Road Work And Fencing Agreement Sample: Fill & Download for Free

Eggcorns, like malapropisms can be both grammatically and linguistically inaccurate, but that is the point. They add another dimension to the language, and some, like old-timers disease, can actually take their place in general English. Here are 100 of them for you to peruse, see which ones you think bear repeating.100 ‘Eggcorns’ Suggested By NPR’s Audience When Weekend Edition Saturday host Scott Simon and NPR Standards & Practices Editor Mark Memmott "agreeance," a combination of agreement & acceptance "another think coming" instead of “another thing” "ascared" instead of “afraid” “as dust fell” instead of “as dusk fell” "biting my time" instead of “biding” "best thing since life's bread" instead of “sliced bread” "bond fire" instead of “bonfire” "buck naked" instead of “butt naked” (though some say it’s the other way around) "callapitter" instead of “caterpillar” "chesterdraws" instead of “chest of drawers” "chicken spots" instead of “chicken pox” "civilware" instead of “silverware” "close-a-phobia" instead of “claustrophobia” "consinct" instead of “concise” "curly roads" instead of “curvy roads” "daring-do" instead of “derring-do” "die-a-rear" instead of “diarrhea” "doggy-dog-world" instead of “dog-eat-dog” "Duck Tape" (a brand) instead of “duct tape” "escape goat" instead of “scape goat” "expresso" instead of “espresso” "Extreme Court" instead of “Supreme Court” "eyebulbs" instead of “eyeballs” "Facetube" instead of “YouTube” "flush out" instead of “flesh out” "flustrated" instead of “frustrated” "flutterby" instead of “butterfly” "free examples" instead of “free samples "gander up"(or “dandruff up”) instead of “dander up” "genetic brands” instead of “generic brands” “for all intensive purposes,” when the speaker really means “for all intents and purposes.” "agreeance," a combination of agreement & acceptance "another thing coming" instead of “another think” "ascared" instead of “afraid” “as dust fell” instead of “as dusk fell” "biting my time" instead of “biding” "growth sprout" instead of “growth spurt” "guilt trap" instead of “guilt trip” "handy-downs" instead of “hand-me-downs” "happy as a clown" instead of “happy as a clam” "hearbuds" instead of “earbuds” "Heimlich remover" instead of “Heimlich maneuver” "hell in a handbag" instead of “hell in a hand basket” "hysterical marker" instead of “historical marker” "ice tea" instead of “iced tea” "illicit a response" instead of “elicit a response” "in other worlds" instead of “in other words” "jig-solve puzzles" instead of “jigsaw puzzles” "John Henry" instead of “sign your John Hancock” "junk-start" instead of “jump-start” "just deserves" instead of “just deserts” "labtop" instead of “laptop” "lapkin" instead of “napkin” "last stitch effort" instead of “last ditch effort” "lesser of two equals" instead of “lesser of two evils” "magnaphone" instead of “megaphone” "medium strip" instead of “median strip” "mist of things" instead of “midst of things” "mute point" instead of “moot point” "nerve-wrecking" instead of “nerve-racking” "nip it in the butt" instead of “nip it in the bud” "nose drills" instead of “nostrils” "old-timers disease" instead of “Alzheimer's disease” "old wise tale" instead of “old wives’ tale” "on the land"(or “on the lamb”) instead of “on the lam” "optical delusion" instead of “optical illusion” "out of bounce" instead of “out of bounds” "ostenspacious" instead of “ostentatious” "overfloating" instead of “overflowing” "overhauls" instead of “overalls” "pass mustard" instead of “pass muster” “physical policy" instead of “fiscal policy” "platemats" instead of “placemats” "pre-Madonna" instead of “prima donna "radar detester" instead of “radar detector” "rebel rouser" (or “rubble rouser) instead of “rabble rouser” "real goal-getter" instead of “real go-getter” "rot-iron fences" instead of “wrought-iron fences” "scandally clad" instead of “scantily clad” "self-compelled mower" instead of “self-propelled mower” "self of steam" instead of “self esteem” "sick sense" instead of “sixth sense "skyscratcher" instead of “skyscraper” "soul poppers" instead of “soap operas” "stand at a tension" instead of “stand at attention” "swirlpool" instead of “whirlpool” "take it for granite" instead of “take it for granted "takes two to tangle" instead of “takes two to tango” "tellingphone" instead of “telephone” "towing the line" instead of “toeing the line” "tremblor" instead of “temblor” "underbrella" instead of “umbrella” "valevictorian" instead of “valedictorian” "vakinis" instead of “bikinis” "Valentime's Day" instead of “Valentine's Day” "very close veins" instead of “Varicose veins” "vim and vinegar" instead of “vim and vigor” "wet your appetite" instead of “whet your appetite” "wheelbarrel" instead of “wheelbarrow” "wild variety" instead of “wide variety” "wind charms" instead of “wind chimes” "windshield factor" instead of “windchill factor” "wonderlust" instead of “wanderlust” "world wind romance" instead of “whirlwind romance” "world wind tour" instead of “whirlwind tour” “worth ethic” instead of “work ethic” "medium strip" instead of “median strip” "mist of things" instead of “midst of things” "mute point" instead of “moot point” "nerve-wrecking" instead of “nerve-racking” "nip it in the butt" instead of “nip it in the bud” "nose drills" instead of “nostrils” "old-timers disease" instead of “Alzheimer's disease” "old wise tale" instead of “old wives’ tale” "on the land"(or “on the lamb”) instead of “on the lam” "optical delusion" instead of “optical illusion” "out of bounce" instead of “out of bounds” "ostenspacious" instead of “ostentatious” "overfloating" instead of “overflowing” "overhauls" instead of “overalls” "pass mustard" instead of “pass muster” “physical policy" instead of “fiscal policy” "platemats" instead of “placemats” "pre-Madonna" instead of “prima donna "radar detester" instead of “radar detector” "rebel rouser" (or “rubble rouser) instead of “rabble rouser” "real goal-getter" instead of “real go-getter” "rot-iron fences" instead of “wrought-iron fences” "scandally clad" instead of “scantily clad” "self-compelled mower" instead of “self-propelled mower” "self of steam" instead of “self esteem” "sick sense" instead of “sixth sense "skyscratcher" instead of “skyscraper” "soul poppers" instead of “soap operas” "stand at a tension" instead of “stand at attention” "swirlpool" instead of “whirlpool” "take it for granite" instead of “take it for granted "takes two to tangle" instead of “takes two to tango” "tellingphone" instead of “telephone” "towing the line" instead of “toeing the line” "tremblor" instead of “temblor” "underbrella" instead of “umbrella” "valevictorian" instead of “valedictorian” "vakinis" instead of “bikinis” "Valentime's Day" instead of “Valentine's Day” "very close veins" instead of “Varicose veins” "vim and vinegar" instead of “vim and vigor” "wet your appetite" instead of “whet your appetite” "wheelbarrel" instead of “wheelbarrow” "wild variety" instead of “wide variety” "wind charms" instead of “wind chimes” "windshield factor" instead of “windchill factor” "wonderlust" instead of “wanderlust” "world wind romance" instead of “whirlwind romance” "world wind tour" instead of “whirlwind tour” “worth ethic” instead of “work ethic”

I am posting anonymously obviously to avoid trolls and ensure safety.BJP’s victory was based on fake narrative, character assignation, and propaganda. Add fragmented and incompetent opposition to the mix as well.Below are the 10 strategic posture that BJP adopted and which gave them victory. Each of these postures appeals to a certain section of society barring Muslims and liberals. Given liberals are so fragmented, it is the conservative part of society which constitutes the largest vote bank, and it is the conservatives, who vote diligently, not liberals. BJP targeted to get 100% of conservative and 70% of fence-sitter votes, and it looks like they have done it. When I write BJP, I mean the new BJP. This is not Atal Vihari’s BJP, this is Modi-Shah’s BJP. The main strategist or architect of this victory was Amit Shah.Let’s check out Amit Shah’s 10 key strategies:-1. "Love Jihad", periodic Muslim lynchings, "Hindu Khatre mein Hein", "Muslims will be majority", etc.BJP, a formerly right-wing party is leaning ultra-right and toward fascist concepts. In fascism, an imaginary enemy is created and everything wrong in the country is blamed on them, which it’s supporter can hate and gang up against. For BJP, the communal polarisation attracts bigots to BJP’s party. Not all BJP supporters are bigots, but some are.This narrative like BJP’s other is fake. For example, the whole narrative of "Love Jihad" is based on the premise that a Muslim boy cannot love a Hindu girl, and cherry picks incidents of trafficking to the Middle East and interfaith marriages “gone wrong” as proof of “Love Jihad". Given the size of the country, there a load of those incidents. Furthermore, 90% of all interfaith marriage encounter resistance from families on both sides, regardless of Hindu or Muslim. Sometimes it is deadly. The 10% that make it are target by giving the example of the .001%.The second example, for those who know, the cow smuggling network throughout India is around 40% controlled by Bajrang Dal. The lynching of Muslims is mostly from areas controlled by rival networks of Bajrang Dal and rival transports entering Bajrang Dal area, and these lynchings are meant to force rivals to switch side and help Bajrang Dal gain 100% share.Apart from a few districts Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, Lakshwadeep, and in a few districts in East India where Bangladeshis have artificially inflated number of Muslims, and Kashmir valley where Muslims have been the majority, nowhere in India Muslims can or ever be the majority if the current demographic trend continues. By the time India's population peaks in 2065, Muslims will have only increased their share of the population from 14.4% to 16.8%. But explain that to a run of the mill die-hard BJP supporter (“Bhakt”). The propaganda around this is staggering[1] .Around 40% of illegal immigration from Bangladesh are Hindus. Instead of returning both Hindus and Muslim illegal immigrants, the Modi Government is targeting Muslims. Modi Government is also bringing a bill to allow for ANY Hindu from all over the world to be made Indian citizen just on the basis of an asylum application. This would not only make the overpopulation scenario in India worse but also will bring new Hindu voters of Modi and BJP. Modi has made communal politics acceptable. The bigots in the country were like “bas kar pagli, rulaiga kya”?Communal polarisation and communal politics have bought Modi lots of votes. A study has shown, wherever communal tension has been ratcheted up, BJP won.2."Nationalism" or misinterpretation of it, painting BJP as a "nationalist" and others as anti-nationals.While it is true that BJP is that the only “nationalist” party, nationalism is not equal to patriotism and those who oppose nationalism are not anti-nationals. Being not nationalists is good but being unpatriotic is bad. Indians are not aware of this distinction and fall for it. Nationalism is the unwavering support to one's country and its leaders without introspection or critic and forcing of that behaviour on the mass. Patriotism is the support of one's country when the country is in the right direction and criticize and correct when the country is in the wrong direction. Nationalism is accepting the country as it is and unconditional agreement with the leaders and their decisions. Patriotism is taking the good part of the country's character, identify the areas of improvement and evolve. A patriotic person tends to tolerate criticism and tries to learn something new from it, but a nationalist cannot tolerate any criticism and considers it an insult. When a patriotic citizen is told “your country is poor”, the citizen will accept the criticism and vote for someone who works on poverty reduction; while a nationalist citizen when told “your country is poor” will reply “haven’t you seen Yamuna Expressway”, “don’t you see bullet train will run between Mumbai and Ahmadabad”, “don’t you see the tall building or smooth roads of South Mumbai”, or worse “how dare you say the 6th largest economy is poor”? Freedom fighters of India were patriotic, not nationalistic. Nationalistic were the people supporting the Government i.e. British. Nationalism is inherently anti-democratic. The best illustration of Nationalism vs patriotism is below.In fact, nationalism was the reason that Hitler, Mussolini, Hirohito could get the masses to support what they were doing. Nationalism is the opposite of what democracy stands for. Nevertheless, nationalism has given BJP substantial vote share because people don't distinguish between nationalism and patriotism.Another tactic that BJP follows to nudge patriotic Indians towards nationalism is to open handles in social media in support of the army, air force, what not, and then attract tens of thousands of followers, then slowly start preaching pro-BJP messages.Ultimately, nationalism appeals to the emotion of both real nationalists and patriotic Indian who go on for voting for BJP.3. Use of de-humanizing words like “Libtard”, “Khan market gang”, “Tudke Tudke gang”, “Urban Naxals”, “Pseudo-secular” and narrative behind it etc.These dismissive catch-words are meant as ammunition for the die-hard BJP supporters to use against liberals and intellectuals. You can see generous use of this in social media. If no logic holds, these words are now embedded in the psyche of Indian youth to dehumanize the left or anything left of centre. As in real life, social media users also follow the herd mentality. People “develop” and opinion rather than “form” an opinion. Seeing left-liberal bashing and most of the vocal supporters from the BJP, common youth will lean right wing in their opinion as well and that transfers to vote.Like everything else, this is also based on fake narrative. Take the “Tudke Tudke gang” branding for example. Kanhaiya, Anirban and Umar were branded as terrorists’ supporters when, Kanhaiya was indeed asking for “Azadi” but it was freedom from hunger, sanghwaad (RSS-ism), feudalism, capitalism, Brahminism and Manu-ism (casteism). The NewsX/India News video edited these words out, leaving Kumar’s claims for “Azadi” open to interpretation. The channel then ran the video with the subtitle: “Hear Kanhaiya’s ‘seditious’ rant”. Their protest Afzal guru hanging was not specific to saving Afzal guru, but broader demand to end capital punishment and has been going on since long before Afzal guru incident. Then there is enough evidence now that some Kashmiri student shouted "Bharat ki barbaadi tak, jung rahegi, jung rahegi!", not DSU, the left union in JNU. But Kanhaiya Kumar has been permanently smeared and left politics strategically linked to anti-nationalism.Then take the word “pseudo-secular” for example, which is meant to be used against those who claim to be secular but appease a community. It is true Congress and many other parties appease Muslims, but BJP appeases Hindus as well. So, who is secular? Both are pseudo secular. But pseudo secular is used in 99% of cases as a dehumanizing phrase to describe Congress, not BJP. For the remaining 1%, BJP has another explanation - “Secularism in India is a myth. India has never been secular”. This sentence is used to inject an idea or assure anxious fence sitters that don’t worry, nothing is changing, as was before so will be after Hindu Rashtra. This sentence mixes true pseudo-secularism of “some” political parties with true secularism of other parties and individuals and discredits them in one go.Don’t forget the “Hinduphobic” card. Previously, used to hear only Muslim cleric and Islamic terror apologists using the word “Islamophobic”. Never thought the day would come when communal and regressive aspects of BJP, when attacked, would generate a reaction - “Hinduphobia”.Now, once a narrative is built against (pseudo) secularism and paint all parties other than BJP as pseudo secular and “Hinduphobic”, who will want to vote for those who support terrorists, or want to break up India or anti-Hindu?When social media banned posts with de-humanizing content, BJP played the victim by saying Facebook is anti-Hindu, Twitter is anti-Hindu etc. Social media companies were called in before the election in closed-door hearing blackmailing and accusing them of anti-right-wing. Result? Only “for show” action against dehumanizing comments and cyber bullying in Social media.4. Vote for BJP, The “anti-dynasty" party.The truth is BJP is almost as much dynastic as Congress. Since 1999, Congress had 36 dynastic MP's elected to Parliament while BJP had 31. Most of BJP’s allies are also dynastic parties. The only difference between BJP and Congress in terms of dynasty politics is that the PM candidate of BJP is not dynastic while that of Congress is. Moreover, ordinary people are not able to understand that there is some amount of dynasty built into India system. A family with a history of army men will have more army men; a doctor’s son or daughter has more chance of being a doctor, etc. But the ordinary voters wouldn’t care to think otherwise, as dynasty is painted as untouchable and BJP’s image is that of a party that is anti-dynastic.5. Vote against “casteist parties”This is one of the biggest lies. A casteist party is one which exploits the divisions based on caste, exploits the resentments against another caste, gives benefits or favours certain caste and thereby appeal to them, or simply preach on the basis of caste.BJP's primary support base is the upper cast to whom they appeal by saying that they do not follow the cast politics of SP or BSP, that they are against reservation etc. They speak empty words knowing very well that just merely speaking they are against caste-based politics will get them upper caste votes. So, instead of removing caste-based reservation and replacing with means-based reservation BJP has started reservation for General category. Modi once said he will not end reservation even though Ambedkar comes today and ask him to end caste-based reservation. BJP routinely campaign for new communities to be added to reserved categories -for example, the Jats in Haryana. BJP administration in the past and present have chosen to deal with caste violence and discrimination inconsistently and often lightly when the perpetrator is from the upper caste. BJP leaders in OBC dominated areas, like its OBC Morcha in Bihar, gave speeches and produced pamphlets targeting OBC's explaining why OBC's should vote for BJP, what Modi will do in next 5 years for OBC’s, explaining to them that parties like BSP are for Yadavs so OBC’s should vote BJP. BJP now has the largest OBC vote share as well, apart from Upper caste vote while parties like SP and BSP have a large chunk of SC votes. Therefore, BJP is no less casteist than BSP and caste politics has given BJP votes and the impression that BJP is not casteist have given BJP even more votes.6. “Modi is making India proud”. Vote for Modi.This is another lie. The supporting evidence presented are world leaders warmly welcoming Modi and rock star type reception of Modi abroad. The truth is, as the third-largest economy by PPP, no world leader will ever ignore India, rather will woe India and its leaders irrespective who is in power. Modi was blacklisted for US visa before he becomes PM but removed from blacklist once he became PM. Modi is immensely popular among the NRI's, but NRI's do not represent world view. In fact, world media and press clearly label Modi as a controversial character who divides, not unites India, as someone under whose rule Hindu fundamentalists are emboldened to threaten and lynch and under whose leadership, the economy is fumbling. The most routine news that comes of India abroad is of increased communal clashes, lynching and how Modi is part of a trend across the world of rising ultra-nationalism approval of leaders with fascists tendencies, like Trump, Duterte, etc.But, who would want not to vote for someone who is making India proud?7. BJP is not corrupt. Therefore, vote for BJP.This is another lie. First, let me define "corruption". Corruption: Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.The biggest scam pulled off by anyone in independent India was and is demonetization. Demonetization enabled cash black money held by individuals and organisation to be converted into white, but only one establishment found it hard converting cash black into white, i.e. opposition parties, for as soon as they would declare the cash, they would have come in the radar of ED, CBI and what not. They were too ashamed to risk that. Demonetization was done to break the opposition parties while BJP themselves remained unaffected (forewarned), in the crucial period before UP election. New evidence emerging that RBI advised against demonetization saying it will do little to solve the black money problem. Hundreds of people died after demonetization and their blood is on Modi to make BJP win in UP election.Then, Modi is also asking SC not to ask for CBI probe in Rafale deal scam on "national security ground". This is the first time in independent India where defence scams are defended on "national security" ground. I really hope other parties don't get ideas from this.Another ploy adopted by BJP under Modi-Shah is to control the media in a manner where you don't hear of scams. Have you heard of the 20,000 crores Gujrat State Petroleum Corporation scam under Modi's Gujrat? Have you heard of Adani Coal import scam to the tune of 50,000 crores and how BJP helped Adani to avoid bankruptcy? Have you heard of 1200 crore Vyapam scam? Heard of the PDS scam? Heard about Karnataka mining scam? Housing scam in Goa - heard of that? Or BJP leaders involved in Karnataka Ponzi schemes? Farm waiver scam in MP during BJP rule? No? Did you ever wonder how could so many industrialists with loan defaults be able to escape during BJP rule?BJP also has some of the most corrupt people among its leadership, like G Janardhana Reddy in Karnataka, or Mukul Roy in Bengal, a former TMC leader who joined BJP. Then Vasundhara Raje, Amit Shah and his genius son who multiples his money faster than anyone else on earth, to name a few. There dozens more mid-level BJP leaders whose name came forward in some form of corruption.BJP is also a party which allows a CM to withdraw cases on himself. Look at the abuse of power, then try to think that he is a hero in BJP. He is Yogi Adityanath. He owns guns, gaushalas and of course, works 19 hours per day, 1 hour less than Modi’s 20 hour day. These are the heroes of BJP today, wrong numbers of this age, and Gods of the future.Furthermore, the compromise and control by Modi led BJP of SC, CBI, ED, EC, RBI are dishonest behavior which is dangerous for democracy.Modi is also soft on corruption. Before 2014, he vowed setting up fast track courts for MP’s with criminal cases, vowed of bringing back black money from abroad (which accounts for 95% of black money), but did nothing.BJP passed Finance Bill 2017 which made it non-mandatory for companies to declare donations to political parties. Talk of Fascism - early signs can be seen already!Then, think of a party that starts the system of electoral bonds where individuals and companies can invest in a party anonymously and then the same party goes on to get 95% of all investment. It is BJP. Not only this is anti-democratic, but it is also open to exploit by foreign powers and non-state actors. Worse, as per the system “officially”, the receiver does not know the donor. Imagine Monsanto calling up BJP asking for an account number and promising to donate 5 crores and giving it. Tomorrow if bribery charges are investigated, BJP “officially” does not know the 5 crores came from Monsanto. It’s the legalization of bribery. Do you see or hear media talking about it?BJP spend 27,000 crores for election 2019 or about 45% of all money spent by all parties combined…clean money? You must be joking.As the narrative of clean BJP is so successful, who would not vote for an incorruptible party?8. “If not Modi, then who”, Rahul Gandhi is of course ‘Pappu’ and Kejriwal ‘Khujliwaal’ and Mamata “Jehadi didi”.Rahul Gandhi in the past no doubt made immature statements, but he has matured with time. If he has made a joke of politics in pants, made fun of himself in front of Arnab Goswami, then Modi also has told tea sellers to use gas from nullah to heat water, he also advises air force to attack based on cloud cover as ‘apparently’ it will stop radar. He was also that poor tea seller who used mobile phone and Email in 1988. He says to cheering fans “a plus b square into bracket square is equal to a square plus b square plus 2ab. Extra 2ab milta hai yai nahi milta hai?” *more cheers*”. I mean he can say whatever and get away with it.Rahul Gandhi at least takes questions from the press and has the courage to answer spontaneously, unlike the prepared show for Modi. An interview walkout like what Modi did with Karan Thapar would end the career of Rahul, but look where Modiji is today!Let alone press, Modi also attended parliament session 20 times in his last 5 years, 4 times per year. And he works 20 hours per day! He is really the paradoxical Prime Minister.So why Modi is not “Pappu” and Rahul Gandhi “Pappu”? It is the power of BJP’s PR campaign and social media influence.There is a whole gamut of name calling and character smearing tactics for any and all major opposition leaders. People first laughed, then participated in name-calling, then believed in the slander, and finally voted against them.9. The illusion of prosperity, competency and happinessIf people do not look at bad news and only focus on good news, a bubble can be created where everyone is happy. If someone is not happy is inspired via other issues to vote for BJP.Look at the situation with data:Job data “leaked” indicate India is going through a job crisis worsts in 45 years, quietly admitted after the election was over.Just before election, it came out that India dropped from its 6th place in the world economy to 7th place. But that news was suppressed by all major media house and newspapers except NDTV. The news soon got overshadowed by Balakot.GDP ranking (GDP) | Data CatalogPost-election Government admitted that India shot down its own helicopter after Balakot strike.Data on farmer distress and farmer suicide were censored. Farmers themselves feel the pain. But look at the irony here. Many farmers voted BJP going above their instinct to survive because BJP workers told them if you vote for other parties, you vote for anti-Hindu (where the farmer is Hindu), or anti-national, and that other parties do not take care of the army and is soft with Pakistan.A key element of censoring is BJP’s IT cell who manufactures petrol and fire for use of BJP’s army of vitriolic supporters in social media. If something is not spoken about, written about (for fear of cyberbullying), people cannot educate themselves about it.Another key element is the silencing of RTI activists. Officially, 67 RTI activists have been murdered since Modi’s win and hundreds more attacked. Data accumulated by non-government entities put the combined number of murders, attacks and threats at 438 for RTI activists, 76% by BJP goons. It is really shameful that this was not an issue in Indian election. Not only BJP’s PR muscle, but also weak opposition with no strategy is responsible for media silence on this. Strategically placed, this single issue should have been enough to bring down Modi-Shah. [Edit July 2019: As one of Modi’s biggest post-2019 election move, Modi with help of TRS and BJD made RTI officers susceptible to pay cuts, transfers etc, making the RTI Act effectively dead.]BJP perfected the art of timing with publicity. So testing ASAT weapons before election, which was ready for years; coordinating with BJP sympathetic production houses to release movies like Accidental Prime Minister (almost a caricature of Manmohan Singh) to cement the idea that any PM candidate from Congress will be controlled by Sonia; announcing payouts days or months before the election was also very effective.Then consider that a GDP calculation was done based on output from companies 38% of which are either shell companies or invalid entities and they contributed positively to the GDP figures. What an idea Modiji.The hype of progress was also projected by cherry picking success stories like the Train-18, competitiveness indicator ranking (which BTW is calculated by sampling Delhi and Mumbai), bullet train agreement (going to be a one-off white elephant).This illusion of progress is amplified by the worthless opposition who fell under BJP trap of discussion on Nehru and Rajib, Mandir and Masjid, and what not. The opposition should bring up facts and figures, like Modi Government giving 4.3lakh crore tax corporation to big businesses, and that tax break failing to improve the job situation; they should avoid the BJP trap to talk on perception and talk numbers instead- on all issues, not just this.Modi and Amit Shah duo created a hate-filled and negative narrative for all sections of the society to identify with, consume, believe and ultimately vote. The opposition was smeared. Those who didn’t buy BJP’s story in this category were told ‘then who?’ The last resort has been data manipulation or censoring and over representing the little success that was achieved. Result? Votes for BJP.10. Schemes, schemesThis is a story with at least some success and some truth. However, many of Modi’s big flagship schemes are a failure or on the brink of failure.Namami Ganga: Only a fraction of work is done despite a vast amount of money spent. Pollution increased in the last 5 years in many stretches – with one of the worst pollution in Varanasi, Modi’s own constituency.Swachh Bharat: ODF free districts and villages continue to have open defecation as per CAG report. CAG also found many SBM toilets are lying unused after construction. This contrast with the Government’s own report of 93% of villages ODF. It seems a large percent of villages were declared ODF without audit let alone periodic audits. Further, a RICE survey in UP, Bihar, MP, Rajasthan found 43% of village people still defecate in open contrasting Government reports.Beti Bachao: No quantifiable progress on this which can link any success to this scheme. On the contrary, 56% of the fund allocated to Beti Bachao has been allocated to advertisements alone.Make in India: Manufacturing sector is struggling. Apart from one or two smartphones factory opened in India due to India applying tariff on imported phones, no success to boast off from this re-branded “Made in India” scheme.Jan Dhan Yojna: 91% of accounts opened are without any balance. This is a huge liability for the banks.PM-Kisan: The focus could have been on building storage, providing advisory on yield and quality, ensuring minimum guaranteed price and loan at zero interest or loan payment relief for a few years. Instead, 3 payouts of INR 2000. totalling INR 6000 per year which is better than nothing but not nearly enough, and I thought BJP is against payouts/handouts. Ironically, when any non-BJP government gives payouts, they are defamed as handouts which do not help in the bigger schemes of things, but when any BJP government gives payouts (like in UP by Yogi), they are celebrated as master-stroke.Mudra Yojna (PMMY): The scheme had some initial success, but there is no mechanism to stop frauds. Many fraud cases are being uncovered and many cases of loan to undeserving people or SME are being discovered every day and Mudra loans are turning out to be bad debt by PSU banks. This is a budding crisis as now banks have no idea how much of the money lent will become NPA.Atal Pension Yojna: Met only 11.2% of target. The scheme remains unpopular because Governments own NPS bond gives higher interest.Some schemes with decent starts are AB-PMJAY, PMUY, though both have detractors and it is too early to comment. As for Saubhagya, before even it was launched most works on village electrification was completed in UPA-I and UPA-II era. In 10 years of Manmohan Government, 1,082,280 villages were connected to grid compared to 18,452 by Modi Government. Similarly, NREGA, the continuation of MNREGA has been a success. NPS seems to be good model as well.They will give a view of data in a manner that everything appears as a success, catchy numbers et al, but when you look deep, many are rotting.BJP’s PR machinery has successfully hidden the failures, promoted the success of schemes and gained votes.So what’s next?BJP under Modi and Amit Shah are have embarked upon a project to enforce Hindutva on Indians. Hindutva is a political manifestation of a struggle to make India a Hindu nation. Even 5 years back, the very mention of India being a Hindu nation would have drawn laughs, but more and more demand of Hindu nation is becoming mainstream. BJP is waging psychological warfare on Indians to push the idea of Hindutva. The idea being, to prevent Muslim appeasement or Muslims demanding “Azadi” or prevent “Islamic terrorism”, Hindu nation is the only answer. That day someone told me “What do you care if India becomes a Hindu nation?” If I had any respect for Christian nations of the middle ages, the Islamic nations of the 20th and 21st century, I would not have cared. If I had any respect for Pragya Thakur and Pratap Sarangi, I would not have cared. If I had anything to like about lynchings and riots and Indian mindset regressing to the middle ages, I would not have cared. The guy nevertheless strongly defended the idea. Imagine Congress having a Muslim minister with a charge of terrorism. There would be nationwide riots if a Muslim with terrorism charge gets elected. Get the point?A new norm is catching random people suspected of being thieves or Muslims and thrashing them if they do not chant “Jai Shri Ram”. This is the same thing the world saw in Talibanised Afghanistan where Kafirs were forced to chant “Allah Hu Akbar” and asked to recite verses from the Quran.Sakshi Maharaj once boasted that after 2019, there will be no more elections in India. That’s the worst-case scenario, but it is now somewhat likely that elections will be reduced to formality only. Already there is a push to sell the China model to Indian voters showing China as an example of a successful country with an authoritarian regime. People are buying it. As long as the majority is misled to vote for the wrong causes, a mix of democratic authoritarianism can prevail. So in future India may be a democracy by name, but will be an authoritarian fascist regime with political Hinduism as the driving force.Also, there is a danger of a huge riot instigated by BJP and where BJP will ultimately appear as “saviour” of Hindus from the backlash of Muslims. This can cement BJP’s position for years if not decades.Someone said if you hate someone to your core, your will to defeat them will make you do acts which will rob you of what you are. In its hate of Pakistan, many Indians are demanding another Pakistan, albeit, Hindu.Another trend will continue - manufacture fake history where Sardar Patel and Subhash Bose were nationalistic of the RSS kind and Vivekananda was pro-Hindutva and manufacture a role of RSS in Indian independence. The magic of Modi will also continue wherein amid a job crisis, unemployed educated youths will say “Modiji is right about jobs, I am polishing shoes and an entrepreneur”. That you can never expect from any other leader from any other party. It is a charisma built on illusion, on hate and on the dangerous cocktail of political Hinduism. What’s going on is nothing short of a grand brainwashing experiment of gigantic scale, perhaps the largest since the end of the Cold War. The world does not know that, just like the Indians.I agree on one thing – the uselessness of the opposition. They don’t know what hit them. So unless the other parties unite and understand what’s at stake, Modi will be PM in 2024 and maybe someone from BJP forever. Unless they reach out to public and explain whats happening to India under Modi-Shah, things will not change for the next 20 years.Edit: People, read Jayanta Guha’s comment. He is exhibit one for Amit Shah’s prime strategy (first point), or what happens when one falls for it.P.S.: I am not a Muslim as someone commented below. I was born Hindu, but I am agnostic now, otherwise referred to as “libtard” by Bhakts. I have read the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, several Puranas, Quran, texts from the Old and New Testament and decided to leave all religion. Now I am living with my pseudo secular, commie, libtard, sometime anti-national status.Footnotes[1] MP Giriraj Singh blames Muslims as he calls for a law to control population

Health Consultation El Paso Lower Valley CommunityJuárez North Wastewater Treatment PlantEl Paso, El Paso County, Texas/Juárez, Chihuahua, MexicoDecember 28, 2005Prepared by:The Texas Department of State Health Services Under Cooperative Agreement withU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable of ContentsIntroduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................1 Background...................................................................................................................................1Site Description............................................................................................................................1 Facility Description......................................................................................................................2 Facility History (Timeline) ..........................................................................................................2 Community Health Concerns.......................................................................................................3 Site Visits.....................................................................................................................................4Methods .........................................................................................................................................4 Environmental Monitoring ..........................................................................................................4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control.......................................................................................4 Data Analysis...............................................................................................................................5Discussion ........................................................................................................................................5 Results..........................................................................................................................................5 Contaminants of Concern ............................................................................................................6 Health Effects ..............................................................................................................................6 Public Health Implications...........................................................................................................7 Child Health Considerations........................................................................................................8Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................8 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................8 Public Health Action Plan................................................................................................................9Actions Completed ......................................................................................................................9Actions Planned ...........................................................................................................................9 Authors, Technical Advisors, and Organizations .............................................................10 Report Prepared by ....................................................................................................................10 References ...................................................................................................................................19 Certification ...................................................................................................................................22 APPENDIX A. Acronyms and Abbreviations...........................................................................23 APPENDIX B. Additional Data Evaluation and Results ..........................................................24iiEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationIntroductionResidents of the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood have complained to various agencies and government officials about very strong odors of sewage and human waste that have occurred in their neighborhood since at least 2001. In response to these concerns, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) conducted mobile air monitoring downwind of the Juárez, Mexico, North Wastewater Treatment Plant (JNWWTP) – a likely source for the odors.In February 2003, air samples were collected to measure levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results suggested that the bad odors in the neighborhood were due to high levels of H2S in the air [1]. Hydrogen sulfide has a very low odor threshold and the unpleasant odor of ‘rotten eggs’. It is one of the major gases given off as sewage decomposes [2].In August 2204, TCEQ collected additional data on H2S levels, wind speed, and wind direction. Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) reviewed TCEQ air quality data collected from the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood in 2003-2004. Some H2S levels were above the acute (200 ppb) and intermediate (20 ppb) Environmental Media Evaluation Guides (EMEGs) used by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). EMEGs are media specific concentrations used by health assessors to select contaminants for further evaluation.PurposeIn June 2004, United States (US) Representative Sylvestre Reyes petitioned ATSDR to evaluate whether working or living near the JNWWTP might affect people’s health [3]. Through a cooperative agreement with ATSDR, the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) initiated a health consultation to evaluate these concerns.As part of this process, DSHS gathered information about the community and their concerns from the US census (Table 1), the El Paso City/County Environmental Health District (EPCCEHD), the DSHS Regional Office, and the community. DSHS obtained other historical information from the TCEQ, the International Boundary Water Council (IBWC)-a joint US and Mexico council, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). To evaluate current exposure levels, DSHS obtained available environmental sampling data from TCEQ’s continuous air monitoring station (CAMS) 36. This health consultation reports the methods, findings and conclusions of our evaluation of hydrogen sulfide levels associated with the JNWWTP.BackgroundSite DescriptionThe El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood (where most of the odor complaints have originated) is located near the intersection of the Border Freeway with South Yarbrough Drive, within a few hundred yards of the United States - Mexico border [3]. This low to middle income residential area is adjacent to a large recreational park (JP Shawver Park) which is equipped with a pool, tennis courts, baseball diamonds, playgrounds, and hiking/jogging trails. The neighborhood is less than one mile east of the JNWWTP, which is located in Juárez, Mexico. The Rio Grande1El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationRiver, with canals along US and Mexico banks, flows between the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood and the JNWWTP (Figure 1).Population data for the area surrounding the intersection of Yarbrough Drive and River Road include census tracts 38.01, 38.03, and 38.04. Demographic statistics for those areas include a total population of 13,807 persons in 3,950 households. This population includes 1,038 children less than 5 years of age, 1,665 people over 65 years of age, and 4,264 females between the ages of 18-64. This population consists of about 6,170 whites, 52 blacks, 130 American Indians and Alaska Natives, 17 Asians, and 3,228 people of other races. Of all these, 13,131 are considered to be Hispanic or Latino within any race (Table 1).Facility DescriptionThe JNWWTP (Figure 2) is designed to treat 57 million gallons of sewage/wastewater per day [4]. The plant can be modified to include aerobic digestion (a secondary treatment process), but as of September 2004, it was operating through the Advanced Primary Treatment (APT) stage only. In the APT process, raw sewage comes into the plant, and solid materials such as trash, debris, and grit are removed from the wastewater by settling and skimming. Chemicals are then added to the wastewater to enhance settling of the smaller, finer particles of waste and bacteria remaining. The liquid waste is disinfected with chlorine and discharged to the Aguas Negras, an irrigation canal which parallels the Rio Grande and joins the river about 80 miles downstream [5- 8]. The canal is considered to be part of the treatment process because oxidation and biological breakdown of nutrients occurs in the canal. Fecal coliform levels, however, are still high where the canal and the Rio Grande meet. Evidence of residual sewage has also been observed [6].The settled material (particles/bacteria) is removed and run through a belt press, which lowers the moisture content to about 70%. The resulting sludge is land-applied or stockpiled on site until it can be hauled to a location about 20 kilometers southwest of JNWWTP.Facility History (Timeline)1992 - Planning for the JNWWTP project begins [8].1998 - Construction of the plant commences and is completed in 1999 [7].1999/2000 - The JNWWTP begins operating. Prior to this, raw sewage from Juárez flowed into the Aguas Negras canal. This canal parallels the Rio Grande River and empties into it about 80 miles downstream [7].2001 - El Paso residents living closest to the JNWWTP complain of strong sewage odors to various agencies [9-13]. The El Paso City Council requests that the El Paso City County Health and Environmental District become involved in the odor issue [5].2002 - Complaints to the TCEQ regional office in El Paso (1 March 2002) document the occurrence of offensive odors near the Lower Valley area, Ysleta High School, Riverside High School, South Yarbrough Drive, Pasodale Drive, Alameda Avenue, Padres Avenue, and Zaragoza Avenue. Reasons for the strong odors and high H2S levels likely include the dumping of wet sludge piles on the wastewater plant property, and inadequate slopes of sewer lines from2El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationhomes to the treatment facility. Because sewage remains in the sewage lines longer, anaerobic bacteria have more time to produce H2S and other gases as they break down the sewage.2003 - TCEQ conducts air monitoring downwind of the JNWWTP in February to measure H2S, SO2, and VOCs (including carbonyls) [1]. In June, the municipal authority responsible for operating the plant (Junta Municipal de Agua y Saneamiento-JMAS) requests that US communications about the JNWWTP be coordinated through the IBWC. This request results because a large group of concerned El Paso and Juárez citizens marched on the JMAS to demand an unscheduled meeting at the WWTP [14].2004 - Concerns expressed by residents about possible health effects related to exposure to the odors [9, 15-17] receive the attention of US Representative Sylvestre Reyes. In June, he petitions ATSDR to evaluate whether working or living near the plant could affect people’s health [3].In July, the University of Texas El Paso (UTEP) presents H2S data collected around the JN WWTP to the IBWC. A low-range OdaLog H2S monitor continuously records 10-minute average H2S concentrations (0.01 to 2 ppmv) at the plant property fence. Medium and high-range OdaLog H2S monitors continuously record 60-second average H2S concentrations (0.1 to 50 ppmv, 0.1 to 200 ppmv, and 0.1 to 1,000 ppmv) at sources of interest on the plant property [18].In July, the IBWC meets with stakeholders to discuss the JNWWTP. Representatives from JMAS (the municipal authority responsible for operating the plant) state that they will remove sludge from the facility daily, and transport it to a location away from residential areas on the southwest side of Juárez. Prior to the fall of 2004, sludge was stockpiled in nearby fields owned by the treatment plant or trucked to a landfill southwest of Juárez. Residents of the nearby El Paso neighborhoods have reported that the piles of decomposing sludge near the facility have caused terrible odors. The TCEQ regional office indicates that the sludge is being burned [6].JMAS acknowledges that improvements in plant operation are needed, and that adding aerobic sludge digesters is included in future plans. The IBWC plans to meet every 30 days to update stakeholders about ongoing efforts to reduce H2S emissions and odors at the plant [14].In August, TCEQ installs a 24-hour H2S monitor (CAMS-36) in the neighborhood east of the plant. This monitoring station records date, time of day, wind speed, wind direction and H2S level in ppbv every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day (except for periodic calibration).In September, community members describe the odors as “excrement,” “rotten eggs,” “sewage smell,” “sulfur,” and “horrible when the winds are from the southwest” in conversations with DSHS staff. At a 29 September meeting of IBWC, JMAS, TCEQ and DSHS, it is reported that the plant is meeting water quality standards, but that Mexico does not have air quality standards for facilities which treat wastewater.Community Health ConcernsSince 2001, members of the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood have complained about odors from the JNWWTP. Health concerns such as allergies, upper respiratory problems, shortness of breath, asthma, headaches, and difficulty concentrating have been reported. Other concerns include diminished quality of life and reduced property values [15, 16, 19]. A public comment period was held from November 21 through December 23, 2005. No comments were received.3El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationSite VisitsOn 28 September 2004, DSHS and TCEQ staff visited the CAMS-36 station and toured the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood, located east-northeast of the JNWWTP, to learn about exposure pathways. We observed a children’s playground, baseball diamonds, and other ball fields in a large, open park area between Independence Drive and Border Highway. We did not detect any significant sewage, rotten egg, or H2S-like odors.The following morning we accompanied TCEQ staff to visit the JNWWTP. As we neared the plant, we noticed H2S odors. At the plant, sewage and rotten-egg odors were clearly present.Reasons given for the strong odors and high H2S levels included storing wet sludge piles at, and near, the wastewater plant and inadequate slopes of waste water lines carrying sewage to the treatment facility. Because sewage remains in the sewer lines longer, anaerobic bacteria have more time to produce H2S, and other gases, as they break down the sewage. Steps to reduce H2S emissions included reducing and/or eliminating on-site storage of sludge, odor containment using polyethylene covers over incoming waste streams and Archimedes screw lifts, and breaking down H2S by using Sol-Air C16L & C48LF ultraviolet light generators.DSHS team members contacted some residents by phone in September 2004 for an initial survey of when (time of day) odors were usually noticed, locations in the neighborhood where odors usually were noticed, and descriptions of the odors. DSHS team members met with residents on 12-14 November 2004 and 3 March 2005 to ask for help in gathering information for a two-week period with the intent of comparing reported bad odors with the TCEQ air monitoring data.MethodsEnvironmental MonitoringTCEQ conducted air monitoring downwind of the JNWWTP during 16-22 February 2003. Samples were collected to measure levels of H2S, SO2, and VOCs (including carbonyls). Seven locations along the Texas-Mexico border, and downwind of the JNWWTP, were monitored for H2S and SO2; SO2 was monitored at one additional location. Five locations were selected for sampling VOCs. Only H2S exceeded the TCEQ residential standard of 80 parts H2S per billion parts of air (80 ppbv), which is defined as a 30-minute average H2S level. The maximum H2S level measured was 2,100 ppbv; the average level was determined to be 350 ppbv [1].In August 2004, TCEQ installed a continuous air monitor station (CAMS-36) about 1 mile east- southeast of the JNWWTP and 0.5 mile south of the El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhood. This monitor collected wind speed, wind direction, and H2S levels every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day, except for periodic calibration periods, from 8 August - 30 November 2004. Subsequently, DSHS staff received these data to supplement previous reports of H2S exceedances (defined as 30 minute averages exceeding 80 ppbv) [20].Quality Assurance and Quality ControlIn preparing this health consultation on the public health significance of these data, we relied on information provided by TCEQ regarding adequate and appropriate quality assurance and quality4El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationcontrol (QA/QC) procedures. The QA/QC procedures used by TCEQ were thorough and appeared to be adequate and appropriate for our use of these data.Data AnalysisDSHS staff reviewed air monitoring data from the CAMS-36 monitor operated by TCEQ from 12 August - 30 November 2004. DSHS staff imported text files from the CAMS-36 output into a Microsoft Excel 2000 spreadsheet and a Microsoft Access 2000 database. Maximum H2S levels (5, 30, and 60-minute time periods) were considered in the context of concurrent wind direction, wind speed, and time of day.Thirty-minute average H2S levels at each given time generally were calculated as moving averages of seven recorded, 5-minute, H2S levels starting at fifteen minutes before the nominal time and ending at fifteen minutes after the nominal time. Similarly, 60-minute average H2S levels at each given time were calculated as moving averages of thirteen recorded, 5-minute, H2S levels starting at thirty minutes before the nominal time and ending at thirty minutes after the nominal time. This method was chosen to avoid the positive or negative temporal shift in the moving average curve with respect to the underlying 5-minute data curve, as occurs when historical-only or future-only data, respectively, are used to calculate the moving average. Data were evaluated using various plots, charts and graphs.Discussion ResultsMajor findings are presented here. More detailed results are presented and discussed in Appendix B. Appendix B includes various supporting information including text, figures, graphs and plots.From 12 August – 25 November 2004, 5-minute H2S levels recorded at the CAMS-36 monitoring station ranged from non-detectable to 683 ppbv. About 9.3% of the 30-minute average H2S levels were elevated above TCEQ target exceedance level (80 ppbv), 3.4% exceeded 160 ppbv, and 0.8% exceeded 320 ppbv (Figure 3). Additionally, 1.7% (549 of 31,968 calculated, 30-minute-average, H2S levels) exceeded the acute-duration inhalation MRL of 200 ppbv recommended by the ATSDR.Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution, and exceedance distribution plots of the 30-min averages (expressed in percentages of all values measured) are shown in Figures 4, 5. The H2S exceedances exhibited a clear cyclical pattern, with over 99% occurring between the hours of 6:00 PM and 8:00 AM (Figure 6).Between the hours of 8:00 AM and 6:00 PM (Appendix B, Figure B3a), levels generally are very low (less than 9 ppbv). From 6:00 PM to 8:00 PM, H2S levels tend, on average, to be elevated to near 60 ppbv when the winds are out of the WNW or when they are out of the SE/SSE directions (Appendix B, Figure B3b). For other times of the night and early morning, most H2S elevations appear to have occurred when winds were anywhere from the SE clockwise through the NW (Appendix B, Figures B3c-h).5El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationThe greatest number of the exceedances occurred when the winds are out of the WNW direction - the direction of the JNWWTP (Appendix B, Figures B4a, b). There were three peaks when winds were out of this direction: 9:00 PM, 3:00 AM, and 6:00 AM. There was a secondary set of peaks when winds were out of the SE: 9:00 PM and 4:00 AM (Appendix B, Figures B4c-h). Plotting 5-, 30-, and 60-minute average H2S levels, show a somewhat more muddled picture, with irregular elevations, generally between 12:00 AM and 7:30 AM and wind directions between SSE and NNW. Winds are generally from the WNW or the ESE in the Lower Valley Neighborhoods of El Paso during August - November (Appendix B, Figures B4i, j).The most likely source of the hydrogen sulfide levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. The source of odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown; however, two possible sources, the El Paso Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Juarez South Wastewater Treatment Plant, are on either side of the river approximately 5 miles from the CAMS-36 monitoring station.Contaminants of ConcernHydrogen SulfideHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. Some individuals can smell H2S at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppbv, but, for most of the general population (68%), the detection threshold is between 2 and 30 ppbv. Signs and symptoms of H2S exposure are listed in Table 2. Natural sources of H2S include crude petroleum, natural gas, volcanic gases, hot springs, and decaying organic matter. It also is released from human and animal waste and can be found in sewage treatment facilities, sediments of fish aquaculture, and in livestock barns or manure areas. Industrial sources of H2S include petroleum refineries, natural gas plants, petrochemical plants, coke oven plants, pulp and paper mills, food processing plants, and tanneries [2, 21].Health EffectsAs mentioned in the prior Facility History and Site Visit sections, residents have reported to DSHS that they have experienced health effects associated with H2S exposure. Symptoms mentioned to DSHS staff included chronic headache; nausea; unexplained chronic cough; wheezing; increased asthma; shortness of breath; and irritated, watery eyes.Acute ExposureShort-term exposures to high levels of H2S may cause a variety of adverse health effects. For example, a number of occupational studies have reported respiratory distress in workers with exposures to H2S at levels higher than 40,000 ppbv. These studies also document changes in oxygen uptake and shortness of breath in subjects with short-term exposure to H2S at levels between 5,000 and 10,000 ppbv [22-27].At high concentrations, H2S gas can be a significant eye irritant, causing keratoconjunctivitis, punctuate corneal erosion, blepharospasm, lacrimation, and photophobia [28,29]. A retrospective study of 250 Canadian workers who submitted workers’ compensation claims for H2S exposure found that 18% had developed conjunctivitis, some cases of which persisted for several days [30]. Although acute exposure to H2S may clearly result in eye irritation, none of these instances of ocular exposure have reported permanent eye damage [2, 29-33].6El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationProlonged exposure to high levels of H2S (greater than 100,000 ppbv) can cause a condition known as “olfactory fatigue,” in which the exposed individual is no longer able to smell the gas. Under these circumstances, the person may not be aware of increasing H2S levels [2].Other studies have shown measurable effects at considerably lower levels. For example, a controlled exposure study has reported that 2 out of 10 asthmatics exposed to H2S at 2,000 ppbv for 30 minutes had >30% changes in airway resistance and specific airway conductance, implying bronchial obstruction [22]. This study was used by ATSDR to derive the Minimal Risk Level (MRL) of 200 ppbv for acute-duration inhalation exposures to H2S [2]. In this derivation, they divided the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) of 2,000 ppbv by an uncertainty factor of 10 (3.16 for use of a minimal LOAEL and 3.16 for human variability).Tearing of the eyes has been noted in Fischer-344 rats exposed to H2S at 400,000 ppbv (but not 200,000 ppbv) for 4 hours [34]. Furthermore, guinea pigs exposed to H2S at 20,000 ppbv, 1 hour per day for 20 days, showed signs of eye irritation during the exposure [35]. However, no ocular lesions were found on microscopic examination of the eyes of crossbred pigs exposed to H2S at 8,500 ppbv 24 hours per day for 17 days [36]. Also, no exposure-related histopathological changes were detected in the eyes of F-344 or Sprague-Dawley rats or B6C3F1 mice exposed to Time Weighted Average (TWA) concentrations 10,000; 30,000; or 80,000 ppbv of H2S for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 90 days [37]. ATSDR has derived an MRL for intermediate duration exposure of 20 ppbv [2]. The intermediate MRL is based on an identified NOAEL of 10 ppm and a LOAEL of 30 ppm for olfactory neuron loss and basal cell hyperplasia in the olfactory epithelium of the nose in male Sprague-Dawley rats [2]. This MRL was derived by dividing the estimated human equivalent dose for the NOAEL of 0.46 ppm by an uncertainty factor of 30 [2].Chronic ExposureATSDR has not yet derived a chronic MRL; however, long-term exposure to H2S also may result in adverse health effects. For example, workers in the shale industry, with chronic-duration exposure to H2S at levels often exceeding 20,000 ppbv, have reported chronic neurological symptoms, including fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness [28].A recent study examining health effects in a community exposed to low levels of H2S noted that, after days when H2S levels are consistently above 30 ppbv, there is an increase in asthma-related hospital visits among children [38]. Several studies of communities exposed to low levels of malodorous sulfur compounds (including H2S, methyl mercaptan, and methyl sulfides) reported an increase in nasal symptoms, coughs, and breathlessness or wheezing with increasing air concentrations of these compounds [2]. However, it is not known if these symptoms can be attributed solely to H2S, because other potentially irritating compounds were present as well. Two New York communities and an Indiana community, with chronic exposure to H2S originating from landfills, reported eye, throat, and lung irritation; nausea; headache; nasal blockage; sleeping difficulties; weight loss; chest pain; and asthma attacks. The levels of H2S measured in these communities ranged from 300 ppbv to 4,000 ppbv in ambient air [21, 39].Public Health ImplicationsThe highest 5-minute peak H2S level measured in this El Paso community was 683 ppbv, which is about three times below the LOAEL for H2S (2,000 ppbv), but 1.7% (549 out of 31,968 of the7El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultationcalculated, 30-minute-average, H2S levels) exceeded the acute-duration inhalation MRL of 200 ppbv recommended by the ATSDR. Consequently, it is possible that a few sensitive individuals with asthma may occasionally experience diminished lung function as a result of their H2S exposures in the affected neighborhoods. It is also possible that some individuals may experience stuffy or runny nose, neuropsychological symptoms, or eye irritation when H2S levels are sufficiently elevated. Depending on how sensitive the community is on average to the odor of H2S, levels in the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood exceeded the odor threshold 17–54% of the time during the period from 12 August – 5 November 2004.Child Health ConsiderationsInformation on the toxic effects of H2S primarily pertains to animals and adult humans. It is important to note that children may be more sensitive to certain toxicants than adults [40, 41]. In communities faced with potential exposure to contaminants, the many physical differences between children and adults may require special emphasis. Because children play outdoors and exhibit behaviors that increase their exposure potential, they could be at greater risk than are adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances. A child’s lower body weight and higher relative intake rate results in a greater dose of hazardous substance per unit of body weight. If toxic exposure levels are high enough during critical growth stages, the developing body systems of children can sustain permanent damage. Also, children are dependent on adults for access to housing, for access to medical care, and for risk identification. Thus adults need as much information as possible to make informed decisions regarding their children’s health.We also recognize that the unique vulnerabilities of children demand special attention. Windows of vulnerability (critical periods) exist during development, particularly during early gestation, but also throughout pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence periods when toxicants may permanently impair or alter structure and function [42]. Unique childhood vulnerabilities may be present because, at birth, many organs and body systems (including the lungs and the immune, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems) have not achieved structural or functional maturity. These organ systems continue to develop throughout childhood and adolescence. Children may exhibit differences in absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion of toxicants, resulting in higher biologically effective doses to target tissues.ConclusionsLevels of H2S measured in this area of El Paso are above odor thresholds for normal healthy adults. The most likely source of the hydrogen sulfide levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. The source of odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown; however, two possible sources, the El Paso Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Juarez South Wastewater Treatment Plant, are on either side of the river approximately 5 miles from the CAMS-36 monitoring station.Exposure to levels of H2S measured in the El Paso Lower Valley neighborhood could result in adverse health effects (coughs, diminished lung function, wheezing, stuffy or runny nose, eye irritation, neuropsychological symptoms, nausea, headaches, and sleeping difficulties) for sensitive individuals. We therefore, conclude that the site poses a public health hazard for sensitive adults and children.Recommendations8El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationThe TCEQ should consider identifying other sources of H2S to the SE of the affected neighborhoods and, through air monitoring, try to quantify their contribution to H2S levels.Depending on the results of these investigations, the TCEQ should take additional steps as needed to reduce H2S emissions.The IBWC should continue working with the JNWWTP to reduce releases of H2S.Public Health Action PlanActions Completed1. Technical staff from the TNRCC, the Water Environment Association of Texas, NADBANK, and various volunteer engineering and operations professionals met in April 2002, to develop a resolution to the problem and determine the feasibility of providing wastewater treatment plant operator training.2. In the summer of 2002, JMAS piloted the use of Sol-Air C16L, CF32LF, &/or C48LF ultraviolet light generators to reduce H2S emissions from the wastewater stream at the treatment plant.3. In July 2004, JMAS began transporting sludge from the JNWWTP to a remote landfill area approximately 12 miles to the southwest.4. The TCEQ installed an H2S air monitor (CAMS-36) in August 2004, and, except for a few down periods, they have been monitoring H2S levels at 5-minute intervals since then.5. Applied Environmental Services, an El Paso company, has piloted an odor control treatment system at the facility [16]. Under this system, areas of high emissions are identified and covered with an opaque, nylon-fiber-reinforced, polyethylene sheet. The confined emissions are treated with UV light, which breaks down the H2S according to the reactions outlined in Figure 8d. This process has reduced H2S levels in some areas by as much as a factor of 10.Actions Planned1. AES, an El Paso company, is planning to install permanent cover over the wastewater influent pretreatment canal and over the wastewater lift screws. The installation of the odor control treatment system is planned [16].2. The BECC plans to repair and replace 13 miles of sewage pipes as well as to install 36 miles of pipes to convey wastewater to the North and South WWTPs.3. The JMAS plans to get funding to build a pipeline between the two facilities in order to transport sludge from the north plant to the more remote south plant.9El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAuthors, Technical Advisors, and OrganizationsReport Prepared byRichard A. Beauchamp, MDSenior Medical ToxicologistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupSusan Prosperie, MS, RSEnvironmental SpecialistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupJohn F. Villanacci, PhD, NREMT-IDirectorDSHS, Environmental & Injury Epidemiology & Toxicology BranchTina Walker, EMT-IInformation SpecialistDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupNancy B. Ingram, B.S.Community Involvement LiaisonDSHS, Exposure Investigation and Surveillance GroupATSDR Region 6 RepresentativesJennifer LykeRegional RepresentativeGeorge Pettigrew, P.E.Senior Regional RepresentativeATSDR Technical Project OfficerW. Allen Robison, Ph.D.ToxicologistDivision of Health Assessment and Consultation Superfund and Program Assessment Branch10El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable 1. Demographic Data for the Lower Valley Neighborhoods, El Paso, TX, Based on Year 2000 U.S. Census.2000 Census Tract NumberCategory DescriptionTotal Population Under 5 Years 65 and Above Females 18 to 65White aloneBlack aloneAm Indian and Alaska Native Asian aloneSome other raceHispanic or LatinoTotal Households38.01 38.036,147 3,564 392 270 878 4001,949 1,068455 2,679 21 11 42 353 7 1,317 831 5,944 3,3331,805 98638.04 Total4,096 13,807 376 1,038 387 1,6651,247 4,2643,036 6,170 20 52 53 1307 17 980 3,228 3,854 13,1311,159 3,95011El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTable 2. Signs or Symptoms of Hydrogen Sulfide Inhalation Exposure at Various Air Levels (ppbv).H2S Level (ppbv)Signs or Symptoms of Exposure0.5 – 30 30 – 100300 - 1,000Odor thresholdStuffy or runny nose, neuropsychological symptoms, respiratory symptoms exacerbated in some sensitive asthmaticsIncreased nasal irritation & stuffiness, increased eye complaints, shortness of breath in some sensitive individuals100 – 300Nasal irritation, increasing stuffiness, increased neuropsychological symptoms, eye complaints, increased hospital visits for respiratory complaints including asthma1,000 - 3,000Eye irritation, cough, nasal congestion, increased signs of bronchial obstruction in asthmatics (increased airway resistance & decreased specific airway conductance)3,000 - 10,000Increasing eye & nasal irritation, sleeping difficulties, weight loss, increased blood lactate concentrations, decreased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity, decreased oxygen uptake10,000 - 30,000Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, pronounced eye & nasal irritation, irritability, poor memory, nausea, dizziness, slowed reaction time, short- term mood changes, poor color discrimination30,000 - 100,000300,000 - 1,000,000 >1,000,000Impaired neurologic function; increasing eye, nose, & throat irritation; stinging eyes; conjunctivitis; nausea; breathing difficulties; sleepinessMuscle cramps, low blood pressure, severe respiratory distress, respiratory paralysis, loss of consciousness, death in 30 minutes or lessDeath from respiratory paralysis in less than 20 minutes100,000 - 300,000Olfactory fatigue, severe eye/nose/throat irritation, keratoconjunctivitis (sometimes with subsequent infection), punctuate corneal erosion, blepharospasm, lacrimation, photophobia, headache, visual & memory impairment, rigid movements, reduced motor function, slight tremor, ataxia, psychosis, abnormal motor function12El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationJuarez North Wastewater Treatment PlantYarbrough DriveFigure 1. Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant, El Paso Lower Valley Neighborhoods, and CAM-36 Monitor, USGS Aerial PhotoJ.P. Shawver ParkLower Valley Neighborhood13Border FreewayCAM-36 MonitorEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 2. Model of the Juarez North Wastewater Treatment Plant14Percent Exceeding LevelEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation110%100.00%100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%96.86%Figure 3. Percent of 30-min Average H2S Levels Exceeding Specified Value, CAMS-36 Monitor, El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/0417.13%9.27%5.64% 3.42% 2.26% 1.52% 1.13% 0.80% 0.57% 0.34% 0.22% 0.14% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% >=-40 >=0 >=40 >=80 >=120 >=160 >=200 >=240 >=280 >=320 >=360 >=400 >=440 >=480 >=520 >=560 >=600 >=64030-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)15Percent Exceeding LevelPercent in Level RangeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%79.73%Percent in Level Range3.14%7.86%3.64% 2.21% 1.16% 0.75% 0.39% 0.33% 0.23% 0.23% 0.12% 0.09% 0.06% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02%Figure 4. Percentile Frequency Distribution of 30-min Avg H2S Levels, CAMS-36, El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/04(40)- 0- 40- 80- 120- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 360- 400- 440- 480- 520- 560- 600- 640- (0.1) 39.9 79.9 119.9 159.9 199.9 239.9 279.9 319.9 359.9 399.9 439.9 479.9 519.9 559.9 599.9 639.9 679.930-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)16Cumulative Percentile DistributionEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation120%100%94.36%96.58% 97.74%98.48% 98.87%99.20%99.43% 99.66%99.78% 99.86%99.93% 99.96%99.97% 99.98%100.00% 90.73%80%60%40%20%3.14%Figure 5. Cumulative Percentile Distribution of 30-min Avg H2S Levels, CAMS-36,El Paso, 8/14/04-11/31/0482.87%0%<0 <40 <80 <120 <160 <200 <240 <280 <320 <360 <400 <440 <480 <520 <560 <600 <640 <68030-min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)17Cumulative PercentilePercentEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation14% 12% 10%13.2%8% 6% 4% 2% 0%7.5%8.0%7.4%0.0%0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%Figure 6. Percent Distribution of H2S Exceedances by Hour of the Day, CAMS-36, El Paso, 8/12/04 - 11/30/043.1%6.5% 4.8%5.5%5.8%5.4%5.8%0.4%0.0% 0.0%0.0% 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Hour of the Day1812.3% 11.6%2.3%El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationReferences1. Pechacek N. 2003. IOM from Nathan Pechacek, M.S., Toxicology Section, TCEQ, to Archie Clouse, Director, TCEQ Region 6, El Paso, Re Toxicological Review of Results of Ambient Air Mobile Monitoring, February 16-22, 2003, El Paso, El Paso County. Sept 17, 2003.2. ATSDR. 2004. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; Sept 2004.3. Reyes S. 2004. Petition letter from U.S. Representative Silvestre Reyes, TX, to Dr. Henry Falk, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. June 22, 2004.4. NADB. 1997. North American Development Bank. Fact Sheet, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. North and South Wastewater Treatment Plants Project and Supplemental Wastewater Collection Projects. Sept 30, 1997.5. Castillo J. 2002. Letter from Jorge Castillo, TCEQ, to Mr. David Lara, Community Member Re complaint about offensive odors from the Juárez North Wastewater Treatment Plant. Mar 14, 2002.6. Prosperie S. 2004. Email from Susan Prosperie, DSHS, to Norma Duran, EPA Border Office, and Karl Markiewicz, ATSDR Regional Office, Re information about the Wastewater Treatment Plant and sludge handling at the Juárez North Treatment Plant. July 21, 2004.7. Burris M. 2004. Fax from Martin Burris, IBWC, to Susan L. Prosperie, DSHS, Re the JNWTP, Cd. JNWWTP. September 21, 2004.8. BECC. 1997. BECC STEP II FORM. Junta Municipal de Agua y Saneamiento Cd. JNWWTP, Chih. North and South Wastewater Treatment Plants Project and Supplemental Sewerage Projects http://www.cocef.org/aproyectos/JNWWTP-ing.htm Cd. Juárez, Chih. July 1997.9. Roque A. 2001. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Congressman Silvestre Reyes Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 21, 2001.10. Roque A. 2001. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Ms Fatima Zohra Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Dec 27, 2001.11. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Jose Reyes Ferriz, Mayor, City of JNWWTP, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.12. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Mr. Carlos Ramirez, Commissioner, CILA, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.13. Roque A. 2002. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Mr. Carlos M. Rivera, Director, Border Liaison Office, Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for El Paso residents. Jun 18, 2004.14. Castillo J. 2004. Draft Summary Update on Juárez North Wastewater Treatment Plant as of July 2004 by Jorge Castillo, TCEQ.19El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation15. Lara D. 2002. Letter from Mr. David Lara, Community Member, to Mr. Jorge Castillo, TNRCC, Re offensive sewage odors reportedly from sewage plant at Border Freeway and S Yarbrough Dr. March 1, 2002.16. Lara D. 2002. Letter from Mr. David Lara, Community Member, to Mr. Archie Clouse, TNRCC, Re offensive sewage odors reportedly from sewage plant at Border Freeway and S Yarbrough Dr. Nov 6, 2002.17. Duran N. 2004. Email from Norma Duran, USEPA Border Office, to Susan Prosperie, TDH, and Karl Markiewicz, ATSDR Regional Office, Re information about the Ciudad Juárez wastewater treatment plant (North). August 6, 2004.18. Wen-Whai L, Franco C, Trujillo D. 2004. An Air Impact Study of the Ultraviolet Systems on Reduction of H2S Emissions at the North Wastewater Treatment Plant of Cd. JNWWTP – Progress as of July 6, 2004. Department of Civil Engineering. The University of Texas at El Paso. Presentation to IBWC and others July 6, 2004.19. Roque A. 2004. Letter from Aurelia Roque, Community Member, to Congressman Silvestre Reyes Re offensive odors from the JNWWTP North Wastewater Treatment Plant and health concerns for area residents. Jun 18, 2004.20. Leopold V. 2004. Email from Vincent Leopold, TCEQ, to Susan Prosperie, DSHS, Re H2S exceedances detected at CAMS-36 along the El Paso Border. September 7, 2004.21. New York State Department of Health. 1999. Hydrogen sulfide: Chemical Information Sheet. Rev Aug 1999.22. Jappinen P, Vilkka V, Marttila O, et al. 1990. Exposure to hydrogen sulfide and respiratory function. Br J Ind Med 47:824-828.23. Spolyar LW. 1951. Three men overcome by hydrogen sulfide in starch plant. Ind Health Monthly. 11(8):116-117.24. Bhambhani Y, Singh M. 1991. Physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide inhalation during exercise in healthy men. J Appl Physiol 71(5):1872-1877.25. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1994. Comparative physiological responses of exercising men and women to 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assos J 55:1030- 1035.26. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1996. Effects of 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide inhalation on pulmonary function in healthy men and women. J Occup Environ Med 38:1012-1017.27. Bhambhani Y, Burnham R, Snydmiller G, et al. 1996. Effects of 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide inhalation on biochemical properties of skeletal muscle in exercising men and women. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57:464-468.28. Ahlborg G. 1951. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in the shale industry. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 3:247-266.29. Luck J, Kaye SB. 1989. An unrecognized form of hydrogen sulfide keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ind Med 46:748-749.30. Arnold IMF, Dufresne RM, Alleyne BC, et al. 1985. Health implications of occupational exposures to hydrogen sulfide. J Occup Med 27(5):373-376.20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation31. Audeau FM, Gnanaharan C, Davey K. 1985. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning, associated with pelt processing. N Z Med J 98(774):145-147.32. Deng J-F, Chang S-C. 1987. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in hot-spring reservoir cleaning: Two case reports. Am J Ind Med 11:447-451.33. Stine RJ, Slosberg B, Beacham BE. 1976. Hydrogen sulfide intoxication: A case report and discussion of treatment. Ann Intern Med 85:756-758.34. Lopez A, Prior M, Yong S, et al. 1988. Nasal lesions in rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide for four hours. Am J Vet Res 49:1107-1111.35. Haider SS, Hasan M, Islam F. 1980. Effect of air pollutant hydrogen sulfide on the levels of total lipids, phospholipids & cholesterol in different regions of the guinea pig brain. Indian J Exp Biol 18:419-420.36. Curtis SE, Anderson CR, Simon J, et al. 1975. Effects of aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and swine-house dust on rate of gain and respiratory tract structure in swine. J Anim Sci 41:735-739.37. CIIT. 1983. 90-Day vapor inhalation toxicity study of hydrogen sulfide in Fischer 344 rats. Report to the Chemical Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, by ToxiGenics, Inc. CIIT docket #22063.38. Campagna D, Kathman S, Pierson R, et al. 2004. Ambient hydrogen sulfide, total reduced sulfur, and hospital visits for respiratory diseases in northeast Nebraska, 1988-2000. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14(2):180-187.39. NYSDOH and ATSDR. 1995. Public Health Assessment: Port Washington Landfill, North Hampstead, Nassau County, New York. Prepared by the New York State Department of Health under a cooperative agreement with ATSDR.40. ATSDR. 1995. Child health initiative. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Department of Health and Human Services.41. US EPA. 1998. The children’s environmental health yearbook. US Environmental Protection Agency.42. US EPA. 2000. Strategy for research on environmental risks to children. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/R-00/068, Section 1.2.21El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationCertificationThis public health consultation on hydrogen sulfide exposures in El Paso (El Paso County), Texas and JNWWTP, Chihuahua, Mexico was prepared by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) under a cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). It is in accordance with methods and procedures approved at the time the public health consultation was initiated. Editorial review was completed by the Cooperative Agreement partner.________________________________________________Technical Project Officer, CAT, SPAB, DHAC, ATSDRThe Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, ATSDR, has reviewed this public health consultation and concurs with its findings.____________________________________________ __Team Lead, CAT, SPAB, DHAC, ATSDR22El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAPPENDIX A. Acronyms and AbbreviationsAES Applied Environmental ServicesATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryBECC Border Environment Cooperation CommissionCAMS Continuous Air Monitoring StationCILA Comisión de Limites y Aguas (the Mexican Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission)DSHS Texas Department of State Health Services (formerly TDH) EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EPCCEHD El Paso City/County Environmental Health District EPLVN El Paso Lower Valley NeighborhoodH2S Hydrogen sulfideIBWC International Boundary Water CouncilJMAS Junta Municipal de Agua y SaneamientoJNWWTP Juárez North Wastewater Treatment PlantNJWTP North Juárez Wastewater Treatment Plantppbv Parts per billion by volumeppmv Parts per million by volumeRfD Reference DoseSO2 Sulfur DioxideTCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (formerly TNRCC) TDH Texas Department of HealthTNRCC Texas Natural Resources Conservation CommissionVOC Volatile Organic Compound23El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationAPPENDIX B. Additional Data Evaluation and ResultsInitial display of the data consisted of a series of 15 charts (Figures B1a-o) plotting 30-min average H2S levels (ppbv) by date and time of day, each chart spanning 7 days of the 15-week measurement period from August 12 - November 25, 2004. For each 30-min average H2S level, the corresponding 30-min average wind direction (0-360 degrees) was plotted as a separate series using the same numeric scale (0- 700) used for H2S levels. In some of the charts, when the wind direction repeatedly crossed the 0o/360o direction (i.e., due north), 360o was either added to or subtracted from the wind direction value in order to reduce the apparent but misleading dramatic fluctuations in wind direction. For reference, the TCEQ 30- min average H2S Target Exceedance Level of 80 ppbv was plotted as a third series on each chart.Review of the preceding 15 charts showed a clear cyclical pattern for H2S emissions with nearly all of the significant elevations occurring between the hours of 6:00 pm and 8:00 am. Based on the data reviewed, the H2S levels at the CAMS-36 station exhibit a two phase peak during the night time hours. The first occurred at 9:00 pm (range, 6:00 pm to 11:00 pm) and the second at 3:00 am (range, 1:00 am to 5:00 am). The average level during the period from 6:00 pm to 8:00 am was 10 times higher than the period from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm (43.3 vs. 4.38 ppbv).Although it appears that many elevations coincided with winds from the west or northwest, other elevations occurred when winds were out of the south, southwest, and southeast. In an attempt to identify these temporal and directional patterns, all data points were coded to one of the 8 major points of the compass (i.e., N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, or NW). Mean H2S levels were calculated for each 5-min period of the day from August 12 - November 25, 2004 and for winds coming from each of the 8 major points of the compass. The wind directions most commonly associated with elevated H2S levels also demonstrated a biphasic peak, with one directional peak occurring when winds are from the west-northwest (292.5o, range 270o – 315o) and the other directional peak occurring when the winds are from the southeast (135o, range 112.5o - 157.5o).These data were then used to generate 30-min average and 60-min average H2S levels. These data are shown in Figures B2a-i along with the 5-min average levels and the TCEQ 30-min average H2S Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv).For better directional analysis, all data points were coded to one of the 16 standard points of the compass (i.e., N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, or NNW). Average H2S levels were calculated for each 2-hour period of the day from August 12 - November 25, 2004 and for winds coming from each of the 16 standard points of the compass.These data were plotted as an Excel 2000 “Radar Plot” showing the magnitude of the average H2S level by wind direction for each 2-hour period of the day. The resulting “Radar Plots” were then superimposed over an aerial photo of the area of concern taken by the US Geological Survey on 26 March 2002.The CAMS-36 monitoring station is located at the origin of the plots, and the JNWWTP is located at the end of the WNW radial grid line (Figures B3a-i). The most likely source of the H2S levels when the wind is out of the WNW is the JNWWTP, which lies at a bearing of 292o from the CAMS-36 station. The source of the odors when the winds are out of the SE is unknown, however, two possible sources include the Juárez South WWTP and the El Paso WWTP, both of which lie about 5 miles SSE of the CAMS-36 monitoring station, but are on opposite sides of the river. Elevated H2S levels, when the winds are from the south to the west (180o to 270o), could be arising from the partially treated sewage as it passes down the Aguas Negras canal parallel to the Rio Grande River.24El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationTo further illustrate temporal and directional patterns, 3-dimensional contour plots of H2S levels were generated with hour-of-the-day on the x-axis, wind direction on the y-axis, and number of exceedances, 5- minute H2S levels, 30-minute average H2S level, or 60-minute average H2S level on the z-axis (Figures B4a-h). Similar contour plots showing wind direction frequencies were generated, with hour of the day on the x-axis, wind direction on the y-axis, and 5-minute wind direction counts on the z-axis (Figures B4i-j).The contour plots of H2S exceedances (Figures 4a, b) clearly show that the greatest number of the exceedances occur when the winds are out of the WNW direction - the direction of the JNWWTP. There are three temporal peaks when the winds are out of this direction, one at 9:00 PM, another at 3:00 AM, and a third minor peak at 6:00 AM. There is a secondary set of peaks when the winds are out of the SE, one occurring at 9:00 PM and another at 4:00 AM.Plotting 5-, 30-, and 60-minute average H2S levels (Figures 4c-h) shows a somewhat more muddled picture, with irregular elevations, generally between 12:00 AM and 7:30 AM and wind directions between SSE and NNW. The winds are generally out of the WNW or the ESE in the Lower Valley Neighborhoods of El Paso from August – November (Figures 4i, j).25El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B126El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010008/12/04 -10070060050040030020010008/19/04 -10070060050040030020010008/26/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)Figure B1a. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/12/04-8/19/04Figure 2a. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/12/04 - 8/19/048/13/04 8/14/048/15/04 8/16/04 8/17/04Date and Time8/18/04 8/19/04Figure B1b. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/19/04-8/26/04Figure 2b. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 8/19/04 - 8/26/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)8/20/04 8/21/048/22/04 8/23/04 8/24/04 8/25/048/26/04Date and TimeF i g u r F e i g 2 u c r . e H B 1 2 c S . H L e 2 S v e L l e s v ( e p l s p b ( p v p ) , b C v ) A , MC A S M 3 S 6 , 3 E 6 , l E P l a P s a o s , o 8 , / 2 8 6 / 2 / 6 0 / 4 0 4 - - 9 9 / / 2 2 / / 0 0 4 430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)8/27/04 8/28/048/29/04 8/30/04 8/31/049/1/04 9/2/0427Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010009/2/04 -100700 600 500 400 300 200 1000 8/19/04-10070060050040030020010009/16/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FiguFriegu2rde. BH12dS. HL2eSvLeelsve(lpsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASMS363,6E, lEPl aPsaoso, ,99/2/2/0/044-9//9//00449/3/04 9/4/049/5/04 9/6/04 9/7/04 9/8/049/9/04Date and TimeFFigigurre 2Bb1.e.HH22S Levels (ppbvv),),CCAAMMSS363,6E, lEPl aPsaos, o9,/98/0/149-9/0/146-/084/2 6 /0 430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppb)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppb)8/20/048/21/048/22/048/23/048/24/04 8/25/048/26/04Date and TimeFiguFriegu2rfe. BH12f.SHL2eSvLeelvse(lpsp(pbpvb),vC),ACMASMS363,6E, El Pl Paassoo, ,99/1/166/0/044-99/2/233/0/044H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)9/17/049/18/049/19/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)9/20/04 9/21/04289/22/04 9/23/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation70060050040030020010009/23/04 -10070060050040030020010009/30/04 -100700600500400300200100010/7/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)Figure B1g. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 9/23/04-9/30/04Figure 2g. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 9/23/04 - 9/30/049/24/04 9/25/049/26/04 9/27/04 9/28/04 9/29/049/30/04Date and TimeFiguFreigu2hre. BH12hS. HL2eSvLeelsve(plsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASM3S63,6E,lEPl aPsaos,o9, /93/030/0/044-10//7//04430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/1/0410/2/0410/3/0410/4/04 10/5/04 10/6/0410/7/04Date and TimeFiguFriegu2ri.e BH12iS. HL2eSvLeelsve(plsp(bpvp)b,vC),ACMASM3S63,6E, lEPl aPsaos,o1, 010/7/7/0/044-10//144/0/04430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)10/8/04 10/9/0410/10/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/11/042910/12/0410/13/0410/14/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation700600500400300200100010/14/04 -100700600500400300200100010/21/04 -100700600500400300200100010/28/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FigFiugruere2jB. 1Hj. 2HS2SLeLveevelsls(p(ppbv), CAMS 36,, EllPaassoo, ,1100/1/41/40/40-410- /1201/2041/0410/15/0410/16/0410/17/0410/18/0410/19/0410/20/0410/21/04Date and Time FiguFirgeu2rek.B1Hk2.SH2LSevLevlsel(sp(pbpvb)v,)C, CAAMMSS3366,,EllPaso, 10/21//04-1-01/208/2/084/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)10/22/0410/23/0410/24/0410/25/0410/26/0410/27/0410/28/04Date and TimeFigFuigruere2lB. 1Hl.2HS2LSeLveevlesls(p(ppbbvv)),,CAMS 36, El Paso,,1100/2/288/0/044-1-11/014//40/40430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)10/29/0410/30/0410/31/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/1/04 11/2/043011/3/04 11/4/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation700600500400300200100011/4/04 -100700600500400300200100011/11/04 -100700600500400300200100011/18/04 -10030-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)FiguFriegu2rme .B1Hm2.SHL2eSvLeelvse(lpsp(pbpvb),vC), ACMASMS363,6E, El Pl Paassoo, ,111/4/4/0/04-111/1/11/0/04411/5/04 11/6/04 11/7/04 11/8/04Date and Time11/9/04 11/10/0411/11/04Figure B1n. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 11/11/04-11/18/04Figure 2n. H2S Levels (ppbv), CAMS 36, El Paso, 11/11/04 - 11/18/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/12/0411/13/0411/14/0411/15/0411/16/0411/17/0411/18/04Date and Time FigFuigreur2eoB.1Ho.2HS2LSeLveevlesls(p(ppbbvv),),CAMS36, El Paso,,11/1/188/0/044-1-11/215//2054/0430-Min Avg H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv)H2S Level (ppbv) H2S Level (ppbv)11/19/0411/20/0411/21/04Wind Direction (degrees)TCEQ Target Exceedance Level (80 ppbv)11/22/043111/23/0411/24/0411/25/04Date and TimeEl Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B232El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation24020016012080 40 0Figure 3a. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2a. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 – 11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the North 30-Min Avg - Winds from the North60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayFFigiguurere3Bb.2bH.2HS2LSeLvevlse(lpsp(bpvp)bbvy) bTiymTeimofeDoafyD(aAyve(Aravgeeradgferodmfro8/m128/0/142-/0114/3–01/014/3) 0/04) C A CM AS M- 3 S6 , 3 E 6 l , P E a l s Po a s o24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the Northeast 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Northeast60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northeast nce Level (80 ppbv)24020016012080 40 0Figure 3c. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2c. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 – 11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the East 30-Min Avg - Winds from the East60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Eastnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:0033Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFFigiguurere3Bd2. dH.2HS2LSeLvevlsel(spp(pbpv)bbvy) bTyimTeimoef Doaf yD(aAyv(eAravgeeradgferodmfro8m/128/0/142-/0141-/1301/0340)/04) C AC MA SM - S3 6 3, 6E , l EP l a Ps oa s o24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the Southeast 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Southeast60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southeast nce Level (80 ppbv)FFigiguurere3Be.2eH.2HS2LSeLvevlsel(spp(pbpv)bbvy) bTyimTeimoef DoafyD(aAyv(eAravgeeradgferodmfro8m/128/0/142-/0141-/3101/0340)/04) CACMASM-3S63, 6E,l EPlaPsoaso24020016012080 40 012:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day5-Min Peak - Winds from the South 30-Min Avg - Winds from the South60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southnce Level (80 ppbv)24020016012080 40 0Figure 3Bf.2fH. H2S2SLeLveevlesl(sp(ppbpvb) vb)ybTyimTiemoef oDfaDy a(Ayv(eArvaegreadgefrdomfro8m/128//0142/-0141-/1310/3004/)04) C CA AM MS - S 3 6 3 , 6 E , l E P l a P s a o s o5-Min Peak - Winds from the Southwest 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Southwest60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Southwest nce Level (80 ppbv)3412:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation24020016012080 40 0Figure 3g. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2g. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)C A CM AS M- 3 S6 , 3E6l , PEal sPo a s o5-Min Peak - Winds from the West 30-Min Avg - Winds from the West60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Westnce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day24020016012080 40 0Figure 3h. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2h. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from the Northwest 30-Min Avg - Winds from the Northwest60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam the Northwest nce Level (80 ppbv)12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of Day24020016012080 40 0Figure 3i. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04 - 11/30/04) Figure B2i. H2S Levels (ppbv) by Time of Day (Averaged from 8/12/04-11/30/04)CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS 36, El Paso5-Min Peak - Winds from All Directions 30-Min Avg - Winds from All Directions60-Min Avg - Winds fro TCEQ Target Exceedam All Directions nce Level (80 ppbv)3512:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00Time of DayAvg H2S Level (ppbv) Avg H2S Level (ppbv)Avg H2S Level (ppbv)El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B336El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3a. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.37El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3b. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.38El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3c. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 8:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.39El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3d. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the timeperiod 10:00 p.m. – 12:00 a.m. (amended 5/12/06)40El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3e. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 12:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m.41El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3f. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 2:00 a.m. – 4:00 a.m.42El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3g. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 4:00 a.m. – 6:00 a.m.43El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B3h. Average H2S Level (ppbv) by wind direction at the CAMS-36 monitor, El Paso, TX, 8/12/04 – 11/30/04. For the time period 6:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.44El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigures B445ENEN 1214 16SSW SE18 20NNW W22 02 46 810 12El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4a. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time Figure 5a. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and TimeWind DirHour of Dayof Day, CAMS-36, El Paso of Day, CAMS-36, El Paso4655 50 4540 35 30Number of H2S Exceedances25 20 1550-55 45-50 40-45 35-40 30-35 25-30 20-25 15-20 10-15 5-10 0-510 5 0El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4b. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time of Day, Figure 5b. Number of H2S Exceedances (>80 ppbv) by Wind Direction and Time of Day, CAMS-36, El PasoNumber of H2S Exceedances50-5545-5040-4535-4030-3525-3020-25CAMS-36, El PasoNNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEE15-20 ENE10-15 NE5-10 NNE0-5 N 121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112Hour of Day47ENEN 12SSW SE15 18NNW W210369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4c. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure 5c. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and HourWind DirectionCAMS-36, El Pasoof Day, CAMS-36, El Paso48Hour of Day180 160 1405-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120 100 80160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-2060 40 200El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4d. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Hour of Day and Wind Direction, Figure 5d. 5-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Hour of Day and Wind Direction,5-MinAvg H2S (ppbv)NNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEEENENENNEN160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day49ENEN 12SSW SE15 18NNW W210369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5e. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Figure B4e. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,Wind DirectionDay, CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso50Hour of Day180 160 14030-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120 100 80160-180 140-160 120-14060 100-120 40 80-100 20 60-800 40-60 20-400-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5f. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure B4f. 30-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,30-Min Avg H2S 160-180N NNW NW WNW W WSW SW SSW S SSE SE ESE E ENE NE NNE N140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Wind DirCAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day51ENEN 12SSW SE15 18210NNW W369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure B4g. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure 5g. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour ofWind DirectionHour of DayCAMS-36, El Paso Day, CAMS-36, El Paso5220 018016014060-Min Average H2S Level (ppbv)120160-180 100 140-16080 60 40120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationFigure 5h. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day, Figure B4h. 60-Minute Average H2S Levels (ppbv) by Wind Direction and Hour of Day,60-Min Avg H2SN NNW NW WNW W WSW SW SSW S SSE SE ESE E ENE NE NNE N160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Wind DirCAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day53ENEN 12SSW SE15 18210NNW W369El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health ConsultationWind DirectionHour of DayFigure B4i. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day, Figure 5i. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day,CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso54280 260 240220200 5-Min Wind180Dir Counts160260-280140 240-260120 100 80220-240 200-220 180-200 160-180 140-160 120-140604020 100-120080-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20El Paso – JNWWTP North Treatment Plant – H2S Final Health Consultation5-Min Wind Dir CountNNNWNWWNWWWSWSWSSWS Wind Dir SSESEESEEENENENNEN260-280 240-260 220-240 200-220 180-200 160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20Figure B4j. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day, Figure 5j. Counts for 5-Minute Wind Direction Measurements by Hour of Day,CAMS-36, El Paso CAMS-36, El Paso121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011Hour of Day55