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Because people contribute to open source for different reasons and with different agendas in mind.There are different philosophies and theories around open source products. Some claim that the reciprocity is expected if you use something for free. Others demand a regime similar to socialism and Marx’s slogan - “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”That doesn’t resonate with everyone. People are somewhat selfish by nature and solving global problems isn’t always at the top of their minds. That’s the reality we live in.Some do genuinely support the philosophy and spend a significant amount of time on contributing back in exchange for no direct compensation. I’ve probably spent over 2,000 hours on open source contributions - not accounting for any free applications or plugins that I’ve built separately.Therefore, I’ll pinpoint several factors that open source contributors consider and often utilize (as compared to developers who don’t contribute back).1. CommunityCo-organizing WordCamp Europe 2014 in Bulgaria with 900+ participants in 4 continents.Most contributors whom I’ve met are active members of a specific community. Could be a platform, a framework, a technical stack, a general dev forum, a hackerspace, a competitive programming group.Communities project a certain sense of commitment as there’s a global mission and a form of empowerment. You can meet advocates, evangelists, or core contributors to well known projects. It’s quite motivating, to say the least.And that doesn’t have to be an exclusively technical community. There are wonderful meetup groups and conferences by Firefox, Eclipse, OpenOffice - different products actively used by regular folks. These volunteers may be in charge of organizing community events, lectures at schools, translating the products, helping out with beta testing, answering support forum tickets and more.Those who are more engaged and proactive in open source communities tend to contribute more frequently since they regularly interact with other members.2. Company contributionsThere is a limited number of jobs allocated to community contributors. This is common in certain fields and slowly gets more popular in others.Think of evangelists and brand ambassadors. Company contributors may be sponsored employees who get paid for giving back to a platform or a technical stack.Again, those are not limited to development - a paid translator or an event organizer may also be involved. Larger organizations invest in contributors for various reasons - making an impact, having a stake in the ongoing development, influencing the roadmap of a product, showcasing their expertise and more.I had a technical partnership with a hosting vendor several years ago who paid for some of my patches and sponsored my trips to conferences in the US and Europe. We had worked together for nearly two years and they have grown by 200% or so since, currently employing several full-time contributors and plenty of volunteers.3. LearningRegardless of your expertise, there’s a lot you can learn in every project at work.But that’s often limiting. You work with a (small) team (even if that’s thousands of colleagues), serving a smaller customer base.Contributing to a popular open source project is a completely different game.You dive into a massive project that could be used by tens of millions of people, or even more.A minor change of yours could impact millions of web applications overnight.You work with incredible talent dispersed around the globe, profiling in different verticals of the technical stack.Each technical change has to consider backward compatibility, hosting limitations, how that would affect different languages, impact 3rd party vendors, technical agencies, non-profit communities - you name it.It’s mind-boggling. A single line of code may be reviewed by thousands of people, who come up with feedback and improvement suggestions, accounting for user experience, accessibility, security, performance considerations, business impact, governmental regulations, data privacy laws and what not.Fascinating. And extremely valuable in terms of becoming the best developer you can be.4. PortfolioFrom a hiring standpoint, I always consider open source contributors higher when reviewing CVs.Our technical lead Stanko Metodiev has even decided to contribute daily for a year or more. He managed to continuously submit patches that landed him several commit permissions to open source projects.I’ve received applications from developers working in Fortune 500 companies and numerous popular startups worldwide. Often times, they apply as they were laid off due to poor code quality, productivity, or something else.That’s not a rule of thumb. But how could you verify their coding skills or whether they are a great team player? That is quite transparent for open source contributors.Moreover, companies that support open source can benefit from hiring more contributors. It’s a good selling point and showcases experience and background in certain technologies.5. Top 1% ConsultancyGeneric service providers and organizations working with proprietary technologies have little to no incentive to contribute to open source.Otherwise, you probably work in an organization that provides technical solutions on top of an open source platform or use open source libraries, frameworks, tools. The more you specialize and go upscale, the more challenging problems you solve.Which leads to certain flaws and limitations of the core products. Those can be overcome only by those extremely familiar with the code base - people who can submit a patch or find a workaround that’s replacing a core module with their own.Moreover, understanding the core philosophy and the roadmap is crucial for ongoing business. Your solutions should be in line with the long-term goals of the product. You have to make decisions based on community decisions. In addition, you should test and mitigate any possible risks and regressions during ongoing updates.Basically, it’s almost expected to contribute actively once you work with large corporations building massive platforms.6. Direct compensationAnd here’s the main culprit to your question.Starting a job means getting paid for every hour spent at the office/working on a project. It’s simple as that.Contributing to open source has no direct/measurable impact on your profit. Many have spent years without making a living off their contributions.Except for developers who can figure out how to monetize their skills.Different ways to earn more for open source contributors:Become better and more knowledgeable and get promoted at your company.Build extensions, add-ons, plugins and charge for them.Provide consulting to businesses looking for top expertise.Write documentation, tutorials, case studies for industry magazines (paid).Give talks at conferences.Provide ongoing consulting (code reviews or external CTO) to businesses looking for excellence in that technical stack.Get monthly support through Patreon or other low-cost crowdfunding platforms for reputable contributors.All of those are viable ways to grow your revenue or switch to a consulting model that would be more rewarding than a full-time job.7. Intentionally embrace open sourceEven within the realm of a full-time job, most organizations (especially startups and smaller teams under 200–500 people) are open to restructuring their technical stack or introduce new tools or libraries.Developers who would like to join a community can still suggest an open source product for an upcoming project or an ongoing one. Newly introduced features and enhancements can be pushed upstream as pull requests - progressively improving the code base and participating in the global development effort.Whenever we use smaller libraries, we occasionally do a complete code review and submit fixes or improvements to the core products. It makes more sense in the long run. Alternatively, we can fork the core product, extend it, invite the original contributors and welcome other open source fellows, too.A few years ago, I wrote a Contributing Manifesto that I’ve shared with some of my consulting clients looking for development work. I’ve launched several small products to the public as a result - which grows my portfolio, helps others, and receives additional improvements for free by other technical users of my products.

A Govt. employee is not allowed to engage in any business as per law, therefore ownership as a promoter/director of a Private Limited Company is also not allowed. However, they can run it in a trustable person's ownership. Like father, mother or wife and if they can have time from job they can operate it.A public servant cannot engage in part-time job or any other business. It is a clear provision in Conduct Rules. There are few exceptions eg certain State Government doctors can practice outside office hours with permission from department, provided s/he is not drawing non-practicing allowance.Rule 15(1)(d) of CCS (C)Read the following text for reference:The Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964RULE 15. PRIVATE TRADE OR EMPLOYMENT:Government of India Decisions(1) Joining of Educational Institutions by Government servants outside normal office hours.It has been brought to the notice of this Ministry on behalf of Government servants belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, that certain Ministries/Departments do not permit members of their staff belonging to these communities to join educational institutions outside the normal office hours.2. As the Ministries are aware, it was proposed in this Ministry’s OM No. 25/27/52-Est., dated the 3rd May, 1952 (not reproduced) to issue general instruction on the subject. The replies received to that OM however revealed that while some Departments found that efficiency was suffering on account of Government servants attending a regular course of study for University Degree even outside office hours, a great majority of the Ministries was able to permit their employees to pursue such studies without detriment to official duties and that no serious problems had been created in most of the Departments by Government servants joining educational institutions. It was, therefore, not considered necessary to issue any specific instructions on the subject. Ordinarily there can be no objection to the pursuit of knowledge by Government servants in their leisure hours. But this must be subject to the condition that such pursuit does in no way detract from their efficiency. Wherever found necessary, the administrative authorities may require that Government servants under their control should take prior permission before joining educational institutions or courses of studies for University Degrees as the joining of educational institutions involves advance commitment about attendance at specific hours and absence from duty during periods of examinations. Ordinarily, permission is to be granted but with a view to summarily dealing with cases where it is noticed that the Government servant has been neglecting his duties for the sake of his studies, a condition may be attached saying that the permission may be withdrawn at any moment without assigning any reason. This will, of course, be without prejudice to any other departmental action being taken where mere withdrawal of the permission is not considered adequate.3. Government servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes may be allowed to take full advantage of the educational facilities subject to the policy stated above.4. These instructions have been issued with the concurrence of the Comptroller and Auditor General in so far as persons serving under him are concerned.[MHA OM No. 130/54-Ests.(A), dated 26.02.1955.](1A) Period of tenure of the official should be taken into account while granting permissionIt is clarified for information, and compliance by the Ministry of Finance, etc., that while taking into account the various administrative considerations in deciding upon a request for permission to attend courses of study outside office hours, the period of tenure of the Government servant concerned should also be taken into account so that in the ordinary course, occasions do not arise to ask for extension of tenure to cover the period of the course attended by him which may continue beyond the expiry of the tenure. Should a case of permission to a tenure officer to join an educational course the completion of which would require the extension of tenure of the officer concerned come up for consideration, this Department may please be consulted before the permission is granted.[MHA OM No. 11013/4/77-Ests.(A), dated the 21st May, 1977](2) Participation in Shramdan activities organized by Government departments or the Bharat Sewak SamajA question was raised recently whether central Government servants can be permitted to participate in a “Shramdan” drive organized by a State Government with the object of enabling the participants to devote some time and labour in furthering of the objects and work of public utility. Participation of a Government servant in such activity in his spare time is not only unobjectionable but even welcome subject; of course, to the consideration that such activity does not interfere with the performance of his official duties. It is, in fact, considered desirable that Government servants should be encouraged to participate in such activities so long as official duties of the employees concerned are not unduly interfered with.The Ministry of Finance etc. are requested to inform the Departments and offices under them accordingly. It should however, be made clear that these instructions apply only to activities organized by Government departments or the Bharat Sevak Samaj and not by private organizations.[MHA OM No. 25/8/55-Ests. (A), dated 03.05.1955](3) Permission to participate in the AIR programmes and to receive honorarium thereforA reference is invited to this Ministry’s Office memorandum No. 25/05/47-Est., dated the 16th June, 1947, on the subject mentioned above (not reproduced). With the issue of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1955 Government servants are now not required to obtain any sanction to broadcast on All India Radio if such broadcasts are purely literary, artistic or scientific character. In such cases the onus of ensuring that the broadcasts are of such a character rests on the Government servant concerned.2. A Question has, however, arisen whether the permission of competent authority is now necessary for the purpose of acceptance of honorarium under F.R. 46(b) by a Government servant in such cases. The matter has been considered by this Ministry in consultation with the Ministries of Finance and Information and Broadcasting and it has been decided that in cases in which no sanction is required for such broadcasts, no permission is necessary for Government servants to receive the honorarium.3. In cases where sanction to broadcast is necessary, such sanction, if given, should be taken to carry with it also the sanction to receive the honorarium.4. These orders have been issued after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General and are applicable to employees of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department also.[MHA OM No. 25/32/56-Ests.(A), dated 15.01.1957](4) Acceptance of part-time employment Examinership of examination papers set by recognized Universities.It is felt that the offers of Examinership are generally of a casual nature, occurring once or twice a year for a few days when the answer books etc. may have to be evaluated. There may, therefore, be no serious objection to giving permission in such cases.[MHA OM No. 25/5/56-Ests.(A), dated 06.09.1957 to the Ministry of Defence](5) Part-time lectureship amounts to regular remunerative occupation attracting need for sanction under supplementary Rule 11.A question has been raised whether a Government servant who is permitted under SR11 Supplementary to undertake a part-time job of a lecturer in an educational institution should also obtain sanction of the Government in terms of Rule 12 of the Central Civil (Conduct) Rules, 1955, (now Rule 15) before accepting the assignment.2. It has been decided in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India and the Ministry of Home Affairs that the powers delegated under S.R. 11 should only be exercised in cases where a Government servant undertakes to perform some work of a causal or occasional nature but where the work done is of the nature of a regular remunerative occupation, Conduct Rule 12 (now Rule 15) will be attracted and the sanction of Government will be necessary. Accordingly, the acceptance of a part-time lectureship in the case referred to is to be regarded as regular remunerative occupation which requires the sanction of Government under Conduct Rule 12 [now Rule 15 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964].[Min. of Finance OM No. F.10(94)-E-II(B)/58, dated 13.09.1958](6) Acceptance of part-time employment of Government servants after office hours ordinarily not to be allowed.Instances have come to notice in which Government servants have been allowed to accept regular part-time employment in other Government, quasi-Government or private institutions. Such employment, even though it is outside office hours, is contrary to the principle embodied in rule 12 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1955 (now Rule 15), prohibiting engagement in any trade or undertaking of any employment by a Government servant other than his public duties. It may result in some deterioration in his efficiency because if he does part-time work in addition to his full working hours in his office, he may not get sufficient time for rest and recreation and will, therefore, be unable to give undivided attention to his work even during office hours. Moreover, such part-time work by Government servants leads generally to depriving unemployed people of work which they would otherwise have got.2. Having regard to all these consideration, it has been decided that while the competent authority may permit a Government servant under S.R. 11 to undertake work of a casual or occasional character, a whole time Government servant should not ordinarily be allowed to accept any part-time employment whether under Government or elsewhere, even though such employment may be after office hours. In rare cases where it is proposed to give permission to a Government servant to accept part-time employment, prior sanction of Government should be obtained. In this connection a reference is also invited to the Ministry of Finance, Office memorandum No. F.10(94)-E-II(B)/58 dated 13th September, 1958 on the subject (Decision No. 6).3. In so far as the personnel serving in the Audit and Accounts Department are concerned, these orders have been issued after consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General.[MHA OM No. 25/42/58-Ests.(A), dated 16.10.1958](7) Enforcement of the restriction against canvassing by Government servants of the business of Life Insurance Agency, Commission Agency owned or managed by members of his family.Sub-rule (1) of rule 12 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1955 (Now rule 15), inter alia lays down that no Government servant shall, except with the previous sanction of the Government, engage directly or indirectly in any trade or business or undertake any employment. It has been further emphasized in the ‘explanation’ thereunder that canvassing by a Government servant in support of the business of insurance agency, commission agency, etc., owned and managed by his wife or any other member of his family shall be deemed to be a breach of this sub-rule.2. In spite of specific provisions in this rule, during the past two years quite a number of cases have been reported to the Special Police Establishment in which Government servants have been found carrying on life insurance business on their own or in the names of their wives or dependent, etc.3. It appears that the Government servants have either not realized the full importance of the above rule or are willfully ignoring it. This rule should, therefore, be brought to the notice of all Government servants under the Ministry of WHS etc., and the importance of observing the rule impressed on them.[MHA DO No. 24/10/61-AVD, dated 01.01.1962](8) Joining Civil Defence Service permissibleEnquiries have been made whether Government servants employed in the offices or establishments under the Central Government in Delhi and elsewhere could be allowed to join as volunteer in the Civil Defence Service. These volunteers have to play an important and useful role in the lives of the citizens. The Ministries are, therefore, requested to permit Government servants working under them to join this service and also to provide them necessary facilities for this purpose. Such of the Government servants as are holding key posts and who cannot be released during an emergency need not be permitted to join the Service.As far as possible, it is envisaged that the normal period of training will be outside office hours. However, if in an emergency, a Government Servant, who is enrolled as a member of the Civil Defence is required under the C.D. Service Rules, 1962 to perform any duties and functions during office hours, the period of absence shall be treated as special casual leave. The Government servants concerned may also be permitted to receive in addition to their civil pay, such allowances as may be prescribed for them under the Civil Defence Service Rules, 1962.These orders are not applicable to Government servants desiring to join Civil Defence Organisation on a whole time paid basis. Such Government Servants would be sent on deputation basis if they are permanent, and other individual cases should be examined on merits.As regards employees of Semi-Government organisation and Public Undertakings, the Ministry of Finance etc., are requested if there is no objection to take action on the above lines in respect of the undertakings under their control.[MHA OM No. 47/7/63-Ests.(A) dated 23.05.1963](9) Medical practice during spare time – Permission to be given to only those holding recognized qualificationsThe Government of India have had under consideration the question of permission to Central Government servants to practice medicine on a purely charitable basis during their spare time. Since such practice of medicine by unqualified and untrained persons will be harmful to the community, it has been decided that permission to central Government servants to undertake practice in any system of medicine should not be granted unless they hold recognized qualifications. Only persons holding recognized qualifications in any system of medicine and registered under the relevant law in force in the State or Union Territory concerned should be allowed to undertake medical practice. Head of departments may grant the required permission, provided the practice is undertaken during spare time, on a purely charitable basis, without detriment to the official duties of the Government servant concerned.2. Past cases, if any, in which permission has been granted to Government servants to undertake medical practice during their spare time may be reviewed in the light of the above decision.3. In so far as persons serving in the Indian Audit and Accounts Department are concerned, these orders issue in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.[MHA OM No. 25/4/64-Ests.(A), dated 29.02.1964](10) Commercial employment – negotiations for, while in serviceInstances have come to notice where Government servants enter into negotiations with private firms to secure commercial employment even while they are in service under Government. A Government servant is under an obligation to devote his energies whole-heartedly to the performance of his duties and not to divide his attention and efforts in search of employment elsewhere. It is, moreover, likely that in initiating such negotiations, the Government servant may in some measure utilise his official position or the official position of his friends and colleagues to further his interest in securing commercial employment or at any rate give reason for an impression that he might have done so. It has, therefore, been decided that no Government servant should negotiate for commercial employment without obtaining the prior permission of the Head of Department, or, if he is a Government servant serving in a Ministry of Department of the Government of India or a class I (Group A) Officer serving in an office under its control, of the Ministry or Department administratively concerned. It has been further decided that such permission should not be given unless there are any special reasons for doing so.[MHA OM No. 29/3/66/Ests.(A), dated 08.02.1966](11) Incentive to Central Government servants who are members of St. John Ambulance BrigadeUnder the Ministry of Home Affairs OM No. F.25/21/49-Ests dated 31st May, 1949 (not reproduced), Central Government servants may in suitable cases be permitted by the Head of Office etc., concerned to enroll themselves as members of St. John Ambulance Brigade and to receive the necessary training subject to the condition that the grant of permission in such cases would not interfere with the efficient discharge of their official duties by the Government servants concerned. In regard to the treatment of the absence of the Government servant from duty while receiving training, it was declared that in cases where Government servants who may be permitted to join the Brigade and required to undergo the necessary training, etc., during office hours there will be no objection to the period of training etc. being treated as casual leave to the extent such leave is due and to the extent such leave is not due, as special casual leave. The question what should be allowed to the Government servants who are the members of the Brigade and who are detailed for duty by the Brigade on the first-aid posts organized by them in Fairs and on important occasions, has been receiving attention of the Government of India for some time. It has now been decided that special casual leave not exceeding three (3) days per annum may be allowed to Government servants who are members of the Brigade to cover their absence on any special duties that may assigned to them by the Brigade provided that –(i) such duties are performed during office hours on working days; and(ii) if the duties so performed extend only to half a day only half day’s special casual leave should be allowed.[CS (Deptt. of Personnel) OM No. F.27/5/70-Ests.(B), dated 12.01.1971](12) Sub-letting of Government accommodation by Government servants – Departmental action against.Where Government servants are found guilty of letting out the accommodation allotted to them by Directorate of Estates, action is taken against them under the provisions of Allotment of Government Residence (General Pool in Delhi) Rules, 1963. The question whether any departmental disciplinary action may be taken against such employees, apart from the action taken against them under the Allotment Rules, has been considered carefully. It has been decided that in all cases where a Government servant has been found guilty of letting out the Government residential accommodation allotted to him/her, the Directorate of Estates will intimate to the administrative authority concerned the details of the case and action taken against the employees under the Allotment Rules and the concerned disciplinary authority after considering the facts of the case may take suitable departmental disciplinary action under the disciplinary rules for imposition of a suitable penalty on grounds of unbecoming conduct of the Government employees involving violation of Rule 3 (1) (iii) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 or any other similar rule governing them. Similarly, disciplinary action may be taken in those cases also where the accommodation in question is controlled by an authority other than the Directorate of Estates.[DOPT OM No. 11013/14/85-Estt.(A), dated 06.03.1986](13) Canvassing in support of business owned or managed by members of familyUnder Rule 15 (1) (d) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964, no Government servant shall, except with the previous sanction of the Government, canvass in support of any business of insurance agency, Commission etc. owned or managed by any member of his family. Sub-rule (3), ibid, further provides that every Government servant shall report to the Government if any member of his family is engaged in a trade or business or owns or manages an insurance agency or commission agency.2. The business of advertising agencies carried on by a member of the family of a Government servant besides other similar services, is thus covered under the aforesaid rules. A Government servant shall not, except with the previous sanction of the Government, canvass in support of any such business.[DOPT OM No. 11013/1/89-Estt.(A), dated 11.03.1989](14) Participation of Government servants in competitions/events organized by Private Companies etc. with the objective of promoting their products.Instances have come to notice where Government servants participated in competitions and other social events organized by some private companies and organizations with the objective of promoting their business interests. Attention in this regard is invited to the provisions of Rule 15 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 which provides, inter alia, that while a Government servant may undertake honorary work of a social or charitable nature or take part in sports activities as an amateur, he should not, except with the previous sanction of the Government, engage directly or indirectly in any trade or business or take part in the registration, promotion or management of any company or co-operative society etc. for commercial purposes.2. The social events and competitions promoted by various private companies can be put into different categories;(i) where the social events are organized purely with an intention to promote the business interests of the company and the competitiveness amongst the participants is not relevant;(ii) where the competition by way of games and sports are sponsored by private companies and the spirit of the competitiveness amongst the participants is very much evident.The nature of events referred to in item (i) above are quite distinct from those referred to in item (ii) as in the latter case, it is the competition or the event which remains in the forefront and not the sponsors and as such the involvement of the private companies as sponsors cannot be taken as solely for the purpose of promotion of their business interests.3. The Government servants are advised not to take part in any competition or social event referred to in item (i) of para 2 organised by private companies or organizations, the primary objective of which is only to promote their business activities or their products, without the prior sanction of the Government. Such a participation without the previous sanction is liable to be construed as a violation of the provisions of Rule 15 of the Conduct Rules. However, the participation in the events referred to in item (ii) of the preceding para does not require any previous sanction of the Government.[DOPT OM No. 11013/2/89-Estt.(A), dated 28.03.1989](15) Rule 15 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 - Clarification regardingThe Staff Side in the National Council (JCM) has pointed out that officials in some of the Departments are being prohibited from holding elective offices in Government cooperative societies and in that context has urged for suitable amendment to Rule 15 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964. The Official Side, while holding that no amendment of the rule is necessary has however, agreed to issue clarificatory instructions in the matter.2. Rule 15(1)(c) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules provides for previous sanction of the Government being taken by a Government servant for holding an elective office in any body, whether incorporated or not. Rule 15 (2) (d) provides that a Government servant may, without previous sanction of the Government take part in the registration, promotion or management (not involving the holding of elective office) of a literary, scientific or charitable society or of a club or similar organization, the aims or objects of which relate to promotion of sports, cultural or recreation activities, registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1960 or any law for the time being in force. Thus, there is no bar, as such, on a Government servant holding an elective office and the rules only provide for previous sanction of the Government being taken for this purpose. Holding an elective office in a body or society covered under Rule 15 (1) (c) and 15 (2) (d) would generally involve exercise of some administrative responsibilities in that organization. Subject to the administrative authority satisfying itself that this will not interfere in any manner with the discharge of official duties by the Government servant concerned, the question of permitting Government servants to hold elective office can be considered.3. The position under the rules, as clarified in the preceding para, may be kept in view by the Ministries/Departments while considering the requests of Government servants for permission to seek/hold elective office in a body or society covered under Rule 15 (1) (c) and 15 (2) (d) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964.[DOPT OM No. 35014/6/92-Estt.(A), dated 10.06.1993](16) Rule 15-Contesting in elections to sports bodies etc.As the Ministries/Departments are aware, previous sanction of the Government in required as per Rule 15 (1) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 for a Government servant to hold an elective office or canvass for a candidate or candidates for an elective office, in any body whether incorporated or not. Under Rule 12 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, previous sanction of the Government or of the prescribed authority is also necessary for a Government servant associating himself with raising of any funds or other collections in pursuance of any object whatsoever. It hardly needs to be emphasized that the entire time of the Government servant, particularly a senior officer, should be available to the Government and no activities unconnected with his official duties should be allowed to interfere with the efficient discharge of such duties. The need for curbing the tendency on the part of a Government servant to seek elective office in sports federations/associations at the national/state level has been considered carefully and it has been decided that the following principles should be followed while considering requests from Government servants for seeking election to or holding elective offices in sports federations/associations:-(i) No Government servant should be allowed to hold elective office in any sports association/federation for a term of more than 4 years, or for one term whichever is less.(ii) While seeking office (for which prior permission of Government should be obtained) or supporting the candidature of any person for election to sports bodies, a Government servant should not indulge in conduct unbecoming of a Government servant.(iii) A Government servant must refrain from raising of funds or other collections from official as well as non-official sources for the promotion of sports at any level.(iv) Prior clearance from the Government of India must be obtained for any travels abroad in connection with the work or other activities of any sports federation/association. While seeking such clearance, the officer must indicate the source of funding for the foreign trip including travel, hospitality and other expenses and when permitted to go, he must do so by availing of leave due and admissible to him.[DOPT OM No. 11013/9/93-Estt.(A), dated 22.04.1994](17) Subletting of Government accommodation – Departmental action againstThe Hon’ble Supreme Court in its order passed on 29.11.1996 in Writ Petition No. 585/94 (S.S.Tiwari Vs. UOI & Others) had directed that disciplinary proceedings be initiated against the Government servants who sublet their accommodation allotted to them by the Government. It was also directed that the findings of the Directorate of Estates regarding subletting shall be binding on the disciplinary authority for the purpose of initiating the disciplinary proceedings. The relevant extract from the order of the Supreme Court is reproduced below:“Rule 15-A has been inserted under the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 by the Notification dated August 16, 1996 as published in the Government Gazette dated August 31, 1996. The said rule is as under:-15-A. Sub-letting and vacation of Government accommodation.(1) Save as otherwise provided in any other law for the time being in force, no Government servant shall sub-let, lease or otherwise allow occupation by any other person of the Government accommodation which has been allotted to him.(2) A Government servant shall, after the cancellation of his allotment of Government accommodation vacate the same within the time-limit prescribed by the allotting authority.It is thus obvious that a Government servant who sub-lets the Government accommodation or otherwise allows occupation by any other person of the said accommodation, that would per se amount to misconduct. Even otherwise, keeping in view the shortage of Government accommodation and thousands of Government employees on wait list for years together (even today, according to Mr. Harcharanjit Singh, the wait list in certain types of houses is 20 years), the sub-letting of the Government accommodation by the Government servant for pecuniary gain is a grave misconduct. It is, therefore, obligatory for the disciplinary authority of the department concerned to initiate disciplinary proceedings against concerned Government servant under Rule 14 of the CCS (CCA) Rules, 1965. As soon as the allotment is cancelled by the Directorate of Estate on the ground of sub-letting, the disciplinary authority of the Department concern shall initiate disciplinary proceedings against the Government servant concerned. The findings of the Directorate of Estates regarding sub-letting shall be binding on the disciplinary authority for the purpose of initiating the disciplinary proceedings. Once the disciplinary proceedings are initiated, the procedure laid down under the CCS (CCA) Rules shall take its own course. Since the disciplinary proceedings in such cases would be initiated on a charge of grave misconduct, the competent authority may consider placing the delinquent Government servant under suspension.”2. All Ministries/Departments/Offices etc. are requested to bring the above ruling of the Supreme Court to the notice of all concerned under their control and to ensure that disciplinary proceedings are initiated against the Government servants in whose cases subletting of allotted Government residential accommodation has been established by the Directorate of Estates. It may be ensured that charge sheets are issued immediately in cases where persons are likely to retire shortly or those cases which are likely to become time-barred by virtue of the misconduct being more than four years old.[DOPT OM No. 11012/2/97-Estt.(A), dated 31.12.1997](18) CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 – Provisions of rule 15 regarding the holding of elective office by Government servants in Co-operative Societies etc.As a number of references are being received in this Department regarding the need for obtaining permission by Government servants to hold elective offices in Co-operative Societies and other bodies, the necessity to reiterate the relevant provisions of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 has been felt. Rule 15(1) (c) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964 provides that no Government servant shall, except with the previous sanction of the Government hold an elective office, or canvass for a candidate or candidates for an elective office, in any body, whether incorporated or not. Under Rule 15 (2)(d), a Government servant may, without the previous sanction of the Government, take part in the registration, promotion or management (not involving the holding of an elective office) of a literary, scientific or charitable society or of a club or similar organization, the aims or objects of which relate to promotion of sports, cultural or recreational activities, registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), or any other law for the time being in force. Rule 15 (2)(e) provides that no previous permission is required for taking part in the registration, promotion or management (not involving the holding of elective office) of a co-operative society substantially for the benefit of Government servants, registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 (2 of 1912), or any other law for the time being in force.2. It needs to be stressed that the entire time of the Government servant should be available to the Government and that no activities unconnected with his or her official duties should be allowed to interfere with the efficient discharge of such duties.All Ministries are requested to ensure that the participation of Government servants in the activities of cooperative societies conform to the above provisions and does not interfere with the discharge of their official duties.3. The relevant Acts and bye-laws of the Co-operative Societies contain necessary provisions regarding eligibility of candidates to contest election including restrictions on tenure/number of terms.4. The request from Government servants for permission to participate in the activities of Co-operative Societies and other bodies may also be examined keeping in view the provisions of the relevant Act and bye`-laws governing the activities of such societies apart from the aforesaid provisions of rule 15(1) & (2) of the CCS(Conduct) Rules, 1964.[DOP&T O.M. No. 11013/4/2007-Estt.(A) dated 13th November, 2007]Source: Referencer | Central Civil Services Conduct Rules 1964 | GOI_Decisions_15

this is wht one source says:Renowned sixteenth-century mathematician and astrologer most remembered for his numerous experiments with crystal gazing. He was also a scholar, a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, and the author of 49 books on scientific subjects. His delving into the occult made him a person of strange reputation and career.Born in London July 13, 1527, Dee is said to have descended from a noble Welsh family, the Dees of Nant y Groes in Radnorshire. He claimed that one of his direct ancestors was Roderick the Great, Prince of Wales. Dee's father appears to have been a gentleman server at the court of Henry VIII and therefore affluent and able to give his son a good education. So at age 15, John Dee went to Cambridge University and after two years there took his bachelor of arts. Soon afterward he became intensely interested in astronomy and decided to leave England to study abroad. In 1547 he went to the Low Countries (modern Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands), where he consorted with numerous scholars. He returned to England with the first astronomer's staff of brass and also with two globes constructed by geographer Gerard Mercator (famed for his cartographic projection).In 1548 he traveled to France, living for some time at Lou-vain. In 1550 he spent several months in Paris, lecturing on the principles of geometry. He was offered a permanent post at the Sorbonne, but declined, returning in 1551 to England, where on the recommendation of Edward VI he was granted the rectory of Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire.Dee was now in a delightful and enviable position, having a comfortable home and assured income, he was able to devote himself exclusively to the studies he loved. But he had hardly begun to enjoy these benefits when, on the accession of Queen Mary in 1553, he was accused of trying to take the new sovereign's life by means of magic and was imprisoned at Hampton Court.He gained his liberty soon afterward, but he felt that many people looked on him with distrust because of his scientific predilections. In a preface he wrote for an English translation of Euclid, he complains bitterly of being regarded as "a companion of the hellhounds, a caller and a conjuror of wicked and damned spirits."During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I his fortune began to improve again, and after making another long tour abroad (going on as far as St. Helena), he returned and took a house at Mortlake on the Thames.While staying there he rapidly became famous for his intimate knowledge of astronomy. In 1572—on the advent of a new star—people flocked to hear Dee speak on the subject; when a mysterious comet appeared five years later, the scholar was again granted ample opportunity to display his learning. Queen Elizabeth herself was among those who came to ask him what this addition to the stellar bodies might portend.First Crystal VisionsThe most interesting circumstances in Dee's life are those dealing with his experiments in crystallomancy. Living in comparative solitude, practicing astrology for bread, but studying alchemy for pleasure, brooding over Talmudic mysteries and Rosicrucian theories, immersed in constant contemplation of wonders he longed to penetrate, and dazzled by visions of the elixir of life and the philosophers' stone, Dee soon reached such a condition of mystic exaltation that his visions seemed real, and he persuaded himself that he was the favored of the invisible world. In his Diary he recorded that he first saw spirits in his crystal globe on May 25, 1581.One day in November 1582, while on his knees and fervently praying, Dee became aware of a sudden glory that filled the west window of his laboratory and in the midst of which shone the bright angel Uriel. It was impossible for Dee to speak. Uriel smiled benignly upon him, gave him a convex piece of crystal, and told him that when he wished to communicate with the beings of another world he had but to examine it intently, and they would immediately appear and reveal the mysteries of the future. Then the angel vanished.Dee used the crystal but discovered that it was necessary to concentrate all his faculties upon it before the spirits would obey him. Also, he could never remember what the spirits said in their frequent conversations with him. He resolved to find a fellow worker, or a neophyte, who would converse with the spirits while he recorded the interesting dialogue. He found the assistant he sought in Edward Kelley, who unfortunately possessed the boldness and cunning for making a dupe of the amiable and credulous enthusiast.Kelley was a native of Lancashire, born, according to Dee, in 1555. Nothing is known of his early years, but after having been convicted at Lancaster of coining, he was punished by having his ears cropped. He concealed the loss of his ears by a black skullcap. He later moved to Worcester and established himself as a druggist. Carnal, ambitious, and self-indulgent, he longed for wealth; and despairing of getting it through honest work, he began to seek the philosophers' stone and to employ what secrets he picked up in taking advantage of the ignorant and extravagant.Before his acquaintance with Dee, he obtained some repute as a necromancer and alchemist who could make the dead utter the secrets of the future. One night he took a wealthy man and some of his servants into the park of Walton le Dale, near Preston in Lancashire, and alarmed him with the most frightening incantations. He then exhumed a recently interred corpse from the neighboring churchyard and pretended to make it utter wisdom.Dee is believed to have employed a scryer, or seer, named Barnabas Saul before he met Kelley. He recorded in his Diary on October 9, 1581, that Saul was strangely troubled by a "spiritual creature" about midnight. On December 2 he willed his scryer to look into the "great crystalline globe" for the apparition of the holy angel Anael. Saul looked and apparently saw, but when he confessed the following March that he neither saw nor heard spiritual creatures any longer, Dee dismissed him. Then came Kelley (who was also called Talbot), and the conferences with the spirits rapidly increased in importance as well as curiosity.The Visions Of Edward KelleyIn his work with Kelley, Dee saw nothing. The visions seemed to exist solely in Kelley's fertile imagination. The entities who reportedly communicated through Kelley bore names such as Madini, Gabriel, Uriel, Nalvage, Il, Morvorgran, and Jubanladace. Some of them were said to be angels.A record of the séances held in 1582-87 was published in Meric Casaubon's A True and Faithful Relation of What Passed between Dr. Dee and Some Spirits; Tending, Had it Succeeded, to a General Alteration of Most States and Kingdoms in the World (1659). The spirits offered occult instructions—how to make the elixir of life, how to search for the philosophers' stone, how to involve the spirits. They also gave information on the hierarchy of spiritual beings and disclosed the secrets of the primeval tongue that the angels and Adam spoke, which was corrupted into Hebrew after the Fall. This original speech bore an organic relation to the outer world. Each name expressed the properties of the thing spoken of, and the utterance of that name had a compelling power over that creature. Dee was supposed to write a book in this tongue under spirit influence. He was later relieved of the task, however. The prophecies that were given through the crystal mostly failed. The physical phenomena were few—occasional movements of objects, direct writing, and direct voice.In light of Kelley's low moral character the séance records must be considered dubious documents, but the extraordinary detail and scope of these claimed visions (including the complex angelic language) seems to go beyond mere fraudulent invention. Kelley's later activities, however, were undoubtedly suspect.Dee and Kelley acquired a considerable reputation for the occult, which spread from Mortlake to continental Europe. Dee declared that he possessed the elixir of life, which he claimed to have found among the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey, so the curious were drawn to his house by a double attraction. Gold flowed into his coffers, but his experiments in the transmutation of metals absorbed a great portion of his money.At that time the court of England was visited by a Polish nobleman named Albert Laski, Count Palatine of Siradz, who wanted to see the famous "Gloriana." Queen Elizabeth received him with the flattering welcome she always accorded to distinguished strangers and placed him in the charge of the earl of Leicester. Laski visited all the England of the sixteenth century worth showing, especially its two universities, but was disappointed at not finding the famous Dr. Dee at Oxford. "I would not have come hither," he said to the earl, "had I wot that Dee was not here." Leicester promised to introduce him to the learned philosopher on their return to London, and so soothed his discontent.A few days afterward Laski and the earl of Leicester were waiting in the antechamber at Whitehall for an audience with the queen when Dee arrived. Leicester embraced the opportunity and introduced him to Laski. The interview between two genial spirits was interesting and led to frequent visits from Laski to Dee's house at Mortlake. Kelley consulted the "great crystalline globe" and began to reveal hints and predictions that excited Laski's fancy. He claimed to see in the globe magnificent projects for the reconstruction of Europe, to be accomplished with Laski's help. According to Kelley's spirit revelations, Laski was descended from the Anglo-Norman family of the Lacies and was destined to effect the regeneration of the world. After that disclosure the two men could talk about nothing but hazy politics.A careful perusal of Dee's Diary suggests that he was duped by Kelley and that he accepted all his revelations as the actual utterances of the spirits. It seems that Kelley not only knew something of the optical delusions then practiced by pretended necromancers, but also may have possessed considerable ventriloquial powers, which assisted him in deceptions.It did not serve Kelley's purposes to bring matters too suddenly to an end, and hoping to show the value of his services, he renewed his complaints about the wickedness of dealing with spirit and his fear of the perilous enterprises they might enjoin. He threatened to abandon his task, which greatly disturbed Dee. Where indeed could he hope to meet with another scryer of such infinite ability?Once when Kelley expressed his desire to ride from Mortlake to Islington on some business, the doctor grew afraid that it was only an excuse to cover his escape. Following is Dee's only account of the events:"Whereupon, I asked him why he so hasted to ride thither, and I said if it were to ride to Mr. Harry Lee I would go thither, and to be acquainted with him, seeing now I had so good leisure, being eased of the book writing. Then he said that one told him the other day that the duke (Laski) did but flatter him, and told him other things both against the duke and me. I answered for the duke and myself, and also said that if the forty pounds annuity which Mr. Lee did offer him was the chief cause of his mind setting that way (contrary to many of his former promises to me), that then I would assure him of fifty pounds yearly, and would do my best, by following of my suit, to bring it to pass as soon as I possibly could; and thereupon did make him promise upon the Bible."Then Edward Kelley again upon the same Bible did swear unto me constant friendship, and never to forsake me; and moreover said that unless this had so fallen about he would have gone beyond the seas, taking ship at Newcastle within eight days next."And so we plight our faith each to the other, taking each other by the hand, upon these points of brotherly and friendly fidelity during life, which covenant I beseech God to turn to his honour, glory, and service, and the comfort of our brethren (his children) here on earth."Kelley then returned to Dee's crystal and his visions and soon persuaded Laski that he was destined by the spirits to achieve great victories over the Saracens and win enduring glory. To do so he needed to return to Poland.Adventures In EuropeLaski returned to Poland, taking with him Dee and Kelley and their wives and families. The spirits continued to respond to their inquiries even while at sea. They landed at the Brill on July 30, 1583, and traversed Holland and Friesland to the wealthy town of Lubeck. There they lived sumptuously for a few weeks, and with new strength set out for Poland. On Christmas Day they arrived at Stettin, where they stayed until the middle of January 1584. They reached Lasco, Laski's estate, early in February.Immediately work began for the transmutation of iron into gold, since boundless wealth was obviously needed for so grand an enterprise as the regeneration of Europe. Laski liberally supplied them with means, but the alchemists always failed on the very threshold of success.It became apparent to the swindlers that Laski's fortune was nearly exhausted. At the same time, ironically, the angels Madini, Uriel, and their comrades in the crystal began to doubt whether Laski was, after all, the great regenerator intended to revolutionize Europe.The whole party lived at Cracow from March 1584 until the end of July and made daily appeals to the spirits in reference to the Polish prince. They grew more and more discouraging in their replies, and Laski began to suspect that he had been duped. He proposed to furnish the alchemists with sufficient funds for a journey to Prague and letters of introduction to Emperor Rudolph. At that very moment the spirits revealed that Dee should bear a divine message to the emperor, and so Laski's proposal was gladly accepted.At Prague the two alchemists were well received by the emperor. They found him willing to believe in the existence of the famous philosophers' stone. He was courteous to Dee, a man of European celebrity, but was very suspicious of Kelley. They stayed several months at Prague, living on the funds Laski had supplied and hoping to be drafted into the imperial service.At last the papal nuncio complained about the tolerance afforded to heretical magicians, and the emperor was obliged to order them to leave within 24 hours. They complied, and so escaped prison or the stake, to which the nuncio had received orders from Rome to consign them in May 1586.They traveled to the German town of Erfurt, and from there to Cassel. Meeting with a cold reception, however, they made their way once more to Cracow. There they earned a scanty living by telling fortunes and casting nativities.After a while, they found a new patron in Stephen, king of Poland, to whom Kelley's spirits predicted that Emperor Rudolph would soon be assassinated and that the Germans would elect him to the imperial throne. But Stephen, like Laski, grew weary of the ceaseless demands for pecuniary support. Then came a new disciple, Count Rosenberg, a wealthy nobleman of Trebona, in Bohemia. At his castle they remained for nearly two years, eagerly pursuing their alchemical studies but never coming any closer to the desired result.Dee's enthusiasm and credulity had made him utterly dependent on Kelley, but the trickster was nevertheless jealous of the superior respect that Dee enjoyed as a man of remarkable scholarship and considerable ability. Frequent quarrels broke out between them, aggravated by the passion Kelley had developed for the doctor's young and beautiful wife—which he was determined to gratify. He concocted an artful plan to get what he wanted.Knowing Dee's dependence upon him as a scryer, he suddenly announced his intention of resigning, and only consented to remain when the doctor begged him. That day, April 18, 1587, they consulted the spirits. Kelley pretended to be shocked at the revelation they made and refused to repeat it. Dee's curiosity was aroused, and he insisted on hearing it, but was extremely upset when Kelley said that the spirits had commanded the two philosophers to have their wives in common.Dee rebuked the spirit Madini for such an improper proposal, but eventually reluctantly consented to the arrangement. Accordingly Dee, Kelley, and their wives signed an agreement on May 3, 1587, pledging obedience to the angelic demand.Soon afterward, Dee requested permission from Queen Elizabeth to return to England and left the castle of Trebona after finally separating from Kelley. The latter, who had been knighted at Prague, proceeded to the Bohemian capital, taking with him the elixir found at Glastonbury Abbey. He was immediately arrested by order of the emperor and imprisoned.Kelley was later released and wandered throughout Germany, telling fortunes and propagating the cause of magic. He was again arrested as a heretic and sorcerer. In a desperate attempt to avoid imprisonment he tried to escape, but fell from the dungeon wall and broke two ribs and both his legs. He died of his injuries in February 1593.Dee's Final YearsDee set out from Trebona with a splendid train, the expenses of his journey defrayed by the generous Bohemian noble Count Rosenberg. In England he was well received by the queen and settled again at Mortlake, resuming his chemical studies and his pursuit of the philosophers' stone.But nothing went well with the unfortunate enthusiast. He employed two scryers—a rogue named Bartholomew and a charlatan named Heckman—but neither could discover anything satisfactory in the "great crystalline globe." He grew poorer and poorer; he sank into indigence and wearied the queen with his importunity. At length he obtained a small appointment as chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, which in 1595 he exchanged for the wardenship of Manchester College. He served in this position until age and failing intellect compelled him to resign it about 1602 or 1603.He then retired to his old house at Mortlake, where he practiced as a fortune-teller, gaining little in return but an unenviable reputation as a wizard, "a conjuror, a caller, or invocator of devils." On June 5, 1604, he petitioned James I for protection against such calumnies, declaring that none of the "very strange and frivolous fables or histories reported and told of him (as to have been of his doing) were true."Dee was an exceptionally interesting figure, and he must have been a man of rare intellectual activity. His calculations facilitated the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in England, and he foresaw the formation of the Historical Manuscripts Commission, addressing to the Crown a petition on the desirability of preserving the old, unpublished records of England's past, many of which were kept in the archives of monasteries. He was a voluminous writer on science, his works including Monas Hieroglyphica (1564), De Trigono (1565), Testamentum Johannis Dee Philosophi Summi ad Johannem Guryun Transmissum (1568) and An Account of the Manner in which a Certayn Copper-smith in the Land of Moores, and a Certayn Moore Transmuted Copper to Gold (1576).It is usual to dismiss Kelley as a rogue and Dee as his dupe, but if the angelic visions were purely for money, they both could have done better for themselves. Dee seemed to be an honest man of unusual talents, devoting his life to science and the pursuit of mystical knowledge. The angelic language called Enochian, which Dee and Kelley used when invoking spirits in the crystal, is a construction of great intricacy, far beyond the capacity or the requirements of simple fraud. It combines magic, mathematics, astrology, and cryptography. An intriguing suggestion is that the angelic conversations were a system of codes to convey secrets, and that Dee and Kelley's visits in Europe were for purposes of espionage. In later times, Enochian rituals were revived by the magical Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and became a common element in ceremonial magic. Some Enochian rituals were adapted by Anton LaVey and the Church of Satan, which he founded.Dee's reputation suffered much from the scorn of Meric Casaubon, who published some of the angelic conversations and represented them as delusive. The scholar Theodore Besterman, however, in his book Crystal-Gazing (1929), adopted Dee as a pioneer Spiritualist, and contemporary magicians have seen him as one of their ancestors.Dee was miserably poor in his last years and was even obliged to sell his precious books in order to sustain himself. He was planning a journey to Germany when he died in December 1608; he was buried in the chancel of Mortlake Church. The seventeenth-century antiquary John Aubrey assembled an interesting character description of Dee:"He had a very fair, clear, sanguine complexion, a long beard as white as milke. A very handsome man…. He was a great peacemaker; if any of the neighbours fell out, he would never lett them alone till he had made them friends. He was tall and slender. He wore a gowne like an artist's gowne, with hanging sleeves, and a slitt. A might good man he was."One of his crystals used for scrying was supposed to have been given to Dee by an angel. It is on display in the British Museum, London, which also houses some of the mystical cakes of wax consecrated by Dee for his ceremonies and some of his manuscripts in the Cottonian collection.Several centuries after his death, on April 18, 1873, Dee supposedly communicated via automatic writing through the mediumship of Stainton Moses. The communications gave some evidential details of his life that were verified by research at the British Museum Library, but his signature was found to be dissimilar to the one preserved there.Sources:Besterman, Theodore. Crystal-Gazing. London, 1929. Re-print, New York, 1965.Burland, C. A. The Arts of the Alchemists. London, 1967.Clulee, Nicholas H. John Dee's Natural Philosophy: Between Science and Religion. New York: Routledge, 1988.Deacon, R. John Dee: Scientist, Astrologer & Secret Agent to Elizabeth. London: Frederick Muller, 1968.Dee, John. The Diaries of John Dee. Edited by Edward Fenton. Oxfordshire, UK: Day Books, 1998.——. The Hieroglyphic Monad. Translated by J. W. Hamilton Jones. London, 1847.