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You cannot have a second referendum.The second referendum on Europe happened decades ago. The 2016 referendum was merely the most recent time the UK had been asked to express a view specifically on membership of a European trade bloc. And there is no reason why it should be the last. It is an important subject that affects everything and should continue to be a subject of national debate.The current period of national soul searching was caused by the poor preparation before the 2016 referendum.Asking the same question again is not going to improve the situation.The 2016 referendum asked a general question about the direction we should take without any clear definition of the destination we should be headed for, or how we should get there.The essence of the present conflict is about which destination is worth heading for. Another referendum is likely to fail because there is no clear majority for any one of the many solutions on offer. Each of them creates intractable problems that make the status quo look increasingly attractive.I can only hope that the lead up to the next referendum is managed better. What was needed was a thorough analysis of the problems, and a clear definition of the proposed solutions.Referenda are useful only when there is a simple clear question and clearly defined solutions to choose from.The problem with Brexit 2016 is that it was not a simple clear question. And the one solution offered has many far reaching side effects that the extreme Brexit supporters seem to be willing to disregard, or unwilling to compromise about.Brexit means unwinding four decades of alliances and agreements designed to make it easier for people and businesses throughout Europe to work with each other. That unwinding is far from simple and clear. The deeper you look, the less Brexit appears to solve, and the more problems it seems to create.If your complaints are about schools and hospitals in northern England and Wales, those decisions are made in Westminster. Brexit risks diminishing the tax revenue and undermining many UK industries that rely on customers and highly paid workers across Europe.If your complaints are about national infrastructure planning that should spread infrastructure more evenly across the nation - Brexit will stop EU funding to regional development projects that Westminster was ignoring. So that means you want a general election and a national debate about new policy directions, and a new consensus on how infrastructure developments should be planned and funded.If your issue is with fisheries policy, and you want more development in coastal fishing communities, so that fishing quotas cannot be sold to the highest EU bidder but are retained by local fisherman, you need a change of policy in Westminster. Any Brexit deal that reduces fishery management cooperation is likely to just increase the number of conflicts at sea, until somebody convinces the fish to observe international borders.If you are worried about uncontrolled immigration, terrorism, and international security, you need more resources to go to police and border services, so that would mean reversing austerity and improving international coordination so that illegal migrants who come to the UK without accommodation and work are either returned or managed better. A hard Brexit will create new problems for services managing migrants and refugees; mean that international arrest warrants will be more difficult and slower to execute; security intelligence sharing will be less effective and slower; and any former UK criminals that have been enjoying retirement in obscurity in Spain or Italy will likely find that they will have to return to the UK. Addressing these problems requires a change of policy in Westminster, not a sudden wholesale exit from all the security alliances across Europe.If you thought Brexit was a good idea until you realised that it would mean decades of economic damage to the UK, and now you want somebody in charge who will start behaving sensibly, consulting with community and industry, and taking a prudent course to get the optimal outcome for the nation, you need a change in Westminster so that whoever is in charge is focused on national unity, rather than parliamentary disunity.If you are a protest voter who thinks that the government is a self absorbed elite who have lost touch with the nation, then I think the last referendum delivered that message, but it is hard to see whether anything has changed, or is likely to change, without a significant change at Westminster. Will another referendum help? Probably not.If you think the last referendum is no longer applicable, because the mood of the nation has shifted, or you just think that Westminster cannot be trusted, then you really need a reform of the voting system so that voters’ interests and opinions are more accurately reflected in our decision making processes. That requires a national debate (PR, compulsory voting, citizen juries, etc) and policy change at Westminster. Removing your voice from the EU parliament is not going to help you.Unless you think that we should be like Switzerland and have multiple referenda every year to decide the important questions…. Perhaps practice makes perfect. Maggie Thatcher was not keen on referenda because she could see that complex questions take time and expertise to investigate and referenda tend to get hijacked by extremists with big advertising budgets. Regulating large global social media tech firms or controlling hackers backed by rogue states will not be easier without the weight of the EU behind us.If you think that democratic process is important to constructive change and good government, then you must support the Westminster parliamentary process. It has evolved over centuries to include detailed consultation, followed by debate in the parliament to consider in detail what changes should be made and what adjustment measures are appropriate to ensure that the changes have a positive effect for all involved.Only when those processes are complete do they have a binding vote. In fact they must have three votes before the issue is settled.The idea that any decision maker should be expected to make a binding unchangeable decision before fully understanding the issues and proposed solutions sounds like the standard of government we expect from banana republics with unstable governments. It is either stupidity, negligence or tyranny depending on your point of view.Another referendum may seem like a simple solution, but it will only be held if it is first passed in Westminster, and only improve the situation if it is accompanied by fundamental changes in preparation, representation and process - so that is where we must start.In or out of the EU, the solutions require change in Westminster. And for most of the issues, a hard Brexit will make Westminster less able to solve the problems quickly and easily.

The University of Oxford is top in a list of the best universities in the UK, which includes institutions in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelandWhat are the top universities in the UK? If you want to study in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, which universities should you consider?This UK university league table reveals the 98 best UK universities and colleges, according to the trusted Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019.The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge take the top two spots while three of the best universities in London complete the top five.Four universities in Scotland appear in the top 25: the University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen and University of St Andrews, while the best university in Wales is Cardiff University, ranked 28th.For students looking to study in Northern Ireland, the best university in the ranking is Queen’s University Belfast.Of the 98 top universities in the UK, about 20 are in London, including well-known institutions such as Imperial College London and UCL, and more recently established universities such as the University of Westminster and the University of Greenwich.Top 5 universities in the UK1. University of OxfordOne of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world, the University of Oxfordattracts top scholars and students to its 44 colleges and halls. Entry standards are high and admission is competitive; on average, it receives five applications for each available place.As is common in the UK, the university offers a number of joint honours programmes that combine two subjects at undergraduate level. In total, there are 250 undergraduate degree combinations. The combination of philosophy, politics and economics is a particularly prestigious degree course on offer, although it is no longer unique to the University of Oxford.Undergraduates and postgraduates belong to a college and often live in the college building or college-owned accommodation. Social life and recreational activities – such as rowing, cultural events and societies – also revolve around the college. Undergraduates are taught almost exclusively by tutors in their college, while postgraduate students are primarily served academically by a centralised faculty.There are more than 100 libraries at Oxford, the most famous of which is the Bodleian, built in 1602. The city also boasts a number of museums, including the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, which houses the remains of a dodo, and the Museum of the History of Science, which displays a blackboard used by Albert Einstein.More than 30 world leaders, 27 British prime ministers, 29 Nobel Laureates and 160 Olympic medallists were educated at Oxford. Stephen Hawking, Hugh Grant and Indira Gandhi are among the most famous alumni.Within six months of graduating from the university, 95 per cent of Oxford students are in employment or further study.2. University of CambridgeLike Oxford, the University of Cambridge is fundamentally collegiate and is also one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world. The town is just an hour away from London.The university is home to more than 18,000 students and 9,000 staff. There are 31 colleges, some of which date back to the 13th century, and more than 100 academic departments.Cambridge is particularly renowned for excellence in mathematics and has educated some of the most famous British scientists. In total, 116 Nobel Laureates are affiliated with the university, and Cambridge-affiliated mathematicians have won 11 Fields Medals.Getting an undergraduate place at the university is extremely competitive; the acceptance rate is less than 25 per cent and more than half of rejected candidates go on to receive A grades for all their final school exams.Undergraduates are taught via lectures and supervisions – intimate tutorials with only a couple of other students at most. The workload is heavy but terms are shorter than at many other universities in the UK.Cambridge libraries are home to extensive collections of medieval manuscripts and the university museums display collections of archaeological artefacts and zoological specimens.Notable graduates include actors, politicians, royals, athletes and cultural figures.3. Imperial College LondonImperial College London is consistently ranked among the best universities in the world for science, technology, engineering, medicine and business.It was formed in 1907 from a merger of three colleges in London and now has 15,200 students and 8,000 staff. The student cohort is extremely international and is made up of more than 125 nationalities.In addition to top scientists, Fields medallists and Nobel prizewinners, Imperial also produces influential government advisers and policymakers. Many graduates go on to achieve breakthrough innovations in industry and business, and are highly sought after by blue-chip companies and start-ups.Imperial is based next to Kensington Palace in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, with other campuses around the city.The author H. G. Wells and Sir Liam Donaldson, head physician to the Queen, are among Imperial’s famous alumni.4. UCLUniversity College London (UCL) was the first university in England to admit students irrespective of class, race or religion, and the first to admit women on equal terms with men, following the educational philosophy of Jeremy Bentham – the university’s “spiritual founder”.It is one of the most selective British universities and is thought to produce some of the most employable graduates.UCL’s main campus is in the central London area of Bloomsbury.For undergraduate admission, candidates generally have all A grades at A level or a grade equivalent of 6, 6, 6 in subjects studied at higher level in the International Baccalaureate. The most competitive degree is the BSc in philosophy, politics and economics, which receives 30 applicants for every place.Close to half of all UCL students are from outside the UK, with significantly more from Asia than from continental Europe. Famous alumni include Mahatma Gandhi; Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone; and Coldplay’s Chris Martin, who met the other members of his band at the university.5. London School of Economics and Political ScienceOf all UK universities, the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) has the highest proportion of international students, at 70 per cent.The university has particular strengths in law, economics, history, philosophy and politics. Currently, 26 per cent of all Nobel prizes for economics were awarded to alumni or affiliates of the LSE. Famously, economic theorists at the LSE have long disputed with theorists at Cambridge, particularly over solutions to economic problems in society.LSE’s campus is in the Clare Market area, close to important institutions such as the Royal Courts of Justice, Lincoln’s Inn, the Royal College of Surgeons and the British Museum.In 2014, the university received 17,000 undergraduate applications for 1,500 places. Like other top universities in the UK, the LSE generally requires entry standards of A grades or higher.Many of the postgraduate courses, such as in those in economics, management and law, have an acceptance rate of less than 7 per cent.Prominent cultural, political and academic figures, including Nelson Mandela and George Soros, have given public lectures at the LSE as part of the university’s prestigious lecture series.The main architect of the Indian constitution, B. R. Ambedkar, worked on a doctoral thesis at the LSE while enrolled on the Bar course at Gray’s Inn in London.

Generally, lawyers, advocates, barrister, solicitors are considered equivalent words, but they are having different meaning, importance, and nature. These terms are used in different countries and have diverse significance moreover.In IndiaLawyerA lawyer is someone who has completed legal education or graduate in law. A lawyer cannot represent in the court proceedings. A Lawyer is somebody who has been trained in the law he may be legal adviser, consultant, academician, in-house legal counsel or in a corporate firm and he may draft documents such as contracts, deeds or wills, etc.AdvocatesThose lawyers who qualified Bar Council exam as per the Advocates Act, 1961 to practice before Indian Courts are advocates. The role of an Advocate, in contrast, is limited to representing his/her client before court. He is a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy. He can put a case on someone else's behalf. He is a professional pleader in a court of justice.As per the definitions of in Advocates Act 1961 -2(a) “advocate” means an advocate entered in any roll under the provisions of this Act;2(i) “Legal practitioner” means an advocate or vakil or any High Court, a pleader, mukhtar or revenue agent;Thus the act also clarifies that a person registered with a State Bar Council on completion of his law degree is known as Advocate.Advocate on RecordAdvocate on Record is an advocate who is entitled under the Order IV of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013 (previously Order IV of the Supreme Court of India Rules, 1966), framed under Article 145 of the Constitution, to act as well as to plead for a party in the Supreme Court of India. As per the Rules, no advocate other than an advocate on record shall be entitled to file an appearance or act for a party in the Supreme Court of India. No advocate other than an advocate on record can appear and plead in any matter unless he is instructed by an advocate on record.If an advocate wants to practice as an advocate-on-record in the Supreme Court he or she needs an additional qualification. The advocate has to practice for 4 years as an advocate and thereafter has to intimate to the Supreme Court that he or she has started taking training with a Senior Advocate on record because he or she intends to become an Advocate-on-record. After the expiry of one year's training, the advocate has to appear for an examination conducted by the Supreme Court itself. After an advocate passes this examination he or she must have a registered office within a radius of 10 miles from the Supreme Court building and a registered clerk. It is after this that the Chamber Judge of the Supreme Court accepts him as an advocate-on-record.Advocate GeneralAn advocate general is a senior officer of the law. In some common law and hybrid jurisdictions, the officer performs the function of a legal adviser to the government, analogous to Attorneys General in other common law and hybrid jurisdictions.The Office of the Advocate General is a constitutional office created under Article 165 of the Constitution of India. The Governor of the State appoints a person who is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court as Advocate General of the State.Attorney General of IndiaThe Attorney General for India is the Indian Government's chief legal adviser and is a primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. He is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) of the Constitution and holds office during the pleasure of the President. He must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court, also must have been a judge of any High Court for five years or an advocate of any High Court for ten years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President and must be a citizen of India.The Attorney General gives necessary advice to the Government of India in legal matters referred to him. He also performs other legal duties assigned to him by the President. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though not to vote. The Attorney General appears on behalf of the Government of India in all cases (including suits, appeals, and other proceedings) in the Supreme Court in which the Government of India is concerned. He also represents the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution.Unlike the Attorney General of the United States, the Attorney General of India does not have any executive authority. Those functions are performed by the Law Minister of India. Also, the AG is not a government servant and is not debarred from private legal practice.The Attorney General can accept briefs but cannot appear against the Government. He cannot defend an accused in the criminal proceedings and accept the directorship of a company without the permission of the Government.The Attorney General is assisted by a Solicitor General and four Additional Solicitors General. The Attorney General is to be consulted only in legal matters of real importance and only after the Ministry of Law has been consulted. All references to the Attorney General are made by the Law Ministry.Solicitor General of IndiaThe Solicitor General of India is subordinate to the Attorney General of India. The Solicitor General of India is the second law officer of the country, assists the Attorney General, and is himself assisted by four Additional Solicitors General for India.Unlike the Attorney General, Solicitor General does not tender legal advice to the Government of India. His workload is confined to appear in courts on behalf of the union of India.In BritainAs per British Law, the term Attorney is the general term for all those who are qualified to practice law in Britain, and the term Barrister and Solicitor is the sub-set of the term Attorney.AttorneyA professional person authorized to practice law, conduct lawsuits, or give legal advice.BarristerIn Britain and Canada, a lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defence or prosecution. Barristers can be distinguished from a solicitor because they wear a wig and gown in court.They work at higher levels of court than solicitors and their main role is to act as advocates in legal hearings, which means they stand in court and plead the case on behalf of their clients in front of a judge.Barristers do not come into contact with the public as much as solicitors. They are given details of a case by a solicitor and then have a certain amount of time to review the evidence and to prepare what they are going to say in court.Most Barristers are self-employed and work in Chambers with other Barristers so they can share the costs of accommodation and administrators. They can also be employed in-house as advisers by banks, corporations, and solicitors firms.SolicitorIn Britain, a lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents. Solicitors drew pleadings or written statements in a case to be filed before the court and performed functions of an attorney for clients.Solicitors can work for a big range of organizations, including commercial or non-commercial law firms, the government, private businesses, banks, and corporations. They have specialized knowledge of different areas of the law such as family, crime, finance, property, and employment.Most of the time solicitors advise clients, undertake negotiations, and draft legal documents. It is primarily a desk job but does involve traveling to see clients and representing them in court.In the past, a solicitor's advocacy work was restricted to magistrates' courts and minor cases in county courts, but now there are a few solicitor advocates who work in higher levels of the court.Attorney General In England and WalesAttorney General is one of the Law Officers of the Crown. Along with the subordinate Solicitor General for England and Wales, the Attorney General serves as the chief legal adviser of the Crown and its government in England and Wales.The Attorney General is a non-cabinet minister who leads the Attorney General's Office. He has the primary role of advising the Government on any legal repercussions of their actions, either orally at meetings or in writing. He advises not only the government as a whole but also advises individual departments. Although the primary role is no longer one of litigation, the Attorney General still represents the Crown and Government in court in some select, particularly important cases and chooses the Treasury Counsel who handles most government legal cases. By convention, he represents the government in every case in front of the International Court of Justice. The Attorney General also superintends the Crown Prosecution Service and appoints its head, the Director of Public Prosecutions. Decisions to prosecute are taken by the Crown Prosecution Service other than in exceptional cases i.e. where the Attorney General's consent is required by statute or in cases relating to national security.The Attorney General also superintends the Government Legal Department and the Serious Fraud Office. He is responsible for making applications to the court restraining vexatious litigants and may intervene in litigation to represent the interests of charity, or the public interest in certain family law cases. He is also officially the leader of the Bar of England and Wales, although this is merely custom and has no duties or rights attached to it. Since the passing of the Law Officers Act 1997, any duties of the Attorney General can be delegated to the Solicitor General for England and Wales, and his or her actions are treated as coming from the Attorney General. The beginning of the 20th century saw a shift away from litigation and more towards legal advice, and today the Attorney General delegates most cases to the Crown Prosecution Service and Treasury Counsel.Solicitor General in England & WalesThe Solicitor General is one of the Law Officers of the Crown and the deputy of the Attorney General, whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law. He can exercise the powers of the Attorney General in the Attorney General's absence.In USASolicitorA solicitor is a qualified person who represents and advises his clients. Can advocate in court (with the due accreditation) and usually specializes in a certain area of law. It is an offence to call yourself a solicitor if you are not one. In the US, a 'lawyer' is a general term for anyone licensed to practice law.AttorneyAn attorney at law in the United States is a practitioner in a court of law who is legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court on the retainer of clients. Alternative terms include counselor and lawyer.LitigatorA litigator is a specific type of lawyer who tries cases in court, as opposed to a transactional lawyer who might work on contracts and never see the inside of a courtroom. Litigation attorneys, also known as litigators or trial lawyers, represent plaintiffs and defendants in civil lawsuits. They manage all phases of the litigation from the investigation, pleadings, and discovery through the pre-trial, trial, settlement, and appeal processes.ParalegalA paralegal is a professional who may or may not be licensed, but who assists a lawyer in their regular duties; they may do research, draft documents, liaise with clients, but cannot give legal advice or represent someone else as their attorney.United States Solicitor GeneralThe United States Solicitor General is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the U.S. Department of Justice. The United States Solicitor General is the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States.The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court. In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party, the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae[1] briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest in the legal issue. The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the Government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party and also argues in most of the cases in which the Government has filed an amicus brief. In the federal courts of appeal, the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court. The Office of the Solicitor General also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal.United States Attorney GeneralThe United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice as per 28 U.S.C. § 503 is concerned with all legal affairs and is the chief lawyer of the United States Government. In cases of the federal death penalty, the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General.Under the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, the Attorney General is nominated by the President and appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Constitution provides that civil officers of the United States, which would include the Attorney General, maybe impeached by Congress for treason, bribery, or "high crimes and misdemeanors".Footnote:[1] someone, who is not a party to a case and may or may not have been solicited by a party and who assists a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case; and is typically presented in the form of a brief. The decision on whether to consider an amicus brief lies within the discretion of the court.References-http://1.https://www.brightknowledge.org/law/what-is-the-difference-between-a-barrister-and-solicitorhttp://2.http://le-mot-juste-en-nglais.typepad.com/le_mot_juste_en_anglais/2010/05/this-article--was-originally-published-in-its-french-version--in-several-languages-the-words--meaning.html#law #solicitor #lawyer #advocate #advocateonrecord #attorney #attorneygeneralinindia #attorneygeneralinEngland #attorneygeneralinus #solicitorsolicitorgeneral #barristerhttps://www.priyasepaha.com/post/2018/08/30/meaning-of-lawyer-advocate-solicitor-barrister-and-more