85. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0003http://www.nationalgalleries.org/visit/about-the-portrait-gallery/Taylor, Miles (2004). "'Bull, John (supp. fl. 1712–)'". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68195.http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304946/John-BullErnest William Hobson. John Napier and the invention of logarithms, 1614. The University Press, 1914.Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs", Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011.[1]M Skousen (2007). The Big Three in Economics: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, And John Maynard Keynes p3,5,6.E. K. Hunt (2002). History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective, p.3. ISBN 0-7656-0606-2Willcox, William Bradford; Arnstein, Walter L. (1966). The Age of Aristocracy, 1688 to 1830. Volume III of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (Sixth Edition, 1992 ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts. p. 133. ISBN 0-669-24459-7.The Discovery of Hypnosis- The Complete Writings of James Braid, the Father of Hypnotherapy James Braid, Donald Robertson (ed.) 2009Manson-Bahr, Patrick (1962). Patrick Manson. The Father of Tropical Medicine. Thomas NelsonJames Hutt

17th century[edit]The 1698 Savery Engine1605Bacon's cipher, a method of steganography (hiding a secret message), is devised by Sir Francis Bacon.[5]1614John Napier publishes his work Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio introducing the concept of logarithms which simplifies mathematical calculations.[6][7]1620The first navigable submarine is designed by William Bourne and built by Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel.1625Early experiments in water desalination are conducted by Sir Francis Bacon.[8]1657Anchor escapement for clock making is invented by Robert Hooke.[9]1667A tin can telephone is devised by Robert Hooke.[10]1698The first commercial steam-powered device, a water pump, is developed by Thomas Savery.[11]18th century[edit]The Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.1701An improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull.[12] It is used to spread seeds around a field with a rotating handle which makes seed planting a lot easier.1712The first practical steam engine is designed by Thomas Newcomen.[11][13]1730The Rotherham plough, the first plough to be widely built in factories and commercially successful, is patented by Joseph Foljambe.[14]1737Andrew Rodger invents the winnowing machine.1740The first electrostatic motors are developed by Andrew Gordon in the 1740s.[15]1744The earliest known reference to baseball is made in a publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases.[16]1753Invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple who died in 1753.[17]1765James Small advances the design of the plough using mathematical methods to improve on the Scotch plough of James Anderson of Hermiston.[18]1767Adam Ferguson (1767), often known as ‘The Father of Modern Sociology’, publishes his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society.[19]1776Scottish economist Adam Smith, often known as 'The father of modern economics',[20] publishes his seminal text The Wealth of Nations.[21][22]The Watt steam engine, conceived in 1765, goes into production. It is the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric.1781The Iron Bridge, the first arch bridge made of cast iron, is built by Abraham Darby III.[11]1783A pioneer of selective breeding and artificial selection, Robert Bakewell, forms the Dishley Society to promote and advance the interests of livestock breeders.[23][24]1786The threshing machine is invented by Andrew Meikle.[25]1798Edward Jenner invents the first vaccine.19th century[edit]A trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, first described by Charles Babbage in 1837[26]1802Sir Humphry Davy creates the first incandescent light by passing a current from a battery, at the time the world's most powerful, through a thin strip of platinum.1804The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey is made by Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive.[27]1807Alexander John Forsyth invents percussion ignition, the foundation of modern firearms.1814Robert Salmon patents the first haymaking machine.1822Charles Babbage proposes the idea for a Difference engine, an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions, in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables".[28]1823An improved system of soil drainage is developed by James Smith.[29]1825William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.1828A mechanical reaping machine is invented by Patrick Bell.[30]1831Electromagnetic induction, the operating principle of transformers and nearly all modern electric generators, is discovered by Michael Faraday.1835Scotsman James Bowman Lindsay invents the incandescent light bulb.[31]1836The Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning is developed by James Marsh.[32]1837Charles Babbage describes an Analytical Engine, the first mechanical, general-purpose programmable computer.[33][34]The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, first commercially successful electric telegraph, is designed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke.[35][36][37]1839A pedal bicycle is invented by Kirkpatrick Macmillan.[38]1840Sir Rowland Hill reforms the postal system with Uniform Penny Post and introduces the first postage stamp, the Penny Black, on 1 May.[39]1841Alexander Bain patents his design produced the prior year for an electric clock.[40]1842Superphosphate, the first chemical fertiliser, is patented by John Bennet Lawes.[41]1843SS Great Britain, the world's first steam-powered, screw propeller-driven passenger liner with an iron hull is launched. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, it was at the time the largest ship afloat.Alexander Bain (inventor) patents a design for a facsimile machine.1846A design for a chemical telegraph is patented by Alexander Bain. Bain's telegraph is installed on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company on one line. Later, in 1850, it was used in America by Henry O'Reilly.[42]1847Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic, is introduced by George Boole in his book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.[43]1851Improvements to the facsimile machine are demonstrated by Frederick Bakewell at the 1851 World's Fair in London.1852A steam-driven ploughing engine is invented by John Fowler.[44][45]1853English physician Alexander Wood develops a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.[46]1854The Playfair cipher, the first literal digraph substitution cipher, is invented by Charles Wheatstone and later promoted for use by Lord Playfair.[37]1868Mushet steel, the first commercial steel alloy, is invented by Robert Forester Mushet.Thomas Humber develops a bicycle design with the pedals driving the rear wheel.The first manually operated gas-lamp traffic lights are installed outside the Houses of Parliament on 10 December.1869A bicycle design is developed by Thomas McCall.1873Discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith. This led to the invention of photoelectric cells (solar panels), including those used in the earliest television systems.1876Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone in the U.S.[47]The first safety bicycle is designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson (also called Henry). Unlike the penny-farthing, the rider's feet were within reach of the ground, making it safer to stop.1878Demonstration of an incandescent light bulb by Joseph Wilson Swan.[48][49]1883The Fresno scraper, which became a model for modern earth movers, is invented in California by Scottish emigrant James Porteous.[50]1884The light switch is invented by John Holmes.1885The first commercially successful safety bicycle, called the Rover, is designed by John Kemp Starley. The following year Dan Albone produces a derivative of this called the Ivel Safety cycle.1886Walter Parry Haskett Smith, often called the Father of Rock Climbing in Britain, completes his first ascent of the Napes Needle, solo and without any protective equipment.1892Sir Francis Galton devises a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science.[51]1897The world's first wireless station is established on the Isle of Wight.[52][53]20th century[edit]A Colossus computer, developed by British codebreakers in 1943-19451901The first wireless signal across the Atlantic is sent from Cornwall in England and received in Newfoundland in Canada (a distance of 2,100 miles) by Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi.[54]1901The first commercially successful light farm tractor is patented by Dan Albone.[55][56]1907Henry Joseph Round discovers electroluminescence, the principle behind LEDs.1908American Samuel Franklin Cody makes the first official flight of a piloted heavier than air machine in Britain.1910The first formal driving school, the British School of Motoring, is founded in London.[57]Frank Barnwell establishes the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow,[58] having made the first powered flight in Scotland the previous year.1918The Royal Air Force becomes the first independent air force in the world[59]1922In Sorbonne, France, Englishman Edwin Belin demonstrates a mechanical scanning device, an early precursor to modern television.1926John Logie Baird makes the first public demonstration of a mechanical television on 26 January (the first successful transmissions were in early 1923 and February 1924). Later, in July 1928, he demonstrated the first colour television.[60][61]1926The first traffic lights in Britain were deployed in Piccadilly Circus (over a decade after their first use in America).[62][64]1930The jet engine is patented by Sir Frank Whittle.[65]1932The Anglepoise lamp is patented by George Carwardine, a design consultant specialising in vehicle suspension systems.1933The Cat's eye road marking is invented by Percy Shaw and patented the following year.1936English economist John Maynard Keynes publishes his work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money which challenged the established classical economics and led to the Keynesian Revolution in the way economists thought.The world's first public broadcasts of high-definition television are made from Alexandra Palace, North London, by the BBC Television Service. It is the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting.[66]1937First available in the London area, the 999 telephone number is introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.1939The initial design of the Bombe, an electromechanical device to assist with the deciphering of messages encrypted by the Enigma machine, is produced by Alan Turing at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS).[67]1943Colossus computer begines working, the world's first electronic digital programmable computer.[68]1949The Manchester Mark 1 computer, significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, ran its first programme error free. Its chief designers are Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn.1951The concept of microprogramming is developed by Maurice Wilkes from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM.LEO is the first business application (a payroll system) on an electronic computer.1952Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is developed for the Manchester Mark 1 by Alick Glennie.1953Englishman Francis Crick and American James Watson of Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, analyise X-ray crystallography data taken by Rosalind Franklin of King's College, to decipher the double helical structure of DNA. They share the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work.[69]1955The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, is built by Louis Essen at the National Physical Laboratory. This clock enabled further development of general relativity, and started a basis for an enhanced SI unit system.[70]1959Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer, is built by the Metropolitan-Vickers company.1963High strength carbon fibre is invented by engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.[71]The Lava lamp is invented by British accountant Edward Craven Walker.1964The first theory of the Higgs boson is put forward by Peter Higgs, a particle-physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh, and five other physicists.[72][73] The particle is discovered in 2012 at CERN's Large Hadron Collider and its existence is confirmed in 2013.1965A pioneer of the development of dairy farming systems, Rex Paterson, set out his principles for labour management.[74]1966The cash machine and personal identification number system are patented by James Goodfellow.[75]1969The first carbon fibre fabric in the world is weaved in Stockport, England.[76]1970One of the first handheld televisions, the MTV-1, is developed by Sir Clive Sinclair.1973Clifford Cocks develops the algorithm for the RSA cipher while working at the Government Communications Headquarters, approximately three years before it was independently developed by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman at MIT. The British government declassified the 1973 invention in 1997.[77]1977Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world's first baby to be conceived by IVF, Louise Brown on 25 July 1978, in Oldham General Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK.[78][79][80]1979The tree shelter is invented by Graham Tuley to protect tree seedlings.[81]One of the first laptop computers, the GRiD Compass, is designed by Bill Moggridge.1984DNA profiling is discovered by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester.One of the world's first computer games to use 3D graphics, Elite, is developed by David Braben and Ian Bell.1989Sir Tim Berners-Lee writes a proposal for what will become the World Wide Web. The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol.[82]The Touchpad pointing device is first developed for Psion computers.1991A patent for an iris recognition algorithm is filed by John Daugman while working at the University of Cambridge which became the basis of all publicly deployed iris recognition systems.[83][84]The source code for the world's first web browser, called WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web), is released into the public domain by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.1992The first SMS message in the world is sent over the UK's GSM network.1995The world's first national DNA database is developed.[85]1996Animal cloning, a female domestic sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, by scientists at the Roslin institute.[86]1997Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, produce the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.[87]The ThrustSSC jet-propelled car, designed and built in England, sets the land speed record.21st century[edit]2003Beagle 2, a British landing spacecraft that forms part of the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission lands on the surface of Mars but fails to communicate. It is located twelve years later in a series of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter that suggest two of Beagle's four solar panels failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.2004Graphene is isolated from graphite at the University of Manchester by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov.[88]2005The design for a machine to lay rail track, the "Trac Rail Transposer", is patented and goes on to be used by Network Rail in the United Kingdom and the New York Subway in the United States.[89][90][91]2012Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer, is launched and quickly becomes popular for education in programming and computer science.[92]2014The European Space Agency's Philae lander leaves the Rosetta spacecraft and makes the first ever landing on a comet. The Philae lander was built with significant British expertise and technology, alongside that of several other countries.[93][94]Ceramics[edit]Bone china - Josiah Spode[95]Ironstone china - Charles James Mason[96]Jasperware - Josiah WedgwoodClock making[edit]Anchor escapement - Robert Hooke[97][98]Balance wheel - Robert Hooke[99]Coaxial escapement - George Daniels[100]Grasshopper escapement, H1, H2, H3 and H4 watches (a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem)[101] - John HarrisonGridiron pendulum - John Harrison[99]Lever escapement The greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches - Thomas Mudge[99]Longcase clock or grandfather clock - William Clement[102]Marine chronometer - John Harrison[99]Self-winding watch - John Harwood[103]Clothing manufacturing[edit]Derby Rib (stocking manufacture) - Jedediah StruttFlying shuttle - John KayMauveine, the first synthetic organic dye - William Henry PerkinPower loom - Edmund CartwrightSpinning frame - John KaySpinning jenny - James HargreavesSpinning mule - Samuel CromptonSewing machine - Thomas Saint in 1790[104]Water frame - Richard ArkwrightStocking frame - William LeeWarp-loom and Bobbinet - John HeathcoatCommunications[edit]Christmas card [105] - Sir Henry ColeValentines card [106] - Modern card 18th century EnglandPencil - Cumbria, EnglandMechanical pencil - Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in 1822.[107]Clockwork radio [108] - Trevor BaylisRadio, the first transmission using a Spark Transmitter, achieving a range of approximately 500 metres. - David E. HughesElectromagnetic induction & Faraday's law of induction Began as a series of experiments by Faraday that later became some of the first ever experiments in the discovery of radio waves and the development of radio - Michael Faraday [109]Pioneer in the development of radio communication - William EcclesPioneering work on the development of the long-lasting materials that made today's liquid crystal displays possible - Team headed by Sir Brynmor Jones and Developed by Scotsman George Gray and Englishman Ken Harrison In conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment and the University of Hull [110]Pioneer of stereo - Alan Blumlein [111]Shorthand - Timothy Bright (1550/1-1615). Invented first modern shorthandPitman Shorthand - Isaac PitmanProposed the existence of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer, a layer of ionised gas that reflects radio waves around the Earth's curvature - Oliver HeavisideTypewriter - First patent for a device similar to a typewriter granted to Henry Mill in 1714.[112]the world's first automatic totalisator - George Juliuspioneer in the use of fiber optics in telecommunications - Charles K. Kao and George HockhamThe originator of the concept of geostationary satellites for the use of telecommunications relays - Arthur C ClarkeTeletext Information Service - The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)Print stereotyping - William Ged (1690–1749) [113]Roller printing - Thomas Bell (patented 1783) [114]The adhesive postage stamp and the postmark - James Chalmers (1782–1853) [115]Universal Standard Time: Sir Sandford Fleming (1827–1915) [116]Light signalling between ships: Admiral Philip H. Colomb (1831–1899) [117]The teleprinter - Frederick G. Creed (1871–1957) [118]Radar - Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973)[119]The underlying principles of Radio - James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [120]Computing[edit]ACE and Pilot ACE [67] - Alan TuringARM architecture The ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98% of mobile phones and every smartphone.[121]First programmer - Ada LovelaceFirst Programming Language Analytical Engine ordercode - Charles Babbage and Ada LovelaceArgo system the world's first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer (also called at the Argo Clock) - Arthur PollenSumlock ANITA calculator the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator - Bell Punch CoThe world's first 'slimline' pocket calculator, the Sinclair Executive amongst other electrical/electronic innovations - Sir Clive SinclairOsborne 1 The first commercially successful portable computer, the precursor to the Laptop computer - Adam OsborneHeavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel - Andrew Morton & Alan CoxFlip-flop circuit, which became the basis of electronic memory (Random-access memory) in computers - William Eccles and F. W. JordanUniversal Turing machine - The UTM model is considered to be the origin of the "stored program computer" used by John von Neumann in 1946 for his "Electronic Computing Instrument" that now bears von Neumann's name: the von Neumann architecture, also UTM is considered the first operating system - Alan TuringThe development of packet switching co-invented by British engineer Donald Davies and American Paul Baran - National Physical Laboratory, London EnglandThe first person to conceptualise the Integrated Circuit - Geoffrey W.A. DummerThe first modern computer Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine - (SSEM), nicknamed Baby. Was the world's first stored-program computer. Developed by Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn[122]Williams tube - a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data (Can store roughly 500 to 1,000 bits of data) - Freddie Williams & Tom KilburnFerranti Mark 1 - Also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer was the first computer to use the principles of early CPU design (Central processing unit) - Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn - Also the world's first successful commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer - Christopher StracheyEDSAC was the first complete, fully functional computer to use the von Neumann architecture, the basis of every modern computer - Maurice WilkesEDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC. It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode)control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture - Team headed by Maurice WilkesThe first graphical computer game OXO on the EDSAC at Cambridge University - A.S. DouglasAtlas Computer, it was arguably the world's first supercomputer and was the fastest computer in the world until the release of the American CDC 6600 Also This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging - Team headed by Tom KilburnDigital audio player (MP3 Player) - Kane KramerCo-Inventor of the world's first trackball device - developed by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon TaylorThe world's first handheld computer (Psion Organiser) - Psion PLCThe first rugged computer - Husky (computer)First PC-compatible palmtop computer (Atari Portfolio) - Ian CullimoreDenotational semantics - Christopher Strachey pioneer in programming language designWolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine - Stephen WolframEngineering[edit]Adjustable spanner - Edwin Beard BuddingBackhoe loader - Joseph Cyril BamfordCavity magnetron - John Randall and Harry Boot critical component for Microwave generation in Microwave ovens and high powered Radios (Radar)[123]Carey Foster bridge - Carey Foster[124]Electric transformer - Michael Faraday[125]First coke-consuming blast furnace - Abraham Darby I[11]First working universal joint - Robert HookeCrookes tube the first cathode ray tubes - William Crookes[11]First compression ignition engine aka the Diesel Engine - Herbert Akroyd StuartHydrogen Fuel Cell - William Robert GroveModified version of the Newcomen steam engine (Pickard engine) - James PickardCompound steam turbine - Charles Algernon Parsons[11]Francis turbine - James B. FrancisGas turbine - John Barber (engineer)Microturbines - Chris and Paul Bladon of Bladon JetsThe world's first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry - James Young (1811–1883)[126]Pendulum governor - Frederick LanchesterContributed to the development of Radar - Scotsman Robert Watson-Watt and Englishman Arnold Frederic WilkinsInternal combustion engine - Samuel BrownFourdrinier machine - Henry FourdrinierMicrochip - Geoffrey W.A. Dummerlight-emitting diode (did not invent the first visible light, only theorised)- H. J. RoundHydraulic accumulatorTwo-stroke engine - Joseph DayPioneer of radio guidance systems - Archibald LowScrew-cutting lathe - Henry HindleyThe first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe - Henry MaudslayThe first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope - William GilbertRectilinear Slide rule - William Oughtred[99]Devised a standard for screw threads leading to its widespread acceptance - Joseph WhitworthThe Wimshurst machine is an Electrostatic generator for producing high voltages - James WimshurstHot bulb engine or heavy oil engine - Herbert Akroyd StuartHydraulic crane - William George ArmstrongVacuum diode also known as a vacuum tube - John Ambrose FlemingLinear motor is a multi-phase alternating current (AC) electric motor - Charles Wheatstone then improved by Eric Laithwaite[37]Lynch Motor - Cedric LynchDesigned water and sewerage systems for over 30 cities across Europe - William LindleyConcrete Canvas - Will Crawford and Peter BrewinThe world's first house powered with hydroelectricity - Cragside, Northumberland[citation needed]Stirling engine - Robert StirlingSupercharger - Dugald ClerkWind tunnel - Francis Herbert Wenham[99]Household appliances[edit]Perambulator - William Kent designed a baby carriage in 1733[127]Collapsible baby buggy - Owen MaclarenDomestic dishwasher - key modifications by William Howard Livens [128]"Bagless" vacuum cleaner - James Dyson[129]"Puffing Billy" - First powered vacuum cleaner - Hubert Cecil Booth[130][131][132]Fire extinguisher - George William Manby[127]Folding carton - Charles Henry FoyleLawn mower - Edwin Beard Budding[133]Rubber band - Stephen Perry[134]Daniell cell - John Frederic Daniell[135]Tin can - Peter DurandCorkscrew - Reverend Samuell HenshallMouse trap - James Henry AtkinsonModern flushing toilet - John Harington[136]The pay toilet - John Nevil Maskelyne, Maskelyne invented a lock for London toilets, which required a penny to operate, hence the euphemism "spend a penny".Electric toaster - Rookes Evelyn Bell CromptonTeasmade - Albert E. RichardsonMagnifying glass - Roger BaconThermosiphon, which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems - Thomas FowlerAutomatic electric kettle - Russell HobbsThermos Flask - James Dewar [137]Toothbrush - William Edward AddisSunglasses - James Ayscough[138]The Refrigerator - William Cullen (1748) [139]The Flush toilet: Alexander Cummings (1775) [140]The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey:[141]John Jameson (Whisky distiller)The first automated can-filing machine John West (1809–1888) [142]The waterproof Mackintosh - Charles Macintosh (1766–1843) [143]The kaleidoscope: Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) [144]Keiller's marmalade Janet Keiller (1797) - The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee.The modern lawnmower - Edwin Beard Budding (1830) [145]The Lucifer friction match: Sir Isaac Holden (1807–1897) [146]The self filling pen - Robert Thomson (1822–1873) [147]Cotton-reel thread - J & J Clark of Paisley [148]Lime Cordial - Peter Burnett in 1867 [149]Bovril beef extract - John Lawson Johnston in 1874 [150]Wellington BootsCan Opener - Robert Yeates 1855Ideas, Religion and Ethics[edit]Malthusianism and the groundwork for the study of population dynamics - Thomas Robert Malthus with his work An Essay on the Principle of Population.Classical Liberalism - John Locke known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism".[151][152]Utilitarianism by Jeremy BenthamAnglicanism by Henry VIII of EnglandMethodism by John Wesley and Charles WesleyQuakers by George FoxAgnosticism by Thomas Henry HuxleyIndustrial processes[edit]English crucible steel - Benjamin HuntsmanSteel production Bessemer process - Henry BessemerHydraulic press - Joseph BramahParkesine, the first man-made plastic - Alexander ParkesPortland cement - Joseph AspdinSheffield plate - Thomas BoulsoverWater frame - Richard ArkwrightStainless steel - Harry BrearleyRubber Masticator - Thomas HancockPower Loom - Edmund CartwrightParkes process - Alexander ParkesLead chamber process - John RoebuckDevelopment of the world's first commercially successful manufacture of high quality flat glass using the float glass process - Alastair PilkingtonThe first commercial electroplating process - George ElkingtonThe Wilson Yarn Clearer - Peter WilsonFloat Glass - Alastair Pilkington - Modern Glass manufacturing processContact ProcessFroth Flotation - William Haynes and A H Higgins.Extrusion - Joseph BramahMedicine[edit]First correct description of circulation of the blood - William Harvey[153]Smallpox vaccine - Edward Jenner with his discovery is said to have "saved more lives (...) than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."[154][155][156]Surgical forceps - Stephen Hales[157]Antisepsis in surgery - Joseph ListerArtificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients - Harold Ridley[158]Clinical thermometer - Thomas Clifford Allbutt.[159]isolation of fibrinogen ("coagulable lymph"), investigation of the structure of the lymphatic system and description of red blood cells by the surgeon William Hewson (surgeon)Credited with discovering how to culture embryonic stem cells in 1981 - Martin EvansFirst blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation-Stephen Hales[160]Pioneer of anaesthesia and father of epidemiology for locating the source of cholera - John Snow (physician)[161]pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycate as a remedy for asthma - Roger Altounyan[citation needed]The first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen and one of the founders of orthopedy - Percivall Pott[162]Performed the first successful blood transfusion - James Blundell[163]Discovered the active ingredient of Aspirin - Edward StoneDiscovery of Protein crystallography - Dorothy Crowfoot HodgkinThe world's first successful stem cell transplant[164] - John Raymond Hobbs[165]First typhoid vaccine - Almroth Wright[166]Pioneer of the treatment of epilepsy - Edward Henry Sievekingdiscovery of Nitrous oxide (entonox/"laughing gas") and its anaesthetic properties - Humphry Davy[167]Computed Tomography (CT scanner) - Godfrey Newbold HounsfieldGray's Anatomy widely regarded as the first complete human anatomy textbook - Henry GrayDiscovered Parkinson's disease - James Parkinson[168]General anaesthetic - Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow[161]Contributed to the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Sir Peter MansfieldStatistical parametric mapping - Karl J. FristonThe development of in vitro fertilization - Patrick Christopher Steptoe and Robert Geoffrey Edwards[169]First baby genetically selected to be free of a breast cancer - University College LondonViagra - Peter Dunn, Albert Wood, Dr Nicholas Terrett[citation needed]Acetylcholine - Henry Hallett DaleEKG (underlying principles) - various[vague]Vitamins and Tryptophan - Frederick Gowland HopkinsEarliest pharmacopoeia in English[170]The hip replacement operation, in which a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fit into a polymer socket and both parts are fixed into position by PMMA cement - pioneered by John CharnleyIn vitro fertilisation - Developed by Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards with a first successful birth in 1978 as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made.Description of Hay fever - John Bostock (physician) in 1819Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870) [171]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) - James Braid (1795–1860) [172]Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria: Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) [173]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [174]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [175]Discovering insulin - John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others [176]Ambulight PDT: light-emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating non-melanoma skin cancer. Developed by Ambicare Dundee's Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University. (2010)[177]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [178]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [179]Glasgow Coma Scale: Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett (1974) [180]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [181]Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform: Sir James Young Simpson (1811–1870) [171]Discovery of hypnotism (November 1841) - James Braid (1795–1860) [172]Identifying the cause of brucellosis: Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) [182]Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever: Sir William B. Leishman (1865–1926) [183]Discovering insulin - John J R Macleod (1876–1935) with others [176]Penicillin: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) [184]Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment: Sir John Crofton in the 1950s [185]Primary creator of the artificial kidney (Professor Kenneth Lowe - Later Queen's physician in Scotland) [186]Developing the first beta-blocker drugs: Sir James W. Black in 1964 [187]EKG [Electrocardiography]: Alexander Muirhead (1911) [188]Military[edit]Percussion ignitionTurret ship - Although designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century, the HMS Trusty was the first warship to be outfitted with one.Battle Tank/The tank - Developed and first used in combat by the British during World War I as a means to break the deadlock of trench warfare. Attributed to Ernest Dunlop SwintonFighter aircraft - The Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus of 1914 was the first of its kind.Congreve rocket - William CongreveHarrier Jump Jet - VTOL (Vertical Take Off and Landing aircraft)Aircraft Carrier - HMS Argus (I49)Dreadnought Battleship - HMS Dreadnought (1906)Bailey Bridge - Donald BaileyChobham armourLivens Projector - William Howard Livens[189]H2S radar (airborne radar to aid the bomb targeting) - Alan BlumleinBouncing bomb - Barnes WallisSafety fuse - William BickfordFairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife - William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. SykesArmstrong Gun - Sir William ArmstrongHigh explosive squash head - Sir Charles Dennistoun BurneyNuclear fission chain reaction - Leo Szilard whilst crossing the road near Russell Square.Shrapnel shell - Henry ShrapnelBullpup firearm configuration - Thorneycroft carbinePuckle Gun - James PuckleThe side by side Boxlock action, AKA The double barreled shotgun - Anson and DeeleyStun grenades - Invented by the SAS in the 1960s.Smokeless propellant to replace gunpowder with the use of Cordite - Frederick AbelRubber bullet and Plastic bullet - Developed by the Ministry of Defence during The Troubles in Northern Ireland.Depth chargeTorpedo - Robert WhiteheadThe Whitworth rifle, considered the first sniper rifle. During the American Civil War the Whitworth rifle had been known to kill at ranges of about 800 yards - Sir Joseph WhitworthThe world's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus, the ASDIC Active Sonar - Developed by Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and English physicist Albert Beaumont WoodThe first self-powered machine gun Maxim gun - Sir Hiram Maxim, Although the Inventor is American, the Maxim gun was financed by Albert Vickers of Vickers Limited company and produced in Hatton Garden LondonSteam catapult-Commander Colin C. Mitchell RNVRSpecial forces - SAS Founded by Sir David Stirling.Mining[edit]Tunnel boring machine - James Henry Greathead and Isambard Kingdom BrunelDavy lamp - Humphry DavyGeordie lamp - George StephensonBeam engine - Used for pumping water from minesMusical instruments[edit]Concertina - Charles Wheatstone[37]Theatre organ - Robert Hope-JonesEnglish horn - A version of the OboeLogical bassoon, an electronically controlled version of the bassoon - Giles BrindleyNorthumbrian smallpipesTuning fork - John ShoreThe piano footpedal - John Broadwood (1732–1812) [190]Photography[edit]Ambrotype - Frederick Scott Archer[191]Calotype - William Fox Talbot[192]Collodion process - Frederick Scott Archer[191]Collodion-albumen process - Joseph Sidebotham in 1861Stereoscope - Charles Wheatstone[36][37]Thomas Wedgwood - pioneer of photography, devised the method to copy visible images chemically to permanent media.Dry plate process also known as gelatine process, is the first economically successful durable photographic medium - Richard Leach MaddoxKinemacolor was the first successful colour motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1914 - George Albert SmithCinematography - William Friese-GreeneMotion picture camera, the Kinetoscope - William Kennedy Laurie DicksonThe first movie projector, the Zoopraxiscope - Eadweard MuybridgeThe first experimental film called "The Horse in Motion" in 1872 - Eadweard MuybridgePublishing firsts[edit]Oldest publisher and printer in the world (having been operating continuously since 1584): Cambridge University Pressfirst book printed in English: "The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye" by Englishman William Caxton in 1475The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–81) [193]The first English textbook on surgery(1597) [194]The first modern pharmacopaedia, William Cullen (1776) The book became 'Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment of disease' [195]The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK [196]Science[edit]Modern atomic theory - Considered the father of modern chemistry, John Dalton's experiments with gases led to the development of what is called the modern atomic theory.[11][197]Equals sign Robert Recorde, WelshmanCell biology - Credit for the discovery of the first cells is given to Robert Hooke who described the microscopic compartments of cork cells in 1665[197]Compound microscope with 30x magnification - Robert HookeUniversal joint - Robert Hooke[citation needed]Coggeshall slide rule - Henry CoggeshallThe Iris diaphragm - Robert HookeCorrect theory of combustion - Robert HookePartition chromatography - Richard Laurence Millington Synge and Archer J.P. Martin[198]Arnold Frederic Wilkins - pioneer in the development of RadarAtwood machine used for illustrating the law of uniformly accelerated motion - George AtwoodMarine Barometer - Robert Hooke[99]Hooke's Law (equation describing elasticity) - Robert Hooke[99]Electrical generator (dynamo) - Michael Faraday[125]Faraday cage - Michael Faraday[125]Magneto-optical effect - Michael Faraday[125]Calculus - Sir Isaac NewtonInfrared radiation - discovery commonly attributed to William Herschel.Holography - First developed by Dennis Gabor in Rugby, England. Improved by Nicholas J. Phillips who made it possible to record multi-colour reflection hologramsDiscovery of the pion (pi-meson) - Cecil Frank PowellWheatstone bridge - Samuel Hunter ChristieTriple achromatic lens - Peter DollondNewtonian telescope - Sir Isaac NewtonHawking radiation - Stephen HawkingDemonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy First Law of Thermodynamics. Also the unit of energy, the Joule is named after him - James Prescott JouleMicrometer - William Gascoignethe first bench micrometer that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch - Henry MaudslaySinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator - Sir Clive SinclairDiscovered the element argon - John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh with Scotsman William RamsayStandard deviation - Francis GaltonSlide rule - William Oughtred [199]Synthesis of coumarin, one of the first synthetic perfumes, and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction- William Henry PerkinThe Law of Gravity - Sir Isaac NewtonNewton's laws of motion - Sir Isaac NewtonPre-empting elements of General Relativity theory - William Kingdon CliffordGeological Timescale - Arthur Holmes[200]Electromagnet - William Sturgeon in 1823.[197]Helium - Norman LockyerWeather map [201] - Sir Francis GaltonIntroduced the symbol for "is less than" and "is greater than" - Thomas Harriot 1630Introduced the "×" symbol for multiplication as well as the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions - William OughtredDew Point Hygrometer - John Frederic DaniellPeriodic Table - John Alexander Reina NewlandsSplitting the atom - John Cockcroft and Irish physicist Ernest WaltonFirst full-scale commercial Nuclear Reactor at Calder Hall, opened in 1956.[202]Seismograph - John MilneDiscovery of oxygen gas (O2) - Joseph PriestleyDiscovery of the Atom(nuclear model of) - Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Proton - Ernest RutherfordDiscovery of the Electron, isotopes and the inventor of the Mass spectrometer - J. J. ThomsonDiscovery of the Neutron - James ChadwickNuclear transfer - Is a form of cloning first put into practice by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell to clone Dolly the SheepTheory of Evolution - Charles DarwinAstronomy[edit]Discovery of the "White Spot" on Saturn - Will HayDiscovery of Proxima Centauri, the closest known star to the Sun, by Robert Innes (1861–1933) [203]Discovery of the planet Uranus[204] and the moons Titania, Oberon, Enceladus, Mimas [205] by Sir William Herschel (German born astronom, later in life British)Discovery of Triton[206] and the moons Hyperion, Ariel and Umbriel - William Lassell[207]Planetarium - John Theophilus DesaguliersPredicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus - John Couch Adams [208]Important contributions to the development of radio astronomy - Bernard Lovell [209]Newtonian telescope - Sir Isaac Newton [210]Achromatic doublet lens - John Dollond [211]Coining the phrase 'Big Bang' - Fred Hoyle [212]First theorised existence of black holes, binary stars; invented torsion balance - John Michell[213]Stephen Hawking - World-renowned theoretical physicist made many important contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holesSpiral galaxies - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse [214]Discovery of Halley's Comet - Edmond Halley [215]Discovery of pulsars - Antony Hewish [216]Discovery of Sunspots and was the first person to make a drawing of the Moon through a telescope - Thomas Harriot [217]The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object - Arthur Stanley Eddington [218]Aperture synthesis, used for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources in the field of Radio astronomy - Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish [219]Chemistry[edit]Dalton's law and Law of multiple proportions - John Dalton [220]The structure of DNA and pioneering the field of molecular biology - co-developed by Francis Crick [221] and the American James WatsonDNA sequencing by chain termination - Frederick Sanger [222]Discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing - Richard J. Roberts [223]Discovey of Buckminsterfullerene - Sir Harry Kroto [224]Discovery of thallium - William Crookes[11]Discovered the structure of ferrocene - Geoffrey Wilkinson & others [225]Discovers hydrogen as a colorless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air - Henry Cavendish [226]Proposes the law of octaves, a precursor to the Periodic Law - John Newlands [227]Bragg's law and establish the field of X-ray crystallography, an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances - William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg [228]Introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev's periodic table, which had been based on atomic weight - Henry Moseley [229]First isolation of sodium - Humphry Davy [230]First isolation of potassium - Humphry Davy[11]First isolation of boron - Humphry Davy[11]First isolation of benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon - Michael Faraday[231]Publishes Opus Maius, which among other things, proposes an early form of the scientific method, and contains results of his experiments with gunpowder - Roger Bacon [232]Publishes several Aristotelian commentaries, an early framework for the scientific method - Robert Grosseteste [233]Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method - Sir Francis Bacon[234]The first discovery of aluminium - Sir Humphry DavyPioneer in early Solar Power - Weston cell - Edward Weston (chemist)[citation needed]Proposes the concept of isotopes, elements with the same chemical properties may have differing atomic weights - Frederick Soddy[11]The synthesising of xenon hexafluoroplatinate the first time to show that noble gases can form chemical compounds - Neil BartlettCallendar effect the theory that linked rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature (Global warming) - Guy Stewart CallendarPioneer of the fuel cell - Francis Thomas Bacon[235]Pioneer of meteorology by developing a nomenclature system for clouds in 1802 - Luke Howard[236]Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue, and predicted the existence of the surface waves - John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh[237]Sport[edit]Football - The rules as we know them today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University, Sheffield F.C. is acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA as the world's first and oldest football club.[238]Rugby - William Webb EllisCricket - the world's second-most popular sport can be traced back to the 13th century[239]Tennis - widely known to have originated in England.[240]Boxing - England played a key role in the evolution of modern boxing. Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in Ancient Greece in 688 BCGolf - Modern game invented in ScotlandBilliardsBadmintonDarts - a traditional pub game, the numbering layout was devised by Brian GamlinTable-Tennis - was invented on the dinner tables of Britain as an indoor version of tennisSnooker - Invented by the British Army in India[241]Ping pong - The game has its origins in England, in the 1880sBowls - has been traced to 13th century England[242]Field hockey - the modern game grew from English public schools in the early 19th centuryNetball - the sport emerged from early versions of women's basketball, at Madame Österberg's College in England during the late 1890s.[243]Rounders - the game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ballThe Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the first race was in 1829 on the River Thames in London [244]Thoroughbred Horseracing - Was first developed in 17th and 18th century EnglandPolo - its roots began in Persia as a training game for cavalry units, the formal codification of the rules of modern Polo as a sport were established in 19th century EnglandThe format of Modern Olympics - William Penny BrookesThe first Paralympic games competition were held in England in 1948 - Ludwig Guttmann[245]Hawk-Eye ball tracking system.Transport[edit]Aviation[edit]Aeronautics and flight. As a pioneer of glider development & first well-documented human flight he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He is sometimes called the "Father of aviation" - George Cayley[246]Steam Powered Flight with the Aerial Steam Carriage - John Stringfellow- The world's first powered flight took place at Chard in Somerset 55 years before the Wright brothers attempt at Kitty Hawk[247]VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) fighter-bomber aircraft - Hawker P.1127, Designed by Sydney Camm[248]The first commercial jet airliner (de Havilland Comet)[249]The first Supersonic Airliner - Concorde. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in partnership with Aérospatiale 1969The first aircraft capable of supercruise - English Electric LightningAilerons - Matthew Piers Watt BoultonHead-up display (HUD) - The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) designed the first equipment and it was built by Cintel with the system first integrated into the Blackburn Buccaneer.Pioneer of parachute design - Robert CockingThe first human-powered aircraft to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight (SUMPAC) - The University of Southampton[250]Hale rockets, improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced Thrust vectoring - William HaleSABRE engine- The first hypersonic jet/rocket capable of working in air and space to allow the possibility of HOTOL.Air Force - Royal Air ForceRailways[edit]Great Western Railway - Isambard Kingdom BrunelStockton and Darlington Railway the world's first operational steam passenger railwayFirst inter-city steam-powered railway - Liverpool and Manchester RailwayLocomotives[edit]Blücher - George StephensonPuffing Billy -William HedleyLocomotion No 1 - Robert StephensonSans Pareil - Timothy HackworthStourbridge Lion - Foster, Rastrick and CompanyStephenson's Rocket - George and Robert StephensonSalamanca - Matthew MurrayFlying Scotsman- Sir Nigel Gresley[citation needed]Other railway developments[edit]Displacement lubricator, Ramsbottom safety valve, the water trough, the split piston ring - John RamsbottomMaglev (transport) rail system - Eric LaithwaiteWorld's first underground railway and the first rapid transit system. It was also the first underground railway to operate electric trains - London undergroundAdvanced Passenger Train (APT) was an experimental High Speed Train that introduced tilting - British RailRoads[edit]Bowden cable - Frank BowdenHansom cab - Joseph HansomSeat belt - George Cayley[251]Sinclair C5 - Sir Clive SinclairTarmac - E. Purnell HooleyTension-spoke Wire wheels - George Cayley[246]Pneumatic Tyre - Robert William Thomson is deemed to be inventor, despite John Boyd Dunlop being initially credited.Disc brakes - Frederick W. Lanchester[11]Belisha beacon - Leslie Hore-BelishaLotus 25 Considered the first modern F1 race car designed for the 1962 Formula One season. It was a revolutionary design the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in Formula One - Colin Chapman, Team LotusHorstmann suspension, tracked armoured fighting vehicle suspension - Sidney HorstmannSteam fire engine - John BraithwaitePenny-farthing - James StarleyDynasphere - John Archibald PurvesCaterpillar Track - Richard Lovell EdgeworthMini-roundabout - Frank BlackmoreQuadbike - Standard Motor Company patented the 'Jungle Airborne Buggy' (JAB) in 1944[252]Sea[edit]Plimsoll Line - Samuel PlimsollHovercraft - Christopher CockerellLifeboat - Lionel LukinResurgam - George GarrettTransit (ship) - Richard Hall GowerTurbinia, the first steam turbine powered steamship, designed by the engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon TyneDiving Equipment/Scuba Gear - Henry FleussDiving bell - Edmund HalleySextant - John BirdOctant (instrument) - Independently developed by Englishman John Hadley and the American Thomas GodfreyWhirling speculum, This device can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope - John SersonScrew propeller - Francis Pettit SmithThe world's first patent for an underwater echo ranging device (Sonar) - Lewis Richardsonhydrophone Before the invention of Sonar convoy escort ships used them to detect U-boats, greatly lessening the effectiveness of the submarine - Research headed by Ernest RutherfordHydrofoil - John Isaac ThornycroftHMS Warrior The world's first Iron armoured and iron hulled warship.Scientific innovations[edit]The theory of electromagnetism - James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [253]The Gregorian telescope - James Gregory (1638–1675) [254]The concept of latent heat - Joseph Black (1728–1799) [255]The pyroscope, atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments: Sir John Leslie (1766–1832) [256]Identifying the nucleus in living cells - Robert Brown (1773–1858) [257]Hypnotism - James Braid (1795–1860) [258]Transplant rejection: Professor Thomas Gibson (1940s) the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II.[259]Colloid chemistry - Thomas Graham (1805–1869) [260]The kelvin SI unit of temperature - William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907) [261]Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds - Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922) [262]Criminal fingerprinting - Henry Faulds (1843–1930) [263]The noble gases: Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) [264]The Cloud chamber - Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959) [265]Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty - John Boyd Orr (1880–1971) [266]The ultrasound scanner - Ian Donald (1910–1987) [267]Ferrocene synthetic substances - Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955 [268]The MRI body scanner - John Mallard and James Huchinson from (1974–1980) [269]The first cloned mammal (Dolly the Sheep): Was conducted in The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996 [270]Seismometer innovations thereof - James David Forbes [271]Metaflex fabric innovations thereof - University of St. Andrews (2010) application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject. Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces. The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric.[272]Macaulayite: Dr Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.[273]Miscellaneous[edit]Oldest police force in continuous operation: Marine Police Force founded in 1798 and now part of the Metropolitan Police ServiceOldest life insurance company in the world: Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office founded 1706First Glee Club, founded in Harrow School in 1787.[274]Oldest arts festival - Norwich 1772 [275]Oldest music festival - The Three Choirs FestivalOldest literary festival - The Cheltenham Literature FestivalBayko - Charles PlimptonLinoleum - Frederick Walton [276]Chocolate bar - J. S. Fry & Sons [277]Meccano - Frank HornbyCrossword puzzle - Arthur WynneGas mask - (disputed) John Tyndall and othersGraphic telescope - Cornelius VarleySteel-ribbed Umbrella - Samuel FoxPlastic - Alexander ParkesPlasticine - William HarbuttCarbonated soft drink - Joseph PriestleyFriction Match - John WalkerInvented the rubber balloon - Michael FaradayEarliest known concept of a Metric system - John Wilkins[278]Edmondson railway ticket - Thomas EdmondsonThe world's first Nature Reserve - Charles Waterton *Public Park - Joseph PaxtonScouts - Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-PowellSpirograph - Denys FisherThe Young Men's Christian Association YMCA was founded in London - George Williams[279]The Salvation Army, known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid - Methodist minister William BoothPrime meridian - George Biddell AiryProduced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English - Myles CoverdaleFounder of the Bank of Scotland - John HollandVenn diagram - John VennVulcanisation of rubber - Thomas HancockSilicone - Frederick KippingPykrete - Geoffrey PykeVantablack - The world's blackest known substanceStamp collecting - John Edward Gray bought penny blacks on first day of issue in order to keep themlorgnette - George Adams (optician)Boys' Brigade [280]Bank of England devised by William PatersonBank of France devised by John LawColour photography: the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) [281]BarnardosBoy ScoutsGirl GuidesRSPCARSPBRNLI

Bertrand Russell - see http://scepsis.net/eng/articles/id_6.phpAlso the following:Al-Maʿarri (973-1057): Syrian philosopher, poet, and writerZakī al-Arsūzī (1899-1968): Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, Arab nationalist, and one of the major founders of Ba'athism.[1]John Anderson (1893–1962): Scottish-born Australian philosopher, founder of the empirical philosophy known as 'Sydney realism'.[2]Hector Avalos (1958–): Mexican-American professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University and author of several books about religion.[3]A. J. Ayer (1910–1989): British philosopher and an advocate of logical positivism. Though he viewed the concept of God existing as meaningless, he described himself as an atheist.[4][5][6]Alain Badiou (1937–): French philosopher.[7]Julian Baggini (1968–): British writer specialising in philosophy, author of Atheism: A Very Short Introduction.[8]Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876): Russian philosopher, writer and anarchist.[9]Roland Barthes (1915–1980): French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician.[10]Georges Bataille (1897-1962): French intellectual and literary figure. He was the author of Story of the Eye, and his writings explored areas relating to philosophy, mysticism, and eroticism.[11]Bruno Bauer (1809–1882): German philosopher, theologian and historian, the first propounder of the Jesus myth hypothesis.[12]Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007): French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator and photographer.[13][14]Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986): French author and existentialist philosopher. Beauvoir wrote novels and monographs on philosophy, politics, social issues and feminism.[15][16]Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): English author, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism.[17][18][19]Simon Blackburn (1944–): British academic atheist philosopher known for his efforts to popularise philosophy.[20]Célestin Bouglé (1870–1940): French philosopher known for his role as one of Émile Durkheim's collaborators and a member of the L'Année Sociologique.[21]Yaron Brook (1961–): Israeli-born president and executive director of the Ayn Rand Institute.[22]Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899): German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th century scientific materialism.[23]Gustavo Bueno (1924-2016): Spanish philosopher who was a modern proponent of philosophical materialism.[24]Albert Camus (1913-1960): Algerian-born French absurdist philosopher and author. His non-fiction philosophical works include The Myth of Sisyphus and The Rebel.[25][26]Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970): German philosopher who was active in central Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.[27][28][29]Robert Todd Carroll (1945–2016): American writer and academic, professor of philosophy at Sacramento City College until 1997, and keeper of the Skeptic's Dictionary website.[30]David Chalmers (1966–): Australian philosopher of mind.[31]Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (1918–1993): Bengali Marxist philosopher.Nikolay Chernyshevsky (1828–1889): Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist.[32]Auguste Comte (1798–1857): French positivist thinker, credited with coining the term "sociologie" ("sociology").[33][34]André Comte-Sponville (1952–): French philosopher, author of L'Esprit de l'athéisme (2006) and The Little Book of Atheist Spirituality (2007).[35]Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794): French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method.[36]Benedetto Croce (1866–1952): Italian philosopher and public figure.[37]Donald Davidson (1917–2003): American philosopher.[38]Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995): French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art.[39][40]Daniel Dennett (1942–): Philosopher of science, mind, and biology; author of Breaking the Spell.[41][42]Jacques Derrida (1930–2004): Algerian-born French philosopher.[43][44][45]Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809–1831): Anglo-Indian poet and teacher.[46]John Dewey (1859–1952): American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey was an important early developer of the philosophy of pragmatism and one of the founders of functional psychology. He was a major representative of progressive education and liberalism.[47]Diagoras of Melos (5th century BC): Ancient Greek poet and sophist known as the Atheist of Milos, who declared that there were no Gods.[48]Denis Diderot (1713–84): editor-in-chief of the Encyclopédie.[49]Theodore Drange (1934–): Philosopher of religion and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University. Drange authored Nonbelief & Evil: Two arguments for the nonexistence of God.[50]Umberto Eco (1932-2016): Italian novelist, literary critic, and philosopher that wrote on semiotics. He was also the author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose.[51]Paul Edwards (1923–2004): Austrian-American moral philosopher and editor of The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[52]Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC): Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements.[53][54]Dylan Evans (1966–): British philosopher, known for his work on emotion and the placebo effect.[55]Fan Zhen (circa 450 – 515): Chinese philosopher remembered today for his treatise Shén Miè Lùn ("On the Annihilation of the Soul").[56]Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804–1872): German philosopher whose major work, The Essence of Christianity, maintains that religion and divinity are projections of human nature.[57]Friedrich Karl Forberg (1770–1848): German philosopher and classical scholar.[58]Michel Foucault (1926–1984): French philosopher and social theorist famous for his influential analysis of power and discourse. He is best known for his revolutionary philosophical analyses of social institutions such as Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality.[59][60]José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955): Spanish philosopher, author, and essayist who wrote The Revolt of the Masses.[61]William Godwin (1756–1836): English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and the first modern proponent of anarchism.[62]Rebecca Goldstein (1950-): American philosopher of science, and author of Thirty-Six Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction.[63]A. C. Grayling (1949–): British philosopher and author of, among others, Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness.[64]John Harris (1947–): British professor of bioethics at the University of Manchester, and member of the UK Human Genetics Commission.[65]Sam Harris (1967–): American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist. He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.[66]Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–71): French philosopher whose ethical and social views helped shape the school of utilitarianism later made famous by Jeremy Bentham.[49]Heraclitus (c. 535 BC–c. 475 BC): pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher".[67]Eric Hoffer (1902–1983): American moral and social philosopher. He was the author of ten books and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983. His first book, The True Believer, published in 1951, was widely recognized as a classic, receiving critical acclaim from both scholars and laymen.[68]Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789): French philosopher and encyclopedist, most famous as being one of the first outspoken atheists in Europe.[69]David Hume (1711–76): Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and historian.[70]Joachim Kahl (1941–): German philosopher and humanist who focuses on religious criticism, ethics, and aesthetics.Eino Kaila (1890-1958): Finnish philosopher, psychologist, and critic who contributed to a variety of fields, including physics and theatre.Ajita Kesakambali (6th Century BC): Ancient Indian philosopher who is the first known proponent of Indian materialism.[71][72]Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968): Russian-born French philosopher and statesman.[73]Leandro Konder (1936–2014): Brazilian Marxist philosopher.[74]Julia Kristeva (1941–): Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, sociologist, feminist and novelist.[75][76][77][78]Corliss Lamont (1902–1995): American humanist and Marxist philosopher, and advocate of various left-wing and civil liberties causes.[79]Bernard-Henri Lévy (b. 1948): French-Jewish co-founder of the Nouveaux Philosophes (New Philosophers) movement in 1976.[80]David Kellogg Lewis (1941–2001): American philosopher. One of the leading thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.[81]Peter Lipton (1954–2007): British philosopher, the Hans Rausing Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University until his unexpected death in November 2007. He was "one of the leading philosophers of science and epistemologists in the world."[82]Lucretius, An influential Roman philosopher and early proponent of atheism in 50 BC, wrote On the Nature of Things, one of the earliest texts in defense of Atheism.[83]Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998): French philosopher, sociologist and literary theorist[84][85]Kazimierz Łyszczyński (also known in English as "Casimir Liszinski"; 1634–89): Polish-Lithuanian nobleman and philosopher, author of a philosophical treatise, De non existentia Dei (On the Non-existence of God), who was condemned to death and brutally executed for atheism.[86][87][88]John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981): Australian philosopher who specialized in meta-ethics as a proponent of moral skepticism. Wrote The Miracle of Theism, discussing arguments for and against theism and concluding that theism is rationally untenable.[89]Michael Martin (1932–2015): analytic philosopher and professor emeritus at Boston University, author of, amongst others, Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (1989) and The Impossibility of God (2003).[90]Harriet Martineau (1802–1876): an English writer and philosopher, renowned in her day as a controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and lifelong feminist.[91]Karl Marx (1818–1883): philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and revolutionary. Often called the father of communism, Marx was both a scholar and a political activist. In 1843, Karl Marx published Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, in which he dealt more substantively with religion, describing it as "the opiate of the people".[92]Colin McGinn (1950–): British philosopher and author, best known for his work in the philosophy of mind.[93]Jean Meslier (1678–1733): French village Catholic priest who was found, on his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay, entitled Common Sense but commonly referred to as Meslier's Testament, promoting atheism.[94][95]Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–51): French physician and philosopher, earliest materialist writer of the Enlightenment, claimed as a founder of cognitive science.[96][97]John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): The famous philosopher declared his atheism, and that of his father, in a famous essay published posthumously.[98][99][100]Ted Nelson (1937–): American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. He coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963 and published them in 1965.[101]Michael Neumann (1946–): American professor of philosophy at Trent University, noted for his work on utilitarianism, rationality and anti-Semitism.[102]Kai Nielsen (1926–): adjunct professor of philosophy at Concordia University in Montreal and professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Calgary.[103]Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): German philosopher whose Beyond Good and Evil sought to refute traditional notions of morality. Nietzsche penned a memorable secular statement of the Doctrine of Eternal Recurrence in Thus Spoke Zarathustra and is forever associated with the phrase, "God is dead" (first seen in his book, The Gay Science).[104]Piergiorgio Odifreddi (1950–): Italian mathematician and popular science writer.[105]Michel Onfray (1958–): French philosopher, founder of Université populaire de Caen, and author of Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.[106][107]Graham Oppy (1960–): Australian philosopher and Associate Dean of Research at Monash University, and Associate Editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy. His main area of research is the philosophy of religion.[108]Leonard Peikoff (1933–): an Objectivist philosopher, Ayn Rand's legal heir. He is a former professor of philosophy, a former radio talk show host, and founder of the Ayn Rand Institute.[109]Herman Philipse (1951–): professor of philosophy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Philipse has written many philosophical works in Dutch, including the widely read Atheist Manifesto and the Unreasonableness of Religion (Atheistisch manifest & De onredelijkheid van religie).[110]Hilary Putnam (1926–2016): American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist who was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science.[111][112]Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000): American philosopher and logician.[113][114]Thanthai Periyar (1879–1973): Indian philosopher, social activist, politician and businessman affectionately called by his followers as Periyar or E. V. R., who started the Self-Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement. He is also the founder of political party, Dravidar Kazhagam Periyar E. V. RamasamyJames Rachels (1941–2003): American philosopher who specialized in ethics.[115]Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930): British mathematician who also made significant contributions in philosophy and economics.[116]Ayn Rand (1905–1982): Russian-American founder of Objectivism and novelist.[22]John Rawls (1921–2002): American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy.[117]Jean-François Revel (1924–2006): French politician, journalist, author, prolific philosopher and member of the Académie française.[118]Richard Rorty (1931–2007): American philosopher.[119]Alexander Rosenberg (1946–): Philosopher of science. Author of The Atheist's Guide to Reality.Michael Ruse (1940–): Philosopher of biology, known for his work on the argument between creationism and evolutionary biology.[120]Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic.[121][122][123]Marquis de Sade (1740–1814): French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality.[124][125]Nathan Salmon (1951–): American philosopher and distinguished professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, whose writings include work on fictional characters and mythical objects.George Santayana (1863–1952): Philosopher in the naturalist and pragmatist traditions who called himself a "Catholic atheist."[126][127]Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980): French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and novelist who declared that he had been an atheist from age twelve.[128] Although he regarded God as a self-contradictory concept, he still thought of it as an ideal toward which people strive.[129] He rejected the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964. According to Sartre, his most-repeated summary of his existentialist philosophy, "Existence precedes essence," implies that humans must abandon traditional notions of having been designed by a divine creator.[130]Fernando Savater (born 1947): Spanish philosopher and essayist.[131]Moritz Schlick (1882–1936): German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.[132]Michael Schmidt-Salomon (1967–): German author, philosopher, and public relations manager. As chairman of the Giordano Bruno Foundation, a humanist organization that is critical of religion"[133]Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860): German philosopher and author of the book The World as Will and Representation.[134][135][136][137][138]John Searle (1932–): American philosopher, Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and to social philosophy.[139]Boris Sidis (1867–1923): Ukrainian psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education.[140]Peter Singer (1946–): Australian utilitarian philosopher, proponent of animal rights, and Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University.[141]B. F. Skinner (1904–1990): American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, social philosopher and poet.[142][143]George H. Smith (1949–): Libertarian philosopher, author and educator. Smith authored Atheism: The Case Against God.[144]Quentin Smith (1952–): Philosopher of physics. Smith co-authored the book Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology with William Lane Craig.[145]Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.[146]Max Stirner (1806–1856): German philosopher, who ranks as one of the fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work is The Ego and Its Own.[147]Raymond Tallis (1946–): British philosopher, poet, novelist, gerontologist and cultural critic. He has focused mainly on the philosophy of mind.[148]Theodorus the Atheist (lived around 300 BC): Philosopher of the Cyrenaic school who taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief.[149]Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619): Italian philosopher, brutally executed for his atheism.[150][151]Sir Bernard Williams FBA (1929–2003): British philosopher, widely cited as the most important British moral philosopher of his time.[152]Sherwin Wine (1928–2007): Founder of the non-theistic Society for Humanistic Judaism, who has also called himself an "ignostic".[153]Jan Woleński (born 1940): Polish philosopher specializing in the history of the Lwów-Warsaw school and in analytic philosophy. He is widely recognized in Poland as an atheist and has promoted the replacement of religion classes with philosophy classes in Polish schools.[154][155]Slavoj Žižek (1949–): Slovenian sociologist, postmodern philosopher, and cultural critic.[156]