Newsletter Of The Housing Industry Association I South: Fill & Download for Free

Short Answer - The Partition of 1947 brought about a massive demographic impact with significant Muslim population leaving the city and half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan pouring in, doubling the city’s population in months to around 1.3 million. Large parts of today’s Delhi grew out of the refugee camps as the city expanded ferociously to the South, West, and North to house the newly added residents.“The city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city” according to historian V.N. Dutta.Long Answer - In order to understand the effect of Partition on Delhi, let me start with what was there in Delhi before Partition (hoping Quora mods won’t collapse the answer due to the additional detail).1857 to 1911 - After the suppression of the Rebellion of 1857, the Mughal Empire had been formally extinguished and Delhi had passed into the direct control of the British Government. The city had received significant damage during the siege, the walls of Shahjahanabad had been broken, Jama Masjid, that was used during the mutiny as a fort, had all the space in front of it cleared for military purposes so that troops may maneuver and cannon could fire, if needed. Calcutta was declared the capital of British India to prevent any subsequent uprising and Delhi Territory had become a part of the Punjab Province.The British razed a large amount of the walled city after their victory and most European residents moved outside the northern walls to Civil Lines, a triangular area bordered by Delhi’s northern walls, the Jamuna River and a ridge of hills.In the first few decades of the British Raj, Ludlow Castle (picture below) remained the home of the Chief Commissioner. The administration and governance of the Indian Empire was conducted from the Metcalfe House.Maidens Hotel, Delhi, now Oberoi Maidens Hotel, and originally, Maiden's Metropolitan Hotel (picture below) in the Civil Lines was opened in 1902. There were other European-style hotels in Civil Lines, like the Swiss Hotel and Hotel Cecil, where the officers of British Raj stayed.The population of Delhi in 1911 was around 2,38,000 and the residents were, I guess, few thousand British (Officers, Businesmen, their families), Majority Muslims living in what is now Old Delhi, Hindu Baniyas (traders in Old Delhi areas like Chawri Bazar, hardware market established in 1840 and Chandni Chowk), Hindu Kayastha community who had worked as administrators in Mughal courts for long, Hindu Khatri (Punjabis). Outside of the British and Old Delhi areas were numerous villages that continue to exist till date (Shahpur Jat, Kotla Mubarakpur, Malcha, Shadipur) where Gurjars, Chauhans, Muslims have lived forever.1911 to 1931 - At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital back from Calcutta to Delhi. Construction of New Delhi (picture below) was to take 4 years but got delayed due to World War 1. It was finally completed in 1931.When the British decided to move the capital to Delhi, administrators at first planned to transform Civil Lines and land further north to house government servants and their families. In the event, Edwin Lutyens, the chief architect of New Delhi, argued instead to place the new city to the south of Old Delhi, the walled Mughal city.1931 to 1947 - Once New Delhi was ready, action shifted from the existing administrative buildings to New Delhi. Civil Lines saw a quick decline and became a quiet place. The offices of the Old Secretariat at Alipore Road were relocated in 1931 to the New Secretarial Building at Lutyens' Delhi. The Old Secretariat building after 1931 housed the offices of the British Indian Army and the Post Master General and the adjoining Army Press. After independence it became the seat of Delhi's Metropolitan Council.The movement of the capital from Calcutta to New Delhi resulted in many Indians moving from other British Residencies (Bengal, Madras) to New Delhi, with Bengalis being the largest community. Gole Market is one such area where they moved to. These employees of British India worked at the nearby Secretariat Building.New Delhi had brought about significant opportunities and migration and as a result the population of Delhi had grown to around 6,90,000.After the Partition of 1947 (the actual question!) - The summer of 1947 was one of the most dreadful in the entire history of our subcontinent and involved the largest human migration ever between India and Pakistan, mostly on the Western (Punjab) side. Delhi’s population doubled in months from 700,000 to nearly 1.4 m. Significant portion of Muslims left the city and over half a million Sikhs and Hindus poured in. Refugee camps were setup all over the city in places like Purana Qila, Humyaun’s tomb (picture below), Kingsway camp (picture below with tents).There was lot of anger in the Hindu/Sikh refugee camps who had just arrived from Pakistan after losing their loved ones and assets. Many deaths of old and the young took place to sheer hunger and cholera outbreak. Pandit Nehru, Sardar Patel, and other leaders worked tirelessly to help out the new refugee arrivals. Pandit Nehru also ensured that violence against Muslims was kept under control. Even Edwina Mountbatten played a major role in relieving misery of the refugees. It’s unfortunate that people on Quora are more curious about her supposed affair with Nehru.The massive task of refugee resettlement went on for the next decade. The Indian government had allotted 2,000 acres of land to the Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation to permanently resettle refugees, according to the 1951 Delhi Census. It also gave the city its first taste of concerted urban planning as Meher Chand Khanna, then minister for PWD and rehabilitation, embarked on a mission to provide housing to the refugees.Here’s how Delhi looked in 1951, with the highlighted portion being the only developed one. Today the whole of area is developed and populated with over 16 million people and forms the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. If we look at the extended National Capital Region that includes suburbs in UP, Haryana, the population goes up to 46 million!Some of Delhi’s wealthier families moved in to Civil Lines after 1947.Here’s how West Delhi grew. Refugee resettlement colonies were built and named after national leaders, like Patel Nagar (where I was born), Rajinder Nagar (Punjabi pronunciation of Rajendra). Area called Refugee Colony was given a respectable name of Punjabi Bagh by Pandit Nehru.Likewise, South Delhi got refugee colonies like Malviya Nagar, Lajpat Nagar (after Madanmohan Malviya and Lala Lajpat Rai). The South Delhi of today was either agricultural land in the 1940s and was still largely made up of villages and splendid, ghostly tombs., until the government started buying land there to permanently resettle refugees. Chanakyapuri, where all Foreign Embassies are located came up on land which earlier had the Malcha Village.In North Delhi, one of the earliest such colonies to come up was Vijay Nagar, west of Civil Lines. Model Town, came up as an upscale neighborhood, modeled after the Model Town in Lahore. Kingsway Camp, which is still on the map, would eventually become Guru Teg Bahadur.New Indian Leadership - Pandit Nehru had become the Commander-in-Chief of India and he shifted to the ‘Flagstaff House’ that was an imposing building built over 30 acres to house the British Commander-in-Chief for India. This building is now called Teen Murti Bhavan. Inspired by his move, many of the sycophant leaders shifted to imposing bungalows in Lutyens Delhi and they were the new brown bosses of India and they continue to be till date.Rajendra Prasad, the first President of the Republic of India, moved in to the Viceroy’s House that was renamed to Rashtrapati Bhawan. In their book, Freedom at Midnight, authors mention how the humble Rajendra Prasad and his wife seemed like incongruent with the imposing building where the glamorous Mountbattens were previous residents. Picture below is Rajendra Prasad’s entourage through streets of Old Delhi.As part of the renaming exercise, King’s Way was renamed to Rajpath, Queen’s Way was renamed to Janpath.Social Change in Delhi - With the refugees pouring in, the old traders in Connaught Place did not take well to this enterprising lot who were willing to sell items at throwaway prices. The old traders of Delhi not used to a life of struggle could not always keep up and it was mainly the industrious refugees who gave a fillip to trade in Delhi. Refugees opened new businesses and often named them after the town they came from, for instance Gujranwala Motors, Multan Hardware store, Karachi Sweets, Frontier Bakery, Pindi Jewelers (from Rawalpindi), Pindi Restaurant. The Chaina Ram Sindhi Halwai in Chandni Chowk is yet another evidence of ''refugee'' resilience and hard work. It is in fact the post-Independence version of the Chaina Ram Halwai shop that was set up in Lahore in 1901. Chainaram, the proprietor, died before Partition and it was his son, Neecharam, and grandson who carried the patriach's dreams with them across the border when the country split.Many associations were formed. For instance, both my grandparents who came from Mianwali were members of the Mianwali Biradari (brotherhood) where refugees from Mianwali district would meet once a month and discuss issues and help out each other. They even published a newsletter called the Mianwali Gazette. Likewise there were many other such associations. Many people wrote names of their towns on the new houses that they built along with their names. For instance, “Lala Lakhpat Rai of Lahore, built in 1951” would be a common nameplate outside a house.The Lahore effect - The Hindus formed around 50% of population of the bustling city of Lahore before partition. Many of them came to Delhi as refugees. There’s a common stereotype of Punjabi refugees being crude who have ruined the cultural city of Delhi, but people miss out on the fact that Lahore was a greater metropolis. In fact, it was Delhi’s gain when writers (like Khushwant Singh), artists, professors, businessmen (H.P. Nanda of Escorts) who were used to running businesses like printing, publishing, motor sales, auto parts came to Delhi. It was their prior experience in addition to the desperation that they brought with them that led to their eventual success. Model Town (Delhi) was based on Model Town, Lahore. Sir Ganga Ram Hospital in Rajinder Nagar was built after the original Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (Pakistan). Moolchand Hospital in Lajpat Nagar was borne out of Moolchand Trust that was created in 1928 at Lahore.The Hindus from Sindh had chosen to stay in areas like Maharashtra and Gujarat, with some of them coming to Delhi as Government employees staying at Lodhi Colony.Many people from the lower castes who were restricted to menial tasks like cleaning and scavenging also came to colonies like Regharpura in Karol Bagh.Future path - The decades that followed lead to continuous migration to Delhi as it became the political nerve center of India and economic opportunities grew in parallel. When Delhi got saturated, suburbs like Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida offered more space to grow industrial and commercial activity.Book Recommendations -Delhi - A Thousand Years of Building (Intach Roli Guide): Lucy PeckDelhi Metropolitan: The Making of an Unlikely City: Ranjana SenguptaSources -http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers14-11/010023836.pdfThe decade that changed DelhiThe Building of New Delhi

The case for reparations for the descendants of former slaves in America:The journey from West Africa to the U.S. was brutal, and many didn’t survive the trip. People were packed in tightly to make as much profit as possible from the sale of each person.https://web.stanford.edu/~hklein/Klein_etal_Mortality_ST_WMQ-2001.pdf The mortality from the slave tradeThe slave trade brought slaves to the Southern economy, which was based on the plantation system. The plantations were essential to creating the cash crops which helped sustain the American colonies and raised the money to subsidize the U.S. economy that led to American industrialization. Out manufacturing the Japanese helped win WWII. It also became the basis for the U.S. becoming a global economic superpower. It was the blood, sweat, and many tears of slaves that laid the foundation for the modern U.S. economy.The real price of a slave in U.S. 2016 dollars:https://www.measuringworth.com/images/slavery/figure5-2017.jpghttps://www.measuringworth.com/images/slavery/figure3-2017.jpgSource: https://www.measuringworth.com/slavery.phpThe legacy of slavery endures in the American inner citiesRooted in HistoryA social scientist of any sophistication recognizes that societies are not amalgams of unrelated individuals creating themselves anew–out of whole cloth, as it were–in each generation. A complex web of social connections and a long train of historical influences interact to form the opportunities and shape the outlooks of individuals. Of course, individual effort is important, as is native talent and sheer luck, for determining how well or poorly a person does in life. But social background, cultural affinities, and communal influence are also of great significance. This is the grain of truth in the conservatives’ insistence that cultural differences lie at the root of racial inequality in America. But the deeper truth is that, for some three centuries now, the communal experience of the slaves and their descendants has been shaped by political, social, and economic institutions that, by any measure, must be seen as oppressive. When we look at “underclass culture” in the American cities of today we are seeing a product of that oppressive history. It is morally obtuse and scientifically naive to say, in the face of the despair, violence, and self-destructive folly of these people, that “if they would get their acts together, like the poor Asian immigrants, then we would not have such a horrific problem in our cities.”The only decent response in the face of the “pathological” behavior of American history’s losers is to conclude that, while we cannot change our ignoble past, we must not be indifferent to the contemporary suffering that is linked to that past. The self-limiting patterns of behavior among poor blacks “which some commentators are so quick to trot out” are a product, not of some alien cultural imposition upon a pristine Euro-American canvas, but, rather, of social, economic, and political practices deeply rooted in American history. We should not ignore the behavioral problems of the underclass, but we should discuss and react to them as if we were talking about our own children, neighbors, and friends. This is an American tragedy, to which we should respond as we might to an epidemic of teen suicide, adolescent drunken driving, or HIV infection among homosexual males–that is, by embracing, not demonizing, the victims.The problem with talk about black culture, black crime, and black illegitimacy, as explanatory categories in the hands of the morally obtuse, is that it becomes an exculpatory device–a way of avoiding a discussion of mutual obligation. It is a distressing fact about contemporary American politics that simply to make this point is to risk being dismissed as an apologist for the inexcusable behavior of the poor. The deeper moral failing lies with those who, declaring “we have done all we can,” would wash their hands of the poor.It is morally and intellectually superficial in the extreme to begin and end one’s argument with the observation that the problems of the underclass are due to their high rates of criminal behavior and out-of-wedlock births, and not to white racism. But this is what political discourse assessing the status of blacks has come to. The highly ideological character of racial debate in America makes nuance and complexity almost impossible to sustain. For while it may be true that the most debilitating impediments to advancement among the underclass derive from patterns of behavior that are self-limiting, it is also true that our history has dealt poor blacks a very bad hand. Yes, there must be change in these behaviors if progress is to be made. But a commitment of support will also be required from the broader society to help these folks help themselves.The conservatives deny this. They rationalize the nasty, brutish, and short lives of a sizable minority of the black population as reflecting blacks’ deficiencies, rather than revealing any flaw in “our way of life.” Nowhere is the ideological character of this stance more clearly revealed than in the conservatives’ celebration of immigrant success, over and against native black failure. That nonwhite immigrants succeed is taken as a vindication of the system; that blacks fail is said to be due entirely to their own inadequacies. This is obscenely ahistorical. Frankly, I remain optimistic about the prospect that black teenagers, given greater opportunity, might respond with better behavior. What makes me pessimistic about our future is the spectacle of politically influential American intellectuals grasping at these cultural arguments as reason to abandon or ignore their moral responsibilities to those who are least fortunate in our society.Color Is Not IrrelevantThe debate over affirmative action has also become quite ideological in tone. I have been a critic of affirmative action policies for more than 15 years. I was among the first to stress how the use of racial preferences sheltered blacks from the challenge of competing on the merits in our society. I argued strenuously against the inclination of blacks to see affirmative action as a totem–a policy assumed to lie beyond the bounds of legitimate criticism, symbolizing the nation’s commitment to “do the right thing” for black people. However, in the wake of a successful ballot initiative banning affirmative action in California, I now find it necessary to reiterate the old, and in my view still valid, arguments on behalf of explicit public efforts to reduce racial inequality.The current campaign against “preferences” goes too far by turning what before Proposition 209 had been a reform movement into an abolitionists’ crusade. In my view, race-based allocations of public contracts, explicit double standards in the workplace, and large disparities in the test scores of blacks and whites admitted to elite universities are unwise practices, deservedly under attack. But the U.S. Army’s programs to commission more black officers, the public funding of efforts to bring blacks into science and engineering, and the goal of public universities to retain some racial diversity in their student bodies are all defensible practices that should be retained. The mere fact that these efforts take race into account should be not disqualifying.Affirmative action, however prudently employed, can never be anything more than a marginal instrument for addressing the nation’s unfinished racial business. But the proponents of colorblind policy who bill their crusade against “preferences” as the Second Coming of the civil rights movement display a ludicrous sense of misplaced priorities. They make a totem of ignoring race, even as the social isolation of the urban black poor reveals how important “color” continues to be in American society. Argument about the legality of the government’s use of race only scratches the surface, because it fails to deal with the manifest significance of race in the private lives of Americans, black and white.In the brave new dispensation, “color” is supposed to be irrelevant, yet everywhere we look in America, people are attending assiduously to race. The U.S. Census revealed that, among married people 25 to 34 years old in 1990, 70 percent of Asian women and 39 percent of Hispanic women, but only 2 percent of black women, had white husbands. Racially mixed church congregations are so rare that they make front-page news. So culturally isolated are black ghetto teens that linguists find their speech patterns to be converging across geographic distances, even as this emergent dialect grows increasingly dissimilar from the speech of poor whites living but a few miles away. Childless white couples travel to China in search of infants to adopt, while ghetto-born orphans go parentless. This is not to say that American society is irredeemably racist, but merely to illustrate how deeply imbedded in the social consciousness of our nation is the racial “otherness” of blacks. No accounts of contemporary race relations should minimize this fact. Yet that is precisely what the colorblind crusaders do.Consider the commonsense observation that, in this country, an army where blacks are one-third of the enlisted personnel but only 3 percent of the officer corps is likely to function poorly. The U.S. army cares about the number of black captains because it needs to sustain effective cooperation among its personnel across racial lines. That the racial identities of captains and corporals sometimes matter to the smooth functioning of a military institution is a deep fact about our society that cannot be wished away.But monitoring the number of blacks promoted to the rank of captain and formulating policies to increase that number are activities that inherently involve taking account of some individual’s race. So radical critics of affirmative action must oppose this. Yet depending on how such activities are undertaken, they need not entail the promulgation of racial double standards, nor need they seem to declare, as a matter of official policy, that racial identity is a determinant of an individual’s moral worth. As the military sociologist Charles Moskos is fond of pointing out, the Army is the only place in American society where large numbers of whites routinely take orders from blacks. So the irony is that the moral irrelevance of race, which the colorblind absolutists take as their highest principle, may be more evident to the members of the U.S. Army than elsewhere in our society precisely because the government has been allowed to use race in the conduct of its military personnel policies.Source: An American Tragedy: The legacy of slavery lingers in our cities’ ghettosThe case for reparationsLong historyA major justification for the government paying reparations directly to individuals or establishing other forms of compensation, such as investment in majority-black communities, lies in the harsh reality of the labor stolen from millions of enslaved people from 1619 to 1865. That justification extends to many more millions severely oppressed for the next century and a half – whether through racist segregation laws or informal discrimination authorities did nothing to stop.Since 1619, when the first enslaved Africans were taken to Jamestown, Virginia, the oppression of black people by whites has been embedded in America’s economic, political, educational and other institutions.An 18th-century newspaper ad announcing the sale of ‘250 fine healthy negroes.’ AP PhotoSlavery lasted for nearly 250 years, about 60% of U.S. history, including Colonial times. Counting the nearly century-long Jim Crow segregation of African Americans, officially sanctioned racial oppression encompassed more than 80% of U.S. history to date.The political scientist Thomas Craemer calculated the hours worked by enslaved black workers between 1776 and the official end of slavery. He estimates this uncompensated labor totaled between US$5.9 and $14.2 trillion in current dollars.As I detailed in my book “Racist America,” trillions more in wealth was effectively stolen from black Americans not just because of enslavement prior to 1776 but during the Jim Crow era through employment discrimination and decades of bureaucratic finagling that caused them to lose farmland.I estimate that the total cost to black Americans over four centuries of slavery, Jim Crow laws and more contemporary discrimination to be in the $10-$20 trillion range. That’s potentially as big as the nation’s annual economic output.Wealth accumulationGeorgetown University students recently voted in favor of a new “reconciliation fee” they would pay that would fund reparations to the descendants of 272 enslaved people sold in the 19th century to pay off the school’s debts.Opponents of this reparations effort, which would require support from the university’s board to take effect, voiced two common arguments against it: Slavery happened too long ago and not all white Americans have slave-owning ancestors. Similar arguments are now commonplace.The assumption that those debts are owed by and to people now deceased ignores all the money, property and other wealth white Americans alive today inherited from their forebears, including slave owners and many others responsible for depriving blacks of economic and educational opportunities through discrimination. The latter included white overseers, sheriffs and merchants.Most whites can trace their roots back at least three generations, with many going back between four and 20 generations. That’s longer than most African Americans have had, at least officially, fairly equal socioeconomic opportunities – at most for two generations.This argument also ignores the benefits white people reaped from the large-scale discrimination suffered by African Americans whose labor was underpaid or stolen for most of U.S. history. Millions of people, many still alive, endured brutal violence and economic discrimination under legal segregation.What’s more, housing equity – what homeowners possess after subtracting their mortgages – is a main repository of U.S. family wealth. Philosopher Jonathan Kaplan and political scientist Andrew Valls argue that the decades-long housing discrimination that stopped most African Americans from building significant home equity justifies the payment of major reparations.White-implemented government home-ownership programs after World War II, including mortgage programs for veterans, discriminated on a large scale against blacks. These government programs enabled many millions of white families to move into the middle class. The children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of these whites have since inherited wealth due to the ensuing growth in the value of that housing.Blacks couldn’t buy homes after World War II in upwardly mobile communities like Levittown, Pennsylvania.AP Photo/Bill IngrahamIn contrast, black families usually endured housing discrimination after World War II. They were unable to obtain mortgages and were barred by restrictive covenants from buying homes in white areas where housing values rose.Today’s wealth gap between white and black Americans is substantially the result of government-supported housing and employment discrimination. The median net worth of black families is less than 15% of that of white families, according to the Federal Reserve.Congress respondsLawmakers have been reckoning with this question to some degree for two decades. Members of the House have introduced the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act in every Congress since 1989, albeit without much support.Both chambers of Congress passed resolutions that officially apologized for African American enslavement and centuries of black oppression, beginning with the House in 2008.A year later, the Senate version included a disclaimer suggesting a lack of interest in paying reparations: “Nothing in this resolution (A) authorizes or supports any claim against the United States or (B) serves as a settlement of any claim against the United States.”This reluctance seems puzzling in light of the fact that the U.S. government successfully pressured postwar German governments to pay Holocaust survivors $927 million – worth $8.84 billion today – in compensation as part of the 1952 Luxembourg Agreement.And after the passage of a 1998 reparations law, the U.S. government also modestly compensated some 82,000 Japanese Americans who were discriminatorily incarcerated as “enemy aliens” during World War II with $20,000 payments made to each surviving person who had been detained.To be sure, broad public support for reparations has yet to materialize outside Congress either.The latest polling indicates that most Americans still oppose paying reparations that would compensate African Americans for the centuries of life-shortening racial discrimination and exploitation they and their ancestors endured.Source: The case for African American reparations, explainedHistorical precedents for reparations exist.Even Republicans like David Brooks agree:First, there is a natural moral order to the universe. There is a way things are supposed to be — more important than economic wealth or even a person’s life.Second, moral actions are connected to each other. If somebody tears at the moral order by drawing blood through the lash of slavery, then that wrong will have to be paid for by the blood of the sword. History has meaning. It’s not just random events.Third, sin is anything that assaults the moral order. Slavery doesn’t merely cause pain and suffering to the slave. It is a corruption that infects the whole society. It is a collective debt that will have to be paid.Fourth, sin travels down society through the centuries. Lincoln was saying that sometimes the costs of repairing sin have to be borne generations after the sin was first committed.From these thoughts we can appreciate the truth that while there have been many types of discrimination in our history, the African-American (and the Native American) experiences are unique and different. Theirs are not immigrant experiences but involve a moral injury that simply isn’t there for other groups.Sign Up for Jamelle Bouie's NewsletterJoin Jamelle Bouie as he shines a light on overlooked writing, culture and ideas from around the internet.Slavery and the continuing pattern of discrimination aren’t only an attempt to steal labor; they are an attempt to cover over a person’s soul, a whole people’s soul.That injury shows up today as geographic segregation, the gigantic wealth gap, the lack of a financial safety net, but also the lack of the psychological and moral safety net that comes when society has a history of affirming: You belong. You are us. You are equal.Nearly five years ago I read Ta-Nehisi Coates’s Atlantic article “The Case for Reparations,” with mild disagreement. All sorts of practical objections leapt to mind. What about the recent African immigrants? What about the poor whites who have nothing of what you would call privilege? Do we pay Oprah and LeBron?But I have had so many experiences over the past year — sitting, for example, with an elderly black woman in South Carolina shaking in rage because the kids in her neighborhood face greater challenges than she did growing up in 1953 — that suggest we are at another moment of make-or-break racial reckoning.Coates’s essay seems right now, especially this part: “And so we must imagine a new country. Reparations — by which I mean the full acceptance of our collective biography and its consequences — is the price we must pay to see ourselves squarely. … What I’m talking about is more than recompense for past injustices — more than a handout, a payoff, hush money, or a reluctant bribe. What I’m talking about is a national reckoning that would lead to spiritual renewal.”We’re a nation coming apart at the seams, a nation in which each tribe has its own narrative and the narratives are generally resentment narratives. The African-American experience is somehow at the core of this fragmentation — the original sin that hardens the heart, separates Americans from one another and serves as model and fuel for other injustices.The need now is to consolidate all the different narratives and make them reconciliation and possibility narratives, in which all feel known. That requires direct action, a concrete gesture of respect that makes possible the beginning of a new chapter in our common life. Reparations are a drastic policy and hard to execute, but the very act of talking about and designing them heals a wound and opens a new story.Source: Opinion | The Case for ReparationsCapitalism is built on competition. That is why even the smallest advantages can prove to be very important in the long term. It is no accident of fate that Trump was able to become President alone. His family wealth, connections from his father, and all of the things associated with his class helped launch him to the Presidency. He was not known for being especially smart, nor a great business man, as he has declared bankruptcy several times. The rich have the opportunity to fail and start over. They have fathers that can lend them a million dollars to get started, and then bail them out later if needed. They can afford to fail. But other groups don’t have that benefit.Inequality is making racial division worse:Redlining was a process where blacks were not given home loans. It created radical disparities in housing ownership and geography in some areas. Modern day redlining occurs too.Systemic racism continues to cause racial divisions. And tossing out a few affirmative action positions is nothing more than tokenism.Under a socialist system there would be more opportunities for those born into poverty to better themselves. There would be programs to help the poor and disadvantaged overcome the effects of having low cultural capital. Education would not be a barrier to fulfilling one’s dreams. There would be guaranteed employment, housing, healthcare, daycare, and other programs that would mitigate the effects of intergenerational poverty caused by the lasting effects of slavery and continued systemic racism. But the U.S. has moved in the opposite direction. Instead it relies on increased competition, the slashing of social programs, cutthroat politics, the lack of living wage paying jobs, sky high inflation for housing and education, and no guaranteed medical care in states that have rejected the Obamacare Medicaid Expansion. Black women are at an additional disadvantage because they face inequality of pay in the workplace, no paid maternity leave, and usually their careers suffer from taking time off to have children.Even the causes of our differences we cannot seem to agree upon.This graph is old. But look at the huge problems that persist to this day—equality and police brutality. Few things have changed.There is a wall of misunderstanding that feels impenetrable.

I cannot believe no-one has mentioned Rupert Murdoch, here is s man who controls a large part of the media of the world, using his position he can influence who becomes the leader of some of the most powerful countries in the worldIt has taken me 10 minutes just to copy and paste the following assets from Wikipedia on my phoneBooksHarperCollins book publishing companyHarperCollins IndiaZondervan Christian book publisherInspirio – religious gift production.Newspapers EditAustralia published by News Limited.The Australian (Nationwide)Community Media Group (16 QLD & NSW suburban/regional titles)Cumberland-Courier Newspapers (23 suburban/commuter titles)The Courier-Mail (Queensland)The Sunday Mail (Queensland)The Cairns Post (Cairns, Queensland)The Gold Coast Bulletin (Gold Coast, Queensland)The Townsville Bulletin (Townsville, Queensland)The Daily Telegraph (New South Wales)The Sunday Telegraph (New South Wales)Herald Sun (Victoria)Sunday Herald Sun (Victoria)The Weekly Times (Victoria)Leader Newspapers (33 suburban Melbourne titles)MX (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane CBD)The Geelong Advertiser (Geelong, Victoria)The Advertiser (South Australia)The Sunday Mail (South Australia)Messenger Newspapers (11 suburban Adelaide, SA titles)The Sunday Times (Western Australia)The Mercury (Tasmania)Quest Newspapers (19 suburban Brisbane, QLD titles)The Sunday Tasmanian (Tasmania)Northern Territory News (Northern Territory)The Sunday Territorian (Northern Territory)The Tablelands Advertiser (Atherton Tablelands and the Far North, Queensland)FijiFiji Times (National) (10%)Nai Lalakai (10%)Shanti Dut (10%)Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea Post-Courier (National) (62.5%)UK and Ireland newspapers, published by subsidiaries of News International Ltd.News Group Newspapers Ltd.The Sun (published in Scotland as The Scottish Sun and in Ireland as The Irish Sun)The Sun on SundayTimes Newspapers Ltd.The Sunday TimesThe TimesThe Times Literary SupplementUS newspapers and magazinesThe New York PostCommunity Newspaper GroupThe Brooklyn PaperBronx Times-ReporterBrooklyn Courier-LifeTimesLedger NewspapersDow Jones & CompanyConsumer Media GroupThe Wall Street JournalWall Street Journal EuropeWall Street Journal AsiaBarron's – weekly financial markets magazine.Marketwatch – Financial news and information website.Far Eastern Economic ReviewEnterprise Media GroupDow Jones Newswires – global, real-time news and information provider.Factiva – provides business news and information together with content delivery tools and services.Dow Jones Indexes – stock market indexes and indicators, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average.Dow Jones Financial Information Services – produces databases, electronic media, newsletters, conferences, directories, and other information services on specialised markets and industry sectors.Betten Financial News – leading Dutch language financial and economic news service.Local Media GroupOttaway Community Newspapers – 8 daily and 15 weekly regional newspapers.STOXX (33%)- joint venture with Deutsche Boerse and SWG Group for the development and distribution of Dow Jones STOXX indices.Vedomosti (33%) – Russia's leading financial newspaper (joint venture with Financial Times and Independent Media).SmartMoneyThe Timesledger Newspapers of Queens, New York:Bayside Times, Whitestone Times, Flushing Times, Little Neck Ledger, Jamaica Times, Astoria Times, Forest Hills LedgerThe Courier-Life Newspapers in BrooklynThe Brooklyn PaperCaribbean LifeFlatbush Jewish JournalTimes-Herald Record (Middletown, New York)The Leader – Corning, New York[66]Magazines EditU.S.A.SmartSource Magazine (weekly Sunday newspaper coupon insert)AustralianAlpha MagazineAustralian Country StyleAustralian Golf DigestAustralian Good TasteBig LeagueBCMEDeliciousDonna HayFast FoursGQ (Australia)Gardening AustraliaInsideOut (Aust)Lifestyle PoolsLive to RideNotebookOverlander 4WDModern BoatingModern FishingParentsPure HealthSuper Food IdeasTruck AustraliaTruckin' Lifetwowheelstwowheels scooterVogue (Australia)Vogue Entertaining & TravelVogue LivingInside Out (UK Based Magazine)Music and radio EditFox Film Music GroupFox News RadioSport EditMajority ownership of the Brisbane Broncos (68.9%) and full ownership of the Melbourne Storm rugby league team.Colorado Rockies (15%)Studios EditFox Filmed Entertainment: 20th Century Fox's parent company20th Century Fox: a film production/distribution companyFox Searchlight Pictures – specialised films.Fox 2000 Pictures – general audience feature films.20th Century Fox Television – primetime television programming.20th Television – television distribution (syndication).Fox 21 – low scripted/budgeted television production company.Fox Television Studios (productions)- market specific programming e.g. COPS and network television company.Fox Television Studios InternationalFox World ProductionsFox World AustraliaFox TV Studios FranceFox TV Studios IndiaNatural History New Zealand – natural world documentaries, non-fiction programming.Fox Faith – Promotion and distribution of Christian and related "family friendly" movies on DVD and some theatrical release.Fox Studios Australia, Sydney, New South WalesBlue Sky Studios – production of CGI films e.g. Ice Age.Fox Entertainment GroupNew Regency Productions (20%) – general audience feature films.Regency Enterprises (20%) – parent company of New Regency Productions (50%).FOX Star Studios New Delhi, IndiaTV EditNews Corp agreed to sell eight of its television stations to Oak Hill Capital Partners for approximately $1.1 billion as of 22 December 2007. The stations are US Fox affiliates.[67] These stations, along with those already acquired by Oak Hill that were formerly owned by The New York Times Company, formed the nucleus of Oak Hill's Local TV LLC division.BroadcastFox Broadcasting Company (Fox), a US broadcast television networkMyNetworkTV, a US broadcast television networkFox Television Stations, a group of owned and operated Fox television stationsSaeta TV Channel 10, channel of UruguayITV plc (7.5%), a British broadcast television network and the UK's largest advertising revenue based broadcasterNews Corp EuropebTV, a broadcast television network in Bulgaria. They sold this to CME in February 2010.B1 TV (12,5%), a broadcast television network in Romania, in partnership with Ismar International NVkkkkFox Televizija, a broadcast television network in Serbia (49%). They sold this to Antenna Group in January 2010Fox Turkey, a Turkish terrestrial channel (56,5%) (formerly TGRT)Imedi Media Holding (100%), a Georgian radio and TV broadcaster.Imedi TelevisionRadio ImediIsrael 10 (9%), a terrestrial channel in Israel.LNT (100%), a terrestrial channel in LatviaTV5 Riga (100%), a terrestrial channel in LatviaCielo (100%), a free channel in ItalyPrime Television New Zealand – commercial TV station, interest held through stake in SKY Network TelevisionNine Network, an Australian television network that was formerly owned by this company's founder from 1956 to 1970.Satellite televisionBSkyB, United Kingdom & Ireland (39.1% holding). In practice, a controlling interest.Sky Network Television, New Zealand (44%)Sky Italia (100%), Italy's largest pay TV service (previously owning part of Stream TV)Sky Deutschland (54.5%), Germany's largest pay TV providerTata Sky (30%), an Indian DirectToHome TeleVision Service Provider. (in partnership with Tata Group (70%))Foxtel (25%), Australia, a joint venture with Telstra (50%) and Consolidated Media Holdings (25%)FOX Italy, Italian Broadcast and Production Company (with 2 HDTV)Star TV Channels (Satellite TeleVision Asian Region), an Asian satellite TV service having 300 million viewers in 53 countries, mainly in India, China & other Asian countriesPhoenix Television (17.6%), satellite TV network with landing rights in Hong Kong, and select provinces on Mainland China.CableCable TV channels owned (in whole or part) and operated by News Corporation include:Fox Business Network, a business news channel.Meiji (TV Channel), a channel TV Shows and Comedy and Kids and Movies and DramaFox Classics, a channel airing classic TV shows and moviesFox Movie Channel, an all-movie channel that airs commercial-free movies from 20th Century Fox's film libraryFox News Channel, a 24-hour news and opinion channelFox Sports Networks, a chain of US regional cable news television networks broadcasting local sporting events linked together by national sports news programming. Local channels include "Fox Sports Southwest", "Fox Sports Detroit", etc. (some affiliates are owned by Cablevision.)SportSouth, a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Atlanta, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net.Sun Sports a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Miami, Florida, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net.Fox College Sports, a college sports network consisting of three regionally aligned channels, mostly with archived Fox Sports Net programmes but also some live and original content.Fox Sports InternationalFox Soccer Channel, a United States digital cable and satellite network specialising mainly in soccer.Fox Soccer Plus, a sister network to FSC, but including coverage of other sports, most notably rugby. Launched in 2010 after News Corporation picked up many of the broadcast rights abandoned by Setanta Sports when it stopped broadcasting in the U.S.Fox Pan American Sports (37.9%) – joint venture with Hicks, Muse, and Tate & Furst.Fox Sports en Español (50%), a Spanish-language North American cable sports network; its sports line-up is tailored to appeal to a Latin American audience.Fox Sports en Latinoamérica, a Latin American satellite and cable sports network.FX Networks, a cable network broadcasting reruns of programming previously shown on other channels, but recently creating its own programming, including the Emmy Award-winning programmes The Shield and Damages.SPEEDFUEL TVBig Ten Network, cable and satellite channel dedicated to The Big Ten Conference, launched August 2007 (49%)National Geographic Channel (joint venture with National Geographic Society) 67%National Geographic Channel International 75%Nat Geo Mundo (joint venture with National Geographic Society)Nat Geo Wild (joint venture with National Geographic Society)YES Network (49%),[68] regional cable sports network; broadcasts New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets games, among other teams.Fox International Channels, domestic cable channels offering different formats of Fox programming in over thirty countries worldwide.FoxFox LifeFox Life HDFox CrimeFXFox HorrorFox MoviesFox SportsSpeed ChannelNational Geographic ChannelNational Geographic Channel HDNational Geographic WildNational Geographic AdventureNational Geographic MusicNational Geographic JuniorCultNext:HDVoyageReal Estate TVBabyTVFox Toma 1 – Spanish-language television production.Fox Telecolombia – Spanish-language television production. (51%)Utarget.Fox – European and Latin American online ad company, plus now handles TV ad sales.Central & South AmericaFox Latin American Channels – channels available in over 17 countries in Latin AmericaNational Geographic ChannelNational Geographic Channel HDNational Geographic WildNat Geo MusicUniversal ChannelUniversal HDFox ChannelFox HDFXFox LifeSyfyFox SportsSpeed ChannelBaby TVUtilisimaFox One-Stop Media – advertising sales for company owned and third party channels in Latin AmericaLAPTV (60%) (Latin American Pay Television) operates 8 cable movie channels throughout South America excluding Brazil.Telecine (12.5%) operates 5 cable movie channels in Brazil.AustraliaPremier Media Group (50%)Fox Sports 1Fox Sports 2Fox Sports 3SPEEDFoxSportsNewsFuel TV AustraliaPremium Movie Partnership (20%) – movie channels, a joint venture between 20th Century Fox, Sony, NBCUniversal, Viacom and Liberty MediaPLATFORMSIndiaHathway Cable & Datacom (22.2%), India's 2nd largest cable network through 7 cities including Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai & PuneTaiwanTotal TV (20%), a pay TV platform with JV partner KOO's Group majority owner (80%). News Corp also has a 20% interest in the KOO's Group directly.Internet EditNews Corp. Digital MediaHome -- Sports News, Scores, Schedules, Videos and Fantasy Games – website with sports news, scores, statistics, video and fantasy sportsHulu (27%) – online video streaming site in partnership with NBCUniversal and The Walt Disney Company.Flektor – provides Web-based tools for photo and video editing and mashups.Slingshot Labs – web development incubator (Includes the sites DailyFill).Strategic Data Corp – interactive advertising company which develops technology to deliver targeted internet advertising.College Sports, Football Recruiting, NFL, Fantasy Advice & More[69]WhatIfSports: Free Online Simulation Games, Sim Leagues, Sim Games – sports simulation and prediction website. Also provides fantasy-style sports games to play.http://Indya.com[70] – 'India's no. 1 Entertainment Portal'ROO Group Inc (5% increasing to 10% with performance targets)News Digital MediaNews.com.au[71] – Australia's most popular news website in 2013 and as of April 2014[72]News LabJob Search, Upload your Resume, Find employment[73] (50%) – recruitment advertisement website in partnership with Monster Worldwide.CarsGuide.com.au - more than just another classifieds website[74]http://in2mobi.com.au[75]Local Business Directory Australia[76]Moshtix | Live Entertainment Tickets[77] – a ticket retailerLearning Seat[78]Wego[79] News owns minority stake in Cheap Flights, Hotels and Travel DealsWeair[80] News owns minority stake in حجز طيران - ارخص تذاكر طيران | WeAirNetus (75%) – investment co. in online properties.REA Group (60.7%)Real Estate, Property & Homes For SaleBusiness Services s.r.l. [81] Access our internationalization service opens to endless proposals and possibilities of rooting in markets around the world.Case e appartamenti in vendita[82] (69.4%), Sky Italia also holds a 30.6% shareatHome group, operator of leading realestate websites in Luxembourg, France, Belgium and Germany.Altowin (51%), provider of office management tools for realestate agents in Belgium.Zoopla > Search Property to Buy, Rent, House Prices, Estate Agents[83] (50%), News International holds the remaining 50%Sherlock Publications, owner of Houses and Flats for Sale portal and magazine titles 'Hot Property', 'Renting' and 'Overseas'Estate agents and letting agents, most comprehensive UK estate agent directory.PropertyLook, property websites in Australia and New Zealand.Home Renovation Ideas - Tips For Renovating Bathroom, Kitchen & More[84] home renovation and improvement website.Square Foot Limited, Hong Kong's largest English Language property magazine and websitePrimedia – Holding co. of Inside DB, a Hong Kong lifestyle magazine.TadpoleNet Media[85] (10%) Hosts of http://ArmySailor.com[86]New ZealandFatso – leading online DVD subscription service (ownership through stake in Sky Network Television).Fox Networks – one of the largest international ad networks.Expedient InfoMedia[87] blog network.Storyful[88]Unruly[89]Other assets EditBroadsystem Ltd (UK) – Telephony provider for media companies, bought in 1991Broadsystem Australia (Australia)Broadsystem Ventures (UK) – provider of cheap-rate telephone calls, particularly for customers of Sky Television. Bought outright in 1999.Jamba! – Mobile entertainment, mobile handsets Personalisation/games.News Outdoor Group – Largest outdoor advertising company in Eastern Europe with over 70,000 ads including billboards and bus shelters, operating in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia (96 cities), Turkey and Ukraine.Maximedia Israel (67%)Mosgorreklama (50%) – Russia sign and marketing material manufacturerKamera Acikhava Reklamclik (?) – leading outdoor advertising company in TurkeyAustralian Associated Press (45%) – real time news service.STATS, Inc. (50%) – world's leading provider of sporting information and statistical analysis (a JV with Associated Press)Fox Sports Grill (50%) – Upscale sports bar and restaurant with 7 locations: Scottsdale, Arizona; Irvine, California; Seattle; Plano, Texas; Houston; San Diego; and Atlanta.Fox Sports Skybox (70%) – Sports fans' Bar & Grill at Staples Center and six airport restaurants.News America Marketing (US) – (100%) – nation's leading marketing services company, products include a portfolio of in-store, home-delivered and online media under the SmartSource brand.Rotana (19%) – Largest Arab entertainment company owned by Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin TalalThe Daily – iPad only newspaper delivered daily.Making Fun – social game developer for making games for social networking sites, smartphones, tablets and other devices.[90]Anyone with this much media influence and who can control so much of people's beliefs and opinion by having his own agenda as the principals of his outlets is surely the most powerful man in the world.