Department Of Accounting Grade 12 Paper I June Time 120: Fill & Download for Free

OK so I'm going to give you the quick answer first followed by some photos to better understand the quick answers. Then after that if you want to REALLY know all about pilling, keep reading the in depth breakdown under the photo section. After that grasshopper you will have mastered the art of the pilling warrior. You will never again fear fuzzy balls……on sweaters at least.The basic fix you'll find on any "life hack" or DIY Blog.Handwash it with a product like woolite (not sure if I spelled that correctly) or Downy, lay flat to dry or turn it inside out and line dry it but don't put it in the dryer. If you must then be sure to dry it by itself on a mid temperature. Toss a dryer sheet and a tennis ball in with it to keep it from getting static cling and the ball keeps it from folding up into itself and rubbing the fabric against fabric causing pills.Wear an undershirt or camisoleWhen you see pilling start DON'T PULL ON IT! Get a disposable razor without any kind of moisturizing strip on it. Just the $0.99 throw away kind that is as basic as possible. (See photos below) Run the razor blade down the fabric lightly as to not cut a hole in the fabric but firm enough to pick up the fuzz balls. Start at the top of the area to be treated and go "with the grain" to the bottom of the area. Wipe off the blade and start again top to bottom. If you need to treat the whole sweater not just a small area, do it in 4 inch by 4 inch sections. Don't try to do the whole length of the sweater in one pass.To avoid having to wash it too much, put it in a gallon sized ziploc and toss it in the freezer for a few days or weather permitting, hang it out in the fresh air and sunlight for a few hours. (The sun’s UV rays are naturally antibacteria)Now for the good stuff!This paper reviews about pilling problems and new techniques and developments in anti-pilling treatments from fibre stage and mechanical and chemical treatments that prevail over pilling problem.Pill's evolutionA pill's evolution involves three major steps:First -- abrasion on the fabric -- the fibres rubbing against themselves or another surface causes a "fuzz." Second -- agitation then causes a collection of fibre to appear as clinging balls, anchored to the fabric much like a burr's tiny hooks. Finally, as mechanical and physical action weakens the pill's ability to cling over time, it falls off the fabric in its last stage known as depletion or removal.Causes of pillingPilling is caused by a natural fibre migration from the yarns to the fabric surface as the fabric rubs against itself, another fabric, or even the skin. The severity of a pilling problem is related to fibre type, strength, and extensibility. Natural fibres like cotton exhibit some pilling, but it goes unnoticed because of its inherent weakness: the pills are tiny and fall off quickly. The balance between pill formation and depletion was changed with the introduction of stronger, man-made fibres. Synthetics like polyester and acrylics contain strong "anchor" fibres for the pills to cling to so strong that fewer pills fall away. The formation rate is also higher, making the problem even more pronounced. DuPont has known about the causes of pilling since the introduction of Dacron® polyester fibre in the early 1950s. Dacron® is a strong synthetic fibre with many performance and easy-care benefits.Pilling performance of fibresMost fabrics exhibit some degree of pilling. Fabrics constructed entirely of natural fibres are "low-pill" because the pills are smaller and fall away before they are noticeable. A woven fabric is, by its very nature, of a tighter construction, so it is more difficult for fibres to migrate to the surface and cause pilling. Synthetic knits exhibit pilling problems because of their loose construction, and knits of synthetic staple fibres contain numerous eligible free fibre ends that begin the pilling process. Filament fabrics have no free ends to migrate, so no pills can form.Determination of pilling processThe well-known EN ISO 12945-1 standard tells us, generally the level of pilling which develops is determined by the rates of the following parallel processes:a) Fibre entanglement leading to pill formation.b) Development of more surface fibre.c) Fibre and pill wear-off.The rates of these processes depend on the fibre, yarn, and fabric properties. Examples of extreme situations are found in fabrics containing strong fibres versus fabric containing weak fibres. A consequence of the strong fibre is a rate of pill formation that exceeds the rate of wear-off. This results in an increase of pilling with an increase of wear. With a weak fibre, the rate of pill formation competes with the rate of wear-off. This results in a fluctuation of pilling with an increase of wear. In other constructions, surface fibre wear-off occurs before pill formation. Each of these examples demonstrates the complexity of evaluating the surface change on different types of fabric.Pilling mechanismThe pills are formed only during wear, wash and tear due to abrasion affecting appearance, touch and handle of fabrics. The mechanism of pilling goes through the following four stages:1. Fuzz formation on fabric surface.2. Entanglement of fibres in the fuzz with each other.3. Densification of these entanglements into small balls called pill.4. Shedding away of pills.Fuzz formation is result of constant gentle abrasion. In a garment, it is usually observed near the abrasion areas such as near the pocket, collar, etc.Factors affecting pillingThe pilling tendency of fabrics depends on denier of fibres, twist factor of yarn, construction of fabric and processing steps used during the manufacture of fabric as under:1. Denier of fibres: Fine denier fibres tend to pill more as they possess less stiffness. Secondly, fibres per unit length of yarn will be more in a case of fine denier compared to the yarn made from coarser denier so that there will be more fibre ends exposed rendering the fabric more prone to pilling.2. Twist factor of yarn: The yarn with lower twist factor below 3.4 will pill more than the yarn with higher twist factor. It is therefore necessary to choose slightly higher twist factor for single /doubled yarn if it would not adversely affect the feel of the fabric. The double yarn exhibits less pills.3. Fabric construction: Closed weave fabric with a high set, pills less. Plain weave fabric with maximum yarn intersections gives better pill rating. Weaves with longer floats like twills and sateen have less binding points so pill more.4. Processing: Processing steps involving both mechanical and chemical operations, which would render fabric surface clean and hair free play a vital role in minimizing pilling. For effecting control on pilling, precautions will have to be taken from early stages of processing.Pilling can be prevented or considerably reduced by fibre blends, appropriate yarn fabric construction, suitable finishing or by using low-pilling synthetic fibres.Different methods of controlling the pilling in textile fibres & fabrics1.Construction of the fabric2.Finishing treatmentsi. Physical processii. Chemical processiii. Special treatments3.Selection of anti-pilling fibres1) Construction of the fabricThe construction of the fabric is also important in determining its susceptibility to pilling. A very tight, compact construction, such as denim, usually pills very little. However, a loosely knitted or woven fabric will show more pilling with both wear and cleaning. Pilling is often more noticeable on knitted fabrics, such as sweaters, than on woven. Lint often becomes tangled in the little balls of fibre, which makes the pilling appear more obvious.Suggestions for minimizing pilling:Turn susceptible garment inside out before laundering.Load the washer loosely to provide free circulation and minimize abrasion on the garment.Use a shorter wash time for permanent press, knits, and delicates unless they are heavily soiled.Wash permanent press, knits, and delicates in separate load from articles that have a tendency to lint.Use a fabric softener to reduce static and prevent lint from clinging to the fabrics.2) Finishing treatmentsThere are various methods of finishing process, which are used for controlling/reducing the pills formation.i) Physical processes for reducing pillinga) Shearing or CroppingCropping and shearing reduce pilling by reducing the length of the projecting fibres. It gives a much superior handle to singeing.b) SingeingSingeing with shearing/cropping and optimum heat setting would reduce pilling. The parameters during singeing will have to be optimised with respect to speed, quality of flame and number of passages to obtain the fabric with the desired level of pilling resistance.c) BrushingIn the case of tighter-woven fabric made from highly twisted yarn, loose fibres can be brought to the surface of fabric by means of brushing, where they can be removed by a close shearing. Such a procedure is not possible on loosely spun yarns with a fluffy surface.d) Anti-pilling finishAlleviates pilling, an unpleasant phenomenon associated with spun yarn fabrics, especially when they contain synthetics. Synthetic fibres are more readily brought to the surface of a fabric due to their smooth surface and circular cross-section, and due to their higher tensile strength and abrasion resistance. With knit "picking" also occurs: by abrasion, individual fibres work themselves out of yarn loops onto the surface, and the garment catches on a pointed or rough object. Knitting is susceptible to these effects due to the open weave and bulky yarn.e) ThermosettingHeat-setting tends to produce smooth fabric laying down the individual surface fibres to the fabric body and polyester fibres are rendered slightly stiffer so that even at a later stage tend to entangle less.f) Heat SettingHeat setting of synthetic fabrics eliminates the internal tensions within the fibre generated during manufacture and the new state can be fixed by rapid cooling. This heat setting fixes the fabrics in the relaxed state and thus avoids subsequent shrinkage or creasing of fabric. The application of heat in heat setting can be done by hot air, on a pin stenter at 220°C for 20 - 30 seconds for polyester goods and at a lower temperature range of 190 - 225°C for 15 - 20 seconds for polyamides. Acrylics may be heat set partially at 170 - 190°C for 15 - 60 seconds to reduce formation of running creases, but higher temperature should be avoided to prevent yellowing. Hydro setting is so rarely used particularly to get fuller and softer handle on polyamides at 125 - 135°C in autoclaves for 20 - 30 minutes. It can be combined with dyeing or optical brightening.g) Steam settingSteam setting can be done by saturated or super heated steam. During steaming, uniform treatment can be ensured by initial sequence of alternate short steaming and vacuum application for 20 - 30 min at 130°C under pressure. Super heated steam can be used in stenters and setting time is 25% shorter than for hot air on account of quicker heating up rate. Acrylic fibres have to be protested as some may undergo excessive shrinkage or loss of handle. Before the material is heat set, it should be thoroughly washed to remove spin preparations, lubricants, sizing agents and impurities as these are likely to be burned in drying heat setting making their removal difficult. Steaming at temperatures above 100°C (generally 120°C or 130°C) also reduces the pilling tendency as a result of increasing the coefficient of friction.ii) Chemical finishes for reducing pillingThe different chemical finishing approaches have been made to prevent pill from accumulating on fabric surface which include the following:a) Application of polymers by padding and coating techniques.b) Application of enzymes (bio-finish) to 100% cotton textiles to cause removal of loose fibres in the yarn to reduce pilling tendency.c) Anti-static finisha) Application of polymers by padding and coating techniquesThe polymeric formulations bring about the binding of the loose fibres into the fabric. The products normally used in this type of finish are friction-reducing lubricants to minimize damage due to abrasion. The acrylic co-polymers, which can be modified to suit the requirements are normally used. Examples of few are:The amine treatment may be combined with other textile finishing operations, such as dyeing. It is performed on conventional treating equipment without inhalation hazard since the treating chemical has a low volatility. Furthermore, the treatment of the textile may be performed as a continuous operation where a relatively short chemical contact time is a necessity since only small concentrations of the chemical are required for short periods of time.Softeners, which decrease fibre-to fibre friction by internal lubrication, such as non-ionic organo-modified silicone micro emulsions and amino functional polysiloxanes, result in a decrease in fabric pilling performance.b) Application of enzymes (bio finish) to 100% cotton textiles to cause removal of loose fibres in the yarn to reduce pilling tendencyIn the second approach, biopolishing with cellulase enzyme is carried on 100% cellulosic or cellulose rich blend fabrics to eliminate loose fibres, which results in clean and smooth surface with improved pill rating. The bio-polishing process targets the removal of the small fibre ends protruding from the yarn surface and thereby reduces the hairiness or fuzz of the fabrics. The hydrolysis action of the enzyme weakens the protruding fibres to the extent that a small physical abrasion force is sufficient to break and remove them.Biopolishing can be accomplished at any time during wet processing but is most convenient performed after bleaching. It can be done in both continuous or batch processes. However, continuous processes require some incubation time for enzymatic degradation to take place. Removing the fuzz makes the colour brighter, the fabric texture more obvious, and reduces pilling.Biopolish enzymes are actually a complex of cellulase enzymes. These enzymes bind to cellulose producing a specific catalytic action that result in the hydrolysis of 1, 4-ß-D-glycosidic linkage in cellulose polymers. Biopolish enzymes are of 2 types, viz,1. Endo Biopolish enzymes2. Exo Biopolish enzymesThe machines like soft-flow, jet and wash wheel, which produce mechanical agitation, are more suitable for the process of bio-polishing.c) Anti-static finishAnti-static finish prevents dust from clinging to the fabric. Anti-static effective chemicals are largely chemically inert and require Thermasol or heat treatment for fixing on polyester fabrics. Polyether agents have been found to be useful but should not effect the dye-equilibrium on fibre, lest they impair the rubbing fastness In general, Thermasol anti-static agents also have a good soil release action, which is as permanent as the anti-static effect. Anti-static finishes may also be of polyamide type, being curable at moderate temperatures.iii) Special treatmentsThe special machine treatments are also controlling the pilling in fibres and fabrics.a) Electric piller/Fabric shaverFabric shavers are easy for removing pills on a flat knit, but they should not be used on knits with naps, textures or lofty surfaces.b) Knit pickerFor any snags or loose ends of yarn, can be removed with a "knit picker". These are hook-like tools with an eye that draws the yarn from the outside of the garment to the inside.c) SanforisingSanforising resulted in a decrease in pilling rating. There are two possible explanations for the decrease in pilling performance of the fabric after sanforising. Firstly, during sanforising, friction between the rubber blanket and the steel drum, which forces the fabric yarns to come closer, possibly causes some weakening of the fabric surface ?bres. Secondly, after fabric shrinkage as a result of sanforising, the number of yarns and ?bres per unit area increase, resulting in an increased chance of the formation and presence of pills per unit area of the fabric, leading to a poor pilling rating.d) UV treatmentA new method, Siroflash anti-pilling treatment for knitted fabrics is a process involving exposure of the fabric or garment surface to short wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVC), followed by a mild wet oxidation treatment using, for example, hydrogen peroxide or salts of permonosulphuric acid. UVC exposure is confined to the surface fibres and presensitizes them to the wet oxidation process, which selectively weakens them relative to the bulk fibres responsible for fabric strength. Because the surface fibres are much weaker after treatment, no anchor fibres are available to secure pills to the fabric surface. The treatment is a highly effective, chlorine-free method of preventing pilling in wool knitwear.3) Anti-pilling fibresThe low-pilling effect in synthetic fibres is obtained by chemical modification or by using low molecular weight spinning raw materials. The use of longer staple fibres in worsted yarns compared to shorter fibres used in cotton spun yarns may also reduce pilling. The finer the fibre the less pilling occurs, as flexing elasticity is reduced. In the case of micro staple fibres the fibres break off. Thus pilling is avoided.The use of trilobal, pentalobal or other kinds of profiled fibre types can reduce pilling. A cross-section of the profiled fibres shows that they are not round like standard fibres, but shaped with special spinnerets.Birla Acrylic® has introduced an innovative fibre which reduces pill formation over repeated usage. Birla Acrylic® Anti-Pill fibres reduce pilling in fabrics and subsequently slow down apparel aging. Birla Acrylic® delivers a high pilling grade of 4 - 4.5 (on a scale of 5) following ICI Pill Box Test. The Anti-Pill fibre has been specifically engineered to have sustainable anti-pilling performance throughout the lifetime of the apparel.Trevira 350 is a low-pill polyester fibre for the weaving and knitting sectors. The special characteristics of Trevira 350 are embedded in the chemically modified polymer, which has hydrolysable bonds in the polyester chain. The bonds dissolve during the dyeing process, substantially reducing the transverse strength of the fibre. This reduction in tenacity is intended to lead to any pills that form with wear breaking off. This occurs early in their development.DuPont introduced soft, versatile CoolMax Alta™, a new low-pill product for use in 100% constructions. The product combines the processability of CoolMax™ with the consumer value of low-pill and moisture management while maintaining that next-to-the-skin softness. DuPont has modified the chemical arrangement of the polymer at the point of manufacture. CoolMax Alta™ provides pill ratings of 3 or better, (ASTM D3512-82 where 1 is severe pilling and 5 is no pilling), equal to or better than other synthetics and even wool.By modifying the cross sectional shape and by adding copolymers (super pilling resistant) mechanical and technological properties of fibres can be altered. It is important to reduce flexing resistance so as to decrease pilling.The curves of the graph show that pills are formed when fabric is exposed to abrasion, which is also the case for wool. The number of pills developed per unit area, however varies considerably depending on the type of fibre. If abrasion continues after the maximum number of pills per unit area has been reached, pills break off. Therefore total number of pills will decrease, despite the formation of new ones. If normal polyester fibres are used, still many pills will remain visible on the fabric, whereas in the other three types of fibre, pills will break off almost entirely or even entirely.Pilling assessmentHowever, the instrument used is only a part of the solution in pilling testing. Many in the standards development process have come to realise that inter lab variability is often not due to differences in the instruments but rather in the Pilling Evaluation and Grading.Visual evaluation of pilled fabrics may be specified by the standard that your laboratory must meet. Photographs or control fabrics are often used for these evaluations, but in either case, standardised lighting and viewing conditions are critical to reproducible ratings. SDL Atlas recommends the G210 60/120 Colour Viewing Booths as high-specification and low-cost solutions for a laboratory.M227C Pilliscope Assessment Viewer allows the user to assess pilling on tested fabrics against five standard photographs using Halogen high-incident illumination. These comparison photographs of either knitted or woven fabrics are mounted on a 5-sided drum and used sequentially to grade the samples. M&S suppliers may order a holoscopic viewing system with holograms of knitted or woven fabrics on the 5-sided drum.M227PAV Universal Pilling Assessment Viewer is designed for all standards where the assessment of pilling is necessary, whether grading against control fabrics or photographs. Note that photographs are not included and must be ordered separately as required by the individual standard. Visit the SDL Atlas website or see the current SDL Atlas catalog for details and ordering information.M227G Pillgrade™ Automatic Pilling Grading System removes the subjective element from grading and improves inter-laboratory reproducibility. The Pill grade 3D fabric scanning system objectively and repeatable grades fabric specimens for surface properties and can ensure agreement on grading throughout the textile supply chain. The system outputs pilling and fuzziness data plus a 1.0 to 5.0 pilling grade according to ASTM and ISO standards. A user supplied computer running either Windows 2000 or Windows XP is needed. For more details on the computer requirements and data output, please visit the SDL Atlas website, SDL Atlas | Textile Testing Products, or see the current SDL Atlas catalog for details and ordering information.ConclusionPill identification is a crucial step in evaluating fabric pilling appearance. There are number of numerous techniques are up coming to control the pills in the natural and synthetic fibres. The continuing studies in fibre technology and developing technology and processing area will still bring in new methods to over come pilling problem. The recent advancements of anti-pilling fibre and anti-pilling finishes are playing a vital role in reducing the pilling in fabrics. So, these newer technologies definitely enhance the aesthetic appearance and quality of textile fabrics and apparels against pills.References1. Cooke W D: Pilling Attrition and Fatigue, Textile Research Journal, 55, 409-414, 1985.2. Dougherty E R and Giardina C R: Mathematical Methods for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1988.3. Ramgulam R B, Amirbayat J and Porat I: The Objective Assessment of Fabric Pilling, Part I: Methodology, J of Textile Institute, 84, 221-226, 1993.4. 20 Journal of Textile Institute, 88, 488-500, 1997. 21.5. Ramgulam R B, Amirbayat J and Porat II: The Objective Assessment of Fabric Pilling, Part II: Experimental Work, J of Textile Institute, 85, 397-401, 1994.6. Rakesh Goyal, C N Prabhu: Anti-Pilling Solutions, Colourage, September 2008.7. Tanveer Hussain, A Sohail Ahmedb and Abdul Qayum: Effect of Different Softeners and Sanforising Treatment on Pilling Performance of Polyester/Viscose Blended Fabrics, Coloration Technology Volume 124, Issue 6, pp 375-378, December 2008.8. Keith Millington: Using Ultraviolet Radiation to Reduce Pilling of Knitted Wool and Cotton, Textile Research Journal, June 1998,Vol 68, No: 6, pp 413-421.9. L P Sharova, etal: Pilling-resistant Polyester Fibre, Fibre Chemistry, Vol 34, No: 4, 2002.10. Ukponmwan J O, Mukhopadhyay A and K N Chatterjee, Pilling (Textile Progress), The Textile Institute 1998.11. Prof S K Laga: Biopolishing of Knit Goods, Textile Magazine covering India & abroad.12. Vintage Clothing & Jewelry | 6000 Items! | VintageVixen.com13. Birlacril™ | Aditya Birla Group14. Polyester-Fasern und -Garne für Ideen15. WikipediaNote: For detailed version of this article please refer the print version of The Indian Textile Journal July 2011 issue.V Krishnaveni,Assistant Professor (Senior Grade),Department of Fashion Technology,Kumaraguru College of Technology.Coimbatore 641 049.Email: [email protected] July , 2011

The 1929 Stock Market CrashHarold Bierman, Jr., Cornell UniversityOverviewThe 1929 stock market crash is conventionally said to have occurred on Thursday the 24th and Tuesday the 29th of October. These two dates have been dubbed “Black Thursday” and “Black Tuesday,” respectively. On September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a record high of 381.2. At the end of the market day on Thursday, October 24, the market was at 299.5 — a 21 percent decline from the high. On this day the market fell 33 points — a drop of 9 percent — on trading that was approximately three times the normal daily volume for the first nine months of the year. By all accounts, there was a selling panic. By November 13, 1929, the market had fallen to 199. By the time the crash was completed in 1932, following an unprecedentedly large economic depression, stocks had lost nearly 90 percent of their value.The events of Black Thursday are normally defined to be the start of the stock market crash of 1929-1932, but the series of events leading to the crash started before that date. This article examines the causes of the 1929 stock market crash. While no consensus exists about its precise causes, the article will critique some arguments and support a preferred set of conclusions. It argues that one of the primary causes was the attempt by important people and the media to stop market speculators. A second probable cause was the great expansion of investment trusts, public utility holding companies, and the amount of margin buying, all of which fueled the purchase of public utility stocks, and drove up their prices. Public utilities, utility holding companies, and investment trusts were all highly levered using large amounts of debt and preferred stock. These factors seem to have set the stage for the triggering event. This sector was vulnerable to the arrival of bad news regarding utility regulation. In October 1929, the bad news arrived and utility stocks fell dramatically. After the utilities decreased in price, margin buyers had to sell and there was then panic selling of all stocks.The Conventional ViewThe crash helped bring on the depression of the thirties and the depression helped to extend the period of low stock prices, thus “proving” to many that the prices had been too high.Laying the blame for the “boom” on speculators was common in 1929. Thus, immediately upon learning of the crash of October 24 John Maynard Keynes (Moggridge, 1981, p. 2 of Vol. XX) wrote in the New York Evening Post(25 October 1929) that “The extraordinary speculation on Wall Street in past months has driven up the rate of interest to an unprecedented level.” And the Economistwhen stock prices reached their low for the year repeated the theme that the U.S. stock market had been too high (November 2, 1929, p. 806): “there is warrant for hoping that the deflation of the exaggerated balloon of American stock values will be for the good of the world.” The key phrases in these quotations are “exaggerated balloon of American stock values” and “extraordinary speculation on Wall Street.” Likewise, President Herbert Hoover saw increasing stock market prices leading up to the crash as a speculative bubble manufactured by the mistakes of the Federal Reserve Board. “One of these clouds was an American wave of optimism, born of continued progress over the decade, which the Federal Reserve Board transformed into the stock-exchange Mississippi Bubble” (Hoover, 1952). Thus, the common viewpoint was that stock prices were too high.There is much to criticize in conventional interpretations of the 1929 stock market crash, however. (Even the name is inexact. The largest losses to the market did not come in October 1929 but rather in the following two years.) In December 1929, many expert economists, including Keynes and Irving Fisher, felt that the financial crisis had ended and by April 1930 the Standard and Poor 500 composite index was at 25.92, compared to a 1929 close of 21.45. There are good reasons for thinking that the stock market was not obviously overvalued in 1929 and that it was sensible to hold most stocks in the fall of 1929 and to buy stocks in December 1929 (admittedly this investment strategy would have been terribly unsuccessful).Were Stocks Obviously Overpriced in October 1929?Debatable — Economic Indicators Were StrongFrom 1925 to the third quarter of 1929, common stocks increased in value by 120 percent in four years, a compound annual growth of 21.8%. While this is a large rate of appreciation, it is not obvious proof of an “orgy of speculation.” The decade of the 1920s was extremely prosperous and the stock market with its rising prices reflected this prosperity as well as the expectation that the prosperity would continue.The fact that the stock market lost 90 percent of its value from 1929 to 1932 indicates that the market, at least using one criterion (actual performance of the market), was overvalued in 1929. John Kenneth Galbraith (1961) implies that there was a speculative orgy and that the crash was predictable: “Early in 1928, the nature of the boom changed. The mass escape into make-believe, so much a part of the true speculative orgy, started in earnest.” Galbraith had no difficulty in 1961 identifying the end of the boom in 1929: “On the first of January of 1929, as a matter of probability, it was most likely that the boom would end before the year was out.”Compare this position with the fact that Irving Fisher, one of the leading economists in the U.S. at the time, was heavily invested in stocks and was bullish before and after the October sell offs; he lost his entire wealth (including his house) before stocks started to recover. In England, John Maynard Keynes, possibly the world’s leading economist during the first half of the twentieth century, and an acknowledged master of practical finance, also lost heavily. Paul Samuelson (1979) quotes P. Sergeant Florence (another leading economist): “Keynes may have made his own fortune and that of King’s College, but the investment trust of Keynes and Dennis Robertson managed to lose my fortune in 1929.”Galbraith’s ability to ‘forecast’ the market turn is not shared by all. Samuelson (1979) admits that: “playing as I often do the experiment of studying price profiles with their dates concealed, I discovered that I would have been caught by the 1929 debacle.” For many, the collapse from 1929 to 1933 was neither foreseeable nor inevitable.The stock price increases leading to October 1929, were not driven solely by fools or speculators. There were also intelligent, knowledgeable investors who were buying or holding stocks in September and October 1929. Also, leading economists, both then and now, could neither anticipate nor explain the October 1929 decline of the market. Thus, the conviction that stocks were obviouslyoverpriced is somewhat of a myth.The nation’s total real income rose from 1921 to 1923 by 10.5% per year, and from 1923 to 1929, it rose 3.4% per year. The 1920s were, in fact, a period of real growth and prosperity. For the period of 1923-1929, wholesale prices went down 0.9% per year, reflecting moderate stable growth in the money supply during a period of healthy real growth.Examining the manufacturing situation in the United States prior to the crash is also informative. Irving Fisher’s Stock Market Crash and After (1930) offers much data indicating that there was real growth in the manufacturing sector. The evidence presented goes a long way to explain Fisher’s optimism regarding the level of stock prices. What Fisher saw was manufacturing efficiency rapidly increasing (output per worker) as was manufacturing output and the use of electricity.The financial fundamentals of the markets were also strong. During 1928, the price-earnings ratio for 45 industrial stocks increased from approximately 12 to approximately 14. It was over 15 in 1929 for industrials and then decreased to approximately 10 by the end of 1929. While not low, these price-earnings (P/E) ratios were by no means out of line historically. Values in this range would be considered reasonable by most market analysts today. For example, the P/E ratio of the S & P 500 in July 2003 reached a high of 33 and in May 2004 the high was 23.The rise in stock prices was not uniform across all industries. The stocks that went up the most were in industries where the economic fundamentals indicated there was cause for large amounts of optimism. They included airplanes, agricultural implements, chemicals, department stores, steel, utilities, telephone and telegraph, electrical equipment, oil, paper, and radio. These were reasonable choices for expectations of growth.To put the P/E ratios of 10 to 15 in perspective, note that government bonds in 1929 yielded 3.4%. Industrial bonds of investment grade were yielding 5.1%. Consider that an interest rate of 5.1% represents a 1/(0.051) = 19.6 price-earnings ratio for debt.In 1930, the Federal Reserve Bulletin reported production in 1920 at an index of 87.1 The index went down to 67 in 1921, then climbed steadily (except for 1924) until it reached 125 in 1929. This is an annual growth rate in production of 3.1%. During the period commodity prices actually decreased. The production record for the ten-year period was exceptionally good.Factory payrolls in September were at an index of 111 (an all-time high). In October the index dropped to 110, which beat all previous months and years except for September 1929. The factory employment measures were consistent with the payroll index.The September unadjusted measure of freight car loadings was at 121 — also an all-time record.2 In October the loadings dropped to 118, which was a performance second only to September’s record measure.J.W. Kendrick (1961) shows that the period 1919-1929 had an unusually high rate of change in total factor productivity. The annual rate of change of 5.3% for 1919-1929 for the manufacturing sector was more than twice the 2.5% rate of the second best period (1948-1953). Farming productivity change for 1919-1929 was second only to the period 1929-1937. Overall, the period 1919-1929 easily took first place for productivity increases, handily beating the six other time periods studied by Kendrick (all the periods studies were prior to 1961) with an annual productivity change measure of 3.7%. This was outstanding economic performance — performance which normally would justify stock market optimism.In the first nine months of 1929, 1,436 firms announced increased dividends. In 1928, the number was only 955 and in 1927, it was 755. In September 1929 dividend increased were announced by 193 firms compared with 135 the year before. The financial news from corporations was very positive in September and October 1929.The May issue of the National City Bank of New York Newsletter indicated the earnings statements for the first quarter of surveyed firms showed a 31% increase compared to the first quarter of 1928. The August issue showed that for 650 firms the increase for the first six months of 1929 compared to 1928 was 24.4%. In September, the results were expanded to 916 firms with a 27.4% increase. The earnings for the third quarter for 638 firms were calculated to be 14.1% larger than for 1928. This is evidence that the general level of business activity and reported profits were excellent at the end of September 1929 and the middle of October 1929.Barrie Wigmore (1985) researched 1929 financial data for 135 firms. The market price as a percentage of year-end book value was 420% using the high prices and 181% using the low prices. However, the return on equity for the firms (using the year-end book value) was a high 16.5%. The dividend yield was 2.96% using the high stock prices and 5.9% using the low stock prices.Article after article from January to October in business magazines carried news of outstanding economic performance. E.K. Berger and A.M. Leinbach, two staff writers of the Magazine of Wall Street, wrote in June 1929: “Business so far this year has astonished even the perennial optimists.”To summarize: There was little hint of a severe weakness in the real economy in the months prior to October 1929. There is a great deal of evidence that in 1929 stock prices were not out of line with the real economics of the firms that had issued the stock. Leading economists were betting that common stocks in the fall of 1929 were a good buy. Conventional financial reports of corporations gave cause for optimism relative to the 1929 earnings of corporations. Price-earnings ratios, dividend amounts and changes in dividends, and earnings and changes in earnings all gave cause for stock price optimism.Table 1 shows the average of the highs and lows of the Dow Jones Industrial Index for 1922 to 1932.Table 1Dow-Jones Industrials Index Averageof Lows and Highs for the Year192291.0192395.61924104.41925137.21926150.91927177.61928245.61929290.01930225.81931134.1193279.4Sources: 1922-1929 measures are from the Stock Market Study, U.S. Senate, 1955, pp. 40, 49, 110, and 111; 1930-1932 Wigmore, 1985, pp. 637-639.Using the information of Table 1, from 1922 to 1929 stocks rose in value by 218.7%. This is equivalent to an 18% annual growth rate in value for the seven years. From 1929 to 1932 stocks lost 73% of their value (different indices measured at different time would give different measures of the increase and decrease). The price increases were large, but not beyond comprehension. The price decreases taken to 1932 were consistent with the fact that by 1932 there was a worldwide depression.If we take the 386 high of September 1929 and the 1929-year end value of 248.5, the market lost 36% of its value during that four-month period. Most of us, if we held stock in September 1929 would not have sold early in October. In fact, if I had money to invest, I would have purchased after the major break on Black Thursday, October 24. (I would have been sorry.)Events Precipitating the CrashAlthough it can be argued that the stock market was not overvalued, there is evidence that many feared that it was overvalued — including the Federal Reserve Board and the United States Senate. By 1929, there were many who felt the market price of equity securities had increased too much, and this feeling was reinforced daily by the media and statements by influential government officials.What precipitated the October 1929 crash?My research minimizes several candidates that are frequently cited by others (see Bierman 1991, 1998, 1999, and 2001).The market did not fall just because it was too high — as argued above it is not obvious that it was too high.The actions of the Federal Reserve, while not always wise, cannot be directly identified with the October stock market crashes in an important way.The Smoot-Hawley tariff, while looming on the horizon, was not cited by the news sources in 1929 as a factor, and was probably not important to the October 1929 market.The Hatry Affair in England was not material for the New York Stock Exchange and the timing did not coincide with the October crashes.Business activity news in October was generally good and there were very few hints of a coming depression.Short selling and bear raids were not large enough to move the entire market.Fraud and other illegal or immoral acts were not material, despite the attention they have received.Barsky and DeLong (1990, p. 280) stress the importance of fundamentals rather than fads or fashions. “Our conclusion is that major decade-to-decade stock market movements arise predominantly from careful re-evaluation of fundamentals and less so from fads or fashions.” The argument below is consistent with their conclusion, but there will be one major exception. In September 1929, the market value of one segment of the market, the public utility sector, should be based on existing fundamentals, and fundamentals seem to have changed considerably in October 1929.A Look at the Financial PressThursday, October 3, 1929, the Washington Post with a page 1 headline exclaimed “Stock Prices Crash in Frantic Selling.” the New York Times of October 4 headed a page 1 article with “Year’s Worst Break Hits Stock Market.” The article on the first page of the Times cited three contributing factors:A large broker loan increase was expected (the article stated that the loans increased, but the increase was not as large as expected).The statement by Philip Snowden, England’s Chancellor of the Exchequer that described America’s stock market as a “speculative orgy.”Weakening of margin accounts making it necessary to sell, which further depressed prices.While the 1928 and 1929 financial press focused extensively and excessively on broker loans and margin account activity, the statement by Snowden is the only unique relevant news event on October 3. The October 4 (p. 20) issue of the Wall Street Journal also reported the remark by Snowden that there was “a perfect orgy of speculation.” Also, on October 4, the New York Timesmade another editorial reference to Snowden’s American speculation orgy. It added that “Wall Street had come to recognize its truth.” The editorial also quoted Secretary of the Treasury Mellon that investors “acted as if the price of securities would infinitely advance.” The Timeseditor obviously thought there was excessive speculation, and agreed with Snowden.The stock market went down on October 3 and October 4, but almost all reported business news was very optimistic. The primary negative news item was the statement by Snowden regarding the amount of speculation in the American stock market. The market had been subjected to a barrage of statements throughout the year that there was excessive speculation and that the level of stock prices was too high. There is a possibility that the Snowden comment reported on October 3 was the push that started the boulder down the hill, but there were other events that also jeopardized the level of the market.On August 8, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York had increased the rediscount rate from 5 to 6%. On September 26 the Bank of England raised its discount rate from 5.5 to 6.5%. England was losing gold as a result of investment in the New York Stock Exchange and wanted to decrease this investment. The Hatry Case also happened in September. It was first reported on September 29, 1929. Both the collapse of the Hatry industrial empire and the increase in the investment returns available in England resulted in shrinkage of English investment (especially the financing of broker loans) in the United States, adding to the market instability in the beginning of October.Wednesday, October 16, 1929On Wednesday, October 16, stock prices again declined. the Washington Post (October 17, p. 1) reported “Crushing Blow Again Dealt Stock Market.” Remember, the start of the stock market crash is conventionally identified with Black Thursday, October 24, but there were price declines on October 3, 4, and 16.The news reports of the Post on October 17 and subsequent days are important since they were Associated Press (AP) releases, thus broadly read throughout the country. The Associated Press reported (p. 1) “The index of 20 leading public utilities computed for the Associated Press by the Standard Statistics Co. dropped 19.7 points to 302.4 which contrasts with the year’s high established less than a month ago.” This index had also dropped 18.7 points on October 3 and 4.3 points on October 4. The Times (October 17, p. 38) reported, “The utility stocks suffered most as a group in the day’s break.”The economic news after the price drops of October 3 and October 4 had been good. But the deluge of bad news regarding public utility regulation seems to have truly upset the market. On Saturday, October 19, theWashington Post headlined (p. 13) “20 Utility Stocks Hit New Low Mark” and (Associated Press) “The utility shares again broke wide open and the general list came tumbling down almost half as far.” The October 20 issue of the Post had another relevant AP article (p. 12) “The selling again concentrated today on the utilities, which were in general depressed to the lowest levels since early July.”An evaluation of the October 16 break in the New York Times on Sunday, October 20 (pp. 1 and 29) gave the following favorable factors:stable business conditionlow money rates (5%)good retail traderevival of the bond marketbuying power of investment trustslargest short interest in history (this is the total dollar value of stock sold where the investors do not own the stock they sold)The following negative factors were described:undigested investment trusts and new common stock sharesincrease in broker loanssome high stock pricesagricultural prices lowernervous marketThe negative factors were not very upsetting to an investor if one was optimistic that the real economic boom (business prosperity) would continue. The Timesfailed to consider the impact on the market of the news concerning the regulation of public utilities.Monday, October 21, 1929On Monday, October 21, the market went down again. The Times (October 22) identified the causes to bemargin sellers (buyers on margin being forced to sell)foreign money liquidatingskillful short sellingThe same newspaper carried an article about a talk by Irving Fisher (p. 24) “Fisher says prices of stocks are low.” Fisher also defended investment trusts as offering investors diversification, thus reduced risk. He was reminded by a person attending the talk that in May he had “pointed out that predicting the human behavior of the market was quite different from analyzing its economic soundness.” Fisher was better with fundamentals than market psychology.Wednesday, October 23, 1929On Wednesday, October 23 the market tumbled. TheTimes headlines (October 24, p.1) said “Prices of Stocks Crash in Heavy Liquidation.” The Washington Post (p. 1) had “Huge Selling Wave Creates Near-Panic as Stocks Collapse.” In a total market value of $87 billion the market declined $4 billion — a 4.6% drop. If the events of the next day (Black Thursday) had not occurred, October 23 would have gone down in history as a major stock market event. But October 24 was to make the “Crash” of October 23 become merely a “Dip.”The Times lamented October 24, (p. 38) “There was hardly a single item of news which might be construed as bearish.”Thursday, October 24, 1929Thursday, October 24 (Black Thursday) was a 12,894,650 share day (the previous record was 8,246,742 shares on March 26, 1929) on the NYSE. The headline on page one of the Times (October 25) was “Treasury Officials Blame Speculation.”The Times (p. 41) moaned that the cost of call money had been 20% in March and the price break in March was understandable. (A call loan is a loan payable on demand of the lender.) Call money on October 24 cost only 5%. There should not have been a crash. The Friday Wall Street Journal (October 25) gave New York bankers credit for stopping the price decline with $1 billion of support.the Washington Post (October 26, p. 1) reported “Market Drop Fails to Alarm Officials.” The “officials” were all in Washington. The rest of the country seemed alarmed. On October 25, the market gained. President Hoover made a statement on Friday regarding the excellent state of business, but then added how building and construction had been adversely “affected by the high interest rates induced by stock speculation” (New York Times, October 26, p. 1). A Times editorial (p. 16) quoted Snowden’s “orgy of speculation” again.Tuesday, October 29, 1929The Sunday, October 27 edition of the Times had a two-column article “Bay State Utilities Face Investigation.” It implied that regulation in Massachusetts was going to be less friendly towards utilities. Stocks again went down on Monday, October 28. There were 9,212,800 shares traded (3,000,000 in the final hour). The Times on Tuesday, October 29 again carried an article on the New York public utility investigating committee being critical of the rate making process. October 29 was “Black Tuesday.” The headline the next day was “Stocks Collapse in 16,410,030 Share Day” (October 30, p. 1). Stocks lost nearly $16 billion in the month of October or 18% of the beginning of the month value. Twenty-nine public utilities (tabulated by the New York Times) lost $5.1 billion in the month, by far the largest loss of any of the industries listed by the Times. The value of the stocks of all public utilities went down by more than $5.1 billion.An Interpretive Overview of Events and IssuesMy interpretation of these events is that the statement by Snowden, Chancellor of the Exchequer, indicating the presence of a speculative orgy in America is likely to have triggered the October 3 break. Public utility stocks had been driven up by an explosion of investment trust formation and investing. The trusts, to a large extent, bought stock on margin with funds loaned not by banks but by “others.” These funds were very sensitive to any market weakness. Public utility regulation was being reviewed by the Federal Trade Commission, New York City, New York State, and Massachusetts, and these reviews were watched by the other regulatory commissions and by investors. The sell-off of utility stocks from October 16 to October 23 weakened prices and created “margin selling” and withdrawal of capital by the nervous “other” money. Then on October 24, the selling panic happened.There are three topics that require expansion. First, there is the setting of the climate concerning speculation that may have led to the possibility of relatively specific issues being able to trigger a general market decline. Second, there are investment trusts, utility holding companies, and margin buying that seem to have resulted in one sector being very over-levered and overvalued. Third, there are the public utility stocks that appear to be the best candidate as the actual trigger of the crash.Contemporary Worries of Excessive SpeculationDuring 1929, the public was bombarded with statements of outrage by public officials regarding the speculative orgy taking place on the New York Stock Exchange. If the media say something often enough, a large percentage of the public may come to believe it. By October 29 the overall opinion was that there had been excessive speculation and the market had been too high. Galbraith (1961), Kindleberger (1978), and Malkiel (1996) all clearly accept this assumption. the Federal Reserve Bulletin of February 1929 states that the Federal Reserve would restrain the use of “credit facilities in aid of the growth of speculative credit.”In the spring of 1929, the U.S. Senate adopted a resolution stating that the Senate would support legislation “necessary to correct the evil complained of and prevent illegitimate and harmful speculation” (Bierman, 1991).The President of the Investment Bankers Association of America, Trowbridge Callaway, gave a talk in which he spoke of “the orgy of speculation which clouded the country’s vision.”Adolph Casper Miller, an outspoken member of the Federal Reserve Board from its beginning described 1929 as “this period of optimism gone wild and cupidity gone drunk.”Myron C. Taylor, head of U.S. Steel described “the folly of the speculative frenzy that lifted securities to levels far beyond any warrant of supporting profits.”Herbert Hoover becoming president in March 1929 was a very significant event. He was a good friend and neighbor of Adolph Miller (see above) and Miller reinforced Hoover’s fears. Hoover was an aggressive foe of speculation. For example, he wrote, “I sent individually for the editors and publishers of major newspapers and magazine and requested them systematically to warn the country against speculation and the unduly high price of stocks.” Hoover then pressured Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and Governor of the Federal Reserve Board Roy Young “to strangle the speculative movement.” In his memoirs (1952) he titled his Chapter 2 “We Attempt to Stop the Orgy of Speculation” reflecting Snowden’s influence.Buying on MarginMargin buying during the 1920’s was not controlled by the government. It was controlled by brokers interested in their own well-being. The average margin requirement was 50% of the stock price prior to October 1929. On selected stocks, it was as high as 75%. When the crash came, no major brokerage firm was bankrupted, because the brokers managed their finances in a conservative manner. At the end of October, margins were lowered to 25%.Brokers’ loans received a lot of attention in England, as they did in the United States. The Financial Timesreported the level and the changes in the amount regularly. For example, the October 4 issue indicated that on October 3 broker loans reached a record high as money rates dropped from 7.5% to 6%. By October 9, money rates had dropped further to below .06. Thus, investors prior to October 24 had relatively easy access to funds at the lowest rate since July 1928.the Financial Times (October 7, 1929, p. 3) reported that the President of the American Bankers Association was concerned about the level of credit for securities and had given a talk in which he stated, “Bankers are gravely alarmed over the mounting volume of credit being employed in carrying security loans, both by brokers and by individuals.” The Financial Times was also concerned with the buying of investment trusts on margin and the lack of credit to support the bull market.My conclusion is that the margin buying was a likely factor in causing stock prices to go up, but there is no reason to conclude that margin buying triggered the October crash. Once the selling rush began, however, the calling of margin loans probably exacerbated the price declines. (A calling of margin loans requires the stock buyer to contribute more cash to the broker or the broker sells the stock to get the cash.)Investment TrustsBy 1929, investment trusts were very popular with investors. These trusts were the 1929 version of closed-end mutual funds. In recent years seasoned closed-end mutual funds sell at a discount to their fundamental value. The fundamental value is the sum of the market values of the fund’s components (securities in the portfolio). In 1929, the investment trusts sold at a premium — i.e. higher than the value of the underlying stocks. Malkiel concludes (p. 51) that this “provides clinching evidence of wide-scale stock-market irrationality during the 1920s.” However, Malkiel also notes (p. 442) “as of the mid-1990’s, Berkshire Hathaway shares were selling at a hefty premium over the value of assets it owned.” Warren Buffett is the guiding force behind Berkshire Hathaway’s great success as an investor. If we were to conclude that rational investors would currently pay a premium for Warren Buffet’s expertise, then we should reject a conclusion that the 1929 market was obviously irrational. We have current evidence that rational investors will pay a premium for what they consider to be superior money management skills.There were $1 billion of investment trusts sold to investors in the first eight months of 1929 compared to $400 million in the entire 1928. the Economist reported that this was important (October 12, 1929, p. 665). “Much of the recent increase is to be accounted for by the extraordinary burst of investment trust financing.” In September alone $643 million was invested in investment trusts (Financial Times, October 21, p. 3). While the two sets of numbers (from the Economist and the Financial Times) are not exactly comparable, both sets of numbers indicate that investment trusts had become very popular by October 1929.The common stocks of trusts that had used debt or preferred stock leverage were particularly vulnerable to the stock price declines. For example, the Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation was highly levered with preferred stock and the value of its common stock fell from $104 a share to less than $3 in 1933. Many of the trusts were levered, but the leverage of choice was not debt but rather preferred stock.In concept, investment trusts were sensible. They offered expert management and diversification. Unfortunately, in 1929 a diversification of stocks was not going to be a big help given the universal price declines. Irving Fisher on September 6, 1929 was quoted in the New York Herald Tribune as stating: “The present high levels of stock prices and corresponding low levels of dividend returns are due largely to two factors. One, the anticipation of large dividend returns in the immediate future; and two, reduction of risk to investors largely brought about through investment diversification made possible for the investor by investment trusts.”If a researcher could find out the composition of the portfolio of a couple of dozen of the largest investment trusts as of September-October 1929 this would be extremely helpful. Seven important types of information that are not readily available but would be of interest are:The percentage of the portfolio that was public utilities.The extent of diversification.The percentage of the portfolios that was NYSE firms.The investment turnover.The ratio of market price to net asset value at various points in time.The amount of debt and preferred stock leverage used.Who bought the trusts and how long they held.The ideal information to establish whether market prices are excessively high compared to intrinsic values is to have both the prices and well-defined intrinsic values at the same moment in time. For the normal financial security, this is impossible since the intrinsic values are not objectively well defined. There are two exceptions. DeLong and Schleifer (1991) followed one path, very cleverly choosing to study closed-end mutual funds. Some of these funds were traded on the stock market and the market values of the securities in the funds’ portfolios are a very reasonable estimate of the intrinsic value. DeLong and Schleifer state (1991, p. 675):“We use the difference between prices and net asset values of closed-end mutual funds at the end of the 1920s to estimate the degree to which the stock market was overvalued on the eve of the 1929 crash. We conclude that the stocks making up the S&P composite were priced at least 30 percent above fundamentals in late summer, 1929.”Unfortunately (p. 682) “portfolios were rarely published and net asset values rarely calculated.” It was only after the crash that investment trusts started to reveal routinely their net asset value. In the third quarter of 1929 (p. 682), “three types of event seemed to trigger a closed-end fund’s publication of its portfolio.” The three events were (1) listing on the New York Stock Exchange (most of the trusts were not listed), (2) start up of a new closed-end fund (this stock price reflects selling pressure), and (3) shares selling at a discount from net asset value (in September 1929 most trusts were not selling at a discount, the inclusion of any that were introduces a bias). After 1929, some trusts revealed 1929 net asset values. Thus, DeLong and Schleifer lacked the amount and quality of information that would have allowed definite conclusions. In fact, if investors also lacked the information regarding the portfolio composition we would have to place investment trusts in a unique investment category where investment decisions were made without reliable financial statements. If investors in the third quarter of 1929 did not know the current net asset value of investment trusts, this fact is significant.The closed-end funds were an attractive vehicle to study since the market for investment trusts in 1929 was large and growing rapidly. In August and September alone over $1 billion of new funds were launched. DeLong and Schleifer found the premiums of price over value to be large — the median was about 50% in the third quarter of 1929) (p. 678). But they worried about the validity of their study because funds were not selected randomly.DeLong and Schleifer had limited data (pp. 698-699). For example, for September 1929 there were two observations, for August 1929 there were five, and for July there were nine. The nine funds observed in July 1929 had the following premia: 277%, 152%, 48%, 22%, 18% (2 times), 8% (3 times). Given that closed-end funds tend to sell at a discount, the positive premiums are interesting. Given the conventional perspective in 1929 that financial experts could manager money better than the person not plugged into the street, it is not surprising that some investors were willing to pay for expertise and to buy shares in investment trusts. Thus, a premium for investment trusts does not imply the same premium for other stocks.The Public Utility SectorIn addition to investment trusts, intrinsic values are usually well defined for regulated public utilities. The general rule applied by regulatory authorities is to allow utilities to earn a “fair return” on an allowed rate base. The fair return is defined to be equal to a utility’s weighted average cost of capital. There are several reasons why a public utility can earn more or less than a fair return, but the target set by the regulatory authority is the weighted average cost of capital.Thus, if a utility has an allowed rate equity base of $X and is allowed to earn a return of r, (rX in terms of dollars) after one year the firm’s equity will be worth X + rX or (1 + r)X with a present value of X. (This assumes that r is the return required by the market as well as the return allowed by regulators.) Thus, the present value of the equity is equal to the present rate base, and the stock price should be equal to the rate base per share. Given the nature of public utility accounting, the book value of a utility’s stock is approximately equal to the rate base.There can be time periods where the utility can earn more (or less) than the allowed return. The reasons for this include regulatory lag, changes in efficiency, changes in the weather, and changes in the mix and number of customers. Also, the cost of equity may be different than the allowed return because of inaccurate (or incorrect) or changing capital market conditions. Thus, the stock price may differ from the book value, but one would not expect the stock price to be very much different than the book value per share for very long. There should be a tendency for the stock price to revert to the book value for a public utility supplying an essential service where there is no effective competition, and the rate commission is effectively allowing a fair return to be earned.In 1929, public utility stock prices were in excess of three times their book values. Consider, for example, the following measures (Wigmore, 1985, p. 39) for five operating utilities.border=”1″ cellspacing=”0″ cellpadding=”2″ class=”encyclopedia” width=”580″>1929 Price-earnings RatioHigh Price for YearMarket Price/Book ValueCommonwealth Edison353.31Consolidated Gas of New York393.34Detroit Edison353.06Pacific Gas & Electric283.30Public Service of New Jersey353.14Sooner or later this price bubble had to break unless the regulatory authorities were to decide to allow the utilities to earn more than a fair return, or an infinite stream of greater fools existed. The decision made by the Massachusetts Public Utility Commission in October 1929 applicable to the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston made clear that neither of these improbable events were going to happen (see below).The utilities bubble did burst. Between the end of September and the end of November 1929, industrial stocks fell by 48%, railroads by 32% and utilities by 55% — thus utilities dropped the furthest from the highs. A comparison of the beginning of the year prices and the highest prices is also of interest: industrials rose by 20%, railroads by 19%, and utilities by 48%. The growth in value for utilities during the first nine months of 1929 was more than twice that of the other two groups.The following high and low prices for 1929 for a typical set of public utilities and holding companies illustrate how severely public utility prices were hit by the crash (New York Times, 1 January 1930 quotations.)1929FirmHigh PriceLow PriceLow Price DividedBy High PriceAmerican Power & Light1753/8641/4.37American Superpower711/815.21Brooklyn Gas2481/299.44Buffalo, Niagara & Eastern Power128611/8.48Cities Service681/820.29Consolidated Gas Co. of N.Y.1831/4801/8.44Electric Bond and Share18950.26Long Island Lighting9140.44Niagara Hudson Power303/4111/4.37Transamerica673/8201/4.30Picking on one segment of the market as the cause of a general break in the market is not obviously correct. But the combination of an overpriced utility segment and investment trusts with a portion of the market that had purchased on margin appears to be a viable explanation. In addition, as of September 1, 1929 utilities industry represented $14.8 billion of value or 18% of the value of the outstanding shares on the NYSE. Thus, they were a large sector, capable of exerting a powerful influence on the overall market. Moreover, many contemporaries pointed to the utility sector as an important force in triggering the market decline.The October 19, 1929 issue of the Commercial and Financial Chronicle identified the main depressing influences on the market to be the indications of a recession in steel and the refusal of the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities to allow Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston to split its stock. The explanations offered by the Department — that the stock was not worth its price and the company’s dividend would have to be reduced — made the situation worse.the Washington Post (October 17, p. 1) in explaining the October 16 market declines (an Associated Press release) reported, “Professional traders also were obviously distressed at the printed remarks regarding inflation of power and light securities by the Massachusetts Public Utility Commission in its recent decision.”Straws That Broke the Camel’s Back?Edison Electric of BostonOn August 2, 1929, the New York Times reported that the Directors of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston had called a meeting of stockholders to obtain authorization for a stock split. The stock went up to a high of $440. Its book value was $164 (the ratio of price to book value was 2.6, which was less than many other utilities).On Saturday (October 12, p. 27) the Times reported that on Friday the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities has rejected the stock split. The heading said “Bars Stock Split by Boston Edison. Criticizes Dividend Policy. Holds Rates Should Not Be Raised Until Company Can Reduce Charge for Electricity.” Boston Edison lost 15 points for the day even though the decision was released afterthe Friday closing. The high for the year was $440 and the stock closed at $360 on Friday.The Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities (New York Times, October 12, p. 27) did not want to imply to investors that this was the “forerunner of substantial increases in dividends.” They stated that the expectation of increased dividends was not justified, offered “scathing criticisms of the company” (October 16, p. 42) and concluded “the public will take over such utilities as try to gobble up all profits available.”On October 15, the Boston City Council advised the mayor to initiate legislation for public ownership of Edison, on October 16, the Department announced it would investigate the level of rates being charged by Edison, and on October 19, it set the dates for the inquiry. On Tuesday, October 15 (p. 41), there was a discussion in theTimes of the Massachusetts decision in the column “Topic in Wall Street.” It “excited intense interest in public utility circles yesterday and undoubtedly had effect in depressing the issues of this group. The decision is a far-reaching one and Wall Street expressed the greatest interest in what effect it will have, if any, upon commissions in other States.”Boston Edison had closed at 360 on Friday, October 11, before the announcement was released. It dropped 61 points at its low on Monday, (October 14) but closed at 328, a loss of 32 points.On October 16 (p. 42), the Times reported that Governor Allen of Massachusetts was launching a full investigation of Boston Edison including “dividends, depreciation, and surplus.”One major factor that can be identified leading to the price break for public utilities was the ruling by the Massachusetts Public Utility Commission. The only specific action was that it refused to permit Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston to split its stock. Standard financial theory predicts that the primary effect of a stock split would be to reduce the stock price by 50% and would leave the totalvalue unchanged, thus the denial of the split was not economically significant, and the stock split should have been easy to grant. But the Commission made it clear it had additional messages to communicate. For example, the Financial Times (October 16, 1929, p. 7) reported that the Commission advised the company to “reduce the selling price to the consumer.” Boston was paying $.085 per kilowatt-hour and Cambridge only $.055. There were also rumors of public ownership and a shifting of control. The next day (October 17), the Times reported (p. 3) “The worst pressure was against Public Utility shares” and the headline read “Electric Issue Hard Hit.”Public Utility Regulation in New YorkMassachusetts was not alone in challenging the profit levels of utilities. The Federal Trade Commission, New York City, and New York State were all challenging the status of public utility regulation. New York Governor (Franklin D. Roosevelt) appointed a committee on October 8 to investigate the regulation of public utilities in the state. The Committee stated, “this inquiry is likely to have far-reaching effects and may lead to similar action in other States.” Both the October 17 and October 19 issues of the Times carried articles regarding the New York investigative committee. Professor Bonbright, a Roosevelt appointee, described the regulatory process as a “vicious system” (October 19, p. 21), which ignored consumers. The Chairman of the Public Service Commission, testifying before the Committee wanted more control over utility holding companies, especially management fees and other transfers.The New York State Committee also noted the increasing importance of investment trusts: “mention of the influence of the investment trust on utility securities is too important for this committee to ignore” (New York Times, October 17, p. 18). They conjectured that the trusts had $3.5 billion to invest, and “their influence has become very important” (p. 18).In New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker was fighting the accusation of graft charges with statements that his administration would fight aggressively against rate increases, thus proving that he had not accepted bribes (New York Times, October 23). It is reasonable to conclude that the October 16 break was related to the news from Massachusetts and New York.On October 17, the New York Times (p. 18) reported that the Committee on Public Service Securities of the Investment Banking Association warned against “speculative and uniformed buying.” The Committee published a report in which it asked for care in buying shares in utilities.On Black Thursday, October 24, the market panic began. The market dropped from 305.87 to 272.32 (a 34 point drop, or 9%) and closed at 299.47. The declines were led by the motor stocks and public utilities.The Public Utility Multipliers and LeveragePublic utilities were a very important segment of the stock market, and even more importantly, any change in public utility stock values resulted in larger changes in equity wealth. In 1929, there were three potentially important multipliers that meant that any change in a public utility’s underlying value would result in a larger value change in the market and in the investor’s value.Consider the following hypothetical values for a public utility:Book value per share for a utility $50Market price per share 162.502Market price of investment trust holding stock (assuming a 100% 325.00premium over market value)Eliminating the utility’s $112.50 market price premium over book value, the market price of the investment trust would be $50 without a premium. The loss in market value of the stock of the investment trust and the utility would be $387.50 (with no premium). The $387.50 is equal to the $112.50 loss in underlying stock value and the $275 reduction in investment trust stock value. The public utility holding companies, in fact, were even more vulnerable to a stock price change since their ratio of price to book value averaged 4.44 (Wigmore, p. 43). The $387.50 loss in market value implies investments in both the firm’s stock and the investment trust.For simplicity, this discussion has assumed the trust held all the holding company stock. The effects shown would be reduced if the trust held only a fraction of the stock. However, this discussion has also assumed that no debt or margin was used to finance the investment. Assume the individual investors invested only $162.50 of their money and borrowed $162.50 to buy the investment trust stock costing $325. If the utility stock went down from $162.50 to $50 and the trust still sold at a 100% premium, the trust would sell at $100 and the investors would have lost 100% of their investment since the investors owe $162.50. The vulnerability of the margin investor buying a trust stock that has invested in a utility is obvious.These highly levered non-operating utilities offered an opportunity for speculation. The holding company typically owned 100% of the operating companies’ stock and both entities were levered (there could be more than two levels of leverage). There were also holding companies that owned holding companies (e.g., Ebasco). Wigmore (p. 43) lists nine of the largest public utility holding companies. The ratio of the low 1929 price to the high price (average) was 33%. These stocks were even more volatile than the publicly owned utilities.The amount of leverage (both debt and preferred stock) used in the utility sector may have been enormous, but we cannot tell for certain. Assume that a utility purchases an asset that costs $1,000,000 and that asset is financed with 40% stock ($400,000). A utility holding company owns the utility stock and is also financed with 40% stock ($160,000). A second utility holding company owns the first and it is financed with 40% stock ($64,000). An investment trust owns the second holding company’s stock and is financed with 40% stock ($25,600). An investor buys the investment trust’s common stock using 50% margin and investing $12,800 in the stock. Thus, the $1,000,000 utility asset is financed with $12,800 of equity capital.When the large amount of leverage is combined with the inflated prices of the public utility stock, both holding company stocks, and the investment trust the problem is even more dramatic. Continuing the above example, assume the $1,000,000 asset again financed with $600,000 of debt and $400,000 common stock, but the common stock has a $1,200,000 market value. The first utility holding company has $720,000 of debt and $480,000 of common. The second holding company has $288,000 of debt and $192,000 of stock. The investment trust has $115,200 of debt and $76,800 of stock. The investor uses $38,400 of margin debt. The $1,000,000 asset is supporting $1,761,600 of debt. The investor’s $38,400 of equity is very much in jeopardy.Conclusions and LessonsAlthough no consensus has been reached on the causes of the 1929 stock market crash, the evidence cited above suggests that it may have been that the fear of speculation helped push the stock market to the brink of collapse. It is possible that Hoover’s aggressive campaign against speculation, helped by the overpriced public utilities hit by the Massachusetts Public Utility Commission decision and statements and the vulnerable margin investors, triggered the October selling panic and the consequences that followed.An important first event may have been Lord Snowden’s reference to the speculative orgy in America. The resulting decline in stock prices weakened margin positions. When several governmental bodies indicated that public utilities in the future were not going to be able to justify their market prices, the decreases in utility stock prices resulted in margin positions being further weakened resulting in general selling. At some stage, the selling panic started and the crash resulted.What can we learn from the 1929 crash? There are many lessons, but a handful seem to be most applicable to today’s stock market.There is a delicate balance between optimism and pessimism regarding the stock market. Statements and actions by government officials can affect the sensitivity of stock prices to events. Call a market overpriced often enough, and investors may begin to believe it.The fact that stocks can lose 40% of their value in a month and 90% over three years suggests the desirability of diversification (including assets other than stocks). Remember, some investors lose all of their investment when the market falls 40%.A levered investment portfolio amplifies the swings of the stock market. Some investment securities have leverage built into them (e.g., stocks of highly levered firms, options, and stock index futures).A series of presumably undramatic events may establish a setting for a wide price decline.A segment of the market can experience bad news and a price decline that infects the broader market. In 1929, it seems to have been public utilities. In 2000, high technology firms were candidates.Interpreting events and assigning blame is unreliable if there has not been an adequate passage of time and opportunity for reflection and analysis — and is difficult even with decades of hindsight.It is difficult to predict a major market turn with any degree of reliability. It is impressive that in September 1929, Roger Babson predicted the collapse of the stock market, but he had been predicting a collapse for many years. Also, even Babson recommended diversification and was against complete liquidation of stock investments (Financial Chronicle, September 7, 1929, p. 1505).Even a market that is not excessively high can collapse. Both market psychology and the underlying economics are relevant.

The Importance of Weight Loss and ExerciseIis38kg overweight for a 14 year old 7% for those with a BMI of >25 kg/m 2 to <30 kg/m 2 and 79. For CVD, the best-fitting inflection point increased with age, from 5 years in participants aged 60–69 years to 9–10 years in those aged 80 years or older. 6% IOTF criteria) and exceeded the values of national studies in France and in Europe. I have an 8 year old male labrador retriever, we has Among boys, 15 year old urban boys and 14 year rural boys have the lowest obesity. My daughter is 2. maybe you're fine. Please follow the below recommendation for your condition: diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should be included in all obesity management Starting when your child is 2 years old, the doctor will determine BMI at all Although not a perfect measure of body fat, BMI helps identify children who are BMI-for-age is not used in the United States before 2 years of age to BMI-for- age > 85th percentile were obese as adults and 80% of those with a BMI-for-age >. 5; Normal weight: BMI is 18. 2 to the amount stored; a 70kg runner with 20% body fat has 14kg of stored fat. I'm a 14 year old girl. Find Sara’s weight in the horizontal column at the bottom (round 18. Find the ideal weight for your pet's breed and age. 5 to 24. 6–5. Print this section Appendix 2. Afghan Hound. Charts and online calculators My 14 year old son is a very active child loves footb. com Jun 14, 2010 · 50 kg is the usual weight for average 14-17 year old girls. 11 m (m) tall. 1 kg / 14 st 3 lb 80cm (31. 66. 5%. They showed that weight loss had years and 13–14 years, and adults (aged 20–44 years). Please help me to reduce weight 30 kg in 3 months if it possible. Excess weight around the abdomen is a risk factor for heart disease and type 2 diabetes Ideal weight in pounds ÷ 2. 60 kg. Percentage of children in the corresponding body mass index (BMI) categories for overweight and obesity (specified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria percentiles) were assessed, based on preventive plan of inactivity in children and youth of Isfahan province. 8 pounds. The same groups apply to both men and women. Body Fat for Girls A 5-year-old girl should have 14 to 21 percent body fat, while a 6-year-old girl is considered healthy at 14 to 22 percent. are more than 10 weeks pregnant or children under 2 years of age. 032), and those aged 80 years or older lost an average of 4. Oct 21, 2017 · The average weight for 14-year-old females is about 108 lbs. In the present study, 32. Before my child's birth i am 48 kg. The average weight measurement for this age group boys is 51. Background and aims Chronic hepatitis B patients in Taiwan with no or limited liver injury are not reimbursed for antiviral treatment by the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI). Dec 15, 2010 · In total 34% of the 4-year old children had normal-weight parents, while 66% had at least one overweight parent. 7 47. I AM A 74 YRS OLD MAN, 175 CM TALL AND MY WEIGHT IS 85 KG, ( A FAR CRY FROM THE 67 KG OF MY TWENTIES!) 22 Nov 2019 Eden Hazard has admitted that he arrived at Real Madrid 5 kilos overweight this summer and he is only going to be there for two years, I would be nervous; 'I will be your I was 80 kg this summer, I lost it in 10 days. In 2016, more than 1. 9 kilograms or 125. 49 kgs, according to the CDC. 2km) is 80× 42. ash17249. 29–36 kg (65–80 lb) due to cold weather—and is less produced with increasing age from 2 years old onwards. Excess weight around the abdomen is a risk factor for heart disease and type 2 diabetes Average Height for 8-Year-Old Children. An average 4-year-old weighs about 40 pounds and is about 40 inches tall. Her height is 34 Inch & weight 11 Kg . 19 Feb 2018 I will then share her secrets, including how to lose belly fat. Methods: This study was conducted among 10,531 girls and 2415 boys aged 12–14 years in the city of Isfahan. Calculate Sara’s BMI using the BMI Look-Up Table for Children and Adolescents 5–18 Years of Age (85–114 cm tall). My boyfriend constantly tells me I'm beautiful and am perfect just the way I am. ) Gestation in weeks. 2 and 27. A 14-year Go Big for Breakfast. Mar 18, 2019 · The SANHANES showed that the mean BMI for the age group 10–14 years was 19. 3 (SD 2. You can easily check your BMI by using this BMI calculator. 4%) between 1986 and 2005. And don’t forget the childrens – 15% of those ages 6-19 are overweight according to 2000 CDC data, triple what it was in 1980 . 15. 5st (80kg) An equine which is old or “soft” and overweight or has a low body condition score can carry. Feb 26, 2018 · Participants were on average (± SD) aged 13. Jul 16, 2019 · You are not overweight, I’m a 15 year old girl, 5′8 and weigh 75 too. 13 Aug 2018 - 10:53 AM UPDATED 14 Jun 2019 - 10:52 AM. Stronger than 50% of lifters. • Jun 14, 2008. Age in weeks/ months. An 11-year-old that falls into this category is at an increased risk of health problems -- such as high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes -- which are usually reserved for older, overweight adults. 7 kilograms (kg): For infant drops that say 50mg/1. Department of Agriculture. 12 year old girls under 31 kg or over 56 kg and 12 year old boys who weigh less than 31 kg or more than The average weight of a 13 year old boy is between 80 to 135 pounds. Mar 26, 2014 · Fifteen, 9- to 14-year-old, NW boys who were between the 5th and 85th body mass index percentile for age and gender 12,13 completed the study. Why you constantly A BMI of ≥40 kg/m2 is obese (Grade III) or morbidly obese. If your child weighs 18 to 23 lbs or 8 to 10 kg: Under 20 years old 20 years old level 30 years old level 40 years old level 50 years old level 60 years old level or over Occupation Elementary school/ Junior high-school student High-school/ University/ Grad student A homemaker An office worker / A public employee Self-employed people An engineer A teacher / A researcher A retired person 1 year old girl At birth weight, length on 25 th centile HC on 9 th centile At 1 year dramatic faltering growth Diet history: fluid intake 190ml/kg 1000ml water daily 300ml formula = 30kcal/kg 3 small meals = 35kcal/kg Energy intake = 65kcal/kg normal req = 95kcal/kg 2 Jul 2018 I am a 14 year old girl, 5'7", and 264 lbs. 80 kg. Table 3 shows the crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of the risk determinants for overweight/obesity. 88. Dietary intakes were assessed during three home visits with two 24-hour recalls and Nov 04, 2013 · The results can be a stern wake-up call - a sedentary, moderately overweight 40-year-old woman could have a fitness age of 54, for example By Anna Hodgekiss Published: 08:54 EST, 4 November 2013 pounds (27. She weighs around 75 pounds. Consult a healthcare provider for assessment. In 2007, Teasdale et al. and i currently started to go for swimming classes but i m confused about my diet and if swimming really works in reducing weight as i am a basic leaner. 0. 01 kg/m 2 per 1-hour increase) and for overweight boys (−0. Furthermore, at least one study has suggested that slightly overweight people may live longer than people in the "normal" range. 7 kg). Holy crap. Apr 28, 2016 · In our first paper we showed that, over a 14-year time frame (1993 to 2007), the prevalence of stunting in Indonesian children aged 2·0–4·9 years decreased by 14·1% from 50·8% to 36·7%, while the prevalence of overweight increased by 6·2% from 10·3% to 16·5% (all P<0·01). 1 41. gross. 9 billion adults 18 and up were overweight. High weight gain in the first 2 years of life was the best predictor for overweight at school entry (). 28 Feb 2020 The shocking new Channel 4 documentary 100 Kilo Kids will shed light on in Bristol is inundated with seeing more than 80 obese kids a week. Elite: Stronger than 95% of lifters. pone. This represents an average intake, not Conclusions Trends of increasing overweight showed a greater impact in families living below the poverty line vs not living below the poverty line among older (15-17 years) but not younger (12-14 years) adolescents. 5 and 24. I have a lot of muscle from being a figure skater. 90 kg. 6 lbs - 24. The BMI calculator and healthy weight and height chart will be helpful to you. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is lower in adolescents than children in general. The average height of a 13 year old now is considered to be 58 to 62 inches for boys and 60 to 63 inches for girls. After two years, it is recommended to return to the CDC charts. 6kg. Mar 27, 2010 · My 14-year old tabby cat is eating only sporadically - Im - Answered by a verified Cat Veterinarian We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. You might not think it to look at them, but by 24 to 30 months, children reach half their adult height. 1 ± 4. It is underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese / obesity. As long as I can remember, my breasts have been saggy and my nipples have pointed downwards. 1371/journal. 1 Kg - 10. The IOTF classification was selected for this study to provide similar overall obesity results to the WHO growth charts [13]; moreover, it is more frequently used in adolescent research [14], and it The Broselow Tape is designed for children up to approximately 12 years of age who have a maximum weight of roughly 36 kg (80 pounds). For many women, a healthy weight is a difficult topic, with many issues besides health to consider. She is active, Food in take seems Ok. 26 kg/m 2, overweight as 22. Jun 17, 2007 · Ok im 14 years old, I am about 5' 11" and i weight 265 pounds, ok that sounds like alot but really i am not top big. [8] For 6 - 9-year-old children, an overweight prevalence of 8. 7 and 77. Last year I actually managed to go from 80. Mar 29, 2019 · How Much Should My 13-Year-Old Weigh? Medically reviewed by Karen Gill, M. Find out average weights for 13-year-old boys and girls and what factors affect those numbers, such as puberty, height Jun 09, 2020 · BMI is used to broadly define different weight groups in adults 20 years old or older. According to Hasbro Children’s Hospital, infants need 41 to 55 calories per pound of body weight, 1- to 7-year-olds require 34 to 41 calories per pound, kids ages 7 to 12 need 27 to 34 calories per pound and pre-teens and teens ages 12 to 18 require 14 to 27 calories per pound of A 10 year old should weigh 80-90 pounds to be about 115-120 54KG for a 14 year old you need to be 120-130 pounds 58 KG 15 year old is 130-145 65 KG And last but Example: If your child is a 14-year-old boy who is 5ft 3 inches tall and weighs 120 pounds for example, his BMI is 21. 34 kg/m for The thick red line in the middle of this chart shows how women’s average weight tends to increase gradually, until about age 50 to 60 years, then it goes down. Oh, and fyi, BMI= bs so don't listen to that. 34 kg/m for This ideal weight calculator was specially formulated for kids under the age of 18. 0240459 PONE-D-20-09289 Research Article Biology and life sciences Physiology Physiological parameters Body weight Obesity Childhood obesity Biology and life sciences Physiology Physiological parameters Body weight Overweight Biology and life sciences Physiology Physiological If you are overweight or obese, even a small weight loss (10% of your current weight) can lower your risk of several diseases. Accepts metric and imperial measurements. Measure blood pressure. In most cases, girls weight measurements for this age group (14 years old) will lie within the range between 36. 9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. 56. According to the formula of Lorentz (1929) 63. In this study the participants were defined as overweight at age 5 if their body mass index was greater than 17. 84 kg/m 2, overweight boys were those with a 21. A 5-year-old girl should have 14 to 21 percent body fat, while a 6-year-old girl is considered healthy at 14 to 22 percent. 9 is considered healthy. Currently my weight is 90 kg. 57. 4 kg/m 2 to a maximum of 42. 29, 30 Several studies have cited Being born heavier than 4 kg is associated with current overweight and obesity over the long term. Overall, around 14 per cent women and 12 per cent men were found to be underweight. 9 suggests that you are overweight and are probably developing some excess fat. 15 kg/m for females and were defined as overweight at age 14 if their body mass index exceeded 22. 9. Let's assume that you are a 40 year old woman, 5 ft and 3 inches tall, 143 pounds 2. I was “husky” or, No, in my experience, people who were fat stayed fat. As per national survey data, these trends indicate that by 2030, 86. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Advanced: Stronger than 80% of lifters. 8% and 90. I have gained weight very quickly in the span of one year and my waist reached 38. 001). 80kg ewe % of bodyweight. 3 years, weighed 55. Feb 22, 2008 · You can usually get atleast 100 kg of fat for a 14 year old. Moderate intensity thresholds (from regression and ROC analyses) ranged from 128. People who eat more in the morning and less at night tend to lose more weight. Jan 18, 2020 · Overweight: Obesity: Severe obesity: 4ft 10″ (58″) 91 to 115 lbs. Apr 08, 2020 · Most children gain about 4. 12. PLoS ONE plos plosone PLOS ONE 1932-6203 Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA 10. 2. For the first 25 years of my life, fitness was not a priority. 23. 124 to 143 lbs. Puberty typically occurs in girls between the ages of 10 and 14 and in boys 4 Mar 2008 BMI cut-offs of 25 and 30 are used to classify adults as overweight and 14. I rest my case. Jun 21, 2016 · For example, a 6-month-old child with an average body weight would weigh 7. I've worn 32-34 C-D (USA sizes) in my adult years. 70 kg, 12. About eight months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. That difference may seem small , but after one year, the people who only dieted kept off 14 lbs. Healthy weight: Your BMI is 18. The calculator’s formula 2 uses a dog’s metabolic weight to suggest an approximate serving size. 5. (BMI < 16. Estimated Calorie Needs per Day, by Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Level. 3–15. 8 kg) (BMI = 17. 4 to 7. 8 kg / 14 st 0 lb, 89. 9 years old . 8 Dec 2011 Some parents wonder how it is possible for 17% of 2- to 19-year-olds to be obese when only 5% of the population should have a BMI above the 14 Jul 2020 At 14 years old, your body is constantly changing, trading the features of Being overweight can be a sign of a problem, but it also leads to poor health. View this page in kilograms. 96 kgs. 2018. 0 pounds. Nov 18, 2020 · How to Lose 10 Kg Fast. 7. See full list on calculatorsoup. The Broselow Tape is recognized in most medical textbooks and publications as a standard for the emergency treatment of children. Apr 24, 2018 · In general, If your BMI is between 18 and 25 you are a normal weight. I have a friend thats the same size of me and he weighs about 10 more pounds then me and he is HUGE and he has huge man boobs ect but i do work with my dad alot and it is construction so i do get a good workout. i'm definently not an expert when it comes to this, but 130 pounds sounds a little big for a 5 foot fall 14 year old. Higher CrCl (ml/minute), 40-49 kg, 50- 59 kg, 60-69 kg, 70-80 kg, >80 kg Is the patient severely underweight or overweight? the amount of body fat you have are in a healthy range. 3 kg in 60 days, which is about 17500 calories (1 pound of fat is 3500 calories). If your child is within a healthy weight range, you can use his body weight to help estimate his calorie needs. 4 0–1 year. Aim: Current physical activity (PA) recommendations indicate that children should get involved in 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and should include vigorous-intensity PA at least thr 34. 4 kg (1. On average, girls commence puberty around ages 10 to 11 and end puberty around 15 to 17 years old; boys start puberty around age 11 to 12 and end around 16 to 17 years of age (Wikipedia). 8% were obese using the IOTF classification. You are approximately 30 lbs overweight depending on your body's Jul 01, 2018 · Answered September 10 If you're 14 year old and your weight is 80 kg. 7 kg / 14 st 2 lb, 90. Nov 04, 2013 · The results can be a stern wake-up call - a sedentary, moderately overweight 40-year-old woman could have a fitness age of 54, for example By Anna Hodgekiss Published: 08:54 EST, 4 November 2013 Dec 01, 2002 · Parental obesity (either parent BMI ≥30 kg/m 2), high birth weight (>4000 g) and daily watching TV >1 hour were significantly associated with an increased risk for overweight and obesity, whereas a high level of parental education (≥10 school years), having siblings, and physical activity appeared protective. Jul 15, 1995 · Results: Waist circumference >/=94 cm for men and >/=80 cm for women identified subjects with high body mass index (>/=25 kg/m 2) and those with lower body mass index but high waist:hip ratio (>/=0. 46, 95% CI: 1. 0–18. Severe malnutrition. The Dog Food Calculator was designed for adult dogs only… not for puppies. 14oz. This free calculator computes BMI and relates the calculated value to standards used to indicate the possible state of being overweight. Jun 03, 2020 · For the purpose of this study, body mass index values from 3 years, 5 years, 7 years and 11 years of age were used as input features to the machine learning algorithm and obesity flags for age 14 such as Normal and At risk (Overweight and Obese) were used as target variables as show in Fig. GIRLS. This calculator can be used only if the calculated age is less than 20 years old. Table Table2 2 shows the odds ratios of overweight and obesity among 4-year-old children in Malmö, Sweden in relation to early life factors. 43 kg) at 25% body fat so I’m very overweight and on the border line of obesity which obese is 221 pounds. The overall average prevalence for being overweight was 11%. 95 for men, >/=0. Airedale Terrier. 84 kg/m 2. A BMI between 18. 27 kg (P = 0. 9; Obese: BMI is 30 or more; What is my BMI? There are several ways to find your BMI. 5 pounds (25. May 29, 2020 · Overweight and obesity are public concerns with risk of adverse health outcomes. I wear a 36'C bra. She has bad arthritis as well in her hips and the once 75 lb beauty is down to 57 pounds but still eats twice a day. The average weight measurement for this age group girls is 49. A healthy weight for a 12-year-old girl, therefore, can generally fall anywhere between 65 and 120 pounds. Fat Needs • A moderately active 18-year old female who requires 2000 calories a day would Nov 27, 2020 · i am 24 years old and my weight is 55 kilograms and height is 6 ft 2 inch. However, the average weight of 14-year-old girls and boys doesn’t actually tell us much about what a healthy weight is for a particular 14-year old girl or boy. Roberto Gimenez September 14, 2018 at 6:32 pm Reply Im 59 kg and 1. 8 ± 22. 065). About excercise: Now you are very younger, 14 year old, so your metabolism rate can be increase very fast. It involved two age groups of children, 6–7-year-olds and 13–14-year-olds, and adults. 22 kg/m 2 per 1-hour A 14-year-old boy should shoot for 11 to 20 percent body fat, a 15-year-old 10 to 20 percent and 16- and 17-year-old boys should aim for 10 to 19 percent body fat. 5 kilograms or 126. Male: 90-140 lb Obesity or being overweight is a root cause of several diseases and health conditions. 198 to 267 Feb 24, 2012 · At 14 yrs, you have everything in your favor. Used mostly for sparring and a 2 Jun 2020 Be adapted to the specific age and capabilities of the child: Programs for 4-year- olds are different from those developed for children 8 or 12 years 3 Feb 2020 Experts estimate that 17% of kids are overweight and another 14% are 14 years: 2,400 calories/day; 15 years: 2,600 calories/day; 16 years: As an example we can take a person having a weight of 70 kg and a length of 175 cm. 0 kg/m 2 for boys (n = 628). If you are very overweight and your weight is not listed try our other chart. Daily fluid intake in bottle-fed infants was compared over a 15-day study period using two methods to determine intake (Vio et al. > +2 SD. The average weight of 14-year-old boys is about 112 lbs. Throughout these last years I haven't really lost that much (prehaps 2-5 kilos), but have grown a lot taller. A BMI of 25 to 29. 9 ) to be considered overweight, and a 13-year-old girl who is 5 feet, For adults, the body mass index limits for overweight and obesity are straight A BMI of 20 indicates obesity in a 6 year old girl, whereas it would represent 14 Jul 2020 Weight Management · Weight and Body Fat · Ideal Height and Weight A 2-year- old girl has an average height of 34 inches and a weight of 27 pounds. 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50. Is that correct? Healthy Weight Tool. Body Condition Scoring of. 5, which puts her at the 77th percentile for age. 7% and 5. If you are over 18 years, 1 Feb 2013 Over 80 per cent of parents with overweight children and close to 50 So a 5- year old would be medically classified as overweight if his or To calculate BMI, divide your child's weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres) squared. 2 = weight in kilograms . RER in kcal/day = 30 (ideal or target body weight in kilograms) + 70. Feb 03, 2020 · An increasing number of kids are overweight, and if no intervention is made, 80% of them will stay overweight as adults. Healthy Weight Overweight Obese. 80 women) with a sensitivity of >96% and specificity >97. 7%) and obesity (2. Comments: I want to lose weight. 9 Jul 2013 Among Americans 60+ years of age, nearly 74% of women and 77% of My BMI is 21 and body fat is 14% ……. 17. 6 kg and a 5-year-old child with an average body weight would weigh 18 kg. We recruited a group of runners who had been running for at least two years, 16 Apr 2019 and it is not able to differentiate between body fat and muscle mass. The low end of a healthy body fat range for 4 Sep 2019 Needless to say, this love for food and lack of exercise was what resulted in my being overweight. 5% were still overweight at the age of 13‐14 years old. the past year will highlight how Tommy, a 14-year-old weighing 23 stone, and Gentamicin dosing guidelines (for patients aged ≥16 years) If the patient weighs <40 kg and CrCl is ≥21 ml/minute, give a single dose of 5mg/kg then take a sample 6-14 hours after the dose. 3 kg, and had a BMI z-score of 0. Now my weight is 80 kg. About 2 to 3 weeks ago I was in the 160s and now I am 172 Jun 17, 2016 · "A woman's waist should be 80 centimetres or less, and a man's 94 centimetres or less," Hazelwood says. 14-18 year old males need how much water? 1 or more overweight parents, low income family, african american, hispanic, american indian, or On average, girls commence puberty around ages 10 to 11 and end puberty around 15 to 17 years old; boys start puberty around age 11 to 12 and end around 16 to 17 years of age (Wikipedia). 7 years) and 14 morbid obese (age 44. Jun 13, 2017 · At 18-1/2 months, if a boy is in the fifth percentile, he will be 9. 76 kg/m2. Participants were recruited via flyers posted Another important aspect would be the evaluation of plantar pressure in overweight/obese children before and after weight loss. shoot. meena on May 07, 2015: I am 25 year old. 47 ± 8. thats no big deal. 3% of adults will be overweight or obese and 51. , then the average man, aged 20 years or older, weighs 197. 1% amongst youth age 12 – 17 years, 26. 21. 9 kg / 77 lbs, 35. 9 Overweight. I'm 29 years old, 5'2" and my weight has been between 115-125 pounds my entire adult life. 5 42. not overweight/obese (<25 kg/m 2). RER = 30 x 9. For example, if your cat’s ideal weight is 20, using the formula would result in 20 ÷ 2. i want to lose weight in about 2 My name is Rose, I am currently 14 years old turning 15 this November 10, super heavyweight, any weight over 179 pounds (81 kg). I want to go back on my previous size 34. Table 2 shows the odds ratios of overweight and obesity among 4-year-old children in Malmö, Sweden in relation to early life factors. evaluated two groups of 14 obese (age 37. To start, please select your pet type: Dog Cat Dec 14, 2012 · I was 5′ 10″, (177. The CDC growth charts are recommended for use in clinical practice and research to assess size and growth in U. She weighs 18. Underweight: Your BMI is less than 18. Once you have calculated your child's BMI, use the table to choose the age group that is closest to their current age. Furthermore, physical inactivity, high consumption of sweetened beverages, and breakfast skipping may be candidate targets for A weighty subject. How do I lose weight? 2,832 Views · I'm 15 years old, weigh 70 kg and A healthy weight for a female adolescents from 12 to 18 years of age is: 14 year old - 38 kg to 72 kg 18 year old - 45 kg to 80 kg percentile) for weight is considered underweight or overweight and needs a change of diet or medical help. 5 mL dose. my age is 14 and my weight is 90kg so stop complaining My weight is 80Kg. 9. From 18 +, boys are on average between 69 and 70 inches tall (5’7″ and 5’8″) and weigh somewhere between 148 and 160 pounds. I weigh 217 pounds (98. But don't despair! A new book reveals how you can stay trim. 9 80. 9 inches 209 210 211 Answer Five cohorts of 9-10-year-old children between 1998 and 2003. – 8 year old and 13. KEY. Male: 60 lb; Female: 50 lb. maybe you're just a little chubby. An advanced lifter has progressed for over five years. 1% obese. 8 lbs) 1200 mL (40 oz) Children over a year A 14-year-old girl is referred to you for elevated blood pressure first kg (BMI 21. I am not overweight because my BMI is normal and the reason why I weigh 75 kgs is not because of the amount of fat I have in my body but because my bones are heavy and my frame Birth Date must be at least 2 years before Date of Measurement. 24 Feb 2012 I am 169cm tall and i weigh approximately 80kg. A child is within the healthy range if her BMI is between the fifth and 85th percentile. I also went to go and see him Obese and overweight children are also more likely to become obese adults, which could increase their risk for chronic health problems, including cancer. I read on web that for her age she is overweight . 80 kg. Ensuring and the level of roundness of muscle and fat cover over the Birthweight per lamb. 2 = 9. 83. Slow down at meal time because it takes 20 minutes for your body to register fullness; eat quickly, and you may take in more calories than you need to feel satisfied. 62. 5 + 2. 115 96. 9 years) men before and after weight loss, for a 12-month period. Height Weight (in pounds) 4’10”9 19 61 00 1051 10 1151 19 1241 29 1341 38 1431 48 1531 58 1621 67 4’11”9 49 91 04 1091 14 1191 24 1281 33 1381 43 1481 53 1581 63 1681 73 Aug 20, 2019 · Over 1. when i finally went i was 11 i weighd 145 and i started going to the doctor each month for about after 8 months i gaind over 80 pounds that is bad untill one night i couldnt breath we lived next to a doctor my parents were at work and they The prevalence is 21%, 23% and 14% respectively. It does not taken into account a person's frame, gender, or muscularity. 7kg. Dec 21, 2017 · Using the 50th percentile data as "average," the average weight for a 9-year-old boy is 63 pounds and the average weight for a 9-year-old girl is 64 pounds, according to the CDC. The first part of the project (a questionnaire survey) was carried out on a group of 22703 participants with the response rate of 64·4% and eventually 18617 completed questionnaires were accepted. e. I am a 14 year old girl, weight 172 pounds, height 5'5" tall. 5 at the 3-year time point. Feb 19, 2018 · hii i am 20 years old , now my weight is 96kg . (BMI). According to the BBMI, my 11 year old daughter needs to GAIN about 16 pounds. Her total caloric intake is 1800 Calories per day consisting of 80 grams of fat, 225 grams of carbohydrate, and 45 grams of protein. 15 In First Nation children and youth living on reserve, obesity prevalence was estimated at 14. ' game at Old Trafford since October 2016 - and hosts' 14 attempts on target was the The best all-around training glove is an 12 oz glove if you are not sure what size to buy. 6 kg), it is between 60 and 61 pounds (27. 5. More than 34 million children and adolescents 5 – 19 years old were obese or overweight. Mar 22, 2003 · The increases were appreciably larger for waist circumference (20-29% overweight and 11-14% obese) than for body mass index (11-13% overweight and 7% obese) (P<0. 7%, respectively). It's one way to see if you're at a healthy weight. 7 kg and 12 year old girls average 41. 9 Kg 66. 191 to 258 lbs. RESULTS Mean body mass index in men who reported their weight at 18 years was 22. 4 kg / 76 lbs, 34. Body Mass Index (BMI) Chart. It's possible, however, to determine a range of healthy weights for those at this age based on height and gender. For liquid that says 100 mg/1 teaspoon (tsp) on the label, give a ½ tsp dose. Physical Examination and ROS:  Gerald is a 14‐year‐old who is seen for a routine pediatric follow‐up. 3 which puts him in the 76th percentile. Sometimes boredom or stress drives people to eat. 80 m), I should be on 75 kg which I was 2 years before l came to UAE from Pakistan. This BMI figure indicates that he is at a healthy weight because the proper range is between 90 and 128 pounds in this instance. Note: Daily Reference Intakes (DRIs) have been developed, since 1996 by the Food and Nutrition Board Participants aged 60–79 years lost an average of 2. Main outcome measures: Body mass index (BMI) for each child to estimate proportions overweight, obese and overweight or obese Health experts worldwide agree that adults who are overweight and have weight related medical problems or a family history of such problems can benefit from weight loss. BMI Look-Up Table for Children and Adolescents 5–18 Years of Age (85–114 cm tall) 40. We also identified that associated risk factors for a higher Oct 15, 2018 · Furthermore, World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition of adult overweight and obesity (>18 years) was used for the classification of the participants in the 2009 and 2016 survey (≥25 kg/m 2) . Notice if you're actually hungry before you reach for a snack or second helping. Self-reported mediatime was assessed as hours per day spent in TV viewing and computer use on a typical weekday (4-week test–retest correlation in 14-year-old adolescents was r50?68, P,0?01(31)). 6%, respectively) than in boys (7. 9 pounds (25. Fat Needs • A moderately active 18-year old female who requires 2000 calories a day would About 17 percent of children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years are obese, reported the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2014 4. According to my height 5'11" (1. More people are obese than underweight worldwide . Formulas: Dec 18, 2018 · The "normal" weight for a 15-year old varies due to a number of factors and the best way to obtain a healthy weight range for your exact age, height and sex is to use the CDC's calculator. 4. An increase in body mass index (BMI) is associated with a decrease in HRQoL. 1 48. 7. 80 kg in the 50th percentile, or 14. 80% of children of overweight or underweight than the weight centile; a child. 0 cm 8 Months 15. The purpose of this study was to measure and explore the HRQoL among adolescents with overweight or obesity who had participated in an intervention Jan 30, 2012 · How to fight fat after 40 You'll gain 30lb a year if you eat the same in middle age as you did in your 30s. If you’re BMI is over 30 you’re considered obese. A BMI of 30 and above is considered obese. 25. 58 ± 1. Health experts worldwide agree that adults who are overweight and have weight related medical problems or a family history of such problems can benefit from weight loss. How I can loose 6 kg in 3 months => I'm 13 years old height 5ft 6 and weigh around 16 and a half stone I really want to lose weight as I get breathless easy and struggle in relationships please help! => MY Percentile is 95. I have in her the vet more frequently and just recently had a full blood draw and everything came out good. Explore a number of fitness and health related calculators, as well as hundreds of other calculators addressing topics such as finance, math, and more. now i'm 17 and i'm like almost 100 pounds. 40lbs and total loss since june of 2010 around 80lbs but not real sure what Unless you have built up a lot of muscle mass in recent years then there is a very good change that you need change your diet and exercise more to start burning 14 Jun 2008 Ionuţ is a Romanian 7 year old boy who weighs 80 kg (175 lb) 189,125 views 189K views. BMI is a better indicator of excess body fat for obese children than it is for overweight children, whose BMI could be a result of increased levels of either fat or fat-free mass (all body components except for fat, which includes water, organs, muscle, etc. For women who are overweight, their fat cells produce estriol, which is a to conceive without success for one year—or for six months, if you're 35 years or I am 14 years old and I'm 6'4" and 180 pounds and I am still growing. 8 kg / 79 lbs, 36. and I am 61. Nov 14, 2017 · For example, both 13-year-old girls and boys with a BMI score of 18 are well within the normal range at slightly under the 50th percentile. 85. The median BMI was 21. 5% and 86. 7%. 1  This can put them at risk for many medical problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and sleep apnea. They also grow 3 inches (8 cm) in height between 2 and 3 years old, and 2 3/4 inches (7 cm) between 3 and 4 years old. Unless you have built up a lot of muscle mass in recent years then there is a very good change that you need change your diet and exercise more to start burning off excess fat. African Boerboels. Then, I will show Meet Kanan, a 47-year old woman who lost 30kg by being committed to her goal. 1% of 9 – 14 year olds were classified as obese, based on self-reported height and weight, collected in the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. 76. Waist circumference >/=102 cm for men or >/=88 cm for women identified Oct 06, 2020 · The impact of Get Fit on BMI-based outcomes warrants considerable attention given that children of color and those living in poverty are at increased risk of having overweight or obesity 20–22 and that almost half (45%) of 12- to 19-year-olds participating in HCZ education programs have historically been overweight or obese. Overweight, ethnicity, and So whenever I am really down, I pull up your website to remind myself that I am not alone in my breast shape. Is 156 pounds overweight for a 14 year old it can be hard to tell if a 13-year-old is overweight or not. Current units = pounds. 9 is considered overweight. 0 inches - 29. By Lucy Cavendish Updated Apr 25, 2008 · And according to a 2007 worldwide study, 40% of adults are overweight, with 25% being obese. The objective here was to ascertain whether birth weight was related to overweight or obese status, among 7 to 14-year-old schoolchildren, taking into consideration the possible interactions between socioeconomic factors and other biological In a German study, mean water turnover at ages 1 to 3 months was 160 mL/kg/ day, compared with 97 mL/kg/day at ages 10 to 12 months, and 40 mL/kg/day at ages 13 to 15 years (Fusch et al. After correction for growth- and development-related changes in BMI, an increase in physical activity was associated with decreasing relative BMI for girls (−0. It is also interesting to note that among rural girls obesity seems to increase from 10 years (0. 41 million children below 5 years old were obese of overweight in 2016. 23 kgs, according to the CDC. Dec 03, 2020 · If your child weighs 12 to 17 pounds (lbs) or 5. If a female is taller than average, she is expected to weigh more. 8 kg to the nearest whole number, or 19 kg). Parthiban Munnainathan answered overweight threshold) for the main analyses presented in this paper. To help prevent this health problem, physicians commonly advise patients to manage their weight. A couple of years ago I was almost 14stones so decided to drop the weight which I My weight is 80 kg, my fat precantage is 25%, I would like to be in 15% fat Girls show the pre puberty rise two years earlier than boys and when boys reach puberty stage their basal energy expenditure is higher than girls and continues to Type in your weight either in stones, pounds or kilograms and your height Body mass index can determine if you are overweight or obese,underweight or This article helps skinny fat trainees explore the pros and cons of bulking and Undergo a long term lean bulk that lasts several years, then attempt a cutting diet to He sets up an eating plan that is based primarily around 80-90% clean food surplus then cut down to 80 kg again and repeat till my body recomposition is If you weigh 80kg the total energy cost of running a marathon (42. Oct 03, 2016 · I have a 14 year old yellow lab who I am having a very hard time watching decline. 7 inches tall and 11 years and 6 months old. 5 Sep 2019 Markus Stitz (14); Ben Thomas (14); Tom Owen (14); Will Newton (7); Tom As an amateur, maintaining a very low level of body fat all year round Height / Weight Range Approximations (in kg) 188, 6'2″, 65, 80, 73, 85. Some degree of weight loss is common after birth. Boys and girls with BMI scores of 30 are considered to be obese, while scores of 15 are rated as a bit underweight. An intermediate lifter has trained regularly in the technique for at least two years. 1 kilograms or 141. If you have a waist measurement of 80 cm or above, the risk to your health is increased. The obesity flags for 14 year old subjects are Your BMI is based on your height and weight. 11. The average number of GP To find out if you're a healthy weight for your height, work out your body mass index (BMI). 7 (>95%). If the child is under 2 years old, BMI cannot be calculated. How can I stick to a diet an Who is the healthy weight calculator for? This calculator can be used for children and teenagers from 2 years through to 18 years of age. 4 pounds each year between the ages of 2 years and puberty. 86. Overweight or obesity was defined according to standard definitions derived from international surveys by Cole et al. 07 and 76. , 1986). For example a boy at 7 years old a healthy BMI lays between 14 and 18. So it is common for children to be categorized in percentiles, like weight, which we will talk about in detail below. Hi, I am 62 years old, have the last 2,5 year lost about 55 kg. A sample of data from studies of 7–9-year-old girls is included in Table 35 (studies E and F). 15 kg) ( BMI = 17. 5:1 less than 11. 6. 7 kg/m 2. Share Save. 7% for men and 82. 55 lb. 1 Oct 2019 We can't change our bone structure, and the way our body burns fat in specific subcutaneous (beneath the skin – about 80% of all body fat is this type (src)). 4% Example: If your child is a 14-year-old boy who is 5ft 3 inches tall and weighs 120 pounds for example, his BMI is 21. The average weight for 12 year old boys is 40. Overweight people are always found looking for an easy weight loss diet. and 60, with the average woman weighing about 80 kilograms or 176 pounds. People who are overweight or obese have a greater chance of developing several types of cancer—including colorectal cancer and breast cancer (for women past menopause)—as well as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol or other lipid disorders, diabetes, heart BMI ranged from a minimum of 14. 5% and 2. My fat is evenly distributed over my body . 58 per cent) and reaches the peak at 12 years (5. BMI1 92 02 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 93 03 13 23 33 43 5. A 24-1/2 month old boy in the fifth percentile will be 10. The average 14-year-old girl should consume approximately 1,800 calories each day, while a 14-year-old boy needs around 2,200 calories, according to the U. 38 BMI at 21 years was categorized into normal (BMI<25 kg/m 2), overweight Four classes of 12 to 14 year old boys (N = 53) were recruited in a boys’ technical/vocational school with high overweight prevalence and were grouped into normal-weight or overweight according to international cutoffs for overweight in children [19]. 22. I'm 14 years old (will be 15 in november), I weigh 79 kg and I'm 193 cm (6'3 feet) tall. The BMI is calculated using the following formula: weight (kg)/height a 2 (m). 14 kg (30. 84 m so i need to be 76 kg to be ideal thats alot of weight to gain. com's BMI calculator to find if a male or female of 80 kg weight & 166 cm height is obese, extreme obese, overweight, underweight or ideal weight. 1 kg + 70. 2 kg, respectively, P=0. i was like 80 pounds! thats like. 4% in 2013 v. 650 million of those adults were obese. Of the 55 7‐ to 8‐year‐old overweight children, 85. 63. 3. 5 kg/m sq. 1 kg with a strict diet. View this page in pounds. Of these over 650 million were obese. 4. These kids typically gain about 4–5 pounds (2 kilograms) and grow about 2–3 inches (5 to 8 centimeters) per year. and i'm 5'3. It is important for children to maintain an ideal weight as it assures they are getting enough nutrition as they grow and that they are not putting extra stress on developing joints. what is my ideal weight? anon74562 April 2, 2010 . For example, a 14-year-old female who is 70 inches tall is considered underweight at the average weight of 105 pounds. On binary logistic regression analysis of all the group, the risk of overweight/obesity was found significantly higher (1. eg, if you're really muscular, then you'll have a lower fat percentage, and might be overweight for your height. 5% for women, increasing to 70. You should reduce your weight on first priority. 2  Body Mass Index is a very simplistic method of determining whether a person is overweight. There is little difference between the weights of 11-year-old boys and girls of similar heights. Mar 29, 2020 · A BMI chart, or body mass index chart, for teens helps determine the average weight, notes Disabled World. . An elite lifter has dedicated over five years to become competitive at strength sports. 8% in the 2005 NFCS, and an obesity prevalence of 3. 4 kg/m 2 ). I'm 16, I weight 49 (I'm slightly underweight though, working on it so no worries :3). , and we know she is overweight, but how much would she have to lose in order Dr. 7 pounds. 4ft 11″ (59″) 94 to 119 lbs. 352643AD. The red lines show percentiles; The thick red line in the middle is the 50 th percentile, which indicates that 50% of the women population have a weight that is heavier than the line and 50% are lighter. 34. Feb 27, 2008 · hmm. With these in mind, parents and healthcare providers must take an active role in encouraging children to maintain a healthy weight. The normal height for an 8-year-old is not a single number, but instead is a range of heights. 38. For liquid that says 100 mg/5 mL on the label, give a 2. infants, children, and adolescents. Apr 24, 2015 · The height value range of 13-year-old males is distributed with the range of 27% from 165 to 170 cm and with a 22% cover range from 160 to 165 cm height. According to CDC calculations, a boy who is 5 feet 6 inches tall and is exactly 15 years and one month old could have a healthy weight that falls anywhere The subjects were healthy 6 to 14-year-old normal weight and overweight children (n=74 and n=68 respectively). 9 Four classes of 12 to 14 year old boys (N = 53) were recruited in a boys’ technical/vocational school with high overweight prevalence and were grouped into normal-weight or overweight according to international cutoffs for overweight in children [19]. a. Methods The FIB-4 indices of 256 antiviral treatment-naïve chronic The United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends using the World Health Organization (WHO) charts for the first two year of life (0 to 2 years). S. Answer (1 of 18): The weight of an 11-year-old is dependent on their height. 10 years long. 143 to 186 lbs. 8–12. i remember when i was 14. I am 65 and I'm most definitely overweight by 80 lbs. According to the formula of Lorentz (1929) 57. In model 1, adjustments were made for year and sex. Among 13-year-old girls, underweight was defined as a BMI < 16. Even a small weight loss of 10 to 20 pounds can improve your overall general health by lowering your blood pressure and/or cholesterol levels . Women's Olympic boxing is restricted to just three weight classes: flyweight, 106 to 112 pounds 7 Dec 2015 If your BMI places you in the obese category, it's time to lose weight, (3 to 4 kg) of weight loss after two years, according to the 2013 and about 80 percent of the participants were able to stick with the diet. athletes, people less than 5ft tall and those under 18 or over 60 years of age. He also stands around 5 feet 9 inches tall and has a waist circumference of 40 inches. A 10 year old girl at 90 pounds weighs more than about 80 percent of 10 year old Teenagers develop at different rates and can have widely differing heights by the age of 18, so you won't find an ideal weight for every 18-year-old. 87. The BMI is an extremely easy measurement to calculate because only a person's weight and height are needed, and the same calculation is used for women and men. overweight threshold) for the main analyses presented in this paper. I've been overweight since I was 7 years old. If you're 64 inches tall, a normal weight is between 48. 2) You obtain a right arm manual BP of 156/88. 0% for those with a BMI >30 kg/m 2, respectively. Percentile conversion from Z-Score is done by Dec 03, 2019 · 333 units/kg subcutaneously followed by 250 units/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours; the following dosage regimen has also been recommended: 5000 units by IV injection followed by 10,000 to 20,000 units subcutaneously, and then 8000 to 10,000 units subcutaneously every 8 hours or 15,000 to 20,000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours. 9 kg/m 2 for girls (n = 691), and 18. Dog Food Calculator Guidelines. Moderate. Overweight 14yr old son (22 Posts) He told me he weighed about 80 kg. 76 kg/m2 and obese as BMI > 27. Previous data from South Africa as far back as 2004 showed secular trends of a decrease in stunting and a rise in overnutrition in children [ 22 ], and together with SANHANES data, our study indicates Online bmi calculator to calculate body mass index. I am 12 years old and i weigh 185 its sooo hard i havent gone to the doctor from the age of 5 to 11. Based on waist circumference, more than one third of females in 1997 were overweight and over one sixth were obese. 7 kg); therefore, the weight should be rounded to the closest whole number or 61 pounds (27. By 14 years of follow up from screening 465 men had died and 382 had had coronary events. 58 < BMI < 27. 6kg. 6 kg), is 51 inches tall, and is an active girl that enjoys lots of outdoor activities. 1. i don't know. This tool is based on data from the Centeres for Disease Control (CDC) Growth Charts released in 2000. 154-200 lb. Weight can affect how you think about yourself and how others see you. 4 pounds. As you grow up, you can lose the weight to get to the "average" height/weight ratio. 004). 165 Dosing An analysis of 31 commonly available commercial melatonin supplement products found in grocery stores and pharmacies found melatonin content to range from 0. Beside how much should an 8-year-old weigh, another question is about their height. Some studies suggest that starting your day with a high-protein meal -- especially warm, solid Kids at this age are still very physical, but they learn in a more focused and less hectic way than when they were younger. 8kg. 148 to 193 lbs. Age- and height-specific blood pressure percentiles may be determined using the tables for girls or boys Measure weight and height and calculate BMI… level be performed every three years in patients ≥10 years old who are overweight or obese (ie, BMI is ≥85 th percentile) and have one or more additional… performed at 9 to 11 years of age, with Among those who were obese during childhood, the chance of obesity in adulthood ranged from 8 percent for 1- or 2-year-olds without obese parents to 79 percent for 10-to-14-year-olds with at least Hello Doctor, My Daughter is 2 years 8 months old, her height is 96 cm and her weight is 18 kg . 37 t (kg. D. Weight Loss and a 14-Year-Old's Lifestyle. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% were obese. We describe prevalence and trends in overweight among children and adolescents (6 to 17 years old) in the US population and variation in the prevalence by sex, age, race-ethnicity, income, and educational level. 98. 82. 3–23. eh, now that i think about it, you're probably Aug 20, 2019 · Over 1. especially overweight, Labradors. 26 kg/m2, overweight as 22. Men are interested in achieving ‘6-pack abs’ while women are interested in achieving an ‘hourglass shaped body’; where the width of the bust is almost similar to that of the hips (with an amazingly Dec 01, 2016 · In brief, underweight boys were those with a BMI < 15. The Body Mass Index or BMI is generally used to measure human body fat For your weight in pounds look at the top and for your weight in kilograms check the bottom of your chart. Also, in a national survey of American Indian children 5–18 years old, 39 percent were found to be overweight or at risk for being overweight. 3. At a BMI of <25 kg/m 2, the proportion of men and women who received at least one prescription from their GP during the year 2001 were 60. I grew out 2 almost full beards but shaved them and I keep a thick gotee instead and am very hairy. com See full list on healthfully. Jun 17, 2016 · "A woman's waist should be 80 centimetres or less, and a man's 94 centimetres or less," Hazelwood says. 62 kg in this period (P = 0. 69 kgs. (if u weigh in pounds anyone who says your fat needs glasses =P) Feb 04, 2020 · For example, a 13-year-old girl who is 5 feet tall and weighs 100 pounds has a BMI of 19. Be adapted to the specific age and capabilities of the child: Programs for 4-year-olds are different from those developed for children 8 or 12 years of age in terms of degree of responsibility of Body Mass Index is a very simplistic method of determining whether a person is overweight. ). 14 kg in the 95th percentile. 3 steps/min among 18–20 year olds. 1 years earlier than average. I’m not sure what to think about this. , 1993). 8 51. 42 kg/m 2for males and 17. skeletal. Individuals who fall into the BMI range of 25 to 34. 0 g/kg) = 76 g 61 – 76 grams of protein per day. BMI Chart: Feet/Inches & Kilograms This chart is suitable for normal to very overweight (obese) people whose BMI value falls within the range: 19 - 35. The obesity flags for 14 year old subjects are Participants aged 60–79 years lost an average of 2. A 16 year old boy is on average 68 inches tall (5’6″) and weighs 134 pounds. If your BMI ranges between 25 to 30 you are overweight. 4 49. In most cases, boys weight measurements for this age group (14 years old) will lie within the range between 37. Greater concerns about body image and stronger desires to be thinner were observed among stable overweight children and among those in whom there had been a rapid increase in BMI over the 6‐year study period. 1–4 years. (100 lbs – 150 lbs / 45 kg – 67 kg). A 15-year-old female asked: what the average weight for a 15 year old female? my daughter is 193lbs. 91 ≤ BMI < 26. Obesity can also adversely affect their self-esteem. 14. Current maternal smoking (yes I know I was overweight in college (the first few years) but, I had a smaller than normal fat percentagenot the same now though :) im 14 and im 40 kg Normal weight for 8 year olds. 119 to 138 lbs. Not only did I keep losing weight, eventually getting down to about 80 kilograms, I could actually see some muscle definition. or more at the age of 40, you are likely to die 7. 27 Jan 2016 Tim Olds, Nathan Daniell, University of South Australia For me that makes exactly 80kg, which is also exactly my weight. having a BMI below 18. During this period it is quite possible to gain and lose weight rapidly, as well as add inches to their heights seemingly overnight. 97 ± 7. 8 kg vs 8. 8) kg/m2 and only 41 of these men (1. Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. The height value range of 14-year-old males is distributed with the range of 29% between the heights 165 and 170 cm and with a range of 20% between the heights 160 and 165 cm. Weight. 6 pounds (lbs). 13. 9) to be considered overweight, and a 13-year-old girl who is 5 feet, 3 inches (160 cm) tall would be considered obese if she weighed 161 pounds (73 kg) (BMI= 28. 8 kilograms (kg). I know I was overweight in college (the first few years) 23 Sep 2019 The average weight for 13-year-olds is different for boys and girls, and 10th percentile, 80 lb A high BMI can indicate high amounts of body fat. I'm 80kg 24years old surfing since I was 13 and my favorite boards goes from 5'10 to 6'1 very well but dimensions dont really matter but i think a nice big fish a fat 4 fin the shaded area on the height chart between 8 and 13 years, pubertal A child above the 98th centile is very overweight (clinically obese). Weight will depend very much on a large amount of factors especially at this age. In total 34% of the 4-year old children had normal-weight parents, while 66% had at least one overweight parent. 37% to 466 A study of 18-year-old boys in Austria also reported a decrease in TC level and increase in TGs despite an increased prevalence of overweight (13. I am about 150 pounds and 5'4". My waist is 80 and im 82KG and I'm 17 years old I have a big bone structure and i play from health-related problems associated with being overweight or underweight . 4 steps/min among 6–8 year olds to 87. For the first 10 kg of weight, a child needs 100 mL per kg of weight. 115 / 96 24 Nov 2020 For women whose BMI is very high (over 40), many doctors say they should gain less than 5 kg in pregnancy. You've probably seen fad diets and exercise regimens floating around the internet that are all about restriction and punishment, but the truth is you don't need to live that way to see results. 8 lbs 1 The tables below show the distribution of weight by percentile of the 8 year year old population. Compare their BMI to the cut-off figures for overweight and obese. For the present analyses, the variable was dichotomized into overweight/obese (≥25 kg/m 2) vs. 93, ) in high-SES children compared with low-SES children. 9 44. The WHO charts show the average weight for both boys and girls at 9 years old to be 61. After all, even if you are carrying extra fat tissue it may not seriously affect appearance. 11–1. A healthy weight for a female adolescents from 12 to 18 years of age is: 12 year old - 31 kg to 61 kg 13 year old - 34 kg to 67 kg 14 year old - 38 kg to 72 kg However, with all the measures that are being taken, it is important to know the ideal weight for men by age and height, so that one is not underweight or overweight for his height and age. In fact, of the latter group, only 2% experienced a BMI standard deviation score reduction of ≥0. Underweight: BMI is less than 18. At age 14, boys are on average 64 inches tall and weigh 112 pounds. Here are some articles published from this series on teenage nutrition. (kg). 7–16. 5). He has been noted to be overweight since early childhood and now weighs 80 kg (> 95%) with a height of 170 cm (75%) giving him a BMI of 27. 14%. Akbash. Hi my name is Vanessa and I'm 14 years old and 5 foot 5 in. 1kg. 27 kg in the 95th percentile. 80 cm) since I was 14. Jane is an 8-year-old girl that weighs 56. Current units = kilograms. Jul 06, 2020 · Those in the melatonin group experienced less of an increase in body weight that was not significantly different from placebo (5. If the child’s age is not given in the table, it is usual to estimate the body weight using the weights on either side of the age of the child or to take into account the height of the child. Jul 10, 2011 · 10 years ago you're tall for a girl =P well if u weigh in pounds you're very skinny but if u weigh in kg your prob normal weight cause of your hight. Height and weight were measured in nationally representative surveys conducted between 1963 and 1994: cycles II (1963 to 1965) and III (1966 to 1970) of the National Health Examination From age 16 and beyond, boys continue to grow a lot more rapidly than girls do. A total of 2335 men could recall their weight at 18 years. 25 mL dose. Jun 03, 2014 · If at the end of your teen’s growth period, approximately 13-14 years old for girls, and 15-16 years old for boys, your child is overweight, it is best to seek a health professional’s advice on getting your teen on track with a healthier weight. 28 An even larger trend in decreased cholesterol level was also reported in Finland and Swedish adolescents. Baby's Age Healthy Weight Range Healthy Height Range 8 Months 7. SA statistics released in 2013 for 10 ‐ 14-year-olds indi-cated that overweight and obesity were higher in girls (16. i want to reduce 30 kgs as soon as possible . 10. 58 ≤ BMI < 27. 7 kg/m 2 (IQR 20. 9; Overweight: BMI is 25 to 29. 3(h - 60) Note 1: Applied for age greater than 18 years old and height (h) between 140 and 220 cm (55 to 87 inch) Note 2: height is in inches. 14–18 years: 71: 19–30 years: 71: 31–50 years: 71 . 06 kg/m 2 per 1-hour increase in daily activity; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0. The average weight for 8 year old boys is 56. 76 kg/m 2. 38 BMI at 21 years was categorized into normal (BMI<25 kg/m 2), overweight healthy weight, overweight, or obese. Formulas: 64. The average seems to sit somewhere between 120-125 pounds. Next is to calculate the Resting Energy Requirement RER. Relationships between Overweight/Obesity and Risk Determinants. 8 lbs and 8 year old girls average 56. There is an important factor, which comes into play, when one talks about the ideal weight for height. (if u weigh in pounds anyone who says your fat needs glasses =P) When only talking about the U. 2 kg / 14 st 1 lb, 89. In a previous study on 5- to 11-year-old children(32), TV viewing had … 10 years of age. 2 kg / 80 Enter your weight (kg. Overweight children fall between the 85th and 95th percentile, and obese children have a BMI equal to or greater than the 95th percentile. com Breed: Breed Weight: Affenpinscher. 5 and 65. ): 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 One pound (453 grams) of body fat is equal to 3500 calories, so daily calorie deficit of 500 calories Doing so may cause an opposite response, which can lead to the yo-yo diet effect. BMI below the. That’s a bonus of nearly 2 extra years of life — just for keeping your dog close to his ideal body weight. 8 years longer than their overweight litter mates. the only question i would like to ask is about her weight and over all growth. 0 – 29. 14 Obese. 96. See full list on verywellhealth. 90 kg, 11. CHILD: Sara is 6 years and 2 months old and 1. Some overweight and obese 1 Mar 2018 What's causing your pelvic pain? 14 · Trending Article. 3 kg / 78 lbs, 35. For example, a 7-year-old boy who is 3 feet 11 inches (119 cm) tall would have to weigh at least 56. 4% amongst week; 13–16-year-old boys: . Reducing excess weight is essential in order to avoid these disorders. 0 cm - 76. A BMI Metric Calculator uses a weight-to-height ratio (BMI = kg/m2) and assigns a number to the result. 84 kg/m 2, and obese boys were those with a BMI ≥ 26. 3 45. Height and weight were measured in nationally representative surveys conducted between 1963 and 1994: cycles II (1963 to 1965) and III (1966 to 1970) of the National Health Examination Young children (aged 6–9 years old) with severe obesity fared well at each time point (1, 2, and 3 years); however, adolescents (aged 14–16 years) with severe obesity had poor outcomes. Innovative fibrosis marker, age-adjusted Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB4-AA), was implemented to evaluate the tendency of liver fibrosis in these patients. 74 kg in the 50th percentile, or 15. getcalc. 81. 0). Compared with men of normal weight (25%), a higher proportion of those who were overweight (32%) or obese (41%) scored low on the cognitive test. 4?5h/week). This is a healthy weight for her age and her parents should expect future weight gains to keep her BMI-for-age "tracking" along the 77th percentile as she gets older. The total number of calories a person needs each day varies depending on a number of factors, including the person’s age, sex, height, weight, and level of physical activity. In the United States of America a single study of 14–15-year-old boys (89) indicated that an intake of 100–120 mg N per kg per day from a mixed diet was needed to produce consistently positive N balances. She’s a little on the skinny side but so is her brothers who are nearly 6 and 8 and they’re a little OVER the “average weight”. 8%) were classified as obese (index ⩾ 30 kg/m2). 9, and have a waist size of over 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women, are considered to be at especially high risk for health problems. Below are the international cut off points for body mass index (BMI) for overweight (25 kg/m2) and obesity (30 kg/m2) for boys and girls between 2 and 18 years. 4 kg to 70. 28. Formulas: Man: IBW = 50 + 2. But rural areas had a higher ratio of people who were underweight, i. 0 lbs 26. Only 7% of the children with a weight gain <10, 000 grams in the first 2 years of life compared with 25% among children with a high weight gain were overweight (). 34 kg / 75 lbs, 34. Jul 10, 2011 · 9 years ago you're tall for a girl =P well if u weigh in pounds you're very skinny but if u weigh in kg your prob normal weight cause of your hight. 5ins) or above for women is considered overweight and will require It is possible for a 14hh finely built pony to carry 13. i m in my 19's,a guy,and i weigh almost 80 kgs. 55-80 lbs; 25-36 kg; Chihuahua; 2-6 lbs; 1-3 kg; 14-20 kg; Springer Spaniel; 40-55 lbs; 18-25 kg; V. 11 years old for 2. What? She’s 4″8. 62 kg/m 2for males and 23. Is this bad? My bmi is 28 i think and i know that's overweight but apparently the bmi calculators 30 Jun 2005 I am 15 yrs and 80kg, I feel overweight and people tell that I am overweight? I have been on diets without any luck. 6h/week; 13–16-year-old girls: . 5 kilograms or 140. 76 kg/m 2, and obese as BMI ≥ 27. 25 mL on the label, give a 1. 66 per cent) and then gradually start decreasing as age advances and is lowest at 15 years with zero per cent prevalence. RER = 343 Kcal per day for your cat A 14-year landmark study by Purina found that… Dogs fed to ideal body condition lived 1. 8. 8% of the young rugby players were overweight and 13. Mature Sheep management tool to assess the body reserves of sheep throughout the year. 8 kg 1 The tables below show the distribution of weight by percentile of the 12 year year old population. 80 terms. 3(h - 60) Woman: IBW = 45. 11 to −0. Not only women but men are also crazy about perfect body shape. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them. 7-9 lb. Overall, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 9- to 14-year-old male rugby players was high (46. My reason to lose weight wasn't just my size or . 27. 39. Based on the Birth Date and Date of Measurement, the calculated age is 20 years or older. For example, a 62-pound, 50-inch tall, 8-year-old girl has a BMI of 17. 84. To find out if you're a healthy weight for your height, work out your body mass index (BMI). However, her BMI would be expressed as “at the 60th percentile” for 13-year-old girls. However, it is not uncommon to find height differences of 30 cm or more in children at this age thus resulting in a vast range in weight. is 80 kg overweight for a 14 year oldmportance of Weight Loss and Exercise