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The internet’s biggest and updated exhaustive list of the best jobs for English majors and other humanities degrees (BA, MA, and PhD).After you finish this post, I also wrote an article about 5 emerging careers most humanities majors don’t know about and published a very helpful interview and article called, the Ultimate Guide to English Major Careers here.Finally, after struggling for two years, I share my advanced advice and practical steps in my eBook, which lays out a 18-week practical roadmap and shows you how to market your degree to employers.Let’s go through this long list of jobs. By the way, after you’re done this list I recommend my other post: 23 of the best jobs for History majors. It has more examples and all the jobs are relevant to English majors as well.It was April. My last month at graduate school. I was walking through the bright library searching for books to help me find a career with my English degrees (BA and MA in English). It seemed grim. Where do English majors end up after graduation? Teach? A proofreader? Teach?English BAs, MAs, and PhDs really end up in a bunch of different places. We struggle for a bit after graduation. We complain to each other. And then we disperse.The hard part, though, involves knowing where to begin. And to be honest, that day in the library when I discovered that English majors could do many different jobs, I was a little excited, even though I knew that my real dream job was being a professor.As this list of the best English major jobs will show, there is a real sense of freedom in doing an English degree. You can be so many things, work in so many industries, and find a rewarding career in an industry you may have never expected.Also, these jobs are not just for English majors–PhD’s in social sciences, history majors, and basically any humanities degree has a shot at these jobs.It’s a big list. Enjoy.Also, if you have a career to add or some advice for breaking into any of these industries, please leave a comment.Writing Jobs for English MajorsSearch Engine MarketingSearch engine marketing is a growing industry, which has attracted many English and humanities majors. It requires a combination of analytical ability and creativity, making English degrees often desired. As this industry is so young, you can’t learn this stuff in university, making it wide-open for motivated people with strong analytical skills.What do search engine marketers do? They help companies use digital channels to market their products. This includes online advertising, search engine optimization (SEO), and the use of web analytics to study how visitors interact with websites. You don’t need to be a programmer to work in search engine marketing. But, the thought of learning about the architecture of the web should excite you.How to break in? Start learning about the industry and then get an entry-level job in a search engine marketing agency. A great place to begin is to take the Google Certification Courses. Google offers certifications in all major areas of online marketing an after you are ‘Google Certified,’ employers will take you more seriously. This is inexpensive as well with each test only costing $50 and you can learn online for free.There are also a zillion blogs, books, and online courses to take. Read some!Direct Response CopywritingLots of English majors have become direct response copywriters. Fundraising letters, offers from cable and cell-phone companies, and other mail-based marketing are probably the work of some humanities major turned direct response copywriter.One of the most famous direct response copywriters, Michael Masterson, has a PhD in the humanities. He worked as a college professor before leaving the academic life to become a millionaire.I work in direct response, although in the digital marketing space. This industry requires an understanding of human psychology (why people buy), creativity, and the ability to use words in a way that inspires trust and an emotional connection between writer and reader.Direct response is a great path if you want to sell out like I did. Tons of writers, old humanities majors, and closet intellectuals are hiding out in the direct response industry.Digital CopywriterBanner ads, creative social media campaigns, blog posts, whitepapers, e-books, online strategies, landing pages, website copy, and viral promotion ideas–you’ll be writing all that fun stuff if you decide to work as a digital copywriter. Great job. Tons of humanities majors work as digital copywriters.How to break in? Write a funny, charming, intelligent letter to an agency and try to get an internship.B2B Content MarketingWith the rise of digital marketing, the need for content online has exploded. This is the age of the writer. B2B (business-to-business) sales involves long, complicated sales processes. People don’t just buy, for example, a $60,000 software suite for a corporation in an afternoon. They research different solutions online, check out reviews, and search for whitepapers. Content marketing responds to the age of Google and is one digital marketing channel that has grown in the past 10 years.There is a big demand for smart researchers and intelligent writers.Breaking into content marketing requires you to understand the basics of marketing and to have writing samples. Lost? My book, How to Find a Career with Your Humanities Degree in 126 Days, offers a complete program to help you break down a big career move like this into manageable, daily actions.News ReporterIt’s a myth that you need to take broadcasting or communications in college to get a job as a news reporter. Many humanities majors work at news stations. This industry values excellent writing abilities and a fast ability to analyze and produce quality work. You also need to be able to spot grammar slips and be able to write concisely. Research skills, of course, are needed as well.If you want to break into this industry you need to, at least, understand what content is news worthy and know the principles of journalism. Buy a few books. Most people break in as an intern. However, if you can demonstrate that you have the skills needed, then somebody will give you a chance.Technical WriterMany English majors become technical writers. Technical writing involves writing user manuals for consumer products, instruction manuals, and other technical, complex documents that products need. It is quite high-paying, although can involve a lot of contract work.Thomas Pynchon, the author of the famous novel Gravity’s Rainbow, worked as a technical writer, creating user manuals for a space rocket company.This industry is relatively hard to break into as most jobs advertised ask for a few years of experience (I guess nobody wants a rocket-ship manual written by an amateur).However, Rober Nagle, a humanities M.A. turned technical writer, offers some advice for getting around the ‘must have 5 years experience in technical writing’ dilemma. If this field interests you, head over to Robert Nagle’s very cool blog called IdiotProgrammer.com.JournalismIt’s also a myth that all journalists went to journalism school. Roy Peter Clark, for example, a very famous journalist, did a PhD in Medieval Culture before taking this industry by storm.However, before getting a job you need to understand the principles of journalism. And being a smart writer with interesting ideas for articles helps. Be sure to get some writing samples together.Public RelationsMany English majors end up in public relations. In the past decade, public relations has seen quite a bit of growth (compared to traditional advertising agencies) and even though the decline of traditional media has complicated things, private companies and governments will always need writers to help get their messages out to the public.What will you do in a PR firm? Junior staff will be given tasks such as writing news releases, pitch letters, crafting newsletters, finding content to send out on social media accounts, and writing web copy or brochures. As you move up the ranks, you will learn more about the strategic side of things. PR strategies are generally aimed at helping companies get PR coverage and using the media to shape the public’s perception of a company.Governments also hire PR writers to work in-house. Often called Press Secretaries, your job would be to keep the public informed about the activity of different governmental agencies, explain policy, and work on political campaigns.Do you need a degree in public relations to get a job in the industry? No. Many PR professionals come from various backgrounds. However, you should be a strong writer with a keen sense of detail (no typos! And front-page news is no place to mix up the details about your client’s company!) That said, practical experience in the industry helps and so internships and contract positions are a common way to break into PR.As one English major turned PR pro describes writing a news release: “I need to do what I did for every essay I wrote for an English class, [such as] figure out the main point, extract the important information and compile it into a coherent document,” she says.Also, don’t overlook temp agencies and temporary positions as you try to break into PR. “Temporary positions,” says an English major-turned Communications Coordinator, “can help students and recent graduates gain additional experience and try out positions in a variety of fields. The experience can help them obtain a full-time job.”And remember that PR is a very, very big field. Most colleges and universities, government agencies, medical institutions, and professional organizations have their own internal PR departments. There are a ton of jobs and opportunities for people who take the time to develop this skill-set.Other careers related: Public Relations Specialist; Public Relations Assistant.Corporate BloggerBig companies like IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo! and Dell often require corporate bloggers. In the past ten years, the need for content has exploded with the internet, making the demand for writers increase. These corporate blogs are used as ‘branding’ tools, offering free and helpful content to their customers.Even smaller corporations (for example, Mint: Money, Bill Pay, Credit Score & Investing) have company blogs and require a vast amount of content each day. Many English majors, of course, end up writing these corporate blogs.A corporate blogger plans content schedules, comes up with new ideas for articles and whitepapers, runs social media accounts, monitors traffic and feedback, and of course writes a lot of blog posts.To break into this job, you would benefit from having some experience writing for an audience (for example, a newspaper or magazine) and must be proficient in the basic blogging platforms and online writing techniques.However, there are junior positions out there (as writing a blog can be tedious and extra help is needed).An excellent way to break into the industry would be to email a fairly well-known blog and to volunteer your services as an editor or proofreader. Even massive blogs are often run by a handful of people and so it is relatively easy to get in touch with those in charge. Working for free for a few months will get you some experience and if the blog is fairly well-known it will be a nice resume item. They will most likely let you write a post as well–and then you have a published writing sample.While strong writing skills are required, don’t forget to learn about the basic principles of online writing. These can be learned quite quickly.Here is a short guide to online writing principles and blogging that I wrote. It covers essential tools online writers need to know, how to build an audience, and major mistakes to avoid when making the switch from traditional print writing to digital content.Nonacademic Research JobsMarketing ResearcherA former PhD in History that I interviewed on my blog left academia to become a market researcher. This industry is high-paying and involves detailed research as well as the ability to spot larger trends and come up with creative solutions to marketing problems.Typically, you’ll need to know statistics. History majors do well in marketing research as they are able to analyze data.So what do market researchers actually do? Market researchers run or develop studies to gauge how consumers think and act. Often psychology or social science PhDs can get jobs outside of academia as market researchers as they have been trained in statistics and research methodologies. As mentioned, history PhD’s can also find work as market researchers.Job growth is robust for those in this industry with advanced degrees, including PhDs. The average wage for a market researcher is $61,580 (as reported by national labor surveys in 2009.)You can read my interview with this History PhD turned market researcher here.Other careers similar to marketing researcher, which require similar skill-sets are: Market Research Analyst.Policy AnalystPhilosophy PhD’s and history majors often end up as policy analysts for governments. This job involves gathering and analyzing information to help plan, develop, and interpret new policies–both in the government and industry.Most policy analysts have advanced education and may hold a masters and doctorate degree. The typical degrees are in the social sciences, political sciences, history, economics, resource management and law.Here’s some advice about becoming a policy analyst:“Gain experience by working in the private or government sector where you will be constantly exposed to policy making. Working for a congressional or a senatorial official will also be an advantage as well as working for nonprofit organizations such as charitable institutions and other philanthropic organizations where company policies are very essential.”High Paying Jobs for English MajorsSalesForget about the image of the out-going sleazy sales person. Modern selling is about nuance and understatement. Even quiet people can become excellent sales people as they disarm buyers.After grad school I began dabbling into the industry. It really is a cool industry filled with bright, talented, interesting people. Plus, you can make a ton of money.Sales involves a continual analysis of psychology and it is a vast, complex subject. Listen to this podcast (the Advanced Selling Podcast)–to get a taste.Best of all, most innovative sales companies hire on attitude. You don’t need 10 years of experience for a smart manager to see some potential in you. Selling is a special art and from what I’ve read, most of the really successful sales gurus come from very diverse backgrounds.Sales requires excellent communication skills, analysis, sensitivity, and empathy–all skills that most bright English Majors have developed.Search Engine OptimizationSearch engine optimization is the technical process of helping search engines properly analyze and ‘rank’ web pages. It is a relatively new industry. And humanities majors can do very well in SEO as they have the ability to perform excellent research and to see larger patterns in data. SEO also requires content production and humanities majors can put their writing skills to work.SEO is also fast-changing and so there are no colleges that really offer a degree in it. Good news for you! Motivated, smart self-learners thrive in this space.LobbyistIn Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan tempts Eve with a distinct set of classical rhetorical devices. Clearly, Satan is trained as a humanities major and also would make an excellent lobbyist.I have no idea what exactly lobbyists do or how to break into this industry. However, this job requires you to be articulate, intelligent, and cunning. If you are smart enough to become a lobbyist, you are smart enough to find a way to break into this industry.Money and power? An English major turned lobbyist is definitely a career endorsed by Sell Out Your Soul - A Career Guide for Lost Humanities Majors.Investor RelationsI never knew about this job until I did some work for a company that made software for the financial industry. In basic terms, large companies (such as Pepsi) have to keep up the public’s interest in their stock. For example, when the new hot startup has an IPO it will generate a lot of interest and people run to buy the stock. But after the buzz has died down, companies need to keep the market interested in buying and trading their stock.So what would you do? Basically, it’s a marketing job with a finance twist. You’d be managing the corporate message and story you are telling to press and investors. This involves talking to analysts, meeting with media and investors, and establishing policies for disclosure. You would also create presentations, write earnings releases and annual reports.Part of your job would also be informing the board of directors with intelligence about the company’s shareholder base. You would also present reports on how analysts and investors perceive the company’s strategy (for example, an old candy company might be perceived as out-of-touch with today’s teen so it’s time to launch a contest Mr. Wonka and drive up new interest in the company stock!).How to break into this job? This job is high paying and you’d likely earn a very comfortable wage as you progressed into senior roles. But you’ll need a strong analytical ability to do this job. Employers will also want some financial knowledge. In my experience, though, it’s a myth that all English Majors are bad at math (I’ve met some technical ones), so if that’s you begin with a Google Search: How to get into Investor Relations.You can also find these people really easy as investor relations departments list their emails on company websites. So, you might email an investor relations professional, explain your situation and background, and ask for some tips to break into the industry.Inside SalesLarge corporations often have complicated sales cycles. This means that selling isn’t as easy as ‘pitching a new client’ and involve complicated processes and structures. There are sales people who travel and give presentations to potential new clients. And then there are inside sales people. These sales people prepare quotes, find supporting documentation, and execute sales campaigns.Strong communication skills, social intelligence, and knowledge of ‘job-specific’ office software (like Excel) is needed. Break into this industry through a temp agency. Some people begin in an administrative position and then move up in the company.Stock BrokerI don’t know exactly how you might get a job on Wall Street. But I do know that humanities majors have become stockbrokers. As one PhD in English who now works on Wall Street put it, “making the switch from analyzing literature to analyzing stock was easy. They both involve analyzing fiction.”eCommerce AnalystOnline marketing requires analysis. Over the past decade, tracking technology has really evolved and most complex marketing campaigns will test, track, and measure just about every dollar they spend online. Humanities majors can find work as eCommerce analysts.In this job, you will be tasked with figuring out why certain campaigns are working, why people aren’t buying from a client’s website, and how to help online marketing budgets bring back more profit. Flint McGlaughlin has a PhD in philosophy and is a world-known eCommerce analyst.This job requires intimate knowledge analytic and tracking software. You will also need to understand the principles of online conversion (which can be learned by reading the millions of blogs dedicated to the topic).This is a fast-paced industry and many analysts come from various educational backgrounds. Hard-core analysts will need mathematical ability and knowledge of statistics. But if the thought of digging into a spreadsheet excites you, maybe this job is for you.Pick up a web analytics guide from O’Reilly, a publishing company respected in the space.Marketing Jobs for English MajorsSocial Media ManagerSocial media is here to stay. Governments, sports teams, brands, and companies need people to run their social media programs, develop strategies, and come up with ways of engaging customers, citizens, and fans. As humanities majors have strong communication skills, many of us end up in these types of jobs.How to break in? First, you need to know something about social media. So read some blogs and books, play with the tools, and learn about the strategic side of social media and how it fits into marketing.Bonus! Social media is new. Better yet, many companies still hire interns and entry-level hires to manage their social media programs. This is stupid on the side of companies, but a great opportunity for new grads to break into the communication sector via new online channels.Plus, governments and universities are typically slow moving and have little expertise in social media. So take advantage of this opportunity.Brand StrategistBrand strategists typically work in marketing agencies, helping to guide big brands forward in their markets. MBA’s are favored in this job; however, experience, talent, and strategic brilliance rule the marketing industry.How to break in? Work your way up.Brand ManagerLarge companies hire ‘brand managers,’ which are essentially creative people with communication skills. The job involves overseeing the promotion and development of different brand products. This is a fun, creative role and involves strategic thinking and marketing talent.You need to have an understanding of marketing to be a brand manager. However, many English Majors have found jobs working for big brands.Government Jobs for English MajorsCommunications OfficerGovernments require in-house writers and communication specialists to do things like write press releases, develop key messaging, and write speeches for government officials. I know one writer, a published author, who works as a Communications Officer. He has a BA in English and seems to earn a comfortable middle-class wage.Look for temporary positions in your local government as these are a great way to start moving up in the government. Great pay and government connections–what more could you want?Editing Jobs For English MajorsEditorYes, English majors can be editors. If helping to create a best-selling book appeals to you then editing might be a good choice. There is also a lot of editing work in education. Luckily, in editing, university degrees are required. Here is an interview on my blog with a former Amazon.com Music Editor. It covers all you need to know about getting that first editing job.Freelance EditorThis is an easy fit for English majors. Want to break into freelance editing? You, sir, are in luck. I have an interview about getting freelance editing jobs right here.PublishingYep. English majors can work in publishing. In fact, creativity, and attention to detail are highly desired skills in publishing and English majors find work in this industry every year.Getting your foot in the door? There are about a zillion articles online about breaking into publishing. Here’s one about how to break into publishing.Communication JobsNon-Profit Communication DepartmentsNon-profits require communication specialists and many English majors build careers working for non-profits. And yes, you will be paid. Positions vary by the size of the organization. For example, large non-profits like the American Cancer Society or World Wildlife Federation are basically giant corporations with million-dollar operating budgets. There are different roles and divisions within them.Smaller non-profits require communication help with press strategies, fundraising, donor retention, and enlisting the help of volunteers.In my book, I list non-profits as an excellent way to gain that essential first few months of work experience. This is because most non-profits are under-funded and under-staffed, making them easy places to get your first resume item.Grant and Proposal WriterGrants and proposals are an essential part of winning new business and keeping money flowing through the door for most companies and non-profits. Humanities BAs, MAs, and PhDs in English have strong research skills, an aptitude for analysis, and the stomach for digging through dense content, making grant and proposal writing an easy fit.While vast sums of money are usually at stake, most positions prefer some experience. However, graduate students in English have usually written and won grants during the course of their degree and so you should leverage this. Also, smaller non-profits will gladly let you write a grant or two for them, which can help land larger jobs.Even if you do not remain in this job for your entire career, the ability to win new business and money is always a valuable and highly employable skill.Corporate Communications Manager/DirectorAs the manager or director of corporate communications, your job would be to oversee teams that write newsletters, email campaigns, reports, press releases, articles, web content, and other communication pieces. In recent years, having a basic understanding of how search engines work is also often necessary as digital content is spread by search engines and people. Expect high salaries (above $100,000 according to Spring Associates, Inc). And to break in? You’ll need to work your way up. Start with an internship or entry-level job in a communications department. This can be a great job for an English PhD, although advanced degrees are not necessary.In-house Marketing DepartmentMost successful companies have some sort of in-house marketing department. While typically TV ads and large campaigns are sent to ad agencies, the in-house marketing department also helps to plan and execute the company’s marketing and communication strategy.These jobs are pretty cushy, I hear. You don’t have the constant deadlines found in traditional ad agencies and the work is steady. Tasks include writing press releases, coming up with ideas to get the company press coverage, writing brochures and whitepapers, planning and executing ideas to generate leads and sales, working on product launches, and other marketing-related tasks.To break in? Look for temporary positions to start. Or start in an administrative role and then apply internally. Don’t overlook temp agencies as they often will help you get your foot in the door.Creative Jobs For English MajorsAdvertising CreativeHumanities majors find jobs in advertising every year. Creative advertising involves writing 30-second commercial scripts, taglines, copy for print ads, coming up with ideas for product launches, and other creative ways to market products.And you don’t need to go to ad school to become an advertising creative. All that matters in this industry is the ability to come up with strong ideas.How to get your first job in advertising? Read some books. Develop some samples. And be ready to show an agency some cool ideas. You can read about how I broke into advertising, as well as other career advice, in my e-book, How to Find a Career With Your Humanities Degree in 126 Days.Event PlannerNot planning birthday parties for the drunken wives of the Beverly Hills, but working on high-profile events such as product launches or political campaigns. This job requires communication, social intelligence, attention to detail, and strong creative abilities. Event planning is big business and always requires smart, new talent.To break into this industry? You will have to work from the ground-up. Actually, I have no idea. But send some emails to prominent companies and find out. Industries like this typically hire more on personality than the subject you studied in school. So if it sounds like fun to you, then go for it.Television, radio, Hollywood writerIf you are an English major, then you probably deep down want to be a writer. Many English majors end up writing Hollywood scripts, working in broadcast, or working at radio stations.How to break in? Be a good writer and have great writing samples. As Stephen King says, “If you lift weights 15 minutes a day, you are going to get muscles. If you write 15 minutes a day, you are going to become a good writer.” So write.Boutique AgencyBoutique agencies are small companies that typically do world-class work for big brands. They often have a specialist product. These can be branding agencies, graphic design agencies, viral marketing agencies, or PR firms. They are creative places with bright people working there.Thunderdog, for example, is a L.A. agency that creates street-art inspired designs and products for brands like Pepsi and Puma. They also sell their own limited edition books and toys. Or, The Story of IWearYourShirt and How I Made $1,000,000 Wearing T-Shirts is a social media advertising company that uses viral tactics to gain publicity for product launches. LaunchRock is a small marketing agency that helps tech start-ups with their pre-launch hype.Boutique agencies are cool. They hire for skill–not for the degree you have. So while your English degree can help you get the job, these places are more looking for creativity, technical skill in the area they work in, and the right attitude to fit their unique culture.To get a job at a boutique agency, simply write an email and sell yourself to the boss. Make sure you research their agency, though. And make sure that you have the skills that they are looking for.My practical 18-week roadmap to finding a career with your humanities degree. You’ll learn how to market your humanities degree and avoid common mistakes.Universities do not properly educate their grads about how to land that job outside of academy with a humanities degree.That’s why I wrote my ebook How to Find a Career With Your Humanities in 126 Days. This is not a traditional career guide–it is one of the most practical, step-by-step guides to moving from ‘liberal arts career limbo’ into a weekly course of action.Over the course of 18 weeks (126 Days), the ebook takes you through the necessary lessons, shows you what to avoid, and teaches you how to turn your humanities degree into a profitable skill-set.You’ll learn:How to market your humanities degree outside of academiaCover letter advice for grads with no work experienceWeekly actions to accelerate your career searchResume advice, and cover letter templates.

Here are best blog nichesTravel (1-5)Health (6-15)Fitness and sports (16-25)Hobbies (26-45)Food (46-56)Entertainment (57-62)Gaming (63-67)Finance (68-72)Relationships (73-77)Family and home (78-87)Education and career (88-92)Social networks (93-96)Politics and society (97-100)Travel (1-5)City guide:Explore your own city and its surroundings. Recommend unusual places to visit. Great for budget traveling.Travel tips:Share your tips and tricks for traveling.Getting through long flights, packing efficiently, etc.Cultural differences:Share what you’ve learned about the customs and proper manners in a foreign culture. This is a great niche for helping expats and travellers respect local customs.Language and travel:If you like learning languages, why not create a blog about it? Help your readers learn some basic words and useful phrases for their next trip. For even more value, create a few helpful PDF cheat sheets that your readers can print out!Traveling for work:Do you work for an airline or just travel a lot for work? Use your layovers to capture the essence of each city and country.Share your stories with the world – you have a global audience waiting!Health (6-15)Diets:This is one of the most profitable blog niches out there. There’s always a new trendy diet to focus on – you just need to start your blog asap to outdo your competition!Nutrition and supplements:We all know we should eat better foods – but why is it so difficult? Help your readers achieve their goals and nourish their bodies with healthy foods!Meditation:Share your experience and tips for achieving a clear state of mind with meditation. Provide beginner-level guided meditations to attract new readers and grow your reach.Herbal remedies:Teach your blog target audience how they can benefit from what nature has to offer.Mindfulness:This is a big thing in the health and wellness niche. Mindfulness is a great blog topic to make money online, too. Just share your tips for practising mindful living in everyday life.Mental health:Help your readers find the root causes of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Keep your tips simple and make sure you don’t give medical advice if you’re not a certified practitioner.Self-care and self-worth:We do so many things for so many other people every day. How can your readers achieve a happier life by dedicating more time to themselves instead of spending their days working for the needs of other people?Confidence boosting:Help your audience with self-esteem issues. If you’ve struggled with feeling good about yourself, share your story and how you overcame the issue! How can your readers achieve a better confidence to succeed in life and become happier in general?Skincare:There are plenty of skin health topics to write about. Acne and ageing are probably the most popular niches out there.Traditional medicine:Alternative medical treatments are becoming more and more popular.Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, acupuncture – the list is long!Fitness and sports (16-25)Yoga:This niche has incredible potential formaking money by blogging. If you’re a certified yoga instructor, create a series of articles and publish them as an e-book.Weight loss:Dieting and losing weight is an endless source of blog post ideas! It’s one of the most popular niches when it comes to starting a blog to make money.Crossfit training:Share your story, experience, and tips on how your readers can achieve their fitness goals with crossfit training.Cycling:How to take care of your bike? What to pay attention when buying one? Write about the best biking trips in your region or make it into a travel blog on two wheels!Running and marathons:Running is one of the most popular forms of exercising with huge global readership potential. Write about running tips and techniques, seasonal training for summer and winter, training for marathons, running equipment etc.Extreme sports:Parachuting, base jumping, you name it!This blog niche is easy to turn into a travel blog if you tour the world looking for the next adrenaline rush.Hiking:Write about urban hiking, day trips, hiking challenges, or pilgrimage routes.Cheerleading:This is the most interesting part of a football game to many, but it’s also a great sport!Pilates:If you know pilates, why not share your tips and experience with the world?Personal training:This would be the ultimate traffic magnet for your blog. If you can write about exercising tips and offer workout and meal plans, you could make yourself a big name online. Write about fitness tips for busy people!Hobbies (26-45)Gardening:Tons of different areas to focus on: urban gardening, growing flowers, organic gardening, growing vegetables, etc.Drawing:Create a series of articles where you teach your readers how they can become better at drawing.Art:Share your own work or those of others.Give tips on where to go in your city for great art.Music:Make your own music or blog about that of others. Teach your readers how to play an instrument!Writing:Copywriting is a popular topic these days.Why not show your readers how they can become successful freelance writers, for instance?Motorcycles:Blog about the best models, vintage pieces, or maintenance advice, for example.Gambling:How to play poker? How to become a successful gambler online?Technology:Write about the latest gadgets, new technologies, tips and tricks for using them.Programming and web development:Help your readers learn programming so that they can start new careers in the technology industry. How to build a website? How to create a mobile application to sell on App Store?Boating and fishing:Review equipment, give your recommendations, and share your experience out on the sea.Photography:You could offer photography tips and write a helpful beginner’s guide for taking beautiful photos. If you want to, you can niche down to portrait, nature, or product photography, for example.Fashion:Blog about fashion trends, share your best looks, and establish yourself a name in the fashion blogosphere.Makeup:Write a blog and create YouTube videos with makeup tutorials. Lots of makeup gurus are already going viral online – you just need to add your own flavor to the soup and you can do it, too.Golf:Share your golf hacks and learning tips. If you travel with your golf bag, share your experience about the best golf courses around the world.Astronomy and horoscopes:Writing about start signs is a great blog niche to sell personal horoscopes and teach your readers about astronomy.Horseback ridingSelf-defence and martial artsInterior designDancingDogs, cats, petsFood and cooking (46-56)Wines and champagne:If you know a lot about wines, share that passion with the world.Craft beer:Blog about what makes craft beer so awesome and establish yourself a name online. How to make craft beer at home?Exotic cuisine:Share your favorite tips and recipes for preparing authentic meals from countries far away.Cooking:Choose a niche and help your readers with easy but tasty recipes. How about blogging about 30-minute meals or affordable cooking for families, for example?Home-cooked meals:We all love a delicious home-cooked meal, right? There’s just something about traditional cooking that warms our souls and makes us feel good. Share your family recipes and gather them together to publish a branded cook book!Health foods, super foods:How to cook and eat to stay healthy?What seasonal foods should your readers focus on in each month of the year?Baking:Muffins, cupcakes, pancakes, frosted cakes. If you can spell it, you can bake it!Recipes:Gather the best recipes you can find for a particular niche. Then cook them and write roundup posts on them. Recipe blogs are huge right now – especially if you plan on using a solid Pinterest strategy to attract massive traffic to your blog!Kitchen equipment:Share your tips on which pots and pans to use. There are tons of utensils to make cooking easier and more enjoyable. Write honest reviews and make sure to include affiliate links for your readers to click and buy the products right away.Veganism and plant-based diet:How to become a vegan step-by-step?Share your tips and favorite recipes with your readers! What should your readers do when they start feeling a craving for something non-vegan again?Coffee or tea:Write for all of us caffeine addicts – and drop me a link so I can check it out! Share your coffee tips and teach your readers new things about their favorite hot beverages.Movies:Review films, create lists with the best movies for each genre out there.TV shows:Similar to movies – rate and review! If you’re using Netflix or Amazon Prime Video, you can focus on a single streaming service and rate the most recent shows out there, for instance.Funny cat videos:Find the funniest videos online and make them go viral. Attract enough visitors andmake money with ads on your blog.Theatre, opera, and ballet:Review pieces in your region or write about old and new pieces for your visitors to read and learn more about.Stand-up comedy and improvisation:Offer tips and create fun, helpful content you can turn into a book some day. Why not offer workshops, courses, or 1-to-1 coaching, too?Upcoming events:Write about events that attract attention in a specific target group, such as families with kids, single guys and gals, or people looking to network within a certain industry, for example. The more people are interested in reading about them, the more traffic you get.Gaming (63-67)Video game tutorials for beginners:Help others enjoy their games more!Game walkthroughs and tips:Adventure games are the ideal candidates for walkthrough posts, like Tomb Raider.Strategy game best practices:There’s so much to learn about an advanced strategy game like Civilization orCities: Skylines. Write a blog or start a YouTube channel – or both!Card and board games:Although not digital, playing cards and board games is still popular! Why not share your opinions on board games and make it into a blog where you review games.Outdoor games:Get your readers out in the nature! Write an article about 50 different outdoor games for kids and publish the collection as an e-book. Sell it at a discount to schools!Finance (68-72)Personal finance and frugal living:How to manage your finances the best?Everyone is interested in making the most out of their bucks. Frugal living is one of the most popular blog topics right now!Financial independence:Share your tips for achieving financial independence by saving, investing, and planning for the long run.Insurances and savings:How to find the best insurances and save wisely?Retirement and pension savings:We are all ageing and getting closer to retirement every day. Although it might be decades away, most of us are interested in learning how we could start saving now already.Managing the family budget:It’s not always easy to make ends meet with a bigger family. Share tips for saving money in daily things like groceries, transportation, hobbies, clothing, etc.Relationships (73-77)Dating guide:Everyone is looking for love! Write a dating guide – you can choose to be serious, satirical, or funny, for example.Moving together and starting a family:How to make it work with the significant other? Blog about tips for new couples who want to start a family.Weddings and marriage:Wedding blogs are HUGE right now. Help people plan their weddings and come up with wedding concepts. Offer your help as a wedding planner!Relationship advice:How to take care and cherish your relationship and make it last?Divorce:Well, it just doesn’t always work out with relationships, right? Help your readers overcome their divorce. There are many different topics you can help people with: legal advice, self-care, dealing with frustration and anger, forgiveness, etc.Family and home (78-87)Pregnancy and becoming parents:Write a series of blog posts about pregnancy! Every mother and father have a bunch of questions they need answers for during this time.Parenting and childcare:Every parent needs help with their kids from time to time. Solve their parenting problems with helpful articles on your blog. How to be a cool mom or a cool dad? How to deal with a tantrum at the supermarket?Family holidays:Where to go with the whole family for holidays? How to make the most out of the holiday budget and pinch a few pennies?Hobbies for the whole family:What to do and where to go together with the entire family?Saving money:Help parents come up with ideas for things they can do for free with their kids.Or how they can save money when doing groceries or buying clothes for their kids.House and garden:Write helpful how-to posts with tips about taking care of the house and garden.Renovation, makeovers, maintenance – the list goes on and on!Homeschooling:Share your knowledge and experience about homeschooling. How does it work?Who can do it? Where do you start?School and bullying:How to help children who are bullied?What signs should parents pay attention to so that they can intervene as early as possible? How to stop bullying altogether?Education:Blog about different options for school or college. How to finance your kid’s college degree? How to write the perfect college application?Eco-friendly homes:Write about how to turn any apartment or house into an eco-friendly, green home. Also, you could blog about how your family takes care of the environment at home in your daily life.Education and career (88-92)Career path advice:How to find your passion and the right career and job to fit?Promotions and career coaching:Help your readers achieve their career goals more quickly.Learning new skills:Languages, management skills, IT & software skills.Study hacks:How to learn more efficiently? How to party in college but still nail your exams?SAT tips and tricks:How to prepare for your SATs and get top scores?Social networks (93-96)Instagram celebrities:How to become a social media celebrity on Instagram?Mastering a social network:How to boost your business on social media?Social media detox:Help your readers with their phone addiction!Beginner’s guides:Write about the basics of social networks.How to start using them and how to make the most out of them?Politics and society (97-100)News and current events:Write about your own views on the hottest topics in the media right now.Political satire:Capture your readers’ attention with witty perspectives and your personal touch to current political events.Society and politics:Address political issues in the society.Choose a matter you wish to stand for and create a community around it.Educational blog:Teach people about political systems, processes and why their voice matters in every election they can participate in.Here are the 10 Best Blog Niches in details that can Help You to Make Money in 20201. Technical BlogTechnology is a topic that is developing every day.People are looking to get updates on the daily launch and changes in technology.Technology has positively transformed the face of professionalism.This has become one of the hottest blog niches.If you are passionate about the latest gadgets and exploring the latest tech, you should start a tech blog.Your main aim should be to attract audiences by giving out your knowledge of the technology space.Your target audience will be looking for the latest technology news and want your blog to be the place where they can find everything related to technology.If you are able to recognize the latest tech available in the market and educate your viewers on budget and practical specifications, you will become their hub for tech-related things.One of the major benefits of selecting technology over other best blog niches is that it is a vast field.Every week, hundreds of tech companies are developing and releasing products.Therefore, you won’t face a lack of content to provide to your viewers.As the field of technology has a wide variety of topics, you will have a number of sub-niches to post content on.You can create blogs that are directed towards providing information on mobile devices, applications, operating systems, mobile games, etc.You can also create a blog that gives information regarding the updates in Windows and Mac.PC gaming is another vibrant field to shed knowledge on.Reviews of the latest products are very much in demand as viewers tend to gain more knowledge about the products.2. Digital Marketing BlogOne of the most trending professions in this modern world is digital marketing.There has been a massive increase in job opportunities in this field.With the advancement in technology, the digital space has rapidly grown.Digital marketing is one of the in-demand blog niches.Digital marketing is a large field that has gradually grown over the years.Many people are searching to brush up their digital marketing expertise with the decreasing reliance on traditional marketing approaches.Businesses are now working to refresh their online presence and get the word out of their line of offers.The advantages of implementing expert digital marketing strategies for your business are infinite.Digital marketing consists of all the marketing done via the website, search engines, social media, mobile applications, etc.Creating a digital marketing blog not only helps you to make money but will also enable you to learn more and apply it yourself.You can create a blog on sub-niches such as social media marketing, web designing, web optimization, search engine optimization, mobile marketing, email marketing, video marketing, etc.By giving out more information regarding the changes in the algorithms of different search engines and social media platforms, you can attract audiences.Educating your audience on how to conduct market analysis and developing business strategies will also help to build a positive following.3. Finance and Investment BlogFinance and Investment have been a major part of the modern world.This field is constantly evolving, as there are tons of ways to make money, and no one has explored all of the options available.This is one of the blog niches that need to be researched more and provide more options to invest.Having knowledge of personal finance, stock market, foreign exchange market, etc can prove to a boost to your blog.Reviewing financial products and investment schemes can be an exciting way to attract a suitable audience.Helping people with methods of saving and multiplying their money can prove to be fruitful for you, and your blog as well.Creating a blog that compares and reviews different currencies and software programs can also boost your traffic.Analyzing stock market instruments and drifts are influential topics that are vividly looked upon by readers.4. Fashion BlogCreating a fashion blog is a huge step, as it needs to be updated almost every week.But the best part about it that a fashion blog will never go obsolete.The fashion blog is one of those blog niches that will never go out of trend.Style is what we are wearing and how we are wearing it.If you want to start your own blog, the fashion niche is highly profitable.Whether you want to keep it simple or prefer to dazzle, all of us have made investments in fashion.Not only does it covers the clothes we wear but also the cosmetics, perfumes, accessories we use as well.People love to invest money in looking good and often seek guidance over the internet.This is where you can capitalize and give solutions to their queries.Start a fashion blog and write informative posts about trends in fashion, new releases, major fashion weeks and more.Don’t just simply repeat what’s out there; share your unique view of stories related to fashion.You can sub-categorize it further into fashion trends and beauty and cosmetics.This would widen your niche and help you to attract a wide range of audiences.5. Travelling BlogThis is one of the most exciting blog niches as traveling is a fantasy for most people nowadays.People stay busy with their workload, stress, and big-city hassles.The travel niche is the right fit for you if you’re excited about traveling & curious about new experiences.Traveling is relaxing for many people, and for travel destinations and tips, you can be their go-to-person.People who love to see the world and write about it manage the best travel blogs.When you can’t afford to travel yet, you can vicariously relive other people’s experiences.You need to fine-tune your skills in analysis and storytelling.You must also show the secret beauty of the finest locations.Guest writers can also be engaged to share their travel experiences.There are many hacks and tips for traveling that encourage travelers on the road to save money.You should write informative blog posts for travelers.For example, you can write on topics like how to save money while traveling or how to prevent scams from travel agents.You can also educate people on how to take advantage of discount deals and cash rewards.You can conduct a survey or extract information from review websites and write extensive reviews of these airlines and travel companies.Write guides that help backpackers plan and travel soundly.6. Movie and Music BlogMovies and music are a huge part of everyone’s life.In the busy routine of today’s modern world, movies and music provide relaxation.If you have an insatiable passion for music and movies, you should start writing.Create a blog for reviewing the music/movie and check the latest releases by the minute.Don’t write what everyone thinks and don’t write just to create a positive impression.Share your original views and honest opinions.This will attract a loyal following.There are many genres in movies as well as music.This gives you a wide variety to create content.Having a passion for music can be very beneficial to your blog.Giving out reviews of different music instruments can attract a large audience.People also check reviews of new movies before going to watch it.Giving a right opinion of the movies can assist you in gaining a loyal audience.7. Health BlogOne of the most looked up blog niches over the internet is a health blog.The health and fitness industry has diversified its activities since the rise of the internet and has sought ways to reach and communicate online with its audience.The need to stay fit means that people will always look for procedures of anti-aging, diet strategies, work out schemes and more.This is a major reason health is one of the most profitable blog niches.There’s massive traffic in this field, and there’s enough to go around.The good thing about blogging in the health and wellness niche is that you don’t have to be a trainer or a medical professional with credentials.If you’re serious about learning and providing answers, even without these qualifications, you will make it big in the health and fitness niche.Health and fitness is an extensive topic.You won’t have to waste time finding content.Write a comprehensive review surrounding every perspective of the product and let your audience know exactly what to expect from using these items.Create blogs that concentrate on food and diet.To inspire and empower your audience, you can also share stories about weight loss.You can create a blog for everyone that focuses on posting healthier food recipes.Share information on food, strength training, psychological preparation, and facilities.Share tips on fighting stress and tidying their lives.Teach readers how to care for their skin while recommending daily use of beneficial skincare products.This would help you to attract targeted audience.8. News BlogNews Blog is one of the blog niches that will never go out of trend.Especially when it is focused on trending topics, news blogs have a high potential for engagement.News is a never-ending topic, and so there is no shortage of content.Posting the latest news is the best way to gain instant traffic to your blog.There are many sub-categories that you can share your opinion on.You can share the latest news on politics, sports, entertainment, finance, international news, etc.Not only can you share about the current affairs but also cover interesting stories that can attract a wide range of audiences.9. Food BlogOne of the more interesting and appealing blog niches is a food blog.Everyone loves to eat food.There are a large number of cuisines.Creating a food blog is a fun task for someone passionate about food.Food is one of the most popular topics and creating a food blog will attract a huge audience.It is an extensive topic that can never lack content.You will obtain a decent amount of organic traffic from recipe posts if you have a specific food blog.As a collaboration, you can review food from various restaurants.Sharing the appropriate feedback will help your blog and will build a positive relationship with your audience.Sharing videos of food recipes and also giving out tips and hacks of cooking food easily will also help you to engage more with your followers.10. Personal Development BlogOne of the most underestimated blog niches is personal development.In today’s highly competitive world, people look to develop and become better in every aspect of life.As a blogger in the niche of personal development, your job is to provide content tailored to individuals seeking further education in their desired field.If you are an expert in a specific field, start a blog regarding that field and post content dedicatedly to growing in that field.Public speaking and leadership are important things in any profession, yet many people are struggling with them.You can share the secrets of professional development that will assist your viewers to build relationships and impact from the very beginning.

Q. I am a medical student in Uganda. How can I get to practice medicine in Canada? Is it wise to redo medical school in Canada as a foreign medical graduate?A. Getting into a residency program in Canada as a Canadian graduate is getting harder. If you are able to, redoing medical school in Canada is the better choice. You would more likely be able to match into a specialty of your choice.All the best!Medical residency mismatch: number of unmatched Canadian medical graduates reaches all-time highCanada’s medical residency system is leaving some graduates in limbo | University AffairsThe International Student’s Guide to Landing a Medical Residency in CanadaMedical residency mismatch: number of unmatched Canadian medical graduates reaches all-time highThe number of Canadian medical graduates unmatched with a residency training program has reached unprecedented levels, with students and faculty concerned about the growing gap between students and necessary training.Since 2009, the number of unmatched Canadian graduates has been steadily increasing, moving from 11 in 2009 to 68 this year.“This represents 68 students who have spent on average eight to 10 years of undergraduate education to become physicians, incurring great debt, and utilizing taxpayer dollars to facilitate their education,” says Mel Lewis, a student affairs associate dean at the University of Alberta.“There’s a lot of anxiety,” says Franco Rizzuti, president of the Canadian Federation of Medical Students. “Students are starting to grasp at straws, trying to understand what’s going on.”A total of 64 training positions also went unmatched, including four in Alberta, two in Ontario and 58 in Quebec.To be able to practice medicine, all medical students need to complete a residency program in an area of specific clinical medicine, such as family medicine, surgery or psychiatry. Students compete with each other for a residency program through an application and matching process administered by the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS). This follows a very similar process to the one used in the United States.From a broader societal perspective, those who track health human resources nationally say there’s no reason to panic: 68 unmatched participants is a small fraction of the nearly 3,000 Canadian medical students who took part in this year’s match, and the 64 positions that remained unmatched typically end up filled.On an individual level, although being unmatched is stressful and a loss of a year, historically, virtually all unmatched students find success in subsequent years.Matching for a physician’s futureIn many ways, the Canadian medical residency match isn’t all that different from online dating: following a written application and interviews, students and training programs rank one another and an online algorithm is used to identify potential matches. In essence, both parties need to “swipe right” to make a match.However some training programs have fewer positions than applicants and other programs don’t have sufficient applicants of interest for their positions.There are two iterations of the match; the first is reserved for newly-graduated Canadian medical students. Students unmatched in the first round, as well as international medical graduates (including Canadian citizens studying in medical schools abroad) and Canadian medical graduates who went unmatched in previous years, join the second iteration.A student may choose to apply to only one program – training in cardiology at McGill or paediatrics at the University of British Columbia, for example – or rank multiple programs in multiple locations.Rizzuti says students apply to an average of 18 programs – nearly double the number of program applications compared to a decade ago. CaRMS data show there were 128,334 applications to 644 programs, up nearly five percent over last year.Historically, the match has had more wiggle room in the first round and a greater likelihood that Canadian medical graduates would match with their top-ranked training program.In 2009, the ratio of Canadian medical graduates versus residency positions was 1:1.12.“There was a little bit of a buffer in the system, a few more spots than there were Canadians applying. That gave some flexibility and allowed international medical graduates to come into the system,” says Genevieve Moineau, president & CEO of the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada.In 2017, the ratio shrank to 1:1.026. “Now instead of having a 10 percent buffer, you’ve got a 2.6 percent buffer. It’s really, really, really tight,” Moineau says.Mismatch in student interests versus training needsThe number and types of training positions available are usually decided by governments and medical schools, based on planning for population needs and medical school capacity. The exact process varies by jurisdiction, with population needs beginning to drive the process in some provinces.The overall number of residency positions available across Canada has remained largely unchanged since 2013, when it rose above 2,900. (Last year, the quota was 2,970. This year it was 2,967.)But the number of graduates participating in the match has outpaced growth in the quota. In 2013, there were 2,633 Canadian medical graduates participating. This year, that number rose to 2,810, a slight dip from 2016, when 2,836 medical graduates were looking for a match.“There has been a decline in residency spots, most notably in Ontario, with no commensurate decrease in medical student enrolment, squeezing the supply and demand quotient even further,” Lewis says.Exacerbating this tightened ratio is a long-standing mismatch between the personal career interests of medical students and where governments have funded training positions based on their view of future physician need.Some say it is an unreasonable expectation that every medical graduate should have the residency of their choice.“It’s, in part, the mindset,” says Ivy Lynn Bourgeault, who holds the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Chair in Gender, Work and Health Human Resources and is lead coordinator of the pan-Canadian Health Human Resources Network. “We should go where the need is. That should be inculcated in medical schools.”This year, graduates ranked dermatology, plastic surgery and emergency medicine highest, with demand for training in those disciplines far outstripping the supply of training spots.By contrast, after the first and second rounds of the match, opportunities in family medicine, psychiatry and laboratory sciences (which includes different types of pathology) were left unfilled.This year’s match also saw a slight reduction in the number of students prioritizing family medicine and more students ranking internal medicine, creating a wrinkle for students who could not have anticipated this shift and failed to give themselves options in their rankings.Applications from international medical graduates (IMGs) may also be a factor, putting more pressure on Canadian students looking to match in the second iteration. The number of IMGs participating in the match peaked at more than 3,100 in 2014, when the Objective Structured Clinical Examination became a mandatory requirement for all IMG applications outside of Saskatchewan. This year more than 2,400 IMGs participated.But Bourgeault argues that IMGs are not the problem, citing forthcoming research. “We under-utilize immigrants,” she says, noting that many of the IMGs who find success in the match process are willing to go where others won’t.Migration out of QuebecMigration within the country is also playing a role, with students in Quebec opting for residencies in other parts of the country. While bilingual students can rank positions in Anglophone Canada, English-speaking students can’t hope to place with a training position that requires French.This year’s match shows that while Quebec had 58 unfilled positions, it had only eight unmatched graduates, compared to 35 unmatched graduates from Ontario, 20 from Alberta and five from Atlantic Canada.“If students in Quebec are now taking positions outside of Quebec, and students who are hoping to match are not able to, there’s a disparity there,” Moineau says. “The tighter the ratio, the more variables of the playing field, the more challenging it becomes to match.”“Understanding why Quebec graduates don’t want these positions is key,” Bourgeault says.To deal with its perceived physician shortage, Quebec has introduced health care reforms, including actions focusing on physician workload, as well as regional medical resource plans that restrict where and how a physician can practice.A 2014 survey among Quebec medical residents found that 47 percent of those leaving medical residency for professional practice did not have a position two months before finishing their training. Among these residents without a position, 27 percent said they intended to leave Quebec. More than three-quarters of respondents said they believed there were not enough job opportunities for the number of trainees.Planning for the futureUnmatched Canadian graduates have two choices: they can opt to graduate and spend their time as they choose (perhaps doing a master’s program or research) until the match re-opens the following year, or they can defer graduation and instead take more electives as a medical student.Neither is ideal, Rizzuti says. “The former automatically puts you into debt repayment as you’re no longer a student. The latter, where they stay another year, means students are paying another full year of tuition. For Ontario, that’s $25,000 to $30,000.”“Solutions are complex,” Lewis says. “We need to have a better understanding of the types and number of physicians we need in Canada to help inform our students around their career planning and inform educators around curriculum planning. We need to ensure their are adequate residency spots available to our students with consideration of how many undergraduate medical students we should be graduating.”Moineau co-chairs a national physician resource planning committee that’s currently developing a tool to help forecast future physician needs, which will help make the case for changing student admissions or residency quotas to better align.“We feel strongly that we need to move to being in a society where we have the right number, mix and distribution to meet societal needs,” Moineau says.“This is where everybody needs to advocate to government that we need to have appropriate, long-term health human resource plans in place,” Rizzuti says. “There needs to be a broader conversation to be sure there’s proper alignment in all the steps in training.”Such a call is not new, dating back to at least the mid-1990s, with significant efforts undertaken to do such planning by governments, medical schools and medical associations.Students may also need more career counselling in the lead up to the match, Moineau says, as disciplines like surgery or laboratory sciences have become segmented, forcing students to choose a sub-specialty, like neurosurgery versus cardiac surgery, which may prove strategically disadvantageous.Health human resource planners may also need to take a closer look at how provincial funding and politics are influencing graduates’ choices about where to go for residency training.Training may also need to be revamped to ensure students get exposure to different disciplines, Rizzuti says, as many graduates are still turning away from rural and remote residencies, which could speak to their experience learning in mostly urban medical schools. The interest in family medicine as a first choice has also fluctuated markedly in the last 10 to 20 years.Opening more training spots for physicians is not the answer, Bourgeault says. In the health system as a whole, there are already a number of health care professionals whose skills are under-utilized, including nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physiotherapists and others.Instead, medical schools should be thinking about how to attract and prepare the students they need for the positions they’ve got, and continue to adjust the number and mix of residency spots to better meet societal need.“We need to do that better,” she says. “We have a distribution issue, we don’t necessarily have a numbers issues.”Canada’s medical residency system is leaving some graduates in limbo | University AffairsRobert Chu was a typical medical student in that he excelled at everything he did. He edited his high school newspaper and made it on the dean’s list in his undergraduate years. He volunteered to take notes for disabled students. After he got into medical school, he tutored hopefuls on the entry exam. “If somebody didn’t understand a concept, he was very good at explaining it to them in a manner that they could comprehend,” says his mother, Clara Chu. He was a skilled photographer and he loved to cook. Beef Wellington, macarons, homemade marshmallows. “Never anything simple,” his aunt, Cathy DeFazio, says with a laugh.In his final year of medical school, it surprised everyone that he didn’t get a residency training spot, the important last stage of training to become a physician. He gained more job shadowing experience and reapplied the next year to a less competitive specialty. When he was again refused a spot, Rob Whyte, assistant dean of undergraduate medical education at McMaster University, took the rare step of personally writing him a strongly worded recommendation letter. “Unlike some other students where we are able to readily identify a concern in their file, Robert presents no such evidence and we remain collectively frustrated at his situation,” he wrote.Robert, understandably, was the most frustrated of all, but he confronted the situation with the same resolve that had always worked for him. “He didn’t go halfway. It was all the way,” says Ms. DeFazio. He accessed and reviewed his reference letters – all glowing. He created flow charts of actions to take and people to contact. He wrote an impassioned letter explaining his plight and sent it to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, then-Ontario Health Minister Eric Hoskins and others. There were a few sympathetic replies, but in the end, there was little anyone could do for him. He died by suicide in September 2016.Suicide can have many factors and eludes simple explanations. No one can presume what led Robert to his death, but the stress and frustration he felt must have been enormous. What’s more, the situation he experienced and was trying desperately to expose is happening to others: a growing number of medical school graduates are not getting a residency training position required to practice medicine in Canada. In other words, more and more students are completing four or five years of intensive, not to mention costly, medical school training – only to find they can’t proceed to the next stage.The residency application process is complicated, but to describe it simply, medical students apply – via the Canadian Resident Matching Service, or CaRMS – for residency positions at universities across the country in one or more specialties of their choice. The program committees select those they wish to interview, and then they rank the candidates. The medical school graduates in turn rank the programs, and an algorithm spits out a “match.” For those who don’t get matched, they can apply again over the next week for the remaining programs, often family medicine programs in small communities.In 2017, 68 final-year medical students went unmatched after the second round. Another 31 went unmatched in the first iteration but chose not to apply to the remaining programs, which likely didn’t include their specialties of choice. These numbers don’t include all the prior-year graduates who had failed to match in previous years and were trying again. By comparison, in 2005, only seven students who competed in the second round remained unmatched. If the trend continues, there will be an estimated 140 graduating students who go unmatched in 2021, and 330 if you include those who are re-applying for a second time, according to the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada (AFMC).In simple terms, more medical school graduates aren’t getting residency positions because the number of positions available has been decreasing in relation to the number of graduating medical students. “The most common reason a student doesn’t get matched is just musical chairs,” explains Anthony Sanfilippo, associate dean of undergraduate medical education in the faculty of health sciences at Queen’s University. A decade ago, there were about 114 residency positions for every 100 Canadian medical students, with internationally trained graduates filling the remaining positions. Today, there are 103 positions for every 100 Canadian medical school graduates.That may seem ideal, but many Quebec-based residency positions are available only to those who can speak French, and in 2017 more than 50 of these francophone positions remained unfilled. So there are actually fewer English-language positions than there are graduates, explains Kaylynn Purdy, vice-president of education for the Canadian Federation of Medical Students (CFMS). “It comes down to the fact that no matter how good you are, someone has to go unmatched,” she says.In this game of musical chairs, the stakes are high. For many, going unmatched is world-shattering. As Robert wrote in a letter sent to journalists and others, “My diligent studies of medical texts, careful practice of interview and examination skills with patients, and my student debt in excess of $100,000 on this pursuit have all been for naught.” For unmatched graduates, there’s the confusion about why they weren’t selected and the sudden uncertainty of the future. Students can apply when residency positions open up again the following year, but in the meantime, “you have resigned your fate to a year of being in limbo,” explains Aaron, a graduate who went unmatched in 2017 and asked to use a pseudonym. Feelings of social alienation often exacerbate the distress. “You go from being with this cohort of people for years and being quite close to them and they’re all celebrating and moving on with their lives and you’re not,” explains Ms. Purdy. “I’ve heard from some unmatched students that their classmates stopped talking to them because they didn’t want to make the person feel bad by talking about their residency, or the fact that they’re buying a house.” Clara Chu describes the phenomenon concisely: “Facebook,” she says, angrily.The crisis is worrying everyone – medical student organizations, the residency program directors and the undergraduate program administrators. “The deans have clearly identified the unmatched Canadian medical graduate as a top priority,” says Geneviève Moineau, president and CEO of AFMC. Ravi Sidhu, the postgraduate dean at the University of British Columbia’s medical school, says “the unmatched medical student numbers are incredibly disconcerting. I can imagine how stressful it is.”Who is going unmatched – and why – is difficult to grasp. Certainly, choosing a more competitive specialty can increase one’s risk of not getting a residency. In Robert’s first year of applying, he was one of 96 candidates vying for 81 radiology residencies. If family medicine had been his first choice, he would have almost certainly been matched – there were 200 more family medicine residencies than there were candidates who made the specialty their top choice. In 2017, obstetrics-gynecology was an especially competitive specialty, with 113 Canadian medical graduates vying for 77 residency spots. Paul Foster was one of the 36 ob-gyn hopefuls who didn’t match. His first reaction was self-doubt. “Maybe I screwed something up,” he thought, but then he heard of friends who suffered the same fate. “They’re superb candidates. It wasn’t the people with red flags,” he says.Some argue it’s students’ own fault for choosing very competitive specialties and not wanting to go where they’re needed – especially family medicine. But it’s difficult to know from one year to the next whether a specialty will be in demand. Provincial governments set the number of specialty training spots each year, based on changing population needs. And students’ preferences can swing considerably from year to year. Many years, for example, neurology has had a one-to-one ratio of applicants to spots; last year, there were positions for only 70 percent of applicants.Most of those who go unmatched are usually willing to do family medicine – more than two-thirds of graduates unmatched in the first round apply again in the second round to the remaining positions in family medicine and in small communities. But, here’s the clincher: the second round is also open to Canadians who have trained abroad. Last year, 1,811 internationally trained Canadians applied and 411 got positions. The directors of these programs often prefer a foreign-trained doctor whose first choice is family medicine, as opposed to a Canada-trained doctor who is choosing family medicine as a Plan B. As Dr. Moineau says, “family medicine can no longer be seen as a fallback.”Perhaps the most egregious aspect of the matching process is that those who go unmatched are discriminated against upon reapplying. In the one application review Robert Chu was able to obtain, his failure to match the year before was mentioned in the red-flag category. A decade ago, when only a handful of students didn’t get matched, there were often clear reasons, like a professionalism issue mentioned on their medical school record, for example. Today, even though many of those going unmatched are stellar students, the stereotype remains. While almost 97 percent of final-year students are matched, only 65 percent of prior-year grads get matched, despite the fact that most have improved their resumés with an extra year of job shadowing and research. With each additional application year, the chances of matching are lower.Illustration by Ka Young Lee.So what should be done? This past February, the AFMC, which represents Canada’s 17 faculties of medicine, released a list of recommendations to address the crisis of unmatched medical students. One of the most consequential suggestions is that international medical graduates no longer be allowed to apply for the positions that went unfilled in the first round, so that only graduates from Canadian medical schools can compete for these positions. (If this rule was in place last year, around 70 additional positions would have been earmarked for medical school graduates from Canada).It will be up to provincial governments to decide whether or not to adopt this recommendation. But provincial ministries of health are also getting pressure from internationally trained doctors and their families. They’re Canadians, too, and they’re lobbying for more opportunity to do postgraduate training here.Increasing the number of residency training spots would be one way to improve the prospects for budding Canadian-trained doctors. The AFMC is recommending that provincial funders work together to increase the minimum national ratio of one residency position for every current-year Canadian medical graduate. But that would cost money.Residency programs at universities, meanwhile, have been instructed to improve fairness and transparency in the application process. In October, the AFMC board approved a document of best practices in resident selection. For instance, programs should “explicitly and publicly state the processes and metrics they use to filter and rank candidates.” As well, a medical graduate’s previous unmatched status shouldn’t factor into a decision. Enforcing these best practices is difficult, however, because applicants aren’t told why they weren’t selected. In Robert’s case, he wrote emails to directors, asking for feedback. “Not knowing what the problem is makes it very difficult to address,” he explained. All programs refused to provide any insight.Kristina Arion, who went unmatched after applying for competitive ob-gyn residencies, likewise emailed program directors across Canada and was told, “Sorry, we provide no feedback.” Eventually, she got a single program director to review her file. He explained to her that candidates need all three referral letters to be exceptional. Though her letters were highly praiseful, one was written by an obstetrician who she worked with for less than a month; a letter from someone who had known her longer would have meant more. It was advice she found extremely helpful for this year’s application round.Dr. Sidhu at UBC explains that schools don’t provide feedback because it would be unwieldy. A competitive program might have to choose 50 candidates to interview out of 400 applicants, he points out. But most of those who aren’t selected for one program will be matched with another, and therefore won’t need advice. The CFMS has proposed that unmatched applicants should get unique access to timely feedback from residency programs.Undergraduate programs have a big role to play, too. Currently, some schools let unmatched students maintain their student status, so that they can access electives or job-shadowing positions. But other schools don’t offer an additional year. Doing electives can give students a leg up for the next year’s applications, which is why the CFMS is calling on all schools to extend student status to unmatched students. But paying a whole year of tuition isn’t great either, especially considering unmatched students are paying for electives only, not coursework. As it is, residency hopefuls are often paying to fly all over the country, first for electives and, secondly, for in-person interviews.“Despite the stereotype of the medical student with the silver spoon in their mouth, when you’re racking up interest on your debts, you’re going to start to see people who have maxed out their credit and are trying to judge, ‘Can I afford to go to this interview?’” says Dr. Foster, who is currently paying another $25,000 so that he can do electives at Western University.All undergraduate deans have agreed to begin “creating the structures” to support unmatched students, says Dr. Moineau, “including everything from extensive student affairs programs for unmatched students to creating the option for a fifth year.” The schools have agreed to report back to the AFMC by October with the changes they’ve implemented.For the Chu family, the changes are too late. His family still doesn’t understand why he didn’t get matched. As Dr. Whyte wrote, all of his clinical placement supervisors rated him “consistently above average or exceptional.” He was “extremely well motivated,” said one letter. “His clinical examination skills were excellent,” read another. In yet another letter, Robert’s interpersonal skills towards patients and staff was described as “outstanding.”“It’s not much consolation to be continually told I’ve done nothing wrong,” Robert wrote. Without a residency, the medical degree he had worked so hard to obtain had become, he felt, “effectively annulled.”Postscript: Just before University Affairs went to press, Kristina Arion and Paul Foster both learned that they were successfully matched to a residency in the first round of 2018, held on March 1. Dr. Foster was matched to the northern remote stream at the University of Manitoba and Dr. Arion to the ob-gyn residency program at Dalhousie University. General numbers on the success of the 2018 matching process were scheduled to be released sometime in April.Additional update: The numbers are now in for 2018. According to figures released on April 17 by the Canadian Resident Matching Service, there were 69 medical graduates who did not get a residency position this year after the second iteration of the residency matching process. Another 54 went unmatched in the first iteration who chose not to apply to the remaining programs. This compares to 68 and 31, respectively, in 2017. The two numbers combined, that’s a 24-percent increase in the number of unmatched medical graduates this year compared to last. These numbers don’t include prior-year graduates who tried again in 2018 to secure a residency but again did not get matched. This year, according to CaRMS, 57 of 133 prior-year graduates did get matched, a success rate of 57 percent.The International Student’s Guide to Landing a Medical Residency in Canada 04.30.2018Challenges can be scary, but you also think the greatest rewards are achieved by overcoming obstacles. You push yourself and it often leads to success.That doesn’t mean everything is always easy. You’ve encountered some challenges while applying to medical schools despite having a good academic record. You have started looking into international schools, but you may have heard that it could be difficult to secure a medical residency in Canada if you become an international medical graduate (IMG).As always, you’re up for the challenge. Just make sure you follow all of the necessary steps and prepare as fully as you can. Use this step-by-step guide to give yourself the best chance of securing a medical residency in Canada.THE PATH TO MEDICAL RESIDENCY IN CANADA1. MAKE SURE YOU MEET THE BASIC ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTSYou’ll need to meet a handful of eligibility requirements no matter which residency program you hope to attend. The basics include having Canadian citizenship or permanent resident status, successfully completing exam requirements, and demonstrating language proficiency. You’ll meet the language requirements if you attended a medical school where the language used for instruction was English or French. If you attended a program that was taught in another language, you’ll need to complete an assessment.Students who plan to begin residency in 2019 are the last class who need to complete the National Assessment Collaboration Examination (NAC) and the Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination (MCCEE) to meet basic eligibility requirements. November 2018 is the last MCCEE session.Going forward, IMGs will not be responsible for the above preliminary tests. Instead, you’ll need to proceed directly to completing the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part 1 before applying to residency programs. This mean future IMGs will enjoy a more streamlined process.Dr. Ivan Kamikovski, a St. George’s University grad and Orthopaedic Surgery Resident at the University of Ottawa, says strong exam scores have traditionally been very important for those who want to pursue family medicine.2. ADDRESS PROVINCE SPECIFICSYou really need to pay attention to the details when you start deciding where you want to attend residency, because different provinces have their own eligibility criteria. You may have to take additional steps to verify your medical degree, complete additional examinations, or enter into a service agreement that commits you to practicing in a particular area for a specific amount of time.Meeting certain provincial eligibility requirements can be extremely challenging, so you should take that into account when deciding where to apply. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ontario are typically the friendliest toward IMGs, according to Dr. Alexander Hart, a Resident Physician in emergency medicine at the University of Toronto and IMG consultant for MD Consultants. “Within those provinces, there are a lot of universities,” he says.3. MAKE YOURSELF STAND OUTVery few people would argue IMGs have it easy when attempting to match for a medical residency in Canada, so anything you can do to boost your visibility would be wise. If possible, take advantage of opportunities near where you would like to practice. “I came to Canada for a period of time to do electives and got letters of reference from here,” Dr. Hart says.Dr. Kamikovski similarly pursued an elective in Canada, and he also made good use of his breaks during school. “When I came back to Canada, I would observe some of the orthopaedic surgeons,” he says, “Just to kind of get my name in there.”Building relationships with doctors and residents could be the key to securing a spot in a program later on. “In Canada, they’re more likely to take a person they know than a person who’s just on a list, a piece of paper,” Dr. Kamikovski says.Just remember that pursing an elective in Canada, while helpful, is not a requirement. There’s no guarantee of obtaining one of these positions since they’re offered through a lottery process.4. THINK CAREFULLY ABOUT YOUR SPECIALTY SELECTIONMedical students who complete their training in the US are required to obtain a Statement of Need, a form letter required for graduates who want to return to practice in Canada. Those who secure a residency in Canada can bypass this step in the process. But the List of Needed Specialties is still useful for seeing which fields offer a greater number of spots — typically primary care specialties. That said, some lucky IMGs have managed to secure competitive specialties.Dr. Kamikovski decided to go the specialty route. He says there are fewer job opportunities in orthopaedic surgery, so he felt many applicants were choosing family medicine and other primary care positions. Just know instructors and other IMGs think this is a risky move.It’s also important to note that, at least for most provinces, residency programs evaluate you separately from Canadian medical graduates."You’re typically competing only against other IMGs. But the spots are more restricted."“You’re typically competing only against other IMGs,” Dr. Hart says. “But the spots are more restricted.” If you attended a quality international program, performed well on your exam, and obtained strong letters of recommendation, you stand a better chance.5. APPLY TO PROGRAMS AND ATTEND INTERVIEWSYou’ll apply for residency positions using the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS). “It’s one central application system and that sends out your application to multiple schools,” Dr. Kamikovski explains."It’s one central application system and that sends out your application to multiple schools."Though you can start selecting programs before you’ve gathered all of your materials, it’s important to note that everything must be completed by a specific date in November to be considered on time. The CaRMS has a timeline you may find useful for staying on track.After programs have a chance to evaluate applications, they’ll begin to host interviews during January and February. As with medical school interviews, preparation is key. Take advantage of any mock interviews your medical school offers and make sure you do your research on individual programs.6. RANK PROGRAMS, THEN WAIT FOR YOUR RESULTSThe CaRMS uses the same algorithm the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) relies on to match applicants to programs. You can’t outsmart the system, so you will want to create a rank order list based on your true preferences. Your interviews should have provided you with most of the information you need to rank your selections.If you start second-guessing your choices, you may want to consult with a trusted mentor. It’s also smart to remind yourself of what it is you’re looking for in a program. For example, Dr. Hart says the University of Toronto is a good option for those who are interested in a niche area of medicine. “That’s the kind of thing that Toronto, above all else, really provides,” he explains. Even still, you don’t want to become too aspirational."That’s the kind of thing that Toronto, above all else, really provides."After you submit your rank order list, you may feel a bit anxious. It’s true that matching is difficult, but it’s not impossible. According to the Canadian Post-MD Education Registry (CAPER), hundreds of IMGs begin Canadian post-graduate medical training every year.TAKE THE NEXT STEPObtaining a medical residency in Canada requires some additional steps, hard work, and a certain amount of luck. But it’s not an impossible task. A residency in Canada could be in your future.Also keep in mind that it’s possible to practice medicine in Canada after completing residency training in the US. While there are a few extra steps, this is a feasible path for IMGs.If you have started looking into programs in the Caribbean as an option, you’ll want to make sure you do your research. But it can be a little tricky to know what you should believe. Make sure you’re distinguishing fact from fiction by reading our article, “The Truth About Caribbean Medical Schools: Debunking the Myths.”