Form 62 3r: Fill & Download for Free

2πr²+πr²+2πrh = 2728πr(3r+2h) = 44(42+2h) = 272842+2h = 62h = 10 unitsTotal height of toy = 10+14 = 24 units

The truth is there is no “Warrior Gene”, well likely there is not.Here is the thing I have learned about genetics since 2004. Any single genetic variant is likely not responsible for any complex human trait by itself, and usually has a low affect size. Why? Because most traits are COMPLICATED, and the affect size of a single gene is therefore in the low single digits, as it works with other genes. There are exceptions, some notable ones, but in general, that is often true. The notable ones are obviously easier to find, but since we do not know what most genes in the human genome do, there are a lot of genes out there that are not going to “stand-out”.In any case lets look at MAOA…The “warrior gene” aka MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) was coined by geneticist Rod Lea coauthored a paper wrote back in 2007…Monoamine oxidase, addiction, and the "warrior" gene hypothesis.There were other papers that followed, a lot of them - list at the bottom.Basically Lea found that this MAOA was found at a much higher frequency in Maori than in white New Zealanders.According to one journalist, Lea suggested this gene might be the source of poor health and increased rates of violent crime in MaoriThis even resulted in some scientist (and non-scientists) speculating about what varying levels in white Americans and African Americans, and if there is a “genetic reason” for higher rates of violent crime, addiction, or imprisonment in various communities like Maori and African Americans than their white countrymen. They even speculated that children who are abused with a certain variant of MAOA were more likely to become abusers or generally violent themselves, an those with another type were likely to have “normal psychology”.Some examples:Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocationInteraction between a functional MAOA locus and childhood sexual abuse predicts alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder in adult womenThe 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. (Study on African Americans)Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon usesigh.A lot of people did this…And…MAOA — an enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the brain — is coded for by the MAOA gene [8, 9, 10]. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in mood, arousal, and emotions, even affecting impulse control. Since the 1990s scientists have identified several versions of the MAOA, which are usually categorized as low-activity or high-activity variants. MAOA genes are classified based on how many times a short sequence — a functional strip of DNA — repeats itself within a variable region of the gene [8]. The most common variant, MAOA-4R, has four repeats and is associated with high-activity breakdown of neurotransmitters [8]. Alternate forms of the MAOA, including the 2-repeat (2R) and 3-repeat (3R) versions, contain fewer repeat sequences.Since then their has been a shit-ton of research on these various types of MAOA their link to mood, violence, and general health outcomes.MAOA-3R — the “original warrior gene” — was the first gene linked with antisocial characteristics. But Maori were not the only ethnic group with a high frequency of this variant. It turned out that while 3R was found in 56% of Maori males, it occurred in 58% of African American males and 34% of European males [2]. Misinterpreted by the media, the 3R variant quickly became a lead character in a pop science narrative intended to explain why certain racial groups appear to have increased tendencies toward violence. When a disproportionately high number of males of an ethnic group carries a less common gene linked with aggressive behaviors, the discussion about that gene immediately takes on racial overtones [3, 14]. (Interestingly, the press ignored studies indicating that the 3R variant occurred in 61% of Taiwanese males [15] and 56% of Chinese males [16]).Hmmm…East Asians (specifically ethnic Chinese ) are not known to be very violent or come from “warrior cultures” right?Hey but you know…some folks still have to continue with their “thesis” that something about MAOA makes “non-whites” BARBARIC at a higher rate. Right?So then, the research turned to 2R, which was found in the African American study above, it is almost unknown in white people, and so only found in nonwhites, and even in African Americans it is relatively rare, and there have been no studies on blacks in Africa with 2R. They also looked at 2R and 3R combinations…and the focus now was on blacks in the U.S.Beaver’s studies have shown that the 2R variant has a robust association with violent behaviors, arrest, and incarceration [6, 7]. His research is applauded by supporters of behavioral genetics, but it has also drawn criticism. It focuses on an antisocial-linked gene that reportedly occurs more frequently in African American men than in males of other ethnic groups. This has led some popular writers to speculate that MAOA-2R might account for — or at least play a significant role in — the relatively higher rates of violent crime in African Americans. Not everyone agreesOne of the people who does not agree with this is the guy who did the studyKevin Beaver of Florida State University is a researcher in biosocial criminologyWhy? Well he is having a lot of trouble isolating 2Rs affect on behavior, because…like I said, it is COMPLICATED.Beaver explains, “It is probably correct to assume that social behaviors are due to gene-environment interaction. But statistical models are quantifying variance — that is, they are looking at differences between persons. Why an individual turns out a certain way might be due to gene-environment interaction. But person-to-person differences do not always result from gene-environment interaction. The reason that people vary in criminal propensities could be due to only genetics, only environments, or either of these free from gene-environment interaction.”FurtherAs he puts it, “Even if MAOA-2R is causally linked with antisocial behaviors, it is not common enough in African Americans to solely account for crime rates in blacks”No, shit, 5% is not high enough to explain much, it is not like all 5% are criminal anyway…So…The jury is still out on whether 2R, the rare MAOA gene, acts independently of the environment (and independently of other genes) to shape antisocial personality traits.What were the frequencies?In the Add Health database, 5.5% of African American men, 0.9% of Caucasian men, and 0.00067% of Asian men have 2R.Going back to 3R, Daniel Choe, a developmental psychologist, and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh , found something.The researchers examined 189 young, low-income white and African American males with both low- and high-expression MAOA genes. As the researchers predicted, punitive discipline was associated with increased antisocial behavior only in men with the low-activity 3R variant. This pattern held for both white and black males. There was no relationship between harsh punishment and antisocial behavior in men carrying 4R, the high-activity version of MAOA [23].It seems that 3R people are more “sensitive” and face higher anxiety and if treated poorly as children are more likely to act poorly as adults, and that is true for anyone with this, how how they act is obviously not going to automatically result in criminality -obviously that is not true in East Asia, where it is higher than among Maori or black Americans.2R? There is just not enough data…sample sizes have been too small.Additional sources below and the quotes above (taken from here)Merriman T, Cameron V. Risk-taking: behind the warrior gene story. N Z Med J. 2007 Mar 2;120(1250):U2440.Perbal L. The ‘warrior gene’ and the Mãori people: the responsibility of the geneticists. Bioethics. 2013 Sep;27(7):382-7. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01970.x.Stokes J. Scientist defends ‘warrior’ gene. The New Zealand Herald. Mar 5, 2007.Beaver K, Barnes J, Boutwell B. The 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. Psychiatr Q. 2013a. Dec 11.[7] Beaver K, Wright, J, Boutwell B, Barnes J, DeLisi M, Vaughn M. Exploring the association between the 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene promoter polymorphism and psychopathic personality traits, arrests, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013b. 54(2):164-168.[8] Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A. MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends Neurosci. 2008 Mar;31(3):120-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006.[9] Dorfman H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW. Neurobiological mechanisms for impulsive-aggression: The role of MAOA. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jan 28.[10] Pavlov KA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet. 2012 Feb;53(1):61-82. doi:10.1007/s13353-011-0069-6.[11] Byrd AL, Manuck SB. MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan 1;75(1):9-17. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004.[12] Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002. Aug 2;297(5582):851-4.[13] O’Sullivan J, Dana T. Redefining Maori economic development. International Journal of Social Economics. 2008. 35(5):364-379.[14] Crampton P, Parkin C. Warrior genes and risk-taking science. N Z Med J. 2007. Mar 2;120(1250):U2439.[15] Lu RB, Lee JF, Ko HC, Lin WW, Chen K, & Shih JC. No association of the MAOA gene with alcoholism among Han Chinese males in Taiwan. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002. 26 (3), 457-61 PMID: 11999895[16] Lung FW, Tzeng DS, Huang MF, Lee MB. Association of the MAOA promoter uVNTR polymorphism with suicide attempts in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Med Genet.2011. 24;12:74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-74.[17] Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ, Miller AL, Kennedy MA. MAOA, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2011. 198(6):457-63. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086991.[18] Beaver K, DeLisi M, Vaughn M, Barnes JC. Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon use. Compr Psychiatry. 2010. 51(2):130-4. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.010.[19] Guo G, Ou X, Roettger M, Shih J. The VNTR 2-repeat in MAOA and delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: Associations and MAOA promoter activity. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2008. 16(5):626-634[20] Beaver K. Personal communication. May 2014.[21] Allen A. Charging Into the Minefield of Genes and Racial Difference. Nicholas Wade’s ‘A Troublesome Inheritance.’ Book Review. New York Times. May 15, 2014.[22] Visscher PM, Hill WG, Wray NR. Heritability in the genomics era–concepts and misconceptions. Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Apr;9(4):255-66. doi:10.1038/nrg2322.[23] Choe D, Shaw D, Hyde L, Forbes E. Interactions between monoamine oxidase A and punitive discipline in African American and Caucasian men’s antisocial behavior. Clinical Psychological Science. 2014. March 14. doi:10.1177/2167702613518046[24] Choe D. Personal communication. May 2014.[25] Simons RL, Beach SR, Barr AB. Differential susceptibility to context: A promising model of the interplay of genes and the social environment. Adv Group Process. 2012;29. doi:10.1108/S0882-6145(2012)0000029008.[26] Rothstein MA, Cai Y, Marchant GE. The ghost in our genes: legal and ethical implications of epigenetics. Health Matrix Clevel. 2009 Winter;19(1):1-62.[27] Zhong S, Israel S, Hong X, Ebstein R, Chew S. Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) associated with attitude towards longshot risks. PLoS ONE. 2009. 4(12):e8516 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008516[28] Shumay E, Logan J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics. 2012 Oct;7(10):1151-60. doi:10.4161/epi.21976.[29] Belsky J, Beaver KM. Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011 May;52(5):619-26. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.x.[30] Belsky J, Jonassaint C, Pluess M, Stanton M, Brummett B, Williams R. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Mol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;14(8):746-54. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.44.[31] Weder N, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Massey J, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Kaufman J. MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: the changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 1;65(5):417-24. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.013.

No, it cannot, and there is no link to that an sociopathy.The truth is there is no “Warrior Gene”, well likely there is not.Here is the thing I have learned about genetics since 2004. Any single genetic variant is likely not responsible for any complex human trait by itself, and usually has a low affect size. Why? Because most traits are COMPLICATED, and the affect size of a single gene is therefore in the low single digits, as it works with other genes. There are exceptions, some notable ones, but in general, that is often true. The notable ones are obviously easier to find, but since we do not know what most genes in the human genome do, there are a lot of genes out there that are not going to “stand-out”.The “warrior gene” aka MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) was coined by geneticist Rod Lea coauthored a paper wrote back in 2007…Monoamine oxidase, addiction, and the "warrior" gene hypothesis.There were other papers that followed, a lot of them - list at the bottom.Basically Lea found that this MAOA was found at a much higher frequency in Maori than in white New Zealanders.According to one journalist, Lea suggested this gene might be the source of poor health and increased rates of violent crime in MaoriThis even resulted in some scientist (and non-scientists) speculating about what varying levels in white Americans and African Americans, and if there is a “genetic reason” for higher rates of violent crime, addiction, or imprisonment in various communities like Maori and African Americans than their white countrymen. They even speculated that children who are abused with a certain variant of MAOA were more likely to become abusers or generally violent themselves, an those with another type were likely to have “normal psychology”.Some examples:Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocationInteraction between a functional MAOA locus and childhood sexual abuse predicts alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder in adult womenThe 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. (Study on African Americans)Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon usesigh.A lot of people did this…And…MAOA — an enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the brain — is coded for by the MAOA gene [8, 9, 10]. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in mood, arousal, and emotions, even affecting impulse control. Since the 1990s scientists have identified several versions of the MAOA, which are usually categorized as low-activity or high-activity variants. MAOA genes are classified based on how many times a short sequence — a functional strip of DNA — repeats itself within a variable region of the gene [8]. The most common variant, MAOA-4R, has four repeats and is associated with high-activity breakdown of neurotransmitters [8]. Alternate forms of the MAOA, including the 2-repeat (2R) and 3-repeat (3R) versions, contain fewer repeat sequences.Since then their has been a shit-ton of research on these various types of MAOA their link to mood, violence, and general health outcomes.MAOA-3R — the “original warrior gene” — was the first gene linked with antisocial characteristics. But Maori were not the only ethnic group with a high frequency of this variant. It turned out that while 3R was found in 56% of Maori males, it occurred in 58% of African American males and 34% of European males [2]. Misinterpreted by the media, the 3R variant quickly became a lead character in a pop science narrative intended to explain why certain racial groups appear to have increased tendencies toward violence. When a disproportionately high number of males of an ethnic group carries a less common gene linked with aggressive behaviors, the discussion about that gene immediately takes on racial overtones [3, 14]. (Interestingly, the press ignored studies indicating that the 3R variant occurred in 61% of Taiwanese males [15] and 56% of Chinese males [16]).Hmmm…East Asians (specifically ethnic Chinese ) are not known to be very violent or come from “warrior cultures” right?Hey but you know…some folks still have to continue with their “thesis” that something about MAOA makes “non-whites” BARBARIC at a higher rate. Right?So then, the research turned to 2R, which was found in the African American study above, it is almost unknown in white people, and so only found in nonwhites, and even in African Americans it is relatively rare, and there have been no studies on blacks in Africa with 2R. They also looked at 2R and 3R combinations…and the focus now was on blacks in the U.S.Beaver’s studies have shown that the 2R variant has a robust association with violent behaviors, arrest, and incarceration [6, 7]. His research is applauded by supporters of behavioral genetics, but it has also drawn criticism. It focuses on an antisocial-linked gene that reportedly occurs more frequently in African American men than in males of other ethnic groups. This has led some popular writers to speculate that MAOA-2R might account for — or at least play a significant role in — the relatively higher rates of violent crime in African Americans. Not everyone agreesOne of the people who does not agree with this is the guy who did the studyKevin Beaver of Florida State University is a researcher in biosocial criminologyWhy? Well he is having a lot of trouble isolating 2Rs affect on behavior, because…like I said, it is COMPLICATED.Beaver explains, “It is probably correct to assume that social behaviors are due to gene-environment interaction. But statistical models are quantifying variance — that is, they are looking at differences between persons. Why an individual turns out a certain way might be due to gene-environment interaction. But person-to-person differences do not always result from gene-environment interaction. The reason that people vary in criminal propensities could be due to only genetics, only environments, or either of these free from gene-environment interaction.”FurtherAs he puts it, “Even if MAOA-2R is causally linked with antisocial behaviors, it is not common enough in African Americans to solely account for crime rates in blacks”No, shit, 5% is not high enough to explain much, it is not like all 5% are criminal anyway…So…The jury is still out on whether 2R, the rare MAOA gene, acts independently of the environment (and independently of other genes) to shape antisocial personality traits.What were the frequencies?In the Add Health database, 5.5% of African American men, 0.9% of Caucasian men, and 0.00067% of Asian men have 2R.Going back to 3R, Daniel Choe, a developmental psychologist, and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh , found something.The researchers examined 189 young, low-income white and African American males with both low- and high-expression MAOA genes. As the researchers predicted, punitive discipline was associated with increased antisocial behavior only in men with the low-activity 3R variant. This pattern held for both white and black males. There was no relationship between harsh punishment and antisocial behavior in men carrying 4R, the high-activity version of MAOA [23].It seems that 3R people are more “sensitive” and face higher anxiety and if treated poorly as children are more likely to act poorly as adults, and that is true for anyone with this, how how they act is obviously not going to automatically result in criminality -obviously that is not true in East Asia, where it is higher than among Maori or black Americans.2R? There is just not enough data…sample sizes have been too small.Additional sources below and the quotes above (taken from here)Merriman T, Cameron V. Risk-taking: behind the warrior gene story. N Z Med J. 2007 Mar 2;120(1250):U2440.Perbal L. The ‘warrior gene’ and the Mãori people: the responsibility of the geneticists. Bioethics. 2013 Sep;27(7):382-7. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2012.01970.x.Stokes J. Scientist defends ‘warrior’ gene. The New Zealand Herald. Mar 5, 2007.Beaver K, Barnes J, Boutwell B. The 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. Psychiatr Q. 2013a. Dec 11.[7] Beaver K, Wright, J, Boutwell B, Barnes J, DeLisi M, Vaughn M. Exploring the association between the 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene promoter polymorphism and psychopathic personality traits, arrests, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences.2013b. 54(2):164-168.[8] Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A. MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends Neurosci. 2008 Mar;31(3):120-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006.[9] Dorfman H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW. Neurobiological mechanisms for impulsive-aggression: The role of MAOA. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jan 28.[10] Pavlov KA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet. 2012 Feb;53(1):61-82. doi:10.1007/s13353-011-0069-6.[11] Byrd AL, Manuck SB. MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jan 1;75(1):9-17. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004.[12] Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science.2002. Aug 2;297(5582):851-4.[13] O’Sullivan J, Dana T. Redefining Maori economic development. International Journal of Social Economics. 2008. 35(5):364-379.[14] Crampton P, Parkin C. Warrior genes and risk-taking science. N Z Med J.2007. Mar 2;120(1250):U2439.[15] Lu RB, Lee JF, Ko HC, Lin WW, Chen K, & Shih JC. No association of the MAOA gene with alcoholism among Han Chinese males in Taiwan. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002. 26 (3), 457-61 PMID: 11999895[16] Lung FW, Tzeng DS, Huang MF, Lee MB. Association of the MAOA promoter uVNTR polymorphism with suicide attempts in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Med Genet.2011. 24;12:74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-74.[17] Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ, Miller AL, Kennedy MA. MAOA, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2011. 198(6):457-63. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086991.[18] Beaver K, DeLisi M, Vaughn M, Barnes JC. Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon use. Compr Psychiatry. 2010. 51(2):130-4. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.010.[19] Guo G, Ou X, Roettger M, Shih J. The VNTR 2-repeat in MAOA and delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: Associations and MAOA promoter activity. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2008. 16(5):626-634[20] Beaver K. Personal communication. May 2014.[21] Allen A. Charging Into the Minefield of Genes and Racial Difference. Nicholas Wade’s ‘A Troublesome Inheritance.’ Book Review. New York Times. May 15, 2014.[22] Visscher PM, Hill WG, Wray NR. Heritability in the genomics era–concepts and misconceptions. Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Apr;9(4):255-66. doi:10.1038/nrg2322.[23] Choe D, Shaw D, Hyde L, Forbes E. Interactions between monoamine oxidase A and punitive discipline in African American and Caucasian men’s antisocial behavior. Clinical Psychological Science. 2014. March 14. doi:10.1177/2167702613518046[24] Choe D. Personal communication. May 2014.[25] Simons RL, Beach SR, Barr AB. Differential susceptibility to context: A promising model of the interplay of genes and the social environment. Adv Group Process. 2012;29. doi:10.1108/S0882-6145(2012)0000029008.[26] Rothstein MA, Cai Y, Marchant GE. The ghost in our genes: legal and ethical implications of epigenetics. Health Matrix Clevel. 2009 Winter;19(1):1-62.[27] Zhong S, Israel S, Hong X, Ebstein R, Chew S. Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) associated with attitude towards longshot risks. PLoS ONE. 2009. 4(12):e8516 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008516[28] Shumay E, Logan J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics. 2012 Oct;7(10):1151-60. doi:10.4161/epi.21976.[29] Belsky J, Beaver KM. Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011 May;52(5):619-26. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.x.[30] Belsky J, Jonassaint C, Pluess M, Stanton M, Brummett B, Williams R. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Mol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;14(8):746-54. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.44.[31] Weder N, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Massey J, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Kaufman J. MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: the changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma. Biol Psychiatry.2009 Mar 1;65(5):417-24. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.013.