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On the morning of December 17, 2010, fruit vendor Mohamed Bouazizi pushed his unlicensed cart towards the local market in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.His cart was full of some of the “best oranges, dates, and apples” he had ever seen. He proudly showed his wares to his mother the night before. “With this fruit,” he told her, “I can buy some gifts for you. Tomorrow will be a good day.”[1]Photo of Bouazizi: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181217-remembering-mohamed-bouazizi-and-the-start-of-the-arab-spring/Bouazizi was desperate to save enough for a pickup truck, so he could retire his hand-pushed cart. He was one of hundreds of salesmen jostling for business in a market that was rife with fraud and corruption.[2]Unfortunately for vendors like Bouazizi, local Tunisian police were a constant source of harassment and theft.For years, Bouazizi had told his mother stories of corruption at the fruit market, where vendors gathered under a cluster of ficus trees on the main street of this scruffy town, not far from Tunisia’s Mediterranean beaches.Arrogant police officers treated the market as their personal picnic grounds, taking bagfuls of fruit without so much as a nod toward payment. The cops took visible pleasure in subjecting the vendors to one indignity after another — fining them, confiscating their scales, even ordering them to carry their stolen fruit to the cops’ cars.[3]On this particular day, police stopped Bouazizi and tried to take bags of his fruit, but his uncle intervened with the chief of police.[4] After trying to pay a bribe, one of the officers, Fedya Hamdi, retaliated against Bouazizi. She slapped him in the face, spat on him, and insulted his dead father. The police then beat him with a baton in front of more than 50 witnesses. [5] The fact that his attacker was a woman only deepened his humiliation.[6]“Why are you doing this to me?” he cried, according to vendors and customers who were there. “I’m a simple person, and I just want to work.”[7]Officer Hamdi later claimed she never slapped Bouazizi, and was acquitted at trial.[8] She did admit to confiscating his cart, and has since blamed herself for her part in causing the tumult that followed.[9]After the confrontation, Bouazizi went to the local governor’s office to complain, but the clerk ignored him, telling him to go home. Local police dismissed his claims as well.The deeply humiliated man had reached his breaking point.Bouazizi returned to the market and told his fellow vendors he would let the world know how unfairly they were being treated, how corrupt the system was.He would set himself ablaze.“We thought he was just talking,” said Hassan Tili, another vendor.A short while later, the vendors heard shouts from a couple of blocks away. Without another word to anyone, Bouazizi had positioned himself in front of the municipal building, poured paint thinner over his body and lit himself aflame.The fire burned and burned. People ran inside and grabbed a fire extinguisher, but it was empty. They called for police, but no one came. Only an hour and a half after Bouazizi lit the match did an ambulance arrive.[10]Mohamed Bouazizi died about two weeks later, on January 4, 2011.Shortly before he died, Bouazizi was visited in the hospital by Tunisia’s authoritarian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. In front of television cameras, Bouazizi’s family was presented with a check for 10,000 dinars ($7000).After Ben Ali left, his staff took back the check. “I never got any of it,” Bouazizi’s mother said.[11]Photo credit - Reuters: Tunisian RevolutionWord of Bouazizi’s self-immolation and violent death went viral on social media, sparking outrage. Tunisian citizens were all-too familiar with the arrogance of local government, and they set their revolutionary sights on the president himself.Street protests spread immediately, leading to clashes with government forces. Less than a month later, on January 14, 2011, president Ben Ali was ousted as head of the government.[12]Photo - Finbarr O’Reilly, Reuters: Tunisian RevolutionBouazizi became a legend in the movement known as the Arab Spring. Throngs of protestors stormed into the streets across North Africa and the Middle East.[13]Seemingly untouchable government leaders were toppled in these countries:Egypt - Long-ruling autocrat Hosni Mubarak was pushed from office after massive protests in Cairo.Libya - a civil war led to European and American intervention. Dictator Muammar Gaddafi was killed.Yemen - a brutal civil war continues to this day. President Ali Abdullah Saleh fled his office.Civil wars or major protests also erupted in these countries:SyriaIraqBahrainSaudi Arabia, Morocco, and Palestine saw minor protests, and other governments quickly instituted reforms due to popular pressure.Photo - Christopher Furlong, Getty Images: Tunisian RevolutionThe consequences of this movement have been vast, and are still ongoing to this day. The Syrian Civil War has produced one of the largest refugee crises in decades, with fleeing families crossing the borders of Europe. Some governments have stuck with needed reforms, while others swiftly and brutally cracked down on their own citizens.Bouazizi’s dramatic and desperate protest is easily one of the most impactful events of this decade. We will feel its effects for many years ahead.**EDIT: Added paragraph about officer Hamdi's later acquittal at trial, and her claim that the slap and physical attack never happened.Footnotes[1] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[2] Bouazizi: The Man Who Set Himself and Tunisia on Fire[3] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[4] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[5] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[6] Mohamed Bouazizi | Tunisian street vendor and protester[7] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[8] Fedia Hamdi's slap which sparked a revolution 'didn't happen'[9] This is the woman who blames herself for the Arab Spring[10] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[11] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-tunisia-act-of-one-fruit-vendor-sparks-wave-of-revolution-through-arab-world/2011/03/16/AFjfsueB_story.html?utm_term=.2d22203490a4[12] Mohamed Bouazizi | Tunisian street vendor and protester[13] Tunisian Revolution

Back in the 1980s, I was doing technical support for a company of about 150. This wasn’t “help desk” type tech support. I looked after the operating system, and wrote programs that were too esoteric for the business-oriented programmers.We had just one computer. It was the size of 3 household refrigerators, but with much less computing power than a modern smart phone. Nevertheless, it was a multi-user system. When it crashed, many people were inconvenienced all at once.It started crashing once or twice a day. I used a utility to print out the entire contents of RAM (256KB) in hexadecimal, and started sifting for clues. The code it was executing at the time of the crash was in the device driver for the disk drive. That driver code had been invoked by a user program that was fairly new.The user program was written in COBOL. It read in hundreds of thousands of sales transactions from a tape. The data on tape arrived sorted by date and time, but transactions about all kinds of different products were intermixed. The purpose of this program was to separate out the transactions by product type. For example, every transaction involving product “A” would be appended to disk file A.txt; every transaction for product “B” would be appended to B.txt; and so on.Suppose your COBOL code opened a disk file for output, wrote some data, then closed the file. When the vendor designed their COBOL compiler, they decided that a “close file” statement would not actually close the file, but instead tell the OS to do a “checkpoint”, writing out to disk any data still sitting in an output buffer in RAM, but leaving the file open. I guess their rationale was that the user code could open and close the file repeatedly during its execution, and they would save time by NOT actually closing and reopening the file every time. Once you opened a file in COBOL, it stayed open until the program finally ended.This COBOL program started by opening ALL the output files it might conceivably need to write to. It read the tape, appending each sales transaction to the appropriate output file. Then the program “closed” each output file (which actually only checkpointed it). The crash occurred when the program “closed” a file that hadn’t had any data written to it. Sometimes, there just weren’t any transactions for product “X” on a given day.The problem was that the OS programmers hadn’t considered the possibility that a program would call for a checkpoint when the file’s buffer was still empty. If a program opened a file for output, wrote no data to it, and then called for a checkpoint, the OS checkpoint routine would tell the device driver to write zero bytes to disk, which crashed the driver.I was unable to convince the vendor that this was a bug in their OS. My view was that it shouldn’t be possible for user code to crash an operating system. Their view was that the program shouldn’t open a file until it actually had some data to write to it. That is ultimately how we stopped the crashes. The business programmer changed their code to NOT open all the output files up front. This made the program more complicated, because it had to keep track of which files it had or hadn’t opened yet.

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